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Editors and Contributors

Editor ARTHUR L. ALLAN is emeritus reader in , Univer- sity College London, U.K. MARK MONMONIER is distinguished professor of geogra- phy at Syracuse University, New York. Triangulation, Trilateration, and Traverse G. K. (KEN) ALLRED is past president of the Alberta Land Associate Editors Surveyors’ Association, Edmonton, Canada; a past presi- of the Canadian Council of Land Surveyors; a former PETER COLLIER is former principal lecturer in at vice president of the International Federation of Surveyors the University of Portsmouth, U.K. (FIG); and a retired member of the Legislative Assembly of KAREN SEVERUD COOK is special collections librarian at Alberta. the Kenneth Spencer Research Library at the University of Professional Practice in Land Surveying Kansas, Lawrence. COSTAS ARMENAKIS is associate professor of A. JON KIMERLING is professor emeritus in the Department engineering at the Lassonde School of Engineering, York of Geosciences at Oregon State University, Corvallis. University, Toronto, Canada. Topographic Mapping in Canada* JOEL L. MORRISON is professor emeritus of geography at The Ohio State University, Columbus. CLAUDIA R. ASCH completed a PhD in geography at Syra- cuse University, New York. Boundary Surveying in Latin America* Contributors Cartographic Societies in Latin America *indicates the entry is collaborative. Ethnographic * RONALD F. ABLER is professor emeritus at The Pennsylvania Road Mapping in Latin America State University, University Park, and past president of the HARTMUT ASCHE is professor of , remote International Geographical Union. sensing, and at the Universität Potsdam, International Geographical Union Germany. GILLIAN ACHESON is associate professor of geography at Akademie für Raumforschung und Landesplanung (Acad- Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville. emy for Spatial Research and Planning; Germany)* Teaching with * Westermann Verlag (Germany)* RON ADLER is retired director of the Survey of Israel, Tel MICHEL BACCHUS is secretary of European and Interna- Aviv. tional Affairs at the Institut géographique national, Paris, Boundary Surveying in the Middle East* France. Institut Géographique National (National Geographical MIGUEL AGUILAR ROBLEDO is professor of geography and Institute; France) director of the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities at KEN BARBOR is director of the Hydrographic Science Re- the Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Mexico. search Center at the University of Southern Mississippi, Property Mapping in Latin America* Hattiesburg. JAMES R. AKERMAN is curator of maps and director of the International Hydrographic Organization (Monaco) Hermon Dunlap Smith Center for the History of Cartogra- NICK BARON is associate professor of history at the Univer- phy at the Newberry Library, Chicago, Illinois. sity of Nottingham, U.K. American Automobile Association (AAA) World Revolution and Cartography H. M. Gousha Company (U.S.) Road THOMAS J. BASSETT is professor of geography and geo- Road Mapping in Canada and the United States graphic at the University of Illinois, Route Map Urbana-Champaign. Travel, Tourism, and Place Marketing Road Mapping in Africa

1793 1794 Editors and Contributors

SARAH E. BATTERSBY is associate professor of geography at GERHARD BRANDSTÄTTER is professor of surveying the University of South Carolina, Columbia. and photogrammetry at the Technische Universität Graz, Experimental Cartography Unit, Royal College of Art Austria. (U.K.)* Alpine Cartography* ASHLEY BAYNTON-WILLIAMS is an antique book dealer LINDSAY FREDERICK BRAUN is assistant professor of his- in London, U.K. tory at the University of Oregon, Eugene. Map Collecting in Europe Colonial and Imperial Cartography SARAH WITHAM BEDNARZ is professor of geography at CYNTHIA A. BREWER is professor of geography at The Texas A&M University, College Station. Pennsylvania State University, University Park. Teaching with Maps* GIS as a Tool for Map Production* A. M. BERLYANT is former head of the Department of Car- DANIEL G. BROWN is director of the Environmental Spatial tography and Geoinformatics, Moskovskiy gosudarstven- Analysis Laboratory and professor of natural resources and nyy universitet, Moscow, Russia. environment at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Salishchev, Konstantin Alekseyevich GIS as a Tool for Map Analysis and Spatial Modeling* GILLES BESSERO is director at the Service hydrographique et NEVIN A. BRYANT works in the Jet Propulsion Laboratory océanographique de la Marine, Brest, France. at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Marine Charting by France Pasadena, California. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (U.S.) D. BEVINGTON-ATTARDI works in the Geography Division at the U.S. Bureau of the Census, Washington, D.C. MANFRED F. BUCHROITHNER is professor of cartography Regional Atlas* at the Technische Universität Dresden, Germany. Statistical Map* Anaglyph Map Holographic Map JESS BIER is a postdoctoral researcher in the Department of Satellite Systems for Cartographic Applications Sociology at Erasmus University Rotterdam, Netherlands. Image Processing Software Images as Maps AILEEN BUCKLEY is a cartographic researcher at Esri, Red- CHRISTOPHER BOARD is retired senior lecturer in the lands, California. Department of Geography and Economics at the London Educating Mapmakers School of Economics, U.K. Close (Arden-Close), Charles Frederick ROBERT C. BURTCH is professor of surveying at Ferris State Defi nitions of Map University, Big Rapids, Michigan. Hinks, Arthur R(obert) Property Mapping in Canada and the United States Maling, D(erek) H(ylton) BARBARA P. BUTTENFIELD is professor of geography at the Road Symbols University of Colorado at Boulder. BARBARA A. BOND is the former civilian director of the UK Uncertainty and Reliability Hydrographic Offi ce and since retirement has served as the GUSTAVO D. BUZAI is professor of geographic information Chair of Governors and pro-chancellor at Plymouth Univer- science and director of the Program in Teaching and Re- sity, U.K., where she recently received her doctoral degree. search in Geographical Information Systems at the Univer- Escape and Evasion Map sidad Nacional de Luján, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Conferences on Computer-Aided Mapping in Latin America JOHN D. BOSSLER is retired director of the National Geo- detic Survey and retired director of the Center for Mapping DAVID A. CALL is associate professor of geography at Ball at The Ohio State University, Columbus. State University, Muncie, Indiana. Geodetic Surveying in Canada and the United States* Meteorology and Cartography PHILIPPE BOULANGER is professor at the Institut français JOHN H. CAMERON is professor in the Department of Paper de géopolitique, Université de Paris 8 Vincennes Saint- Engineering, Chemical Engineering and at Western Denis, France. Michigan University, Kalamazoo. Military Mapping by France Paper* MARTYN J. BOWDEN is professor emeritus of geography at JAMES B. CAMPBELL is professor of geography at Virginia Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts. Tech University, Blacksburg. Wright, John K(irtland) as a Cartographic Enterprise* LUCINDA BOYLE works at Bernard J. Shapero Rare Books, JOEL CAMPBELL is founder and president of GIS Enterprise London, U.K. Consulting, Potomac Falls, Virginia. Folding Strategies Remote Sensing as a Cartographic Enterprise* Editors and Contributors 1795

