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Coronavirus: Quello Che C’È Da Sapere – 1 Luglio 2021 Sommario Quando È Iniziata L’Epidemia?

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Coronavirus: Quello Che C’È Da Sapere – 1 Luglio 2021 Sommario Quando È Iniziata L’Epidemia? Coronavirus: quello che c’è da sapere – 1 luglio 2021 Sommario Quando è iniziata l’epidemia? ...................................................................2 Come viene diagnosticata la malattia Covid-19? ...................................24 Quando è arrivata in Italia? .......................................................................2 Che cosa sono i test sierologici? a cosa servono? ................................25 A cosa è dovuta l’infezione? .....................................................................2 Chi viene colpito dalla malattia Covid-19? ............................................26 Quanto è diffusa l’epidemia? ....................................................................2 Quanto è letale il virus? Quali sono i fattori di rischio? .........................26 Che cosa sono i coronavirus? ...................................................................2 Quali sono le conseguenze a medio e lungo termine del Covid-19? .....30 Qual è l’origine del virus? .........................................................................4 Il virus può mutare? ..................................................................................4 Esiste un vaccino? ...................................................................................32 Come si trasmette l’infezione? ...............................................................10 Quali sono le terapie disponibili?............................................................46 I bambini sono più soggetti all’infezione? .............................................13 Quali sono i rischi sanitari legati all’epidemia? .....................................59 La malattia può essere trasmessa da una persona senza sintomi? .....17 Quali sono i rischi politici, economici e sociali legati all’epidemia? ....63 L’infezione può essere trasmessa dagli animali all’uomo (e Quali sono le nazioni più colpite dall’epidemia? ....................................64 viceversa)? ...............................................................................................17 Quanto è diffusa l’epidemia in Italia? .....................................................65 Come è possibile limitare la diffusione del virus? .................................19 È utile indossare la mascherina? ............................................................20 Quali misure sono state prese in Italia? .................................................68 Quanto dura l’immunità data dall’infezione o dal vaccino? ..................20 Possiamo viaggiare in Italia ed all’estero? ............................................74 Il virus può diventare endemico?............................................................23 Dove è possibile trovare informazioni affidabili? ..................................76 I prodotti alimentari che acquistiamo e l’acqua potabile sono sicuri? .23 Il Servizio Sanitario Nazionale e il ruolo dell’Istituto Nazionale Cosa fare se si sospetta di aver contratto l’infezione? ..........................23 Malattie Infettive “Lazzaro Spallanzani” ................................................77 Indice dei grafici e delle tabelle Incidenza del Covid-19 negli ultimi 14 giorni, casi per 100.000 Andamento della campagna vaccinale in Italia, 1 luglio 2021 ..............40 abitanti, settimane 24-25 (14 - 27 giugno) ...............................................1 Andamento della campagna vaccinale per regione, 1 luglio 2021 ........41 Totale casi e decessi nel mondo, 1 luglio 2021 ........................................3 Prime 10 nazioni per numero di nuovi casi, 1 luglio 2021 .....................43 I quattro scenari possibili di inizio dell’epidemia ....................................5 Sperimentazioni cliniche approvate in Italia al 14 giugno 2020............47 Riepilogo delle principali varianti virali ....................................................6 L’epidemia in Italia, 1 luglio 2021 ...........................................................50 Incidenza del Covid-19 in Europa, casi per 100.000 abitanti, Nuovi casi positivi in Italia nell’ultimo mese ..........................................52 settimane 24-25 (14 - 27 giugno) .............................................................8 Le dieci Regioni italiane con più casi, 1 luglio 2021 ..............................55 Incremento giornaliero dei casi positivi nel mondo nell’ultimo mese ..11 Decessi Covid-19 per 100.000 abitanti in Italia, 1 luglio 2021 ..............56 Strumenti di mitigazione per ridurre la trasmissione del virus .............12 Tasso di positività dei tamponi effettuati in Italia ..................................59 Decessi Covid-19 per milione di abitanti, 1 luglio 