The History of Cartography, Volume 6

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The History of Cartography, Volume 6 reverse. Easier yet was autography, a lithographic tech- nique involving drawing right reading with greasy ink on transfer paper that could be placed face down on the stone and dampened, causing the water-soluble transfer coating to release the image onto the stone when pulled L through the press. Used for writing documents and even books, as well as for drawing maps (such as to illustrate Labeling of Maps. geographical journals), transfer paper sparked what has Labeling Techniques been called an autographic revival (that is, a revival of Typography and Map Design the manuscript tradition) in the mid-nineteenth cen- tury, enabling relatively unskilled persons to write their Labeling Techniques. When Erwin Raisz noted in his own text and draw their own graphic images for litho- ground-breaking 1938 textbook that adding place- graphic printing (Ashwin 1983, 16). With the advent names to maps was one of the cartographer’s most dif- of the photolithographic transfer process in 1860, fol- fi cult problems, he was voicing an opinion shared by lowed by other photomechanical processes, it became many mapmakers of the precomputer era. Map labels possible to draw maps on paper for photomechanical were necessary to identify features on maps, but it was re production. hard to place them without detracting from the map as During the mid-nineteenth century a number of meth- a picture of the earth (Raisz 1938, 156–57). Raisz also ods were developed for the systematic teaching of writ- noted the infl uence of the production technique em- ing in schools, an increasing need as education became ployed on the appearance of map lettering. For instance, more accessible. One such method, Rundschrift (known while earlier manuscript maps drawn with pen and ink as round writing in English and écriture ronde in French), were often “clogged” with lettering, copper-engraved was developed in Germany by Friedrich Soennecken for maps, which dominated from the sixteenth into the execution with special metal pen points, broad-tipped nineteenth century, were more sparingly labeled, involv- with an ink feeder, which his company manufactured. ing the expensive incision of names in the hard metal Holding the pen at a consistent angle, the writer could plate by a skilled craftsman who could engrave letters make wide and narrow strokes in the same motion, in reverse, so they would print right reading. After the creating rounded letter shapes based on a grid schema early nineteenth century, however, a succession of new (fi g. 444). Regarded as easy to write and read, the Soen- techniques facilitated map production and reproduc- necken system was taught to European schoolchildren, tion, including map lettering. who also saw it used in school atlases (Volksschulatlas- First on the scene was lithography, invented just be- sen) (Linhoff 1891, 15). Rundschrift was adopted for fore 1800 in Germany by Alois Senefelder, who became some sheet maps as well as atlases in Austria, Italy, and involved by 1809 in producing lithographic maps for Germany (Eckert 1921–25, 1:344). The Soennecken sys- the Bavarian cadastral survey. The chemical basis of the tem and pens were also marketed in England and, from lithographic process, which depends on the antipathy the late-nineteenth century until as late as 1921, in the of oil and water, made it versatile, requiring only the United States by Keuffel & Esser, importers of drafting creation by some means of a greasy image on a suitable and surveying equipment, whose advertisements recom- block of limestone. Drawing with pen and greasy ink mended its use for map lettering (Keuffel & Esser 1921, on the lithographic stone or engraving it (that is, using 226–27). pointed tools to remove a thin resist coating the stone to The style of printed type also infl uenced hand letter- expose portions of it for oiling) was easier than copper ing for maps. In 1903 the English map publisher G. W. engraving, even though letters still had to be drawn in Bacon & Co. advertised its lettering charts, created by Labeling of Maps 739 fig. 444. “DIRECTIONS FOR HOLDING THE PEN.” Al- Size of the original: 8.9 × 18.1 cm. From Friedrich Soennecken, though its origins lay in medieval Roman-style scripts written Methodical Text Book of Round Writing for Self-Instruction with quill pens, the grid-based system of writing developed by and Use in Schools (London: A. Eltzbacher, 1879), X. Image Friedrich Soennecken for use with his line of special metal pen courtesy of the Bodleian Library, University of Oxford (2578 points also refl ected industrial-age technology. d. 10). Frank Steeley, for systematically teaching type-like print- Instrument Company) of New York, which manufactured ing in addition to cursive writing in schools, and espe- lettering stencils and pens patented in 1926. The