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Acta MedPort2021Mar;34(3):171-172 Copyright ©Ordemdos Médicos2021 Recebido:  1. GeorgiaStateUniversity. Atlanta. .United Statesof America. dis health for call earliest The . Portuguese of needs health the addressing for problem a poses parities Americans havereceivedlittleattention. ban, literature. There is much published health disparities research on Cu disparities health published the in presence of lack their in evident is populations American ethnic other and Americans Portuguese between difference notable A , and 1.4 million Korean Americans. million Cuban 1.6 million Americans, 1.8 to compared cans Portuguese Ameri million 1.4 are There States. United the within populations ethnic other to comparable is American birth. of country by tuguese Por 000 180 approximately and ancestry, by Portuguese Americans million 1.3 approximately are There eration. gen third and second are who those to ago) years 30 to 20 emigrated who those (e.g., profile immigrant typical the nities. opportu economic and professional new of search in mont Verand , Hampshire, New ,, , to relocated have Americans Portuguese generation third , and . states, England New the of residents former and retirees of communities several hosting now center,retirement a become has of state the years, work in the agricultural and farming industries. In the last 20 to Azoreans for attraction immigration desirable also were work in the textile mills. and Madeiran Portuguese and came to the to Azorean mainly are people these Americans; Portuguese of concentration large a have York, New and Jersey New with along , and Island, Rhode , of states England New The . the and rope, , Eu continental from immigrants or descent Portuguese of people of consisting population diverse a Portuguese are Americans ancestry. Portuguese claim who Americans or immigrants of Portuguese population states significant a several with are there immigrants; Portuguese for net Carlos A.O. PAVÃO Americanos O EstadodasDisparidadesemSaúdedosLuso- The StateofPortuguese-AmericanHealthDisparities Autor correspondente:Carlos A.O. Pavão. Palavras-chave: Keywords: itrcly te ntd tts U) a be a mag a been has (US) States United the Historically, The weak presence of published literature on health dis Today, the image of a Portuguese American varies from 2 Vietnamese, 1 06dejaneiro2021- HealthcareDisparities;HealthServices Accessibility Acesso aosServiçosdeSaúde;Disparidadesem Assistência àSaúde 3 and Korean Americans,  1 , GraysonE.GUNN 1 Aceite: The states of and ica da Ordem dos Médicos www m o c . a s e u g u t r o p a c i d e m a t c a w. w w s o c i d é M s o d m e d r O a d a c fi í t n e i C a t s i v e R 1 Additionally, many second and 06dejaneiro2021- 1 h sz o te Portuguese the of size The [email protected] ▪

https://doi.org/10.20344/amp.15659 4 1 yet Portuguese , RebecaG.GOLDEN Online issuepublished ------1 171

: 01demarço2021 other researchers, to focus on health and medicine for Por but was also a call to action for Portuguese Americans, and limited was medicine on focus Roger’s medicine. folklore ap article, 15-page proximately six sentences addressed health, medicine, and the of Out immigrants. Portuguese eral health outcomes and incidence rates of disease among gen as well as practices, medical folklore and prevention tuberculosis for need a included article original Roger’s in Rogers. Francis by parities and services research was a 1974 article published for Portuguese Americans. data health of lack a is there why address will section next The strategies. evidence-based targeted through parities dis health address to begin can we then data, health have practitioners and researchers medical and health public If people are demographically represented within health data. Portuguese how American as well as injustices, health and the role of data and how data can mitigate health disparities tance and emphasis of this injustice is directly connected to unjust,”. are avoided not are and avoidable are concerns. tice both complex and rooted in public health and medical social jus is forward literature and research disparities health search andimplementationscience. re services health in interested are who schools nursing Americans in medical schools, schools of public health, and presence speaks to a larger issue of the lack of Portuguese American Portuguese of lack This background. American least one author with a Portuguese surname or Portuguese to healthcare. Less than half of the published studies had at access and disease, Machado’s violence, partner intimate studies on substance abuse, sexually transmitted diseases, by followed health, mental on focused published literature the of cancer.Most to health mental from topics disparities cles have been published and addressed a variety of health ing 1974 Roger’s article. Since 2000, approximately 30 arti cal concerns of Portuguese Americans, with the earliest be eight published peer reviewed articles of addressed health or medi total a 1999, Before few. by heard was action to call this 1970s, the Since communities. American tuguese The question of how to move the Portuguese the American move to how of question The 1 6 s amt oe, hat ieulte that inequalities “health noted, Marmot As 5 elh n mdcl ois discussed topics medical and Health 6 impor The ------

EDITORIAL ------2001;55:8.