TONY CAMPBELL is chairman of Imago Mundi, Ltd., Lon- Land Use Map don, U.K. Societies, Photogrammetric and Remote Sensing Imago Mundi Tooley, R(onald) V(ere) JUN CHEN is president of the National Geomatics Center of China, Beijing. FRANK CANTERS is professor of geography at the Vrije Uni- Topographic Mapping in China versiteit Brussel, Belgium. Regional Map Projections GEORGE CHO is professor in geographic information sci- World Map Projections ence and the law at the University of Canberra, Australia. Intellectual Property JOAN CAPDEVILA SUBIRANA is director of the Regional Service at the Instituto Geográfi co Nacional, Barcelona, ROGER CHORLEY is a chartered accountant and peer in the Spain. House of Lords, U.K. Boundary Surveying in Europe Report of the Committee of Enquiry into the Handling of Geographic Information (1987) SÉBASTIEN CAQUARD is assistant professor in the Depart- ment of Geography, Planning and Environment at Concor- KEITH C. CLARKE is professor of geography at the Univer- dia University, Montreal, Canada. sity of California, Santa Barbara. Cinema and Cartography Cartometry Narrative and Cartography Gulf War (1991) APRIL CARLUCCI is former curator of modern maps at the Satellite Imagery and Map Revision , London, U.K. Tobler, Waldo R(udolph) Times Atlas of the World U.S. Intelligence Community, Mapping by the DAVID CARNEY is a retired colonel and independent scholar, JOHN CLOUD is historian of the United States Coast and former Canadian Forces director of cartography, former Geodetic Survey at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric director of mapping for the Canadian Government, and Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland. executive director of the Canadian Military Engineers As- Cruise Missile sociation, Ottawa, Canada. PETER COLLIER is former principal lecturer in geography at Military Mapping of Canada and the Polar North* the University of Portsmouth, U.K. JACQUELINE CARPINE-LANCRE is in charge of historical Aerial Photogrammetry and Cartography research at the Prince of Monaco’s Palace, Monaco. Air Photos and Geographic Analysis General Bathymetric of the Oceans (GEBCO) Feature Extraction and Photointerpretation DANIEL B. CARR is professor of statistics at George Mason Holdich, Thomas Hungerford University, Fairfax, Virginia. Instrumental Photogrammetry and Stereocompilation Exploratory Data Analysis Military Mapping by Great Britain* Military Mapping by Japan JAMES R. CARTER is professor emeritus of geography- Military Mapping by the Ottoman Empire* geology at Illinois State University, Normal. Military Mapping of Europe Chroma Key Military Mapping of Korea Customization of Maps* Military Mapping of North Africa Television and Maps Military Mapping of Southeast Asia* Military Mapping of the Middle East* WILLIAM CARTWRIGHT is professor of cartography and Military Photogrammetry as a Precursor of Remote Sensing geographical at RMIT University, Melbourne, Ordnance Survey (U.K.)* Australia. Orthophotography and Orthophoto Mapping Hypermapping Overview of Topographic Mapping Interactive Map Plane Topographic Mapping in Africa by the British LARRY CARVER is retired director of library technologies Topographic Mapping in Africa by the French and digital initiatives at the University of California, Santa Topographic Mapping in Eastern Europe Barbara. Topographic Mapping in Japan Digital Library Topographic Mapping in the Middle East HENRY W. CASTNER is professor emeritus of geography at Warfare and Cartography Queen’s University, Kingston, Canada. World War I Bagrow, Leo World War II ALEX CHECKOVICH is adjunct instructor of history at the MICHAEL P. CONZEN is professor of geography at the Uni- University of Richmond, Virginia. versity of Chicago, Illinois. Forestry and Cartography Urban Mapping 1796 Editors and Contributors

KAREN SEVERUD COOK is special collections librarian at ATHANASIOS DERMANIS is full professor in the Depart- the Kenneth Spencer Research Library at the University of ment of Geodesy and Surveying at Aristotle University Kansas, Lawrence. Thessaloniki, Greece. Engraving Geodetic Computations Labeling Techniques DAVID DIBIASE is director of education and industry solu- Offi ce of Strategic Services (U.S.) tions at Esri, Redlands, California. Photography in Map Design and Production Illustration Software Photomechanical Processes Printed Map DAVID J. DIXON is an independent oceanographer and sur- Reproduction of Maps by One-Off Processes veyor, , U.K. Reproduction of Maps by Printing Sounding Scribing JEROME E. DOBSON is professor of geography at the Uni- Wax Engraving versity of Kansas, Lawrence, president of the American Geographical Society, and Jefferson Science Fellow with the DAVID J. COWEN is a Carolina Distinguished Professor of National Academies and U.S. Department of State. Geography Emeritus at the University of South Carolina, GIS as an Institutional Revolution Columbia. Privacy Metadata JAY DONNELLY is editor of the National Atlas of the United RAYMOND B. CRAIB is associate professor of history at States at the U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. National Atlas of the United States of America, The Decolonization and Independence DANIEL DORLING is the Halford Mackinder Professor of JEREMY W. CRAMPTON is associate professor of geography Geography at the University of Oxford, U.K. at the University of Kentucky, Lexington. Cvijic´, Jovan ROGER M. DOWNS is professor of geography at The Penn- Race, Maps and the Social Construction of sylvania State University, University Park. JOHN L. CRUICKSHANK is a retired orthopedic surgeon, Cognition and Cartography Leeds, U.K. Harrison, Richard Edes Military Mapping by Russia and the Soviet Union Map-Use Skills* JEFF DOZIER is professor at the Donald Bren School of En- KAREN CULCASI is assistant professor of geography at West vironmental Science & Management at the University of Virginia University, Morgantown. California, Santa Barbara. Counter-Mapping Earth Observation and the Emergence of Remote Sensing Ethnographic Map* Nation-State Formation and Cartography JANE DRUMMOND is senior lecturer in the School of Geographical and Earth Sciences at the University of Glas- DONALD C. DAHMANN retired from the U.S. Bureau of the gow, U.K. Census, Washington, D.C. Global Positioning System and Property Surveying Gannett, Henry U.S. Census Bureau KENNETH J. DUEKER is professor emeritus of urban studies and planning at Portland State University, Oregon. DAVID M. DANKO is a senior consultant on GIS standards at Geocoding Esri, Vienna, Virginia. Digital Worldwide Mapping Projects JIUNN-DER (GEOFFREY) DUH is associate professor of ge- ography and director of GIS programs at Portland State GERALD A. DANZER is professor emeritus in the department University, Oregon. of history at the University of Illinois, Chicago. GIS as a Tool for Map Analysis and Spatial Modeling* Hammond Map Company (U.S.) UTE JANIK DYMON is professor emerita of geography at Indexed Street Map State University, Ohio. Public Transportation Map Emergency Planning* ENRIQUE DELGADO LÓPEZ is professor of history at Uni- Hazards and Risk, Mapping of* versidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Mexico. DANIEL J. DZUREK served as chief of the Boundary Analysis Property Mapping in Latin America* Division in the Offi ce of the Geographer, United States De- partment of State, Washington, D.C. IMRE JOSEF DEMHARDT is Jenkins and Virginia Garrett Boundary Disputes Professor in the Department of History, University of Texas at Arlington. J. RONALD EASTMAN is director of Clark Labs for Carto- Justus Perthes (Germany) graphic Technology and Geographic Analysis at Clark Uni- Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen versity, Worcester, Massachusetts. Preußische Landesaufnahme IDRISI (software) Editors and Contributors 1797

