Coronavirus: Quello Che C’È Da Sapere – 9 Aprile 2021 Sommario Quando È Iniziata L’Epidemia?

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Coronavirus: Quello Che C’È Da Sapere – 9 Aprile 2021 Sommario Quando È Iniziata L’Epidemia? Coronavirus: quello che c’è da sapere – 9 aprile 2021 Sommario Quando è iniziata l’epidemia? ...................................................................2 Come viene diagnosticata la malattia Covid-19? ...................................21 Quando è arrivata in Italia? .......................................................................2 Che cosa sono i test sierologici? a cosa servono? ................................23 A cosa è dovuta l’infezione? .....................................................................2 Chi viene colpito dalla malattia Covid-19? ............................................24 Quanto è diffusa l’epidemia? ....................................................................2 Quanto è letale il virus? Quali sono i fattori di rischio? .........................24 Che cosa sono i coronavirus? ...................................................................2 Qual è l’origine del virus? .........................................................................4 Quali sono le conseguenze a medio e lungo termine del Covid-19? .....26 Il virus può mutare? ..................................................................................5 Esiste un vaccino? ...................................................................................27 Come si trasmette l’infezione? .................................................................9 Quali sono le terapie disponibili?............................................................37 I bambini sono più soggetti all’infezione? .............................................11 Quali sono i rischi sanitari legati all’epidemia? .....................................49 La malattia può essere trasmessa da una persona senza sintomi? .....14 Quali sono i rischi politici, economici e sociali legati all’epidemia? ....53 L’infezione può essere trasmessa dagli animali all’uomo (e Quali sono le nazioni più colpite dall’epidemia? ....................................54 viceversa)? ...............................................................................................15 Quanto è diffusa l’epidemia in Italia? .....................................................56 Come è possibile limitare la diffusione del virus? .................................17 È utile indossare la mascherina? ............................................................17 Quali misure sono state prese in Italia? .................................................59 Quanto dura l’immunità? È possibile reinfettarsi? ................................18 Possiamo viaggiare in Italia ed all’estero? ............................................66 Il virus può diventare endemico?............................................................20 Dove è possibile trovare informazioni affidabili? ..................................67 I prodotti alimentari che acquistiamo e l’acqua potabile sono sicuri? .21 Il Servizio Sanitario Nazionale e il ruolo dell’Istituto Nazionale Cosa fare se si sospetta di aver contratto l’infezione? ..........................21 Malattie Infettive “Lazzaro Spallanzani” ................................................68 Indice dei grafici e delle tabelle Incidenza del Covid-19 negli ultimi 14 giorni, numero di casi per Prime 10 nazioni per numero di nuovi casi, 9 aprile 2021 .....................37 100.000 abitanti, settimane 11-12 (15 - 28 marzo) ..................................1 Sperimentazioni cliniche approvate in Italia al 2 aprile 2020 ...............38 Totale casi e decessi nel mondo, 9 aprile 2021 ........................................3 Casi e decessi giornalieri nelle aree più colpite, 9 aprile 2021 .............42 I quattro scenari possibili di inizio dell’epidemia ....................................4 L’epidemia in Italia, 9 aprile 2021 ...........................................................45 Riepilogo delle principali varianti virali ....................................................6 Nuovi casi positivi in Italia nell’ultimo mese ..........................................47 Incidenza del Covid-19 in Europa, numero di casi per 100.000 abitanti, settimane 11-12 (15 - 28 marzo) ................................................8 Decessi Covid-19 per 100.000 abitanti in Italia, 9 aprile 2021 ..............49 Incremento giornaliero dei casi positivi nel mondo nell’ultimo mese ..11 Trend settimanale e mensile di casi e decessi nelle regioni OMS, 9 Strumenti di mitigazione per ridurre la trasmissione del virus .............12 aprile 2021 ...............................................................................................52 Decessi Covid-19 per milione di abitanti, 9 aprile 2021 ........................14 Indicatori dell’epidemia per regione, 9 aprile 2021 ...............................54 Distribuzione dei casi nel mondo e in Europa, 9 aprile 2021 .................16 Fase 2: monitoraggio regionale 22-28 marzo 2021 ................................55 Le dieci nazioni con più casi e decessi, 9 aprile 2021 ...........................18 Mortalità in eccesso in Italia tra il 1 febbraio 2020 e il 31 gennaio Casi positivi per fasce di età in Italia 7 marzo - 6 aprile .......................23 2021 rispetto alla media 2015-2019 .......................................................57 Principali patologie associate ai decessi in Italia, 30 marzo 2020 ........25 Decessi in Italia 1 febbraio 2020 - 31 gennaio 2021 a confronto con Decessi per fasce di età in Italia, 31 marzo 2021 ..................................26 la media 2015-2019 .................................................................................58 Vaccini approvati per l’utilizzo e sperimentazioni interrotte, 7 aprile Le dieci Regioni italiane con più casi, 9 aprile 2021 ..............................60 2021..........................................................................................................28 Andamento dei decessi in Italia suddivisi per regione, febbraio 2020 Candidati vaccini in fase clinica, 7 aprile 2021 ......................................29 - gennaio 2021 .........................................................................................61 Andamento delle vaccinazioni nel mondo, 9 aprile 2021 ......................33 Tasso di positività dei tamponi effettuati in Italia ..................................62 Andamento delle vaccinazioni in Italia, 9 aprile 2021 ...........................35 Il percorso diagnostico in Italia ..............................................................65 Per agevolare la lettura, nell’indice e nel documento sono evidenziate in giallo le parti aggiornate rispetto all’edizione precedente. https://www.inmi.it/aggiornamenti-coronavirus Incidenza del Covid-19 negli ultimi 14 giorni, numero di casi per 100.000 abitanti, settimane 12-13 (22 marzo - 4 aprile) Fonte: ECDC a cura di Salvatore Curiale - direzione scientifica Istituto Nazionale Malattie infettive “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS – Roma – © INMI 2021 1 Quando è iniziata l’epidemia? ha condotto una analisi retrospettiva6 sui tamponi oro-faringei dei Il 31 dicembre 2019 le autorità sanitarie cinesi hanno reso nota la pre- casi sospetti di morbillo raccolti tra settembre 2019 e febbraio 2020 senza di un focolaio di sindrome febbrile, associata a polmonite di ori- nell’ambito della rete di sorveglianza integrata morbillo e rosolia Mo- gine sconosciuta, tra gli abitanti di Wuhan, città di circa 11 milioni di RoNet. Dall’analisi è emersa la positività ad un gene del SARS-CoV-2 abitanti situata nella provincia di Hubei, nella Cina Centro-meridio- del campione di un bambino di 4 anni abitante nell’hinterland mila- nale, alla confluenza tra il Fiume Azzurro e il fiume Han, a circa 1.100 nese e senza alcun link con la Cina, che il 21 novembre 2019 aveva chilometri da Pechino, 800 da Shangai, 1.000 da Hong Kong. In un manifestato sintomi (tosse e rinite), il 30 novembre era stato porta- primo momento il punto di partenza dell’infezione è stato identifica- to al pronto soccorso con sintomi respiratori e vomito, il 1° dicembre to nel mercato del pesce e di altri animali vivi (c.d. “wet market”) di aveva avuto un’eruzione cutanea simile a quella che si manifesta con il Huanan, al centro della città di Wuhan, che è stato chiuso il 1 genna- morbillo, e il 5 dicembre aveva effettuato il tampone oro-faringeo per io 2020, ma è ormai confermato che il mercato è stato soltanto il pri- la diagnosi clinica del sospetto morbillo. mo amplificatore dell’infezione, iniziata settimane prima. Un altro studio condotto dall’Istituto Tumori di Milano e dall’Uni- Una ricerca recentemente pubblicata ha analizzato il sangue di ol- versità di Siena7 ha cercato gli anticorpi del SARS-CoV-2 nei cam- tre 38.000 donatori sani a Wuhan e in altre due città cinesi, Shen- pioni di sangue prelevati a 959 pazienti che tra settembre 2019 e zen (estremo sud) e Shijiazhuang (estremo nord) tra gennaio ed aprile marzo 2020 si erano sottoposti a screening per la prevenzione del can- 2020, ed ha stimato una prevalenza, ovvero una percentuale di per- cro al polmone. Gli anticorpi del coronavirus sono stati individuati sone che avevano sviluppato anticorpi contro il virus Sars-CoV-2, nell’11,6% dei pazienti, in alcuni casi in campioni prelevati a settem- del 2,66% a Wuhan, dello 0,033% a Shenzen e dello 0,0028% a bre del 2019. La ricerca sembrerebbe indicare una circolazione mol- Shijiazhuang1. to precoce del SARS-CoV-2 tra individui asintomatici in Italia diver- Nel corso di una conferenza stampa svoltasi a Wuhan il 9 febbra- si mesi prima dell’identificazione del primo paziente. Si tratta di una io 2021 con gli esperti dell’Organizzazione
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