A Barso O M Glo Ssary

A BARSO O M GLO SSARY

DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH

The m ost current version of A Barsoom G lossary by D avid Bruce Bozarth is available from http://www.erblist.com in the G lossaries Section.

SH ARIN G O R DISTRIBUTIN G TH IS FILE

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RO LE PLAYERS and GAM E C REATO RS

O ver the years I have been contacted by RPG creators for perm ission to use A BARSO O M G LO SSARY for their gam es as long as the inform ation is N O T printed in book form , nor any fees, cost, incom e, or profit is m ade from m y intellectual property. If gam e creators wish to discuss inclusion of A Barsoom G lossary in a print version, contact D avid Bruce Bozarth at the following em ail address: tangor@ erblist.com TABLE O F C O N TEN TS

CO PYRIG HTS and O THER IN FO ...... 2 SHARIN G O R D ISTRIBU TIN G THIS FILE ...... 2 RO LE PLAYERS and G AME CREATO RS ...... 2

TABLE O F CO N TEN TS ...... 3 Foreword ...... 5

A Brief Bio of Edgar Rice Burroughs ...... 6

PEO PLE ...... 9 G reen Martians ...... 10 G reen Population ...... 13 Anatom y of the G reen Martian ...... 18 Red Martians ...... 23 O rigin of the Red Race ...... 23 The Red Culture ...... 23 Black Martians ...... 32 White Martians ...... 35 Yellow Martians ...... 40 N on-hum an Martians ...... 42 The Kaldanes ...... 42 The Kangaroo Men of G ooli ...... 45 Hom ads ...... 45 The Plant Men of Valley D or ...... 46 O ther World Races ...... 46 Masenas ...... 47 Tarids ...... 48 Morgors ...... 48 Savators ...... 48 Barsoom ian Characters ...... 49 Bozarth's Hypothesis Regarding the Extraterrestrial O rigins of Edgar Rice Burroughs' John Carter of Mars ...... 69

PLACES ...... 75 Planets ...... 77 Cities & N ations ...... 78 Map Locations ...... 78 G eographic ...... 84 Martians Listed by Cities or N ations ...... 87 Man-m ade ...... 89 G eneral Construction ...... 89 Maps of Barsoom ...... 94 Edgar Rice Burroughs' Map ...... 94 Heins Map with Fanfic Locations ...... 97 A N ASA Based Map ...... 98

THIN G S ...... 99 Weights & Measures ...... 100 Linear ...... 100 Tim e ...... 100 N um bers ...... 100 Currency ...... 101 Weights ...... 101 Custom s & Titles ...... 102 Custom s ...... 102 Language ...... 104 Martian Proverbs ...... 105 Titles of Royalty ...... 105 Titles of Military ...... 105 Titles of Religion ...... 106 Religious Phrases ...... 106 Yano ...... 107 Jetan ...... 109 Religion ...... 112 The Tree of Life ...... 112 Issus ...... 114 Kom al ...... 116 Tur ...... 116 Religion on O ther Worlds ...... 118 Technology ...... 120 Airships ...... 120 N am ed Airships ...... 122 N am ed Technology ...... 122 Plants, Anim als & Minerals ...... 128

The N ovels ...... 134 Word Count/Frequency ...... 141

Barsoom ian Fan Fiction ...... 143

About the Author ...... 145 A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 5

Forew ord

This glossary began as a writing aid for m y D ead Cities of Mars pastiche I once hoped to m arket via print channels. That didn't happen; however, since 1996 A BARSO O M G LO SSARY has becom e an internationally recognized on-line reference for the Martian works of Edgar Rice Burroughs. What originally started as research to write a Barsoom ian Spoof soon becam e an obsession to detail Edgar Rice Burroughs' wondrous Martian Saga. Perhaps m y m anuscript D ead C ities of M ars will be available one day (it is, on the web at erblist.com ). When it is I hope you will enjoy it—until then m y research produced a rather handy glossary of Barsoom ian facts which should interest old and new fans of Burroughs' adventure tales set on the planet Mars. I first read the Martian series between 1960 and 1965. When I began work on D ead C ities of M ars in 1982 I re-read the entire series and took notes. O thers have done authoritative works on Barsoom but I have not read them as of yet. I felt it was necessary to do this research independently to avoid having their influences or observations obstructing m y com pilation and com m ents. I am not a scholar, so don't look for scholarly work. I'm just a plain old Texas boy who likes a little fantasy when he can. N owadays it seem s that m ost fantasies involve two or m ore of the opposite sex, a kilo of coke in a locked room or som ething else artificial. G ive m e Barsoom any day of the week! G et high on your own im agination. And the best of the im aginative writers of any generation is Edgar Rice Burroughs. D avid Bruce Bozarth Houston, Texas tangor@ erblist.com A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 6