Ames cially recommending it for use in map drawing (Anony- Lettering Guide, patented in 1917, was used to draw mous 1903). Hand lettering with special pens, inks, and precisely spaced guidelines for hand lettering (fi g. 447). drawing materials for photomechanical reproduction The Leroy lettering template, patented in 1919, and the was a technology that helped to promote hand letter- Varigraph adjustable lettering machine, manufactured in ing and enabled it to survive on printed maps through Madison, Wisconsin, in the mid-twentieth century, em- the mid-twentieth century. However, the difference be- ployed the pantograph concept to trace grooved letters tween hand lettering by skilled draftsmen employed to engraved in a template and guide an attached offset pen draw maps for premier geographical publications, such that drew them on paper (fi g. 448). Around 1960, after as the journals of the Royal Geographical Society and direct scribing of negatives had begun to supplant pen- the American Geographical Society (fi g. 445), and more and-ink drafting for photography, the Gebrüder Haff amateur efforts remained evident (Raisz 1938, 159). fi rm of Pfronten-Ried, in Bavaria, developed the Ro- Already common in the mid-nineteenth century, trea- tograph. That electric-powered adaptation of template tises on hand lettering for students of engineering and lettering could engrave negative lettering on scribecoat technical drawing continued to appear in the early de- by substituting a graver rotating at 3,000 rpm for an cades of the twentieth century. Over time such books ink pen (Raisz 1962, 279). Such devices represented the also began to recommend mechanical aids for achieving height of semi-mechanized hand lettering in the mid- to greater uniformity of letter shapes and sizes, although late twentieth century. not necessarily a faster production speed, and still re- However, a parallel strand of typographic lettering quiring a deft touch and skill in spacing the letters. As technologies had coexisted with hand lettering for cen- cartography textbooks multiplied in the mid-twentieth turies. Beginning in the sixteenth century, the diffi cult century, they mentioned hand lettering less and less and task of cutting text labels in relief on woodblocks had emphasized mechanical lettering aids more. Such devices been eased by setting metal type into the woodblock included lettering stencils (Schriftschablone in German) letter-by-letter or as entire words or blocks of text cop- like those produced by the Standardgraph fi rm founded ied by stereotyping. During the mid-nineteenth century in Germany in 1911 (fi g. 446) and Wrico (Wood-Regan a new relief process, wax engraving, was developed in 740 Labeling of Maps fig. 445. MAP OF THE EASTERN PYRENEES. The precise View from Canigou: Nature and Man in the Eastern Pyr- and simple hand lettering on American Geographical Society enees,” Geographical Review 26 (1936): 190–204, 191 (fi g. 2). maps betrays the stylistic infl uence of sans serif type. Permission courtesy of the American Geographical Society, Size of the original: 6.2 × 11 cm. From Henri Gaussen, “A New York. fig. 447. AMES LETTERING GUIDE. The user could rotate the disk to different angles, thus altering the spacing of the fig. 446. USING A STENCIL AS AN AID IN LETTERING. circular holes and of the resulting lettering guidelines when a Held vertically in a special adaptor, the draftsman holding the pencil was inserted into successive holes and the fl at base was Rotring Varioscript stencil pen creates letters by following the pulled along a straight edge. guide holes cut in the Standardgraph stencil, which is held in From Claude Z. Westfall, Basic Graphics and Cartogra- position against a straight edge. phy (Orono: University of Maine at Orono Press, 1984), 95 From Lawrence 1971, 125 (fi g. 12.7). Reproduced by permis- (fi g. 6.8). Permission courtesy of the University of Maine Press, sion of Taylor & Francis Books U.K. Orono. England and the United States. In the latter country it to form a relief printing plate. In addition to crowding was used by fi rms such as Jewitt and Chandler of New and overlettering, the uniform shapes and sizes of the York and Rand McNally of Chicago so much that it type lettering added by the wax engraver contributed a characterized American maps in books and atlases into look of graphic monotony to wax-engraved maps. Pro- the twentieth century. The bodies of such maps swarmed ducing such maps was still a craft activity carried out in with place-names, almost too easily created by stamping the print shop. type set in straight or curved metal holders into a wax By the mid-twentieth century, though, a shift of map layer, in which the map symbols were also stamped or production from the engraver’s or printer’s workshop engraved before the image was copied by electrotyping to the cartographic laboratory had taken place. The Labeling of Maps 741 fig. 449.