2021 .........................14 Trend settimanale e mensile di casi e decessi nelle regioni OMS, 1 Distribuzione dei casi nel mondo e in Europa, 1 luglio 2021 .................16 luglio 2021 ...............................................................................................65 Le dieci nazioni con più casi e decessi, 1 luglio 2021 ...........................18 Indicatori dell’epidemia per regione, 1 luglio 2021 ................................66 Casi positivi per fasce di età in Italia 31 maggio - 30 giugno ...............25 Fase 2: monitoraggio regionale 14-20 giugno 2021 ...............................67 Principali patologie associate ai decessi in Italia, 29 aprile 2021.........27 Mortalità in eccesso in Italia nel 2020-2021 rispetto alla media Decessi per fasce di età in Italia, 23 giugno 2021 .................................28 2015-2019 ................................................................................................68 Casi e decessi giornalieri nelle aree più colpite, 1 luglio 2021..............30 Decessi in Italia 1 maggio 2020 - 30 aprile 2021 a confronto con la Candidati vaccini in fase clinica, 1 luglio 2021 ......................................33 media 2015-2019 .....................................................................................69 Vaccini approvati per l’utilizzo, 1 luglio 2021.........................................36 Andamento dei decessi in Italia suddivisi per regione, gennaio 2020 Andamento delle vaccinazioni nel mondo, 1 luglio 2021 .......................39 - aprile 2021 .............................................................................................73 Per agevolare la lettura, nell’indice e nel documento sono evidenziate in giallo le parti aggiornate rispetto all’edizione precedente. https://www.inmi.it/aggiornamenti-coronavirus Incidenza del Covid-19 negli ultimi 14 giorni, casi per 100.000 abitanti, settimane 24-25 (14 - 27 giugno) Fonte: ECDC a cura di Salvatore Curiale - direzione scientifica Istituto Nazionale Malattie infettive “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS – Roma – © INMI 2021 1 Quando è iniziata l’epidemia? il primo caso accertato di positività a Codogno6. Il 31 dicembre 2019 le autorità sanitarie cinesi hanno reso nota la pre- Sempre a Milano, un gruppo di ricercatori dell’Università statale ha senza di un focolaio di sindrome febbrile, associata a polmonite di ori- condotto una analisi retrospettiva7 sui tamponi oro-faringei dei casi so- gine sconosciuta, tra gli abitanti di Wuhan, città di circa 11 milioni di spetti di morbillo raccolti tra settembre 2019 e febbraio 2020 nell’am- abitanti situata nella provincia di Hubei, nella Cina Centro-meridio- bito della rete di sorveglianza integrata morbillo e rosolia MoRoNet. nale, alla confluenza tra il Fiume Azzurro e il fiume Han, a circa 1.100 Dall’analisi è emersa la positività ad un gene del SARS-CoV-2 del cam- chilometri da Pechino, 800 da Shangai, 1.000 da Hong Kong. In un pione di un bambino di 4 anni abitante nell’hinterland milanese e sen- primo momento il punto di partenza dell’infezione è stato identifica- za alcun link con la Cina, che il 21 novembre 2019 aveva manifesta- to nel mercato del pesce e di altri animali vivi (c.d. “wet market”) di to sintomi (tosse e rinite), il 30 novembre era stato portato al pronto Huanan, al centro della città di Wuhan, che è stato chiuso il 1 gennaio soccorso con sintomi respiratori e vomito, il 1° dicembre aveva avuto 2020. L’analisi del sangue di oltre 38.000 donatori sani a Wuhan e in un’eruzione cutanea simile a quella che si manifesta con il morbillo, e altre due città cinesi, Shenzen (estremo sud) e Shijiazhuang (estremo il 5 dicembre aveva effettuato il tampone oro-faringeo per la diagnosi nord) tra gennaio ed aprile 2020) ha evidenziato una prevalenza, ovve- clinica del sospetto morbillo. ro una percentuale di persone che avevano sviluppato anticorpi contro il virus SARS-CoV-2, del 2,66% a Wuhan, dello 0,033% a Shenzen e A cosa è dovuta l’infezione? dello 0,0028% a Shijiazhuang1. È ormai confermato però che il mer- Il 7 gennaio 2020 è stato isolato l’agente patogeno responsabile dell’e- cato è stato soltanto il primo amplificatore dell’infezione, iniziata set- pidemia: si tratta di un nuovo betacoronavirus, che l’OMS ha deno- timane prima. Nel corso di una conferenza stampa svoltasi a Wuhan il minato SARS-CoV-2, ad indicare la similarità con il virus SARS-CoV, 9 febbraio 2021 con gli esperti dell’Organizzazione Mondiale della Sa- che nel 2002-2003 causò una epidemia globale con 8.096 casi confer- nità (OMS) chiamati ad indagare sull’origine dell’epidemia, si è appre- mati e 774 decessi. L’OMS ha denominato Covid-19 la malattia cau- so infatti che il primo caso di Covid-19 a Wuhan è datato 8 dicembre sata dal virus. 2019 e non aveva alcuna relazione con il mercato di Huanan2. Ma la data dello spillover, ovvero della prima trasmissione
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