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Coronavirus: Quello Che C'è Da Sapere – 7 Giugno 2021

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Coronavirus: quello che c’è da sapere – 7 giugno 2021 Sommario Quando è iniziata l’epidemia? ...................................................................2 Come viene diagnosticata la malattia Covid-19? ...................................23 Quando è arrivata in Italia? .......................................................................2 Che cosa sono i test sierologici? a cosa servono? ................................25 A cosa è dovuta l’infezione? .....................................................................2 Chi viene colpito dalla malattia Covid-19? ............................................25 Quanto è diffusa l’epidemia? ....................................................................2 Quanto è letale il virus? Quali sono i fattori di rischio? .........................25 Che cosa sono i coronavirus? ...................................................................2 Quali sono le conseguenze a medio e lungo termine del Covid-19? .....29 Qual è l’origine del virus? .........................................................................4 Il virus può mutare? ..................................................................................4 Esiste un vaccino? ...................................................................................31 Come si trasmette l’infezione? .................................................................9 Quali sono le terapie disponibili?............................................................46 I bambini sono più soggetti all’infezione? .............................................13 Quali sono i rischi sanitari legati all’epidemia? .....................................57 La malattia può essere trasmessa da una persona senza sintomi? .....15 Quali sono i rischi politici, economici e sociali legati all’epidemia? ....61 L’infezione può essere trasmessa dagli animali all’uomo (e Quali sono le nazioni più colpite dall’epidemia? ....................................62 viceversa)? ...............................................................................................17 Quanto è diffusa l’epidemia in Italia? .....................................................64 Come è possibile limitare la diffusione del virus? .................................19 È utile indossare la mascherina? ............................................................19 Quali misure sono state prese in Italia? .................................................67 Quanto dura l’immunità? È possibile reinfettarsi? ................................20 Possiamo viaggiare in Italia ed all’estero? ............................................72 Il virus può diventare endemico?............................................................22 Dove è possibile trovare informazioni affidabili? ..................................75 I prodotti alimentari che acquistiamo e l’acqua potabile sono sicuri? .23 Il Servizio Sanitario Nazionale e il ruolo dell’Istituto Nazionale Cosa fare se si sospetta di aver contratto l’infezione? ..........................23 Malattie Infettive “Lazzaro Spallanzani” ................................................76 Indice dei grafici e delle tabelle Incidenza del Covid-19 negli ultimi 14 giorni, casi per 100.000 Andamento delle vaccinazioni nel mondo, 7 giugno 2021.....................37 abitanti, settimane 20-21 (17 - 30 maggio) ..............................................1 Andamento della campagna vaccinale in Italia, 7 giugno 2021 ............38 Totale casi e decessi nel mondo, 7 giugno 2021 ......................................3 Andamento della campagna vaccinale per regione, 7 giugno 2021 ......39 I quattro scenari possibili di inizio dell’epidemia ....................................5 Prime 10 nazioni per numero di nuovi casi, 7 giugno 2021 ...................43 Riepilogo delle principali varianti virali ....................................................6 L’epidemia in Italia, 7 giugno 2021 .........................................................44 Incidenza del Covid-19 in Europa, casi per 100.000 abitanti, Sperimentazioni cliniche approvate in Italia al 29 aprile 2020 .............47 settimane 20-21 (17 - 30 maggio) ............................................................8 Nuovi casi positivi in Italia nell’ultimo mese ..........................................52 Incremento giornaliero dei casi positivi nel mondo nell’ultimo mese ..11 Le dieci Regioni italiane con più casi, 7 giugno 2021 ............................55 Strumenti di mitigazione per ridurre la trasmissione del virus .............12 Decessi Covid-19 per 100.000 abitanti in Italia, 7 giugno 2021 ............56 Decessi Covid-19 per milione di abitanti, 7 giugno 2021 ......................14 Tasso di positività dei tamponi effettuati in Italia ..................................59 Distribuzione dei casi nel mondo e in Europa, 7 giugno 2021 ...............16 Trend settimanale e mensile di casi e decessi nelle regioni OMS, 7 Le dieci nazioni con più casi e decessi, 7 giugno 2021 .........................18 giugno 2021 .............................................................................................63 Casi positivi per fasce di età in Italia 7 maggio - 6 giugno ...................25 Indicatori dell’epidemia per regione, 7 giugno 2021 .............................65 Principali patologie associate ai decessi in Italia, 29 aprile 2021.........26 Fase 2: monitoraggio regionale 24 - 30 maggio 2021 ............................66 Mortalità in eccesso in Italia tra il 1 gennaio 2020 e il 28 febbraio Decessi per fasce di età in Italia, 1 giugno 2021 ...................................28 2021 rispetto alla media 2015-2019 .......................................................67 Casi e decessi giornalieri nelle aree più colpite, 7 giugno 2021 ...........30 Decessi in Italia 1 marzo 2020 - 28 febbraio 2021 a confronto con la Vaccini approvati per l’utilizzo e sperimentazioni interrotte, 7 media 2015-2019 .....................................................................................69 giugno 2021 .............................................................................................32 Andamento dei decessi in Italia suddivisi per regione, gennaio 2020 Candidati vaccini in fase clinica, 28 maggio 2021 .................................33 - febbraio 2021 ........................................................................................73 Per agevolare la lettura, nell’indice e nel documento sono evidenziate in giallo le parti aggiornate rispetto all’edizione precedente. https://www.inmi.it/aggiornamenti-coronavirus Incidenza del Covid-19 negli ultimi 14 giorni, casi per 100.000 abitanti, settimane 20-21 (17 - 30 maggio) Fonte: ECDC a cura di Salvatore Curiale - direzione scientifica Istituto Nazionale Malattie infettive “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS – Roma – © INMI 2021 1 Quando è iniziata l’epidemia? casi sospetti di morbillo raccolti tra settembre 2019 e febbraio 2020 Il 31 dicembre 2019 le autorità sanitarie cinesi hanno reso nota la nell’ambito della rete di sorveglianza integrata morbillo e rosolia Mo- presenza di un focolaio di sindrome febbrile, associata a polmoni- RoNet. Dall’analisi è emersa la positività ad un gene del SARS-CoV-2 te di origine sconosciuta, tra gli abitanti di Wuhan, città di circa 11 del campione di un bambino di 4 anni abitante nell’hinterland mila- milioni di abitanti situata nella provincia di Hubei, nella Cina Cen- nese e senza alcun link con la Cina, che il 21 novembre 2019 aveva tro-meridionale, alla confluenza tra il Fiume Azzurro e il fiume Han, manifestato sintomi (tosse e rinite), il 30 novembre era stato portato a circa 1.100 chilometri da Pechino, 800 da Shangai, 1.000 da Hong al pronto soccorso con sintomi respiratori e vomito, il 1° dicembre Kong. In un primo momento il punto di partenza dell’infezione è sta- aveva avuto un’eruzione cutanea simile a quella che si manifesta con to identificato nel mercato del pesce e di altri animali vivi (c.d. “wet il morbillo, e il 5 dicembre aveva effettuato il tampone oro-faringeo market”) di Huanan, al centro della città di Wuhan, che è stato chiu- per la diagnosi clinica del sospetto morbillo. Un altro studio condotto so il 1 gennaio 2020, ma è ormai confermato che il mercato è stato dall’Istituto Tumori di Milano e dall’Università di Siena7 sui campio- soltanto il primo amplificatore dell’infezione, iniziata settimane pri- ni di sangue prelevati a 959 pazienti che tra settembre 2019 e marzo ma. Nel corso di una conferenza stampa svoltasi a Wuhan il 9 feb- 2020 si erano sottoposti a screening per la prevenzione del cancro al braio 2021 con gli esperti dell’Organizzazione Mondiale della Sanità polmone ha individuato gli anticorpi del coronavirus nell’11,6% dei (OMS) chiamati ad indagare sull’origine dell’epidemia, si è appreso pazienti, in alcuni casi in campioni prelevati a settembre del 2019. infatti che il primo caso di Covid-19 a Wuhan è datato 8 dicembre La ricerca sembrerebbe indicare una circolazione molto precoce del 2019 e non aveva alcuna relazione con il mercato di Huanan1. Nei SARS-CoV-2 tra individui asintomatici in Italia diversi mesi prima due mesi precedenti circa 90 persone erano state ricoverate con sin- dell’identificazione del primo paziente, ma si tratta di una ipotesi che tomi simili al Covid-19 nella Cina centrale. Le autorità cinesi han- non ha sinora trovato conferme basate su test effettuati con metodi no eseguito di recente test anticorpali su due terzi di questi pazien- adeguatamente validati. ti, senza trovare traccia di infezione. Ma a distanza di più di un anno gli anticorpi
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