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Kosova 3: from Occupation to International Protectorate

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Kosova 3: from Occupation to International Protectorate Kosova 3: From Occupation to International Protectorate Series Editors Jason L. Frazer Besa Pinchotti Diane Tafilaj Ramadan Musliu Series translated by: Avni Spahiu Getoar M. Mjeku Faton Bislimi Originally issued 2012 in Albanian by Jalifat Publishing in Houston and Faik Konica in Prishtina as Kosova 3: Nga Konferenca e Londrës te Protektorati Ndërkombëtar © 2012 Jalifat Publishing English translation © 2013 Jalifat Publishing All rights reserved Published by Jalifat Publishing Houston, Texas JUSUF BUXHOVI KOSOVA Volume 3 From Occupation to International Protectorate JALIFAT PUBLISHING Houston USA 2013 To my wife, Luljeta, and children: Arsim, Njomëza, and Arta CONTENTS CONTENTS .................................................................................................... 7 FOREWORD ................................................................................................ 13 PART ONE: THE PARTITIONING OF ALBANIA CHAPTER 1. THE LONDON CONFERENCE AND INDEPENDENCE OF ALBANIA ............................................................. 19 A Partitioned Albania ............................................................................. 19 The Struggle for the Albanian Throne .................................................. 39 Prince Wied and the Fight Against a European Albania .................... 50 The Ottoman Coup against Albania ..................................................... 74 The Paris Peace Conference Seals the Partitioning of Albania ........ 102 CHAPTER 2. KOSOVA AND THE SERBIAN-YUGOSLAVIAN REOCCUPATION OF ALBANIAN TERRITORIES ........................... 129 The Armed Resistance against Reoccupation .................................... 129 The Reemergence of the Kachak Movement and the Committee for the National Defense of Kosova ........................................................... 141 The Albanian State and the Challenge of Kosova.............................. 160 Ahmet Zogu and Irredentism .............................................................. 166 “Neutral Zone” of Junik, “Free Zone” of Drenica, and the End of the Armed Resistance .................................................................................. 174 CHAPTER 3. THE BEGINNING OF KOSOVA’S COLONIZATION ...................................................................................................................... 189 7 Agricultural Reform and Colonization ............................................... 189 The Albanian Migration to Turkey and the Yugoslav-Turkish Convention ............................................................................................. 201 Anti-Albanian Programs of Serbian Academics and Cubrilovic’s Memorandum ........................................................................................ 208 The Political Participation of Albanians ............................................. 217 CHAPTER 4. FASCISM, COMMUNISM, AND THE REUNIFICATION OF ALBANIA .......................................................... 233 The Fascist Occupation of Creation of Greater Albania .................. 233 The End of Greater Albania, the Independent Albanian State, and the Communist Takeover ........................................................................... 244 The Hoxha–Tito Agreement on Kosova ............................................. 251 CONCLUSION .......................................................................................... 271 PART TWO: THE YUGOSLAV REOCCUPATION OF KOSOVA CHAPTER 1. THE SERBIAN ANNEXATION OF KOSOVA AND EARLY STRUGGLE FOR AUTONOMY ............................................... 281 The Military Invasion and the Albanian Resistance ......................... 281 From Bujan to Prizren .......................................................................... 298 The Farse of “Brotherhood and Unity” and the State Terror .......... 311 The Revolutionary Movement for the Unification of Albania ........ 318 CHAPTER 2. KOSOVA AS PART OF THE FEDERATION ............. 327 Brioni Plenum and the Demand for a Republic of Kosova .............. 327 The Historic Demonstrations of 1968 ................................................ 344 Constitutional Amendments and the Establishment of the University of Kosova ................................................................................................ 356 8 The 1974 Constitution and the Elevation of Kosova’s Status to that of the Other Yugoslav Republics .............................................................. 365 The “Blue Book” and the Serbian Warning against Kosova ............ 375 CHAPTER 3. THE REEMERGENCE OF SERBIAN CENTRALISM AND THE BEGINNING OF YUGOSLAVIA’S DISINTEGRATION 387 The Events of 1981 and the Increasing Demands for a Republic of Kosova ..................................................................................................... 387 Albania and the Demands for a Republic of Kosova ........................ 404 The Serbian Campaign against Kosova’s Autonomy and the Beginning of the Militarized “Peace” .................................................. 418 The Violent Abolishment of Autonomy and the Fourth Serbian Occupation of Kosova ........................................................................... 433 PART THREE: THE STATE-BUILDING MOVEMENT CHAPTER 1. THE DECLARATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF KOSOVA AND THE PARALLEL STATE ............................................. 455 The Emergence of Albanian Intelligentsia and Acceptance of Political Responsibility .......................................................................... 455 The Establishment of the Democratic League of Kosova and the Beginning of the All-Popular Statefounding Movement .................. 466 The Declaration of the Republic, Constitutional Convention, and Referendum on Independence ............................................................. 477 Albania and the Kosova Events ........................................................... 491 Solidarity and the Beginnings of Parallel Institutions ...................... 497 The Challenge of Education – A Paramount Issue ........................... 512 The Formation of the Kosova Government and Parallel State Institutions ............................................................................................. 518 9 CHAPTER 2. THE DISSOLUTION OF YUGOSLAVIA AND KOSOVA .................................................................................................... 527 Kosova Becomes a Global Issue ........................................................... 527 The Hague: The End of Yugoslavia and the Beginning of a New Crisis ........................................................................................................ 550 The London Conference and Kosova’s Memorandum .................... 556 The Geneva Marathon and Kosova’s Interests .................................. 570 The Beginning of American Engagement in Kosova and the Christmas Warning ............................................................................... 584 Germany and the Kosova Issue ............................................................ 601 CHAPTER 3. FROM GENEVA TO DAYTON .................................... 613 The Parallel State and Confrontations with Serbia ........................... 613 Kosova and Albania: Understandings and Misunderstandings ...... 622 First Signs of “Losing” Patience ........................................................... 643 Dayton’s Foreplay and Flouting of the Serbian Myth ....................... 654 Dayton – Chapter of Incomplete Peace and Warning of a New War .................................................................................................................. 671 CHAPTER 4. FROM DAYTON TO RAMBOUILLET ....................... 685 The Albanian Concern and American Pledge ................................... 685 The Emergence of the Kosova Liberation Army ............................... 690 An Agreement on Education and the Challenge of Serbia’s Democratization .................................................................................... 708 The Downfall of the Albanian State and Consequences for Kosova .................................................................................................................. 716 Student Demonstrations and Breaking of the Status Quo ................ 722 Kosova in a War Vortex and the KLA Factor .................................... 733 10 The Failure of the Force of Diplomacy and the Beginning of the Diplomacy of Force ............................................................................... 747 The Reçak Massacre and Crossing of the Rubicon ........................... 765 The Rambouillet Conference – Albanians’ First Pact with NATO . 776 CHAPTER 5. RAISING KOSOVA AS AN INTERNATIONAL ISSUE ...................................................................................................................... 791 The First NATO War for Kosova ........................................................ 791 A War between Law and Ethics ........................................................... 805 Bombing Starts: Troubles among the Allies and the Refugee Crisis .................................................................................................................. 812 The “Apache” and the Ground Intervention Option ........................ 823 The American Formula for Pulling Serbia out of Kosova ................ 830 Staged Mediation and the Role of the Mediating Troika ................. 838 The Struggle for NATO’s Entry in Kosova and Russia’s Two Faces .................................................................................................................
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