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Coronavirus: Quello Che C'è Da Sapere – 12 Agosto 2021

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Coronavirus: Quello Che C'è Da Sapere – 12 Agosto 2021 Coronavirus: quello che c’è da sapere – 12 agosto 2021 Sommario Quando è iniziata l’epidemia? ......................................2 Che cosa sono i test sierologici? a cosa servono? ................................26 Quando è arrivata in Italia? ..........................................2 Chi viene colpito dalla malattia Covid-19? ............................................27 A cosa è dovuta l’infezione? .........................................2 Quanto è letale il virus? Quali sono i fattori di rischio? .........................27 Quanto è diffusa l’epidemia? ....................................................................2 Quali sono le conseguenze a medio e lungo termine del Covid-19? .....31 Che cosa sono i coronavirus? ...................................................................2 Qual è l’origine del virus? .........................................................................4 Il virus può diventare endemico?............................................................33 Il virus può mutare? ..................................................................................5 Esiste un vaccino? ...................................................................................33 Come si trasmette l’infezione? ...............................................................10 Quali sono le terapie disponibili?............................................................51 I bambini sono più soggetti all’infezione? .............................................15 Quali sono i rischi sanitari legati all’epidemia? .....................................64 La malattia può essere trasmessa da una persona senza sintomi? .....18 Quali sono i rischi politici, economici e sociali legati all’epidemia? ....68 L’infezione può essere trasmessa dagli animali all’uomo (e Quali sono le nazioni più colpite dall’epidemia? ....................................70 viceversa)? ...............................................................................................19 Quanto è diffusa l’epidemia in Italia? .....................................................70 Come è possibile limitare la diffusione del virus? .................................20 È utile indossare la mascherina? ............................................................21 Quali misure sono state prese in Italia? .................................................73 Quanto dura l’immunità data dall’infezione o dal vaccino? ..................21 Possiamo viaggiare in Italia ed all’estero? ............................................79 I prodotti alimentari che acquistiamo e l’acqua potabile sono sicuri? .24 Dove è possibile trovare informazioni affidabili? ..................................81 Cosa fare se si sospetta di aver contratto l’infezione? ..........................24 Il Servizio Sanitario Nazionale e il ruolo dell’Istituto Nazionale Come viene diagnosticata la malattia Covid-19? ...................................25 Malattie Infettive “Lazzaro Spallanzani” ................................................82 Indice dei grafici e delle tabelle Incidenza del Covid-19 negli ultimi 14 giorni, casi per 100.000 Andamento della campagna vaccinale per regione, 12 agosto 2021 ....43 abitanti, settimane 30-31 (26 luglio - 8 agosto) .......................................1 Prime 10 nazioni per numero di nuovi casi, 12 agosto 2021 .................45 Totale casi e decessi nel mondo, 12 agosto 2021 ....................................3 L’epidemia in Italia, 12 agosto 2021 .......................................................47 I quattro scenari possibili di inizio dell’epidemia ....................................5 Sperimentazioni cliniche approvate in Italia al 14 giugno 2021............52 Riepilogo delle principali varianti virali ....................................................6 Nuovi casi positivi in Italia nell’ultimo mese ..........................................56 Incidenza del Covid-19 in Europa, casi per 100.000 abitanti, settimane 30-31 (26 luglio - 8 agosto) .....................................................8 Decessi Covid-19 per 100.000 abitanti in Italia, 12 agosto 2021 ..........60 Incremento giornaliero dei casi positivi nel mondo nell’ultimo mese ..11 Tasso di positività dei tamponi effettuati in Italia ..................................63 Strumenti di mitigazione per ridurre la trasmissione del virus .............12 Le dieci Regioni italiane con più casi, 12 agosto 2021 ..........................65 Decessi Covid-19 per milione di abitanti, 12 agosto 2021 .....................14 Trend settimanale e mensile di casi e decessi nelle regioni OMS, 12 Distribuzione dei casi nel mondo e in Europa, 12 agosto 2021 .............16 agosto 2021 .............................................................................................69 Le dieci nazioni con più casi e decessi, 12 agosto 2021 .......................18 Indicatori dell’epidemia per regione, 12 agosto 2021 ............................71 Casi positivi per fasce di età in Italia 12 luglio - 11 agosto ...................27 Fase 2: monitoraggio regionale 26 luglio - 1 agosto 2021 .....................72 Decessi per fasce di età in Italia, 4 agosto 2021 ....................................28 Mortalità in eccesso in Italia nel 2020-2021 rispetto alla media Casi e decessi giornalieri nelle aree più colpite, 12 agosto 2021..........30 2015-2019 ................................................................................................74 Candidati vaccini in fase clinica, 12 agosto 2021 ..................................35 Decessi in Italia 1 giugno 2020 - 31 maggio 2021 a confronto con la Vaccini approvati per l’utilizzo, 12 agosto 2021 ....................................38 media 2015-2019 .....................................................................................75 Andamento delle vaccinazioni nel mondo, 12 agosto 2021 ...................40 Andamento dei decessi in Italia suddivisi per regione, gennaio 2020 Andamento della campagna vaccinale in Italia, 12 agosto 2021 ..........42 - maggio 2021 ..........................................................................................77 Per agevolare la lettura, nell’indice e nel documento sono evidenziate in giallo le parti aggiornate rispetto all’edizione precedente. https://www.inmi.it/aggiornamenti-coronavirus Incidenza del Covid-19 negli ultimi 14 giorni, casi per 100.000 abitanti, settimane 30-31 (26 luglio - 8 agosto) Fonte: ECDC a cura di Salvatore Curiale - direzione scientifica Istituto Nazionale Malattie infettive “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS – Roma – © INMI 2021 1 Quando è iniziata l’epidemia? ni dopo il primo caso accertato di positività a Codogno6. Il 31 dicembre 2019 le autorità sanitarie cinesi hanno reso nota la Sempre a Milano, un gruppo di ricercatori dell’Università statale presenza di un focolaio di sindrome febbrile, associata a polmonite di ha condotto una analisi retrospettiva7 sui tamponi oro-faringei dei origine sconosciuta, tra gli abitanti di Wuhan, città di circa 11 milio- casi sospetti di morbillo raccolti tra settembre 2019 e febbraio 2020 ni di abitanti situata nella provincia di Hubei, nella Cina Centro-me- nell’ambito della rete di sorveglianza integrata morbillo e rosolia ridionale, alla confluenza tra il Fiume Azzurro (Yangtze) e il fiume MoRoNet. Dall’analisi è emersa la positività ad un gene del SARS- Han, a circa 1.100 chilometri da Pechino, 800 da Shangai, 1.000 da CoV-2 del campione di un bambino di 4 anni abitante nell’hinter- Hong Kong. In un primo momento il punto di partenza dell’infezio- land milanese e senza alcun link con la Cina, che il 21 novembre ne è stato identificato nel mercato del pesce e di altri animali vivi (c.d. 2019 aveva manifestato sintomi (tosse e rinite), il 30 novembre era “wet market”) di Huanan, al centro della città di Wuhan, che è stato stato portato al pronto soccorso con sintomi respiratori e vomito, il chiuso il 1 gennaio 2020. L’analisi del sangue di oltre 38.000 dona- 1° dicembre aveva avuto un’eruzione cutanea simile a quella che si tori sani a Wuhan e in altre due città cinesi, Shenzen (estremo sud) e manifesta con il morbillo, e il 5 dicembre aveva effettuato il tampone Shijiazhuang (estremo nord) tra gennaio ed aprile 2020) ha eviden- oro-faringeo per la diagnosi clinica del sospetto morbillo. ziato una prevalenza, ovvero una percentuale di persone che aveva- no sviluppato anticorpi contro il virus SARS-CoV-2, del 2,66% a A cosa è dovuta l’infezione? Wuhan, dello 0,033% a Shenzen e dello 0,0028% a Shijiazhuang1. È Il 7 gennaio 2020 è stato isolato l’agente patogeno responsabile dell’e- ormai confermato però che il mercato è stato soltanto il primo am- pidemia: si tratta di un nuovo betacoronavirus, che l’OMS ha deno- plificatore dell’infezione, iniziata settimane prima. Nel corso di una minato SARS-CoV-2, ad indicare la similarità con il virus SARS- conferenza stampa svoltasi a Wuhan il 9 febbraio 2021 con gli esperti CoV, che nel 2002-2003 causò una epidemia globale con 8.096 casi dell’Organizzazione Mondiale della Sanità (OMS) chiamati ad inda- confermati e 774 decessi. L’OMS ha denominato Covid-19 la malat- gare sull’origine dell’epidemia, si è appreso infatti che il primo caso di tia causata dal virus. Covid-19 a Wuhan è datato 8 dicembre 2019 e non aveva alcuna re- lazione con il mercato di Huanan2. Ma la data dello spillover, ovvero Quanto è diffusa l’epidemia? della prima trasmissione del virus dall’animale all’uomo, è con ogni In base ai dati forniti giornalmente dall’OMS8, ad oggi (12 agosto probabilità ancora precedente: nei due mesi precedenti
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