MATTHEW H. EDNEY is Osher Professor in the History of KENNETH S. FIELD is senior cartographic product engineer Cartography at the University of Southern Maine, Portland, at Esri, Redlands, California. and director of the Project. Cartographic Journal, The Harley, J(ohn) B(rian) CAROLYN FISH is a PhD student in geography at The Penn- Histories of Cartography sylvania State University, University Park. History of Cartography Project GIS as a Tool for Map Production* Modes of Cartographic Practice Woodward, David †PETER F. FISHER was professor of geography at the Univer- sity of Leicester, U.K. RALPH E. EHRENBERG is chief of the Geography and Map International Journal of Geographical Information Systems/ Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. Science Aeronautical Chart Viewshed Mapping Airline Map Martin, Lawrence JAMES A. FLATNESS is a former staff member of the Geog- Navigation raphy and Map Division, Library of Congress, Washing- World Aeronautical Chart ton, D.C. Subscription Atlas CORY L. EICHER is a software developer specializing in geo- DAVID FORREST is senior lecturer in the Department of Geo- spatial applications, infrastructure, and data, Charlottes- graphical and Earth Science at the University of Glasgow, ville, Virginia. U.K. Dasymetric Map Keates, J(ohn) S(tanley) CHRISTOF ELLGER is general secretary of the Gesellschaft LUIZ PAULO SOUTO FORTES works at the Instituto Brasi- für Erdkunde, Berlin, Germany. leiro de Geografi a e Estatística (IBGE) and is an associate Akademie für Raumforschung und Landesplanung (Acad- professor at the Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janerio emy for Spatial Research and Planning; Germany)* (UERJ), Brazil. Geodetic Surveying in Latin America* MICHAEL EMCH is professor and chair of geography and professor of epidemiology at the University of North Caro- MARIE-JOSÉE FORTIN is a professor in the Department of lina at Chapel Hill. Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at the University of To- Epidemiological Map* ronto, Canada. Computer-Aided Boundary Drawing* JÜRGEN ESPENHORST is an independent scholar, Schwerte, Germany. ANDREW U. FRANK is professor of geoinformation at the Velhagen & Klasing (Germany) Technische Universität Wien, Austria. Wagner & Debes (Germany) Property Mapping in Europe

RUSS EVANS is a research scientist at the British Geological MITIA FRUMIN is a PhD candidate in the Department of Ge- Survey, Edinburgh, U.K. ography at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel. Geophysics and Cartography Marine Charting by Russia and the Soviet Union International Geophysical Year BJÖRN GÄFVERT is former senior archivist at the Krigsarki- vet, Stockholm, Sweden. DAVID FAIRBAIRN is senior lecturer in geomatics at New- Military Mapping of Scandinavia castle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, U.K. Prepress Techniques JOÃO CARLOS GARCIA is professor of geography at the Universidade do Oporto, Portugal. GEORGE FALCONER was editor-in-chief of the National Cortesão, Armando Atlas of Canada, Department of Energy, Mines, and Re- sources, Canada. GEORG F. GARTNER is professor of cartography and geo- Atlas of Canada media techniques in the Department für Geodäsie und Geo- information at the Technische Universität Wien, Austria. HANS-ULI FELDMANN is editor-in-chief of the journal Car- Web-Based Wayfi nding* tographica Helvetica, Murten, Switzerland. JOAQUIM ALVES GASPAR is postdoctoral researcher in the Bundesamt für Landestopographie (Federal Offi ce of To- Center for the History of Science and Technology at Uni- pography; Switzerland) versidade de Lisboa, Portugal. Drawing Instruments Prime Meridian Drawing Media Hallwag Kümmerly+Frey AG (Switzerland) PHILIP J. GERSMEHL is professor emeritus in the Department Imhof, Eduard of Geography at the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Kümmerly+Frey AG (Switzerland) and visiting research professor, Michigan Geographic Alli- Orell Füssli Kartographie AG (Switzerland) ance, at Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant. Pen-and-Ink Drafting Soils Map 1798 Editors and Contributors