Recommended publications
  • Geography 360 Principles of Cartography
    Geography 360 Principles of Cartography April 26, 2006 Typography Outlines 1. Principles of typography • Anatomy of letterform • Classifying type family • Typographic variables 2. Using type for map design • Choosing type family • Choosing typographic variables • Guidelines for type placement 1. Principles of typography • What constitutes letterform? – with focus on serif and shading • Classifying type family – based on common characteristics of letterform • Typographic variables – Type style, size, case, spacing, … Some design aspects of letterform •Serif: finishing strokes added to the end of the main strokes of the letter • Shading: main slant of letterforms Source: Dent Figure 14.1 •Serif vs. San Serif • Diagonal shading vs. horizontal shading Aspects of letterform • Serif vs. Sans Serif – Serif: lettering styles that contain such finishing strokes – Sans Serif: lettering styles that do not contain such finishing strokes • Diagonal Shading vs. horizontal/vertical Shading – Where is the position of the maximum stress in curved letters? – See Dent Figure 14.3 What is type family? • Type family: a group of type designs that reflect common design characteristics and share a common base name (Fig. 11.18) Palatino Helvetica Bookman Gill Sans Classifying type family Alexander Lawson, 1971, Printing types: An Introduction Classifying type family Class Appearance Distinct Other characteristics name Black Letter Hand Decorative Text lettering Oldstyle Lacking Diagonal Roman geometric shading Modern Geometric Vertical/horizo ntal shading Sans Precise, No serif Gothic serif clean-cut Typographic variables • Type family can be further differentiated by typographic variables such as • Type style: italic, normal, bold (Fig. 11.18 B) • Type size: 24 point (Fig. 11. 18D) • Type case: UPPERCASE, lowercase, Title Case, Sentence case (Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • Erwin Raisz' Atlases
    Erwin Raisz‘ Atlases – an early multi-method approach to cartographic communication (Eric Losang) ICC-Preconference-Workshop: Atlases and Infographics Tokyo, 2019/ 07/ 13 Outline • Erwin Raisz – biography and opus • The concept behind Raisz‘ work • Three Atlases • Atlas of Global Geography • Atlas of Cuba • Atlas of Florida • Possible Importance of the three Atlases • Communication • Storytelling Biography • * 1 March 1893, Lőcse, Hungary • 1914 degree in civil engineering and architecture Royal Polytechnicum in Budapest • 1923 Immigration US • 1924/1929 Master/Ph.D. Geology, Columbia University • 1931 Institute of Geographical Exploration at Harvard University (proposed by W. M. Davies, teaching Cartography) • 1938 General Cartography (first cartographic textbook in English) • 1951 Clark University, Boston; from 1957 University of Florida • + 1968, Bangkok while travelling to the IGU in Dehli. Landform (physiographic) Maps • Influenced by W.M. Davies, I. Bowman and N. Fenneman (physiographic provinces) • Goal: explaining territory within its physiographic instead of (man made) county borders Landform (physiographic) Maps Landform (physiographic) Maps • Influenced by W.M. Davies, I. Bowman and N. Fenneman (physiographic provinces) • Goal: explaining territory within its physiographic instead of (man made) county borders • Geodeterministic answer to a prevailling statistical approach to geography (H. Gannett) Landform (physiographic) Maps • Influenced by W.M. Davies, I. Bowman and N. Fenneman (physiographic provinces) • Goal: explaining territory within its physiographic instead of (man made) county borders • Geodeterministic answer to a prevailling statistical approach to geography (H. Gannett) • Method: Delineate the significant elements of the terrain in pictorial-diagrammatic fashion Statistical atlas of the United States 1898 Landform (physiographic) Maps • Influenced by W.M. Davies, I. Bowman and N.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Handling OS Open Map – Local Data