A Brief Bio of Edgar Rice Burroughs

When Mary Evaline Burroughs gave birth to the fifth of six sons to husband G eorge Tyler Burroughs on Septem ber 1, 1875, little did she know what the future held for Edgar R ice Bur- roughs. Ed attended Chicago's Brown elem entary and later the Harvard School at 18th and Indiana Avenue. Young Burroughs learned G reek and Latin at an early age. D uring the 1891 Chicago influenza epidem ic ERB's parents sent him to Idaho where his brothers Harry and G eorge owned a ranch in Cassia County. Ed thrived in the new environm ent, becom ing an expert horsem an. Fall 1891, he attended Phillips Academ y at Andover, Massachusetts. Ed was elected class president. U nhappy there, he ran away. G eorge, a U nion cavalry officer in the Am erican Civil War, sent Ed to Michigan Military Academ y in 1892. Captain Charles King, the com m andant, was an early influence for Edgar Rice Burroughs. Ed played football and participated on the cavalry team s. He was the editor and artist for the student newspaper. When he graduated in 1896 Ed stayed on as Assistant Com m andant and Professor of G eology, Cavalry and G atling G un. Burroughs failed the West Point entrance exam . He then enlisted in the arm y. He served at Fort G rant, Arizona, "B" Troop, 7th Cavalry. The duty was less than sterling. Ill with dysentary, ERB received an honorable discharge. He returned to Idaho. Shortly thereafter, he started his own stationary store business in Pocatello (1898). A year later he called it quits. Returning to his brothers' ranch Ed soon decided ranching was not his vocation. He returned to Chicago in 1898 and was em ployed to work at his father's Am erican Battery Com pany. Ed m arried his childhood sweetheart Em m a Centennia Hulbert on January 31, 1900. Em m a and Ed m oved to Idaho in 1903 to help operate a Burroughs' brothers' gold dredge in the Stanley Basin. Ed held a political office for a year, the dredging com pany failed, and he and Em m a then m oved to Salt Lake City, U tah A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 7 where Burroughs worked as a railroad cop. U nhappy with the work, the couple auctioned everything and returned to Chicago. Burroughs tried his hand at m any jobs from 1904 to 1908. Tim e-keeper, light bulb and candy sales, peddling Stoddard's lectures, E. S. Winslow Com pany accountant and even attem pted to enlist in the Chinese arm y. In 1908 he m anaged the clerical departm ent at Sears, Roebuck & Com pany, with som e success but, ever restless, he resigned in August 1908. Self-em ploym ent ventures put a strain on the young couple. Hocking Em m a's jewelry helped, but life becam e m ore com plicated with the birth of Joan (Jo-Ann) in January 1908. First sone Hulbert was born in August 1909. Ed's job as office m anager for Physicians Co-O perative Association evaporated when the FD A shut the com pany down. ERB (Stace-Burroughs Com pany) tried selling booklets on expert salesm anship. Burroughs next em barked on selling pencil sharpeners. Running ads in the pulp m agazines, he read som e of the fiction and decided "if people are paid for writing such rot, I can write som ething just as rotten." Ed penned a tale based on the theories of astronom er Percival Lowell in 1911. Thom as N ewell Metcalf, editor of All- Story, accepted Burroughs' tale im m ediately. "U nder the Moons of Mars" ran in six installm ents in 1912. Ed received $400 for the story, a m ost princely sum in that day and age! Metcalf suggested ERB write an Arthurian story. ERB penned "The O utlaw of Torn," which was rejected! U ndeterred, Ed wrote a third story "Tarzan of the Apes" between D ecem ber 1911 and May 1912. "Tarzan of the Apes" appeared com plete in All-Story, O ctober 1912. ERB received $700. Ed decided to take up writing full tim e, a further im perative to do so caused by the birth of third child John Colem an Burroughs (February 28, 1913). In the following twelve m onths ERB wrote eight novels. "Tarzan of the Apes" was a hard sell. A.C. McClurg & Com pany, Chicago eventually accepted the "ape-m an" in 1914. Best seller status soon followed. McClurg published 29 ERB books thereafter (1914-1929). Leaving Chicago in 1919, ER B bought a ranch in Califor- nia's San Fernando Valley. He tried being a gentlem an farm er with the ranch he nam ed "Tarzana." In tim e a city grew up, officially taking the nam e in D ecem ber 11, 1930. ERB incorporated in the m id 1920s and began to publish his A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 8 own books. Ed divorced Em m a in D ecem ber, 1934. O n April 4, 1935 he m arried Florence (G ilbert) D earholt. The second m arriage failed in divorce May 4, 1942. Burroughs and his eldest son witnessed the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Ed becam e the oldest WWII war correspondent with a colum n in the Honolulu Advertiser. He saw action on bom bing m issions as an observer. At war's end ERB m oved to Encino, California. He died on March 19, 1950 of a heart attack. Ed reread all of his books before he died: "to see what I had said and how I'd said it." A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 9