P. W. GEUDEKE is an independent scholar, Emmen, Neth- AMY L. GRIFFIN is senior lecturer in geography in the School erlands. of Physical, Environmental and Mathematical Sciences at Topografi sche Dienst (Netherlands) the University of New South , Canberra, Australia. Vision and Discrimination* SOPHIA GIEBULTOWICZ is a PhD candidate in geography at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. RONALD E. GRIM is curator at the Norman B. Leventhal Epidemiological Map* Map Center at the Boston Public Library, Massachusetts. Antiquarian Maps and Grand Larceny ALBERTO GIORDANO is professor of geography and chair Fire Insurance Map of the Geography Department at Texas State University, San Marcos. DIETMAR GRÜNREICH is retired president of the Bundes- Comité Européen des Responsables de la Cartographie Of- amt für Kartographie und Geodäsie, Frankfurt, Germany. fi cielle (European Committee of Representatives for Offi - Bundesamt für Kartographie und Geodäsie (Federal Offi ce cial Mapping; International) for Cartography and Geodesy; Germany) Geographic Information System (GIS) Software STEPHEN C. GUPTILL is retired scientifi c advisor for geogra- Istituto Geografi co De Agostini (Geographical Institute De phy and spatial data systems at the U.S. Geological Survey, Agostini; Italy) Reston, Virginia. Military Mapping by Italy Electronic Cartography and the Concept of Digital Map J. ALAN GLENNON is cofounder of Arogi, a private geo- PETER L. GUTH is a professor in the Department of Ocean- spatial technology research laboratory in Loma Linda, ography at the United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, California. Maryland. Cave Map Mapping Software SUSAN GOLE is an independent scholar, Crewe, U.K. ROBERT LEE HADDEN works in the Army Geospatial Cen- Survey of India ter of the United States Army Corps of Engineers, Alexan- †REGINALD G. GOLLEDGE was professor of geography at dria, Virginia. the University of California, Santa Barbara. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Mobility Map* ADELE J. HAFT is professor of classics at Hunter College, MICHAEL F. GOODCHILD is professor emeritus of geogra- City University of New York. phy at the University of California, Santa Barbara. Literature and Cartography Accuracy in Mapping JOHN K. HALL is retired from the Geological Survey of Is- National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis rael, Jerusalem. (U.S.) Oceanography and Cartography ROLF HARBECK is editor-in-chief of Kartographische Nach- HUGO M. GORZIGLIA is a Chilean navy hydrographic en- richten, Bonn, Germany. gineer, former director of the Chilean Navy Hydrographic Kartographische Nachrichten and Oceanographic Service, and former director of the In- KEITH D. HARRIES is professor emeritus of geography at the ternational Hydrographic Bureau. University of Maryland, Baltimore County. International Hydrographic Chart Crime Map FRED S. GRANDINETTI is an independent scholar, Water- MARK HARROWER is a product engineer and designer at town, Massachusetts. Esri, Redlands, California. Lobeck, Armin K(ohl) Time, Time Geography, Temporal Change, and Cartography DAVID R. GREEN is senior lecturer, director of the DEREK HAYES is an independent scholar and author of His- Institute for Coastal Science and Management (AICSM), torical Atlas of the Arctic, White Rock, Canada. and director of the MSc in GIS Degree Program at the Uni- Arctic, The versity of Aberdeen, U.K. HE JIANBANG is professor in the Institute of Geography at Marine Charting by Australia the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. MOTT T. GREENE is John Magee Professor of Science & Chen Shupeng Values Emeritus at the University of Puget Sound, Tacoma, Zhongguo kexueyuan (Chinese Academy of Sciences) Washington, and affi liate professor in the Department of JOHN R. HÉBERT is former chief of the Geography and Map Earth & Space Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle. Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. Climate Map Ristow, Walter W(illiam) SUSAN K. GREENLEE is a retired member of the Climate and HORST HECHT is retired director of the Department of Nau- Land Use Change group at the U.S. Geological Survey in tical Hydrography at the Bundesamt für Seeschifffahrt und Sioux Falls, South Dakota. Hydrographie, Hamburg, Germany. Lidar* Global Position Systems in Hydrographic Mapping Editors and Contributors 1799

NICK HEDLEY is associate professor of geography at Simon IAN JACKSON is former chief of operations at the British Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada. Geological Survey, Nottingham, U.K. Virtual Reality MICHAEL HEFFERNAN is professor of historical geography JOHN R. JENSEN is a Carolina Distinguished Professor of at the University of Nottingham, U.K. Geography Emeritus at the University of South Carolina, League of Nations Columbia. Geographical Societies in Europe Views of Earth from Space STAFFAN HELMFRID is professor emeritus of geography at WOLFGANG KAINZ is professor of geography and cartog- Stockholms universitet, Sweden. raphy in the Department of Geography and Regional Re- Esselte Kartor AB (Sweden) search at the Universität Wien, Austria. ALAN K. HENRIKSON is Lee E. Dirks Professor of Diplo- Kretschmer, Ingrid matic History at The Fletcher School of Law and Diplo- JUHANI KAKKURI is former director of the Finnish Geodeet- macy, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts. tinen laitos, Masala. Air-Age Globalism Heiskanen, Veikko Aleksanteri ROBERT HENSON is a senior science writer at the Uni- †KEI KANAZAWA was an honorary member of the Institu- versity Corporation for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, tion of Professional Engineers, Tokyo, Japan. Colorado. Tanaka, Kitiro¯ Weather Channel, The (U.S.) ROBERT W. KARROW is retired curator of special collections GUNTRAM H. HERB is professor of geography at Middle- and maps in the Roger and Julie Baskes Department of Spe- bury College, Vermont. cial Collections at the Newberry Library, Chicago, Illinois. Geopolitics and Cartography Cartobibliography FRANCIS HERBERT is former curator of maps at the Royal Map Collecting in Canada and the United States Geographical Society (with IBG), London, U.K. Societies, Map Royal Geographical Society (U.K.) ALEXANDER J. KENT is senior lecturer in the School of Hu- CHRISTIAN HERRMANN is professor emeritus of the Hoch- man and Life Sciences at Canterbury Christ Church Uni- schule Karlsruhe Technik und Wirtschaft, Ger many. versity, Canterbury, U.K. Westermann Verlag (Germany)* Conventions, Cartographic JOHN W. HESSLER is specialist in modern cartography and Reproduction, Design, and Aesthetics geographic information science in the Geography and Map HELEN KERFOOT was chair of the United Nations Group Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. of Experts on Geographical Names (UNGEGN), 2002– Conformality 2012, and is emerita scientist, Natural Resources Canada, Geodetic Surveying for the Planets Ottawa. Mathematics and Cartography Gazetteer Robinson Projection Snyder, John P(arr) ADAM J. KERR is a master mariner, served as a Commission Space Oblique Mercator Projection Canada Land Surveyor, managed the Hydrographic Survey Warntz, William Offi ces in Canada, served as director of the International Hydrographic Bureau, Monaco, president of International AMY HILLIER is associate professor in the Department of Hydrographic Management Consultants, and chairman of City and Regional Planning at the University of Pennsylva- the Commission on Oceanographic Cartography at the In- nia School of Design, Philadelphia. ternational Cartographic Association. Redlining Aerial Imagery in Hydrographic Mapping and Coastal ETIENNE HOUDOY is collector, founder, and treasurer of the Charting Association des Collectionneurs de Guides et Cartes Mi- Marine Chart chelin, Bouray sur Juine, France. Marine Charting by European Nations Michelin (France)* Overview of Marine Charting ALICE C. HUDSON is retired chief of The Lionel Pincus ELIZABETH A. KESSLER is a lecturer in the Department and Princess Firyal Map Division at the New York Public of Art and Art History at Stanford University, Palo Alto, Library. California. Societies, Map Librarianship Astrophysics and Cartography Star Chart MARCO IULIANO is senior lecturer and director of research of the Centre for Architecture and the Visual Art, Univer- FRITZ C. KESSLER is associate professor of geography at sity of Liverpool, School of Architecture, U.K. Frostburg State University, Maryland. Touring Club Italiano (Italian Touring Club) Thematic Mapping* 1800 Editors and Contributors

