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Efficacy and Side Effects of Sputnik V, Sinopharm and Astrazeneca Vaccines to Stop COVID-19; a Review and Discussion

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Efficacy and Side Effects of Sputnik V, Sinopharm and Astrazeneca Vaccines to Stop COVID-19; a Review and Discussion Immunopathol Persa. 2021;7(2):e31 Review Immunopathologia Persa http www.immunopathol.com DOI:10.34172/ipp.2021.31 Efficacy and side effects of Sputnik V, Sinopharm and AstraZeneca vaccines to stop COVID-19; a review and discussion Nasrin Ghiasi1 ID , Rohollah Valizadeh2 ID , Mohammad Arabsorkhi3 ID , Tahere Sadat Hoseyni4, Korosh Esfandiari4, Tella Sadighpour5* ID , Hamid Reza Jahantigh6,7 1Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran 2Student Research Committee, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 3Medical Education Department, Medical Education Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran 4Ali-Asghar Children Hospital, Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 5Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida international university, Florida, USA and American University of Antigua College of Medicine, Antigua and Barbuda 6Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine - Section of Occupational Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy 7Animal Health and Zoonosis PhD Course, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy *Correspondence to Abstract Tella Sadighpour, Email: [email protected], We believe that vaccination is just a way to eliminate or strongly stop the COVID-19. In this regard, there are [email protected], several vaccines with different efficacy and side effects. It is urgently required to have some efficient vaccines for [email protected] the prevention and control of SARS-CoV-2. In this review, international databases were considered for searching relevant articles from 1 January 2020 to 1 May 2021. Keywords were COVID-19, novel coronavirus, 2019- Received 16 April 2021 nCoV, coronavirus disease 2019, vaccine, Sputnik V, Gamaleya, Gam-COVID-Vac, Sinopharm, BBIBP-CorV, Accepted 23 May 2021 AstraZeneca, Vaxzevria, Oxford, ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and AZD1222. Three Sputnik V, Sinopharm and AstraZeneca Published online 5 June 2021 vaccines are useful to gain herd immunity. Enough intervals (at least three weeks/21 days) must be considered for Keywords: COVID-19, Novel sufficient neutralizing antibody titers. What is important is that the vaccination should be accelerated with each of coronavirus, 2019-nCoV, the aforementioned three vaccines to achieve herd immunity in a shorter period of time because all three vaccines Vaccine, Sputnik V, Gamaleya, provide 100% prevention of severe COVID-19. Gam-COVID-Vac, Sinopharm, BBIBP-CorV, AstraZeneca, AZD1222 Citation: Ghiasi Introduction Key point N, Valizadeh R, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is Three Sputnik V, Sinopharm and AstraZeneca Arabsorkhi M, Hoseyni caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome TS, Esfandiari K, vaccines are helpful to gain herd immunity. Enough Sadighpour T, Jahantigh coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and is the intervals (at least 3 weeks/ 21 days) must be HR. Efficacy and side causative agent of a potentially deadly disease considered for sufficient neutralizing antibody titers. effects of Sputnik worldwide that has become a major public All three vaccines provide 100% prevention of severe COVID-19. V, Sinopharm and health concern. Coronavirus is one of the AstraZeneca vaccines to stop COVID-19; a largest pathogens targeting the lung. Previous review and discussion. outbreaks of coronavirus have included severe Immunopathol Persa. acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and the 165 069 258 confirmed cases of COVID-19, 2021;7(2):e31. including 3 422 907 deaths, reported to DOI:10.34172/ Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) ipp.2021.31. which have previously been identified as very World Health Organization (WHO) and a threatening to public health. In late December total of 1 422 282 170 vaccine doses have been 2019, a number of patients were admitted administered to people (3,4). to hospitals with an initial diagnosis of Vaccine is the final key to eliminate the pneumonia of unknown cause. These patients COIVD-19 pandemic. Vaccine is a living were epidemiologically related to a wholesale organism and has the power to resist and seafood and wet animals market in Wuhan, overcome germs, which is called immunity Hubei province, China (1,2). Globally, at (5). In many diseases caused by the virus, the time of publication, there have been once a person gets the disease and gets better, Copyright © 2021 The Author(s); Published by Nickan Research Institute. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Ghiasi N et al he or she will be immune to it. For example, smallpox, Methods measles, and chickenpox are diseases that, once infected, In this review, international databases including PubMed, can be permanently immune and they will never be Web of Science and Scopus were considered for searching infected again. However, other diseases, such as the flu, of English articles from 1 January 2020 to 1 May 2021. All can affect humans several times. Therefore, in order to get types of articles were included. Keywords were COVID-19, rid of them, immunity must be created artificially in the novel coronavirus, 2019-nCoV, coronavirus disease human body called “active immunization” (6). 2019, vaccine, Sputnik V, Gamaleya, Gam-COVID-Vac, By injecting the weakened virus into the body, it causes Sinopharm, BBIBP-CorV, AstraZeneca, Vaxzevria, Oxford, a mild form of the disease. Active immunization or ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and AZD1222. After collection of vaccination is a very important and valuable measure by articles of interest, references were imported to Endnote which infectious diseases can be prevented at a low cost. software and removed duplicate titles. The selected studies With the implementation of the universal vaccination were performed on humans and published in English. program in the world, the prevalence of many dangerous Totally, according to the UNICEF website, there are 13 diseases among infants, children and adults has been vaccines with approval from emergency use listing (EUL), significantly reduced, so that now the prevalence of serious with licensure from countries or with conditionals use diseases such as diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, measles and (Table 1) (14). In Iran, there are three vaccines including polio with successful vaccination in children (7). Vaccines Shifa Pharmed Industrial Co with four trials, Razi Vaccine have now been developed for more than 20 diseases, and Serum Research Institute (Razi Cov Pars) with two some of which are commonly used and others for specific trials and FAKHRAVAC (MIVAC) with one trial (15). conditions. The decision to prepare and use a vaccine for a disease is made based on the balance of two issues, one AstraZeneca/ Oxford/ChAdOx1 nCoV-19/AZD1222/ is the need for the vaccine and the other is the risks and ChAdOx1 complications (8). The WHO has given EUL to the AstraZeneca COVID-19 The preventive effect of a vaccine is obtained by vaccine to prevent COVID-19 in people 18 years of age comparing the number of infected people in the two and older, including people over 65. The COVID-19 groups of vaccinated and unvaccinated people who are AstraZeneca vaccine is licensed by WHO produced by accidentally exposed to the disease. The most effective AstraZeneca and COVISHIELD by the Indian Serum vaccines are those that mimic the preventive mechanism Institute (SII) for universal access during the COVID-19 resulting from the recovery phase in the normal form epidemic. The EUL allows two doses of the vaccine to of the disease (9). Herd immunity is established when a be given with four to 12 weeks interval (16). According sufficient number of people are immune to stop new cases. to a study published as an interim study for AstraZeneca This means that enough people are protected to stop the vaccine, this vaccine should not be injected under the age person-to-person transmission in the community (10). of 18 and two doses of 0.5 ml should be injected every 4 to Herd immunity may exist worldwide like smallpox. For 12 weeks (17). According to a WHO statement on February example, the United States and many other countries have 11 “While the vaccine has not yet been recommended achieved herd immunity to polio and measles, although for emergency use by the WHO, it has been reviewed by universal immunity to these two diseases does not yet exist the European Medicines Agency (EMA)”. The EMA has (11). thoroughly evaluated vaccine quality, safety and efficacy The percentage of people who need to achieve herd data and recommended that conditional marketing immunity varies with specific disease e.g., measles authorization be granted to those 18 years of age and older needs about 95% of vaccination among the community. (18). Nevertheless, this threshold for polio is approximately According to the Drugs Controller General of India 80%. To achieve herd immunity for COIVID-19, exact (DCGI), common side effects of Indian AstraZeneca percentage is not known (12). There are several effective include tenderness, pain, warmth, redness, itching, and approved vaccines for COVID-19. Doroftei et al inflammation, and blisters at the injection site. It also concluded that three vaccines had an efficacy of more leads to general feeling of discomfort, lethargy, fatigue, than 90% (Pfizer–BioNTech, ~95%; Moderna, ~94%; and chills
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