    OS OPEN MAP LOCAL Getting started guide Handling OS Open Map – Local Data 1 Handling OS Open Map – Local Data Loading OS Open Map – Local 1.1 Introduction RASTER QGIS From the end of October 2016, OS Open Map Local will be available as both a raster version and a vector version as previously. This getting started guide ArcGIS ArcMap Desktop illustrates how to load both raster and vector versions of the product into several GI applications. MapInfo Professional CadCorp Map Modeller 1.2 Downloaded data VECTOR OS OpenMap-Local raster data can be downloaded from the OS OpenData web site in GeoTIFF format. This format does not require the use of QGIS geo-referencing files in the loading process. The data will be available in 100km2 grid zip files, aligned to National Grid letters. Loading and Displaying Shapefiles OS OpenMap-Local vector data can be downloaded from the OS OpenData web site in either ESRI Shapefile format or in .GML format version 3.2.1. It is Merging the Shapefiles available as 100km2 tiles which are aligned to the 100km national gird letters, for example, TQ. The data can also be downloaded as a national set in ESRI Removing Duplicate Features shapefile format only. The data will not be available for supply on hard media as in the case of some other OS OpenData products. from Merged Data Loading and Dispalying GML • ESRI shapefile supply. ArcGIS ArcMap Desktop The data is supplied in a .zip archive containing a parent folder with two sub folders entitled DATA and DOC. All of the component shapefiles are contained within the DATA folder.
    [Show full text]
  • Oracle Spatial Developments at Ordnance Survey
    Oracle Spatial Developments at Ordnance Survey Ed Parsons Chief Technology Officer Who is Ordnance Survey ? Great Britain's national mapping agency An information provider... • Creates & updates a national database of geographical information • £ 50m ($90m) investment by 2007 in ongoing improvements • National positioning services • Advisor to UK Government on Geographical Information • Highly skilled specialised staff of 1500 The modern Ordnance Survey • Ordnance Survey is solely funded through the licensing of information products and services • Unrivalled infrastructure to maintain accuracy, !" ! currency and delivery of geographic information • 2003-4 Profit of £ 6.6m on a turnover of £116m($196m) !" !" "#$%&'()$*+,(+-./(+"&0%10#(2 #$%&'$'()#(*+,'()-&=+:H+N.)"-+JKK:*.&#/'0+,( /%',#A#,+.-'./+/4,%-(1)+)(3&)%+&0+A)20.0"(+3+./+)3' B#)/(78 %&+1'3)&/(+.02+(0-.0"(+&#)+4(5 %-1*$#)-3.$$(2+.$$'+$.(.&#)+%.)9*'$'()+2#)3#((%+=&)+2.%. =1&&',)#1(+1A4-1"-+%&&V++<.).+A-1$+GH)'-(/12(0"(+=)&' (.& $1%(+.02+&0610(+$()/1"($+%-1$ )3'+*)(/1$1&08-14%5+63'+('2+7-+41%-+;;*O<+1&=*-.$$' I14-,'/+J=K<GIL+M+)3'W("('5()+JKKH+%&+N.)"-+JKKJ* 7(.)8+41%-+/1$1%$+%&+%-(+$1%( 8.(.$1901=1".0%+*'$'()+)'.$+3./)(.6?4&)62+=(.%#)($ .,F4#/#)#1(+>-(+B(6("%+1A+\&''1%%((+/#)'+%&.(/+.(0).1$(2+. 10")(.$109+57+:;*:<+.9.10$%+. %-1.,)#5(109+9'10"&:+6#2(2+$.(.*10+'0+&#)+)3'+2.;'%.:5.$( 0'/#*(/+A0#'5()+1-+/#)'/+)3.&=+1$$#($+)+3..5&#%9' %.)9(%+&=+:!<*+>&+'((%+%-( <=>8+%-41%-10+$1F+104,)#1(+%-1'&0%-$+&=+*"&'36(%1&0*-.$$'/? %&.((#(*+%'-A)20.0"(+B#)$#//#1(+@/(7]$+."%14)+.-/1%1($' * 9)&4109+2($1)(+=&)+$()/1"(+.02
    [Show full text]
  • THE BEGINNINGS of MEDICAL MAPPING* Arthur H
    THE BEGINNINGS OF MEDICAL MAPPING* Arthur H. Robinson Department of Geography University of Wisconsin Madison, Wisconsin 53706 If a mental geographical image is as much a map as is one on paper or on a cathode ray tube, then the concept of medical mapping is extremely old. The geography of disease, or nosogeography, has roots as far back as the 5th century BC when the idea of the 4 elements of the universe fire, air, earth, and water led to the doc trine of the 4 bodily humors blood, phlegm, cholera or yellow bile, and melancholy or black bile. Health was simply the condition when the 4 humors were in harmony. Throughout history until some 200 years ago the parallel between organic man and a neatly organized universe regularly surfaced in the microcosm-macrocosm philosophy, a kind of cosmographic metaphor in which the human body was a miniature universe, from which it was a short step to liken the physical circulations of the earth, such as water and air, to the circulatory and respiratory systems of man. One of the earlier detailed, topogra- phic-like maps definitely stems from this analogy, as clearly shown by Jarcho.-©- The idea that disease resulted from external causes rather than being a punishment sent by the Gods (and therefore a mappable relationship) goes back at least as far as the time of Hippocrates in the 4th century, a physician best known for his code of medical conduct called the Hippocratic Oath. He thought that disease occurred as a consequence of such things as food, occupation, and especially climate.