SHINICHI KIKUCHI is a technical advisor at the Japan Hy- Peucker, Karl drographic Association, Tokyo. Verlag Ed. Hölzel (Austria) Marine Charting by Japan KAREL KRIZ is assistant professor in the Department of Ge- A. JON KIMERLING is professor emeritus in the Department ography and Regional Research at the Universität Wien, of Geosciences at Oregon State University, Corvallis. Austria. Color Reproduction Customization of Maps* Projections Used for Statistical Maps PETER VAN DER KROGT is leader of the Explokart Research GERALD J. KINN is a senior member of Esri’s imagery team, Program in the History of Cartography at the Special Col- Vienna, Virginia. lections of the Universiteit van Amsterdam, Netherlands. Data Handling and Information Extraction from Remotely Koeman, Cornelis Sensed Imagery* JOHN KRYGIER is professor of geography at Ohio Wesleyan ANNE KELLY KNOWLES is professor of geography at University, Delaware, Ohio. Middle bury College, Vermont. Art and Cartography* Historians and Cartography NINA SIU NGAN LAM is E. J. Abraham Distinguished Pro- Historical Geography and Cartography fessor of Environmental Sciences at Louisiana State Univer- WOLF GÜNTHER KOCH is retired professor of theoretical sity, Baton Rouge. cartography and map design at the Institut für Kartogra- Fractal Representation phie, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany. JORGE CÉSAR LAPENTA oversees the Servicio de Hidrogra- Wall Map fi a Naval, Buenos Aires, Argentina. HANS D. KOK is a retired airline transport pilot and fl ight Marine Charting by Argentina* navigator examiner, served as international representative MARY LYNETTE LARSGAARD is a retired map librarian, to the ICAO and IATA for KLM–Royal Dutch Airlines, University of California, Santa Barbara. and is chairman of the International Map Collectors’ So- Journals, Cartographic ciety, London, U.K., and editor of Caert-Thresoor, Utrecht, Libraries, Map Netherlands. International Civil Aviation Organization EDUARDO ANDRÉS LAURÍA is head of geodesy at the Insti- Projections Used for Aeronautical tuto Geográfi co Militar, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Geodetic Surveying in Latin America* †NIKOLAY KOMEDCHIKOV was chair of the Department of Cartography at the Rossiyskaya Akademiya nauk, Mos- DAVID M. LAWRENCE is a published author and PhD stu- cow, Russia. dent in media, art, and text at Virginia Commonwealth Ratajski, Lech University, Richmond. Environmental Protection GOTTFRIED KONECNY is professor emeritus of the Institut Law of the Sea für Photogrammetrie und Geoinformation, Leibniz Univer- Tharp, Marie sität Hannover, Germany. Analytical Photogrammetry and Control Surveying PETER LEWIS is an editor for the American Geographical So- ciety, Brooklyn, New York. ROBERT KOSTKA is professor of remote sensing and pho- American Geographical Society togrammetry at the Institut für Angewandte Geodäsie und Photogrammetrie, Technische Universität Graz, Austria. LI DEREN is chairman of the National Laboratory for In- Alpine Cartography* formation Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Himalaya, Cartography of the Sensing (LIESMARS), Beijing, China. Wuhan cehui keji daxue (Wuhan Technical University of M. J. KRAAK is professor of geovisual analytics and cartog- Surveying and Mapping; China) raphy at the Faculty of Geoinformation Science and Earth Observation, Universiteit Twente, Enschede, Netherlands. LYNN S. LIBEN is distinguished professor of psychology, hu- Visualization and Maps man development, and education at The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, and president of the Society for †INGRID KRETSCHMER was associate professor of cartog- Research in Child Development. raphy in the Department of Geography and Regional Re- Map-Use Skills* search at the Universität Wien, Austria. Dictionary, Cartographic ELRI LIEBENBERG is emerita professor of geography at the Eckert, Max University of South Africa, Pretoria. Freytag-Berndt und Artaria KG (Austria) Cartographic Societies in Africa GEOSPACE Beckel Satellitenbilddaten GmbH (Aus tria) Geodetic Surveying in Africa Military Mapping by the Austro-Hungarian Empire Military Mapping of Sub-Saharan Africa Penck, Albrecht Property Mapping in Africa Peters Projection Topographic Mapping by South Africa Editors and Contributors 1801

WOLFGANG LIERZ is a retired computer science and tech- Jefferson, Mark Sylvester William nology professional and a member of the board of editors Paris Peace Conference (1919) of Cartographica Helvetica, Murten, Switzerland. KENNETH C. MARTIS is professor emeritus of geography at Cyclist Map West Virginia University, Morgantown. Road Mapping in Europe Electoral Map AMY LOBBEN is associate professor of geography at the Uni- †ROBERT W. MARX was chief of the Geography Division, versity of Oregon, Eugene. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Washington, D.C. Cartographic Textbooks* Census Mapping* CARLA LOIS is a researcher at the Consejo Nacional de In- PAUL D. MCDERMOTT is professor emeritus of geography vestigaciones Científi cas y Técnicas (CONICET) and asso- at Montgomery College, Montgomery County, Maryland. ciate professor of cartography at the Universidad Nacional Advertising, Maps as de La Plata, Argentina. Boundary Surveying in Latin America* GERALD MCGRATH is professor emeritus of geography at Topographic Mapping in Latin America Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario. Cadastral Map JOHN H. LONG is retired editor of the Atlas of Historical Cadastral Surveying County Boundaries at the Newberry Library, Chicago, Directorate of Overseas Surveys (U.K.) Illinois. Marketing Cartographic and Spatial Data Historical Atlas Tax Map Historical-Boundaries Atlas London Underground Map PATRICK H. MCHAFFIE is associate professor of geography R. R. Donnelly & Sons (U.S.) at DePaul University, Chicago, Illinois. U.S. Geological Survey ALASTAIR MACDONALD is former director of surveys and production at the Ordnance Survey, , U.K. EDWARD J. MCKAY is retired chief of the Spatial Reference Boundary Surveying in Africa System division of the National Geodetic Survey, a part of Hotine, Martin NOAA, in Silver Spring, Maryland. Monumentation and Recovery Geodetic Triangulation JOHN BRENT MACEK is a cartographer at the National STEVEN MCKINZIE is an accident and investigation consul- Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring, tant in Olathe, Kansas. Maryland. Forensic Mapping Marine Charting by the United States ROBERT B. MCMASTER is professor of geography and vice GIORGIO MANGANI is a publishing consultant and for- provost and dean of undergraduate education at the Uni- merly taught geography at the universities of Bologna, Ber- versity of Minnesota, Minneapolis. gamo, and Politecnica Marche, Ancona, Italy. Academic Cartography in Canada and the United States* Almagià, Roberto Electronic Map Generalization Geography and Cartography FRANZ MANNI is associate professor of population genetics Goode, J(ohn) Paul at the Musée de l’Homme, Paris, France. Intellectual Movements in Electronic Cartography Genetics and Cartography SUSANNA A. MCMASTER is codirector of the Master of JOHN MANNING is former head of the Antarctic Map- Geographic Information Science Program at the University ping Section, Division of National Mapping, Canberra, of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Australia. Academic Cartography in Canada and the United States* Antarctica Geodetic Surveying in Australia JAMES E. MEACHAM is senior research associate and execu- Property Mapping in Australia and New Zealand tive director at the Lab in the Department of Topographic Mapping in Australia Geography at the University of Oregon, Eugene. Cartographic Textbooks* STEVEN M. MANSON is associate professor of geography at the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. LIQIU MENG is professor of cartography at the Technische Computer, Digital Universität München, Germany. Military Mapping by China DUANE F. MARBLE is professor emeritus of geography and natural resources at The Ohio State University, Columbus. JANET E. MERSEY is associate professor of geography at the Computational Geography as a New Modality University of Guelph, Canada. GEOFFREY J. MARTIN is professor emeritus of geography at Southern Connecticut State University, New Haven. MIROSLAV MIKŠOVSKÝ is associate professor in the De- Geographical Societies in Canada and the United States partment of Mapping and Cartography in the Faculty of 1802 Editors and Contributors