:547-64. Acta Med Port 2021 Mar;34(3):171-172 Port 2021 Acta Med 27 Arana, M. The elusive Hispanic/ identity. Nieman Rep. Nieman identity. Hispanic/Latino elusive The M. Arana, Barone M. Are Portuguese Hispanic? SouthCoast Hispanics? really Portuguese the are USA, the In A. Cabral Examiner. Lastly, Lastly, as a result of new public health and medical for his interest Villanueva Tiago I would like to thank Dr. S, Montgomery Smoking Dos S, Santos Paalani H, M, Tonstad Faed P. “agonies” the into inquiry An J. Lomotey JN, Clarke GS, Navara S, James Given these current data limitations, there are opportu 2013. [accessed washingtonexaminer.com/are-portuguese-hispanic. 2021 Jan 03]. Available Today. 2019. [accessed 2021 from: Jan 03]. southcoasttoday.com/opinion/20190718/letter-in-usa-are-portuguese- Available https://www. from: https://www. really-hispanics. Epidemiol. 2017;32:537-46. cessation behavior in male Portuguese Promot. 2011;9:68-76. Californians. Calif J Health Azores. Hisp J Behav Sci. (agonias) of Portuguese immigrants from the 2005; 9. 10. 11. article, there are no Portuguese and American partnerships American and Portuguese no are there article, focused on public health and/or medicine. partnerships, research initiatives between Portuguese and non-Portuguese students may occur and result in a shared cross Atlantic collaborative research projects exploring the health disparities of Portuguese communities. These cross Atlantic collaborative partnerships could lead to the deve- students which in projects student course online of lopment from and the United States learn from each other. There is still much to do to understand and address Portu guese American health disparities, and the goal of this ar ticle is to stimulate future conversations. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS American in health disparities. of Portuguese 7. 8. There There are several Portuguese American public health and medical scholars, but they primarily conduct Amer Portuguese research in interest of on lack The populations. Latino ican health disparities is in part due to lack of health dis parities data, and without data it is difficult to get research it limitations, data With States. United the in funded projects is hard to contribute new literature to the public health and medical literature. nities to move forward and rethink how Ameri Portuguese can health disparities research and practice could occur. One strategy is to engage elected Portuguese American Americans. Portuguese to related initiatives fund to officials A second strategy is to develop purposeful and Portuguese targeted and American university partnerships; these partnerships may include collaborative research projects within the United States as well as in Portugal. This idea is not new. Portugal has three Portugal Programs univer sity partnerships – Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Austin. Texas, of University and University, Mellon Carnegie science in frontiers emerging explore programs three These with a global application through education, research and commercializing At new the discoveries. time of writing this 172 ------This confusion in how to con The members of the Hispanic 10.11 7-9 R e v i s ta C i e n tífi c a d a Or d e m d o s M é d i c o s w w w.a c ta m e d i c a p o r tu g u e s a .c o m Pavão C, et al. The state of Portuguese-American health disparities, disparities, health state of Portuguese-American The C, et al. Pavão Marmot M. Social justice, epidemiology and health inequalities. Eur J Nguyen BH, Stewart SL, Nguyen TT, Bui-Tong N, McPhee SJ. Shin CN, Keller C, An K, Sim J. Cardiovascular disease suggestions England: New in Southeastern of Portuguese The Korean FM. Rogers FactFinder A. “2016 American Community Survey Selected Population Blumenshine P, Egerter S, Barclay CJ, Cubbin C, Braveman PA. In addition to the question around Portuguese American American Portuguese around question the to addition In Within Within the public health and medical literature, Portu Americans: a systematic review. J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2018;33:82-93. J Cardiovasc Nurs. Americans: a systematic review. 1974;11:3-18. for research. Luso-Brazilian Rev. Profiles&tid=ACSDP5Y2016.DP05. Socioeconomic disparities in adverse Am J Prev Med. 2010;39:263-72. birth review. outcomes: a systematic Effectiveness of lay health worker outreach in reducing colorectal disparities in cancer screening in Vietnamese Americans. Health. 2015;105:2083-9. Am J Public Tables”. Tables”. [accessed 2020 Dec 22]. Available from: https://data.census. gov/cedsci/table?d=ACS%205-Year%20Estimates%20Data%20 6. 4. 5. 3. 2. research on Portuguese Americans in the United States. REFERENCES 1. ethnicity, there are ethnicity, also other underlying issues that contri- bute to the lack of Ameri current knowledge of Portuguese can health disparities. There is lack of health disparities have limited anecdotal data on COVID-19 outcomes in Por in outcomes COVID-19 on data anecdotal limited have Americans. tuguese When this question is addressed within health informatics, then we can get a complete picture of how COVID-19 im we now, Right community. American Portuguese the pacted concern as public health and medical professionals attempt attempt professionals medical and health public as concern to redress how COVID-19 impacts communities. Are certain Portuguese Americans White or marginalized Latino? can policy makers and health service professionals get an accurate picture of current health disparities? This debate creates barriers against a unified approach toaddress Por tuguese American health disparities. This is especially of picture of the current health disparities? If elected officials are considered Hispanic, and there is a current debate on how Portuguese Americans ethnically identify – then how data collection. If public health and the medical literature consider Portuguese Americans either accurate an White get professionals services health can how then or Latino, several newspaper articles Ame- questioning if Portuguese ricans are White or Latino. sider Portuguese ethnicity has direct implications for health for the 2020 United States Census, those of Portuguese ancestry are encouraged to identity themselves as Portu guese. In other words, for Portuguese PALCUS, American been also have There Latino. considered not and White are U.S. Senator Ben Nighthorse Campbell (mother was Por tuguese). Through the Portuguese American Leadership Council (PALCUS) ‘Make Portuguese Count’ campaign Representative Representative Lori Ann Loureiro Azorean and from Mainland Portugal), and U.S. Represen Trahan (parents are Former and Azorean), are parents (both Nunes Devin tative the Latino ethnic identity. Congressional Caucus have current members who are of Azorean and Portuguese ancestry and that includes U.S. guese Americans are considered both White and part of

EDITORIAL