    [Show full text]
  • GIS for National Mapping and Charting
    copyright swisstopo GIS for National Mapping and Charting Esri® GIS Solutions in Europe GIS for National Mapping and Charting Solutions for Land, Sea, and Air National mapping organisations (NMOs) are under pressure to generate more products and services in less time and with fewer resources. On-demand products, online services, and the continuous production of maps and charts require modern technology and new workflows. GIS for National Mapping and Charting Esri has a history of working with NMOs to find solutions that meet the needs of each country. Software, training, and services are available from a network of distributors and partners across Europe. Esri’s ArcGIS® geographic information system (GIS) technology offers powerful, database-driven cartography that is standards based, open, and interoperable. Map and chart products can be produced from large, multipurpose geographic data- bases instead of through the management of disparate datasets for individual products. This improves quality and consistency while driving down production costs. ArcGIS models the world in a seamless database, facilitating the production of diverse digital and hard-copy products. Esri® ArcGIS provides NMOs with reliable solutions that support scientific decision making for • E-government applications • Emergency response • Safety at sea and in the air • National and regional planning • Infrastructure management • Telecommunications • Climate change initiatives The Digital Atlas of Styria provides many types of map data online including this geology map. 2 Case Study—Romanian Civil Aeronautical Authority Romanian Civil Aeronautical Authority (RCAA) regulates all civil avia- tion activities in the country, including licencing pilots, registering aircraft, and certifying that aircraft and engine designs are safe for use.
    [Show full text]
  • Developing an Arabic Typography Course for Visual Communication Design
    Developing an Arabic Typography course for Visual Communication Design Students in the Middle East and North African Region A thesis submitted to the School of Visual Communication Design, College of Communication and Information of Kent State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Fine Arts by Basma Almusallam May, 2014 Thesis written by Basma Almusallam B.F.A, Kuwait University, 2008 M.F.A, Kent State University, 2014 Approved by ___________________________ Jillian Coorey, M.F.A., Advisor ___________________________ AnnMarie LeBlanc, M.F.A., Director, School of Visual Communication Design ___________________________ Stanley T. Wearden, Ph.D., Dean, College of Communication and Information Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………………………………………...... iii LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………………………….. v PREFACE………………………………………………………………………………..... vi CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………. 1 The Current Issue………………………………………………….. 1 Core Objectives……………………………………………………. 3 II. THE HISTORY OF THE ARABIC WRITING SYSTEM, CALLIGRAPHY AND TYPOGRAPHY………………………………………....………….. 4 The Arabic Writing System……………………………………….. 4 Arabic Calligraphy………………………………………………… 5 The Undocumented Art of Arabic Calligraphy……………….…… 6 The Shift Towards Typography and the Digital Era………………. 7 The Pressing Issue of the Present………………………………….. 8 A NOTE ON THE PROCESS…………………………………………………………….. 10 Applying a Framework for Research Documentation…………….. 11 Mental Model……………………………………………………… 12 Proposed User Testing…………………………………………….