Engineering at Cˇ eské vysoké ucˇení technické, Prague, Czech HELMUT MORITZ is professor emeritus of geodesy at the Republic. Technische Universität Graz, Austria. Kolácˇný, Antonín Molodenskiy, M(ikhail) S(ergeyevich)

NICK MILLEA is map librarian at the Bodleian Library, Ox- ROGER MORRIS served as hydrographer of the Royal Navy. ford, U.K. Marine Charting by Great Britain Sources of Cartographic Information JOEL L. MORRISON is professor emeritus of geography at The Ohio State University, Columbus. HAROLD MOELLERING is professor emeritus of geography Coordinate Systems at The Ohio State University, Columbus. Intergraph Corporation (U.S.) Analytical Cartography International Cartographic Association Standards for Cartographic Information Petchenik, Barbara B(artz) JAN MOKRE is director of the Map Department and Globe JANA MOSER is research associate at the Leibniz-Institut für Museum at the Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Vienna, Länderkunde, Leipzig, Germany. Austria. Topographic Mapping in Africa by the Germans Cultural and Social Signifi cance of Globes JAMES E. MOWER is associate professor in the Department Manufacture of Globes of Geography and Planning at State University of New DAVID MONAHAN is project director for GEBCO (General York at Albany. Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans) at the Center for Coastal Electronic Map Labeling and Ocean Mapping in Durham, New . KAREN A. MULCAHY is assistant professor of geography at Marine Charting by Canada East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina. Tissot’s Indicatrix MARK MONMONIER is distinguished professor of geogra- phy at Syracuse University, New York. ROY MULLEN is retired associate chief of the National Map- Agricultural Adjustment Administration (U.S.) ping Division at the U.S. Geological Survey. Canada Geographic Information System Topographic Mapping in the United States Cartographic Duplicity in the German Democratic Republic ALAN MURRAY is professor of computing and informatics at Census Mapping* Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Coastal Mapping Interpolation* Conferences on Computer-Aided Mapping in North Amer- ica and Europe FRANCESC NADAL is professor of geography at Universitat Data Handling and Information Extraction from Remotely de Barcelona, Spain. Sensed Imagery* Instituto Geográfi co Nacional (National Geographical In- Display Hardware stitute; Spain)* Facilities Map JOACHIM NEUMANN is professor emeritus of cartogra- Facsimile Atlas phy at the Hochschule Karlsruhe Technik und Wirtschaft, Geographical Mapping Germany. Landscape Architecture and Cartography Administrative Cartography Mercator Projection Mairs Geographischer Verlag (Germany) Metric System Military Mapping by Germany Miller, O(sborn) M(aitland) Ravenstein Verlag (Germany) Paper* Styles, Cartographic W. F. H. NICOLAISEN is honorary research fellow at the Uni- versity of Aberdeen, U.K. CARME MONTANER is head of the map library at the Place-Name Studies Ins titut Cartogràfi c i Geològic de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain. MIKE NOLAN is an independent scholar, Newbury, U.K. Institut Cartogràfi c de Catalunya (Cartographic Institute of Military Mapping by Great Britain* Catalonia; Spain)* Military Mapping by the Ottoman Empire* Military Mapping of Southeast Asia* DANIEL R. MONTELLO is professor of geography at the VAL NORONHA is president of Digital Geographic Research University of California, Santa Barbara. Corporation, Santa Barbara, California. Experimental Cartography Unit, Royal College of Art In-Vehicle Navigation System (U.K.)* Experimental Studies in Psychology NANCY J. OBERMEYER is associate professor of geography Psychophysics at Indiana University, Bloomington. Subject Testing in Cartography Community Mapping Vision and Discrimination* Public Access to Cartographic Information Editors and Contributors 1803

