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Portuguese with American Dreams

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Portuguese with American Dreams Portuguese with American Dreams by Natali Lameiras Martins Advisor: Professor Doctor Jorge Ribeiro Submitted in partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of History, International Affairs and Cooperation Faculty of Arts, Oporto University 2009 i Running head: PORTUGUESE WITH AMERICAN DREAMS Portuguese with American Dreams Portuguese immigrants in the USA, their process of integration and education Natali Lameiras Martins PORTUGUESE WITH AMERICAN DREAMS iii Acknowledgments I want to thank all the teachers that have been contributing to my learning process and that have been making me the student that I am today. I want to thank my advisor Professor Jorge Ribeiro for encouraging me to keep working in my master degree and for being always nice, even at the most stressful moments. I would like to thank my non-official co-advisor Professor Kimberly Holton for the great pieces of advice and for boosting my motivation and my academic self-esteem. I also want to thank Professor Zeena Zakharia and Ameena Ghaffar-Kuffer for inspiring new perspectives in my research. I am very grateful to the teachers, students and parents’ students that have willingly participated in my ethnographic research. They have opened their school, lives and hearts to me and for that I am truly grateful to all of them. I want to express my deep gratitude to the Fulbright program and to the government of my home country, Andorra, for their commitment to education and for providing me with such a fantastic opportunity to develop my academic career, namely this research, in the United States. Especially, I want to thank Jordi Llombart for his support. I also want to thank my parents for the trust, love and unconditional support that they have been giving me. They have always encouraged me to do my very best in every mission I take. In fact, I am the person that I am today mainly thanks to them. Their support has been crucial to never give up. ¡Gracias papas! I want to include here my friend Liliana Silva because she has given me a great support running errands for me, while I was in the United States. Thanks to her too this thesis is in your hands today. For all those that are reading this thesis, thank you for your interest. Any comments, do not hesitate to contact me at: [email protected] . iv Finally, I want to thank my husband, Daniel Martins, who has been both my greatest supporter and roughest critic, for all the love, support and infinite patience. He has agreed to come with me to the United States, he has listened to me talking about theories on immigration for hours, he has discussed my findings, he has helped me to give a title to this dissertation and he has even edited the last version of my dissertation. This dissertation would not be the same without his daily support, culinary skills, and precious eye for grammatical errors. For all this and more, Daniel, I love you. With love, Natali PORTUGUESE WITH AMERICAN DREAMS v Foreword My parents migrated to Andorra roughly 30 years ago. I was not an immigrant tough. I was born in Andorra and nevertheless I felt during many years that I was myself an immigrant, and thus a low status citizen. Most of my cousins, who were also perceived as immigrants, lived in France. And that made us so different. When we used to meet in Portugal, I felt that I was a different kind of immigrant. Their emotional attachment to Portugal was different from the one I, my sister and other cousins and friends from Andorra had to Portugal. For years I wondered why? My own experience as a daughter of Portuguese immigrant pushed me to nurture a curiosity that developed into a passion about immigration as a field of research. Some years ago, I participated as an undergraduate student in a documentary movie led by Saguenail and Regina Guimarães. That was a very meaningful experience as I had the opportunity to voice many things that I kept locked inside myself. Most of all it made me realize that my experience as a daughter of immigrants has some anthropological and sociological value. I also had the opportunity to compare my experience to others’ experiences as daughters of immigrants, to find some similarities and also differences. I believe that was a turning point in the way I thought about myself and about immigration. That is when my interests began to change and consequently my academic career. Enrolling in the master program on History, International Affairs and Cooperation was the step I needed to formalize my interest on immigration. Studying immigration issues has helped me to make sense of my own life. I understand pieces of my own life through articles about immigrants from all over the world. I feel less lonely (and less weird too!) in my life