    [Show full text]
  • A Barso O M Glo Ssary
    A BARSO O M GLO SSARY DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH HTML Version Copyright 1996-2001 Revisions 2003-5 Most Current Edition is online at http://www.erblist.com PD F Version Copyright 2006 C O PYRIGH TS and O TH ER IN FO The m ost current version of A Barsoom G lossary by D avid Bruce Bozarth is available from http://www.erblist.com in the G lossaries Section. SH ARIN G O R DISTRIBUTIN G TH IS FILE This file m ay be shared as long as no alterations are m ade to the text or im ages. A Barsoom G lossary PD F version m ay be distributed from web sites AS LO N G AS N O FEES, CO ST, IN CO ME, O R PRO FIT is m ade from that distribution. A Barsoom G lossary is N O T PU BLIC D O MAIN , but is distributed as FREE- WARE. If you paid to obtain this book, please let the author know w here and how it w as obtained and w hat fee w as charged. The filenam e is Bozarth-ABarsoom Glossary-illus.pdf D o not change or alter the filenam e. D o not change or alter the pdf file. RO LE PLAYERS and GAM E C REATO RS O ver the years I have been contacted by RPG creators for perm ission to use A BARSO O M G LO SSARY for their gam es as long as the inform ation is N O T printed in book form , nor any fees, cost, incom e, or profit is m ade from m y intellectual property.
    [Show full text]
  • Edmund Drury
    Edmund Drury 1 On Other Worlds Edmund Drury WorldsOn Other An Investigation into Worldbuilding A Dissertation By Edmund Drury 2 3 On Other Worlds Edmund Drury Contents Introduction 7 Fictional Worlds in Real Place 12 Maps and Fiction 29 Translation 60 Conclusion 78 List of Illustrations 90 Bibliography 95 Printed and Bound by Edmund Drury 4 5 On Other Worlds Edmund Drury Introduction ‘Above all, worldbuilding is not technically necessary. It is the great clomping foot of nerdism. It is the attempt to exhaustively survey a place that isn’t there. A good writer would never try to do that, even with a place that is there. It isn’t possible, & if it was the results wouldn’t be readable: they would constitute not a book but the biggest library ever built, a hallowed place of dedication & lifelong study. This gives us a clue to the psychological type of the worldbuilder & the worldbuilder’s victim, & makes us very afraid.’ (Harrison, 2007) So is worldbuilding just boring nerdism? Certainly not all aspects of worldbuilding appeal to everyone. According to many it was the lengthy detail of trade disputes and politics that made the new Star Wars trilogy such a disaster, and certain passages in Lord of the Rings, one of the key texts in fantasy worldbuilding, are not always the easiest to read. Of course M. John Harrison cannot be totally averse to worldbuilding (his best known work is set in the fi ctional city of Viriconium) but he believes that focusing on it as an activity in its own right risks putting the creative emphasis in the wrong place.
    [Show full text]
  • Designing Typefaces for Maps. a Protocol of Tests
    Designing typefaces for maps. A protocol of tests. Sébastien Biniek,a Guillaume Touya,a Gilles Rouffineau,b and Thomas Huot-Marchandc a Univ. Paris-Est, LASTIG COGIT, IGN, ENSG, F-94160 Saint-Mande, France b ÉSAD Grenoble Valence, 38 000, Grenoble, France c ANRT, ENSAD, 54013, Nancy, France. Abstract: The text management in map design is a topic generally linked to placement and composition issues. Whereas the type design issue is rarely addressed or at least only partially. Moreover the typefaces especially designed for maps are rare. This paper presents a protocol of tests to evaluate characters for digital topographic maps and fonts that were designed for the screen through the use of geographical information systems using this protocol. It was launched by the Atelier National de Recherche Typographique Research (ANRT, located in Nancy, France) and took place over his ‘post-master’ course in 2013. The purpose is to isolate different issues inherent to text in a topographic map: map background, nonlinear text placement and toponymic hierarchies. Further research is necessary to improve this kind of approach. Keywords: Typography, Fonts, Topographic maps cannot be said that cartography is used to exploit the 1. Introduction latest innovations in type design. Even some typographic The graphic and textual components of a map form a choices can be disappointing for type designers. For single image that is both seen and read but unlike map example, we would like to notice the recent change of objects, map texts doesn’t have pre-defined positions. On typeface that has been operated at Swisstopo (the Swiss the other hand, the text is always linked to a map object national mapping agency).