KARL OFFEN is associate professor of geography at the Uni- ALASTAIR W. PEARSON is principal lecturer in geography at versity of Oklahoma, Norman. the University of Portsmouth, U.K. Indigenous Peoples and Western Cartography* Inter-American Geodetic Survey International Map of the World MARGARET A. OLIVER is a visiting professor in soil science Oblique and Perspective Views at the University of Reading, U.K., and an associate editor Ordnance Survey (U.K.)* of Precision Agriculture and deputy editor of the European Physiographic Journal of Soil Science. Relief Map Kriging Relief Model RICHARD OLIVER is a research fellow in the history of car- Relief Shading tography at the University of Exeter, U.K. Terrain Analysis and Cartography Automobile Association (U.K.) Topographic Mapping in Western Europe JUDY M. OLSON is professor emerita of geography at Michi- gan State University, East Lansing. MONIQUE PELLETIER was head of the Département des American Cartographer, The cartes et plans, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris. Color and Cartography Libraries and Map Collections, National Map Typologies MICHAEL P. PETERSON is professor of geography at the Perception and Map Design University of Nebraska at Omaha. Robinson, Arthur H(oward) Animated Map FERJAN ORMELING is professor emeritus of cartography at MapQuest.com (U.S.) Universiteit Utrecht, Netherlands. Web Cartography Academic Cartography in Europe DONNA J. PEUQUET is professor of geography at The Penn- Cartographic Societies in Western Europe sylvania State University, University Park. European Union Data Structures and the Storage and Retrieval of Spatial International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Data Earth Observation (ITC; Netherlands) JOHN C. PHILLIPS is retired social sciences librarian at the National Atlas University of Toledo, Ohio. School Atlas Kokudo chiriin (Geographical Survey Institute; Japan) Social and Political Signifi cance of Toponyms JOHN PICKLES is the Earl N. Phillips Distinguished Professor Topographic Mapping in Indonesia of International Studies in the Department of Geography at FELIX ORTAG is a cartographer in the Department für the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Geodäsie und Geoinformation at the Technische Univer- Social Theory and Cartography* sität Wien, Austria. MICHAEL C. PINCH serves on the board of the Canadian Web-Based Wayfi nding* Institute of Geomatics Publications Committee, Ottawa, MARK OVENDEN is an independent scholar, London, U.K. Canada. Railroad Map Geodetic Surveying in Canada and the United States* GILLES PALSKY is professor of geography at the Institut ALEXEY V. POSTNIKOV is professor of history of science de géographie, Université de Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, and technology at the Rossiyskaya Akademiya nauk, Mos- France. cow, Russia. Bertin, Jacques Bol’shoy sovetskiy atlas mira Centrography* Glavnoye upravleniye geodezii i kartografi i (Chief Adminis- Dainville, François de tration of Geodesy and Cartography; Russia) Martonne, Emmanuel de Moskovskiy institut inzhenerov geodezii, aerofotos”yëmki i kartografi i (Moscow Institute of Geodetic Engineering, PASCAL PANNETIER is director of Association Auto Mobiler , and Cartography; Russia) Collections, Morangis, France. Russkoye geografi cheskoye obshchestvo (Russian Geo- Michelin (France)* graphical Society) TOM PATTERSON is cartographer at the National Parks Ser- Tsentral’nyy nauchno-issledovatel’skiy institut geodezii, vice, Harpers Ferry, West Virginia. aeros”yëmki i kartografi i (Central Research Institute of Airbrush Geodesy, Air Survey, and Cartography; Russia) Shelton, Hal DOROTHY F. PRESCOTT is senior fellow in the Department ROGER L. PAYNE is executive secretary emeritus of the U.S. of Resource Management and Geography at the University Board on Geographic Names, Reston, Virginia. of Melbourne, Australia, and former national map curator Applied Toponymy at the of Australia. 1804 Editors and Contributors

Road Mapping in Australia and Oceania and former director of topographic mapping for the Cana- Cartographic Societies in Australia and New Zealand dian Government, Ottawa, Canada. Military Mapping of Canada and the Polar North* J. R. V. PRESCOTT is professor emeritus of geography at the University of Melbourne, Australia. ALLAN H. SCHMIDT is a computer mapping consultant in Boundary Surveying in East and Southeast Asia* Concord, Massachusetts. Harvard Laboratory for and Spatial PETER L. PULSIFER is research scientist at the National Snow Analysis (U.S.) and Ice Data Center, Boulder, Colorado. SYMAP (software) Data Capture and Data Conversion MANUELA SCHMIDT is a cartographer in the Department DENISE PUMAIN is professor of geography at the Institut für Geodäsie und Geoinformation at the Technische Uni- de géographie, Université de Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, versität Wien, Austria. France. Web-Based Wayfi nding* Centrography* SUSAN SCHULTEN is professor of history at the University RICHARD R. RANDALL is executive secretary emeritus of of Denver. the United States Board on Geographic Names, Reston, Journalistic Cartography Virginia. National Geographic Society (U.S.) Board on Geographic Names (U.S.) Rand McNally & Company (U.S.) WILLIAM J. RANKIN is assistant professor of the history of World Atlas science at Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut. EFFIE DAVIDSON SCOTT received a master’s degree in geog- Global Positioning System (GPS) raphy from Syracuse University. JAMES REILLY is professor emeritus of surveying engineering Marschner, Francis Joseph at New Mexico State University, Las Cruces. KIRSTEN A. SEAVER is an independent scholar, Palo Alto, Geodesy and Photogrammetric Mapping California. DENNIS REINHARTZ is professor emeritus of history at the Vinland Map University of Texas at Arlington. Wolfegg Castle Marketing of Maps, Mass EDWIN J. SHEFFNER works in NASA’s earth science division Recreational Map in California. MATTHEW T. RICE is associate professor in the Department Landsat of Geography and GeoInformation Science at George Ma- JACOB SHELL is an assistant professor of geography and son University, Fairfax, Virginia. urban studies at Temple University, Philadelphia, Penn- Copyright Traps sylvania. Mobility Map* Map as Metaphor ROLANDO O. RÍOS is a cartographic standards specialist Planning, Urban and Regional and coordinator at the Servicio de Hidrografía Naval, Bue- EVA SIEKIERSKA is cartographic research project manager at nos Aires, Argentina. Natural Resources Canada, Ottawa. Marine Charting by Argentina* Electronic Atlas RAFAEL ROSET is head of the digital map library at the Insti- TERRY A. SLOCUM is associate professor of geography at tut Cartogràfi c i Geològic de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain. the University of Kansas, Lawrence. Institut Cartogràfi c de Catalunya (Cartographic Institute of Thematic Mapping* Catalonia; Spain)* J. R. SMITH is a chartered surveyor, Petersfi eld, U.K. JONATHAN ROWELL is an independent scholar, Cornwall, Geodetic Trilateration U.K. SHELLY SOMMER is librarian at the Information Center In- Tactile Map stitute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR), Univer- ROBERT RUNDSTROM is associate professor of geography sity of Colorado, Boulder. at the University of Oklahoma, Norman. Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI; U.S.) Indigenous Peoples and Western Cartography* HAIM SREBRO is director general of the Survey of Israel, Tel BENGT RYSTEDT is former president of the International Aviv. Cartographic Association. Boundary Surveying in the Middle East* Atlas of Finland Military Mapping by Israel United Nations Military Mapping of the Middle East* William-Olsson, William TIM STALLMANN is an independent cartographer and con- EARL SCHAUBEL is a retired colonel and independent sultant in Durham, North Carolina. scholar, former Canadian Forces director of cartography, Social Theory and Cartography* Editors and Contributors 1805

