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THE CARBON FOOTPRINT of AVIATION in BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADA, and MEASURES to MITIGATE IT by Moritz Alexan

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THE CARBON FOOTPRINT of AVIATION in BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADA, and MEASURES to MITIGATE IT by Moritz Alexan A SKY-HIGH CHALLENGE: THE CARBON FOOTPRINT OF AVIATION IN BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADA, AND MEASURES TO MITIGATE IT by Moritz Alexander Schare B.A., University of Northern British Columbia, 2008 THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN INTERNATIONAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF NORTHERN BRITISH COLUMBIA September 2011 © Moritz Alexander Schare ABSTRACT Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from civil aviation contribute to anthropogenic climate change and are expected to increase significantly in the future. GHG emission inventories exist for civil aviation at the global scale but not subnational scale. In this thesis, I present what seems to be the first detailed analysis of the carbon footprint (CF) of civil aviation at a subnational level together with an assessment of what key stakeholders are doing to mitigate their CF. I calculated the CF of civil aviation in British Columbia (BC), Canada, determined what efforts airlines and airports in BC are doing to mitigate it, and make recommendations on how to further decrease future GHG emissions. The annual CF of civil aviation in BC is approximately 525,000 tonnes of CO 2e. Passenger flights account for 198,000 tonnes (38%), airport operations for 148,000 tonnes (28%), and passenger travel to and from airports for 179,000 tonnes (34%). Large airlines and airports, as well as small airlines in southern BC, are generally proactive in reducing their CF, while small airlines in northern BC and small airports are generally not. To further reduce the CF of civil aviation in BC, I recommend a major effort to reduce emissions from passenger travel to/from airports, improved stakeholder cooperation including better technology dissemination, enhanced passenger and employee education and awareness programs, higher quality and more transparent offset programs, and incentives by the provincial government for airlines and airports to reduce their CF while remaining economically competitive. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................................................... iii LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................... vi LIST OF ACRONYMS .......................................................................................................... vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................... viii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 1 1.1 Overview ....................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Research questions ........................................................................................................ 5 1.3 Methods......................................................................................................................... 5 1.4 Major research results ................................................................................................... 7 1.4.1 Research Question 1 ............................................................................................ 7 1.4.2 Research Question 2 ............................................................................................ 9 1.4.3 Research Question 3 ............................................................................................ 9 1.5 Value of research ........................................................................................................ 10 1.6 Introduction to chapters .............................................................................................. 11 CHAPTER 2: CLIMATE CHANGE AND AVIATION: A LITERATURE REVIEW ........ 12 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 12 2.2 Review of literature on the CF of aviation.................................................................. 13 2.2.1 The civil aviation system ................................................................................... 16 2.2.2 CF and climate change-related impacts of aviation ........................................... 19 2.2.3 Calculating the CF of aviation ........................................................................... 21 2.3 Review of literature on reducing the CF of aviation................................................... 27 2.3.1 Reducing the CF of aviation .............................................................................. 27 2.3.2 Corporate environmental change in the aviation industry ................................. 28 2.4 Summary of the literature on climate change and aviation ......................................... 29 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY .......................................................................................... 30 3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 30 3.2 Methodology for Question 1 ....................................................................................... 30 3.2.1 CF flight calculators used .................................................................................. 31 3.2.2 Collecting BC data for CF route calculations .................................................... 37 3.2.3 Determining the CF of routes in BC .................................................................. 39 iii 3.2.4 Determining the CF of airports BC .................................................................... 44 3.2.5 Data limitations .................................................................................................. 48 3.3 Methodology for Question 2 ....................................................................................... 51 3.3.1 Document analysis ............................................................................................. 51 3.3.2 Interviews ........................................................................................................... 51 3.4 Methodology for Question 3 ....................................................................................... 54 3.5 Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 54 CHAPTER 4: A PORTRAIT OF BC’s CIVIL AVIATION CARBON FOOTPRINT.......... 56 4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 56 4.2 Total CF of civil aviation in BC ................................................................................. 56 4.3 CF of BC airlines ........................................................................................................ 58 4.4 CF of routes by airline ................................................................................................ 60 4.4.1 CF of airline routes ............................................................................................ 60 4.4.2 Route carbon intensity ....................................................................................... 64 4.4.3 Passenger carbon intensity ................................................................................. 68 4.5 CF of routes by city-pairs ........................................................................................... 71 4.5.1 CF of city-pairs .................................................................................................. 72 4.5.2 City-pair route carbon intensity ......................................................................... 74 4.5.3: City-pair passenger carbon intensity................................................................. 77 4.6 CF of BC airports ........................................................................................................ 80 4.6.1 CF of airport operations ..................................................................................... 80 4.6.2 CF of passenger airport access ........................................................................... 81 4.7 Validation of results .................................................................................................... 82 4.8 Summary of results ..................................................................................................... 83 CHAPTER 5: AIRLINE INDUSTRY CF REDUCTION EFFORTS .................................... 86 5.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 86 5.2 CF reduction efforts by airlines .................................................................................. 87 5.2.1 Air Canada Jazz ................................................................................................. 87 5.2.2 Westjet ............................................................................................................... 90 5.2.3 Hawkair .............................................................................................................. 92 5.2.4 Westcoast Air/Harbour Air ................................................................................ 93 5.2.5 Helijet ................................................................................................................
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