    [Show full text]
  • Typography Height
    THIS MONTH POInts OF VIEW a Serif Sans serif b Ascender Serif Typography Height Typography is the art and technique of arranging type. Like a Serif Descender person’s speaking style and skill, the quality of our treatment of Figure 1 | Typefaces. (a) The anatomy of letterform for serif (Garamond) letters on a page can influence how people respond to our mes- and sans serif (Univers) type both set at 58 point. (b) Four of the most sage. It is an essential act of encoding and interpretation, linking readily available fonts. what we say to what people see. Typography has been known to affect perception of credibility. line and paragraph settings (Fig. 2b). The relative scale of white In one study, identical job resumes printed using different type- space in Figure 2b makes the hierarchy of the content apparent. faces were sent out for review. Resumes with typefaces deemed Differentially aligning the paragraph text and bulleted list, when appropriate for a given industry resulted in applicants being con- allowed, differentiates the content. sidered more knowledgeable, mature, experienced, professional, To achieve meaningfully spaced text, use the ‘space before’ and believable and trustworthy than when less appropriate typefaces ‘space after’ settings instead of extra carriage returns. Find the were used1. In this case, picking the right typeface can help some- settings under Font menu > Paragraphs (PowerPoint) or Format one’s chances of landing a job. menu > Paragraphs (Word). The paragraph text in Figure 2b is set The term typeface is frequently conflated with font; Arial is a with 5 point space after it; the bulleted list has 3 point space after ‘typeface’ that may include roman, bold and italic ‘fonts’.
    [Show full text]
  • GEOLINGUISTICS AROUND the WORLD Chitsuko
    Dialectologia 1 (2008), 135-156. A REPORT ON THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE: GEOLINGUISTICS AROUND THE WORLD Chitsuko Fukushima & David Heap Niigata Women’s College (Japan) / University of Western Ontario (Canada) [email protected] / [email protected] The National Institute for Japanese Language held its 14th international conference, for the first time on dialects, on 22-23 August 2007 in Tokyo. The symposium was entitled “Geolinguistics around the World“ and focused on Current Trends in Geolinguistics around the World (Day 1) and Application Techniques of Linguistic Atlases (Day 2). The lecturers were Shinji Sanada (Osaka University, Japan), Hans Goebl (University of Salzburg, Austria), Takuichiro Onishi ( National Institute for Japanese Language, Japan), Lee Sang Gyu (National Institute of the Korean Language, Korea), Iwata Ray (Kanazawa University, Japan), Joachim Herrgen (University of Marburg, Germany), Heinrich Ramisch (University of Bamberg, Germany), and Maria-Pilar Perea (University of Barcelona, Spain). The commentators were Chitsuko Fukushima (Niigata Women’s College, Japan) and David Heap (University of Western Ontario, Canada). The National Institute of the Japanese Language (NIJL) must be warmly congratulated on the publication of the Grammar Atlas of Japanese Dialects (GAJ, 1991-2006): this is an important milestone not just in Japanese geolinguistics but also for the field of linguistic geography internationally. While the GAJ undoubtedly provides material for future linguistic studies for many decades to come, today it offers us the ideal occasion to reflect on common challenges and different approaches, both in the 135 Chitsuko Fukushima & David Heap techniques of linguistic cartography and in our theoretical reflections on the goals of geolinguistic research.
    [Show full text]