HENRY J. STEWARD is professor emeritus of geography at ZSOLT G. TÖRÖK is associate professor of cartography and Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts. geoinformatics at Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Projections Used for Marine Charts Hungary. Projections Used for Military Grids Cartographic Societies in Eastern Europe Projections Used for Topographic Maps Eastern Europe, Boundary Changes in Radó, Sándor (Alexander Rado) JASON M. STOKER is a U.S. Geological Survey physical sci- Russia and the Soviet Union, Fragmentation of entist, Sioux Falls, South Dakota. Lidar* JOÃO AGRIA TORRES is Portugal’s national correspon- dent of the International Association of Geodesy, Lisbon, JOSEPH W. STOLL is cartographer in the Department of Ge- Portugal. ography at Syracuse University, New York. Geodetic Surveying in Europe Campus Map Hiking and Trail Map JOHN R. G. TOWNSHEND is dean of the College of Behav- Orientation Map ioral and Social Sciences at the University of Maryland, College Park. JEFFREY P. STONE is professor of history at Tarrant County Land Systems Analysis College, Fort Worth, Texas. TIMOTHY F. TRAINOR is chief of the Geography Division at Cold War the U.S. Bureau of the Census, Washington, D.C. PHILIP J. STOOKE is associate professor in the Department of Electronic Map Geography and the Department of Physics and Astronomy Regional Atlas* at the University of Western Ontario, London, Canada. Statistical Map* Lunar and Planetary Mapping BARBARA TVERSKY is professor emerita of psychology at Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, and professor of DANIEL “DAAN” STREBE is president of Mapthematics LLC psychology at Columbia Teachers College, New York. in Seattle, Washington. Perceiving, Understanding, and Remembering Cultural and Social Signifi cance of Map Projections Interrupted and Polyhedral Projections JUDITH A. TYNER is professor emerita of geography at Cali- Projections Defi ned for the Ellipsoid fornia State University, Long Beach. Cloth, Maps on TRUDY A. SUCHAN is program analyst at the U.S. Bureau of Decoration, Maps as the Census, Washington, D.C. Pearsall, Phyllis Demographic Map Persuasive Cartography Thrower, Norman J(oseph) W(illiam) †ALEXSANDR SUDAKOV was retired chief of the Fede- Women in Cartography ral’naya sluzhba geodezii i kartografi i Rossii (Roskarto- grafi ya), Moscow, Russia. LUIS URTEAGA is professor of human geography at Univer- Geodetic Surveying in Russia and the Soviet Union sitat Barcelona, Spain. Instituto Geográfi co Nacional (National Geographical In- ALEX TAIT is vice president and chief cartographer at Inter- stitute; Spain)* national Mapping, Silver Spring, Maryland. and Map Design DALIA E. VARANKA is a research physical scientist at the U.S. Geological Survey, Rolla, Missouri. ALBERT E. THEBERGE is a technical information special- Art and Cartography* ist in physical science at the NOAA Central Library, Silver Spring, Maryland. UDAYALAKSHMI VEPAKOMMA is researcher and remote Early Twentieth-Century Hydrographic Techniques sensing specialist at FPInnovations, Point-Claire, Canada. in Hydrographic and Oceanographic Mapping Computer-Aided Boundary Drawing* T. V. VERESHCHAKA is chair of the Department of Cartog- YOLANDA THEUNISSEN is curator of the Osher Map Li- raphy at the Moskovskiy gosudarstvennyy universitet geo- brary and director of the Smith Center for Cartographic dezii i kartografi i, Moscow, Russia. Education at the University of Southern Maine, Portland. Topographic Mapping in Russia and the Soviet Union Children and Cartography MARTIN VERMEER is professor of geodesy at Aalto Univer- NORMAN J. W. THROWER is professor emeritus of remote sity, Helsinki, Finland. sensing, cartography, and geography at the University of Figure of the Earth California, Los Angeles, and retired director of UCLA’s Clark Library. PETER VUJAKOVIC is professor of geography in the School Raisz, Erwin (Josephus) of Human and Life Sciences at Canterbury Christ Church Scientifi c Discovery and Cartography University, Canterbury, U.K. Thematic Atlas Eurocentric Bias 1806 Editors and Contributors

Political Cartoons, Maps as THOMAS WITHINGTON is a military historian, Toulouse, Sense of Place and the Map France. Wheelchair Access Map Military Mapping by the North Atlantic Treaty Organiza- tion (NATO) TIMOTHY R. WALLACE is a PhD candidate in geography at Military Mapping by the United States the University of Wisconsin–Madison. Map Pin ALBERTA AURINGER WOOD is honorary research librar- ian, former head of the Map Library, and retired acting as- LANCE A. WALLER is chair of the Department of Biostatistics sociate university librarian at Memorial University of New- and Bioinformatics at Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia. foundland, St. John’s, Canada. Statistics and Cartography Cartographic Societies in the United States and Canada DEBORAH JEAN WARNER is physical sciences curator at CLIFFORD H. WOOD is past president of the Canadian the National Museum of American History in Washington, Cartographic Association and retired professor of geogra- D.C. phy at Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Electromagnetic Distance Measurement Canada. Gravimetric Surveys Cartographica GARY E. WEIR is the National Geospatial Intelligence Agency MICHAEL WOOD is emeritus senior lecturer in geography at historian, Bethesda, Maryland. the University of Aberdeen, U.K. Geodesy and Military Planning Ormeling, Ferdinand J(an) KATIE J. WELLS is a postdoctoral fellow in the Metropolitan PAUL WOODMAN is former secretary of the Permanent Institute at Virginia Tech, Alexandria. Committee on Geographical Names, London, U.K. Historic Preservation and Cartography Permanent Committee on Geographical Names (U.K.) DENIS WHITE is a courtesy member of the faculty of Oregon PHILIP L. WOODWORTH is senior scientist at the National State University and a former geographer for the Environ- Oceanography Centre, Liverpool, U.K. mental Protection Agency, Offi ce of Research and Develop- Tidal Measurement ment, Corvallis, Oregon. Bivariate Map NINGCHUAN XIAO is associate professor of geography at The Ohio State University, Columbus. BRENDAN R. WHYTE is assistant curator of maps at the Na- Interpolation* tional Library of Australia, Canberra. Boundary Surveying in East and Southeast Asia* †GEORGE J. M. ZARZYCKI was director of the Topographi- cal Survey of Canada and director of the Surveys Mapping ROBERT J. WILLIAMS is former topographic surveyor in the and Remote Sensing Branch at the Ontario Ministry of Royal Australian Survey Corps and a former research sci- Natural Resources, , Canada. entist at the Defence Science and Technology Organisation, Topographic Mapping in Canada* Sydney, Australia. Military Mapping by Australia LÁSZLÓ ZENTAI is head of the Department of Cartography and Geoinformatics at Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, WILLIAM WILSON is associate professor of geography at Hungary. Lakehead University in Thunder Bay, Canada. Orienteering Map Biogeography and Cartography Boundary Surveying in Canada and the United States LIUDMILA ZINCHUK is map curator in the Department of Cartography of the Rossiyskaya gosudarstvennaya biblio- KENNETH L. WINCH is former librarian and map curator at teka, Moscow, Russia. John Bartholomew & Son, Edinburgh, U.K. Property Mapping in Russia and the Soviet Union* John Bartholomew & Son (U.K.) †NIKOLAY N. ZINCHUK was professor of geography at NANCY LEESON TEAR WINTER is an independent scholar, Moskovskiy gosudarstvennyy universitet, Moscow, Russia. Bedford, Massachusetts. Property Mapping in Russia and the Soviet Union* Emergency Planning* Hazards and Risks, Mapping of*