experiences. I discovered I am second generation according to immigration researchers’ terminology and that everybody (not only me and not only immigrants!) develops multiple identities according to contexts. I understand the implications that micro, macro and meso levels of society have in each immigrant experience. Different immigrants’ experiences develop from different social contexts. vi Without any doubt, immigration is a big field of research with great potentialities. Personally, I enjoy reading comparative studies with a sociological approach on immigration. I find fascinating the way researchers compare two different communities in the same host country, or two communities from the same country that has settled in two different host countries or in different cities in a host country, or the same community in the home country and in the host country. Right now, I know it sounds quite messy but reading about those kinds of research is so exciting! Since I had the opportunity to come to the United States of America for a couple of years thanks to a Fulbright grant, (for which, again, I am extremely grateful), I decided to develop a research about the flow of Portuguese immigrants in the United States of America. I wanted to know more about the history of that flow of immigration, its development and assimilation process in the society and its current characteristics. As a second generation myself, I wanted to focus on second generation of Portuguese in the United States. As a teacher, I wanted to know more about the educational institutions that welcome Portuguese students. This dissertation is about this process of getting to know the Portuguese community in the United States of America. I hope you will find it as valuable as it has been for me. My next step, probably for a doctorate degree, would be to develop a comparative study between different Portuguese communities around the world, including the Portuguese community of Andorra. Let’s see what the future has been cooking for me! PORTUGUESE WITH AMERICAN DREAMS vii For my parents and their dreams viii Table of contents Acknowledgments………………………………………………………………………………. p. iii Foreword…………………………………………………………………………………………... p. v Table of contents………………………………………………………………………………... p. viii Note regarding language use…………………………………………………………………. p. x Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………. p. 1 Chapter 1………………………………………………………………………………………….. p. 3 1. The assimilation challenge: Theories about assimilation, immigration and bilingual education……………………………………………………………………………… p. 3 1.1. The concept of assimilation……………………………………………………………… p. 3 1.1.1. Classic Assimilation Theory…………………………………………………………... p. 4 1.1.2. New Assimilation Theory………………………………………………………………. p. 7 1.1.3. Segmented Assimilation……………………………………………………………….. p. 7 1.1.4. Transnationalism………………………………………………………………………... p. 12 1.2. Generational status………………………………………………………………………… p. 13 1.3. Bilinguism and bilingual education in the USA and its implications for immigrants…………………………………………………………………………………… p. 15 Chapter 2………………………………………………………………………………………….. p. 19 2. Portuguese immigration in the United States of America: an overview………….. p. 19 Chapter 3………………………………………………………………………………………….. p. 37 3. Portuguese immigrants, their perceptions on education and their involvement in American public education………………………………………………………………… p. 37 3.1. The role of education in immigrants’ lives…………………………………………… p. 37 3.2. Education and Portuguese immigrants in the USA: an overview………………… p. 38 3.3. Portuguese students in American Public School: a research study by Becker... p. 40 Chapter 4………………………………………………………………………………………….. p. 47 4. Little Portuguese People: the children of Portuguese immigrants in a community school……………….……………………………………………………………… p. 47 4.1. Portuguese immigration to the United States: some relevant facts to the research……………………………………………………………………………………………. p. 48 4.2. Portuguese community schools in the United States of America……………….. p. 50 4.3. The setting of the research and its demographics…………………………………. p. 53 4.4. Methodology………………………………………………………………………………… p. 55 4.5. Findings……………………………………………………………………………………… p. 59 PORTUGUESE WITH AMERICAN DREAMS ix 4.6. Limitations of the research……………………………………………………………… p. 73 4.7. Analysis of the findings and conclusion……………………………………………… p. 75 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………………… p. 77 Bibliographical references……………………………………………………………………... p. 81 Appendixes………………………………………………………………………………………... p. 87 Appendix A- Questionnaire given to the students (Portuguese version)…... p. 88 Appendix B- Questionnaire given to the students (English version)………… p. 91 Appendix C- Table with the results of the questionnaire……………………... p. 93 Appendix D- Questionnaire emailed to the former teachers…………………. p. 96 x Note
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