PEO PLE

EDGAR RIC E BURRO UGH S populated the ancient desert planet of Barsoom with a rainbow of hum anoid races. In m ost respects the races of Barsoom parallel those of Earth, but with a twist that is com m on to ERB's penchant for opposites and reverses. The red m an, for exam ple, is presented as the Indian (Am erican Southwest) elevated to the level of being the predom i- nate race not only by technology but by sheer num bers. Though the red civilization is perhaps 100,000 years of age and is guided by a tradition of honor towards wom en and strict codes of com bat engagem ent, it is described as the "new kid on the block." The First Born, a black race, claim s to be the original hum ans on the planet and first from the Tree of Life. The First B orn is also portrayed as a long tim e m enace to the planet at large—the Pirates of Barsoom —with a history that eclipses that of the Red race, as far as longevity and history are concerned. The Therns, the current white race of Barsoom , is portrayed as being subservient to the black First Born, which is an obvious role reversal to earth's history. Later in the series we are introduced to the Lotharians, a white race with m ental powers who are isolationistic and depraved. The yellow race of Mars is represented as being an unknown people, except in legend, who occupy the northern pole. Tradition, as shown in the gam e of Jetan, suggests that the yellow race and the First Born were bitter enem ies in the early days of Barsoom history. The green Martians are not, generally speaking, a "hum an" race because of their m arkedly different physiology, but are included as hum an because of their organized culture and use of ordinary technology. All of the races of "m en" which inhabit Barsoom are endowed with the sam e em otional characteristics of terrestrial hum ans. They are given to love, fidelity, back-stabbing, m urder, hate, politics, or greed for power. The first two attributes are generally reserved for the protagonists while the latter attributes are the canvas upon which the interactions of characters and the A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 10 plot evolve. A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 11

Green M artians

Perhaps the m ost intriguing of the m any varied races ERB populated Mars with the G reen Martian creates the greatest im pact on the reader. ER B deftly painted a vivid picture of a wild, barbaric race of giant nom adic warriors that rem ains long after the stories have been read and returned to the shelf. John Carter, upon reaching Barsoom , did not have long to wait before encountering his first glim pse of the fierce green Martian. At the tim e Carter was naked and unarm ed, having just crossed the interplanetary distance between Earth and Mars, m aterializing outside of a Thark incubator. Edgar Rice Burroughs introduced John Carter and the reader to the harsh life of the green m an in a novel m anner, by showing us exactly how they are born into the world. Martians, without exception (including the red, yellow and white races) are oviparous, that is to say they reproduce by laying eggs about the size of a terrestrial goose egg. ERB never offers a satisfying reason for the phenom enal growth of goose- sized eggs to their hatching size of two and one-half feet in diam eter. Where do the nutrim ents for this growth com e from ? Surely it cannot all be solar radiation! Carter's m anuscript, written from a first person past tense, m ade it possible for the reader to be given inform ation that theoretically could not have been revealed without the protagonist having been am ong the green Martians for som e tim e. In short, John Carter tells us:

The roof of the enclosure was of solid glass about four or five inches in thickness, and beneath this were several hundred large eggs, perfectly round and snowy white. The eggs were nearly uniform in size being about two and one-half feet in diam eter. Five or six had already hatched and the grotesque caricatures which sat blinking in the sunlight were enough to cause m e to doubt m y sanity... A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 12

John Carter's "grotesque caricatures" were newly-hatched Tharks, off-spring of one of the m ost ferocious of the war-loving hordes of green m en that inhabit, and terrorize, the dead sea bottom s of Barsoom . From birth the life of a green Martian, is fraught with peril and disaster. The social and fam ilial relations of this war-like race are not conducive to the m ore gentle influences of parent hood, for the G reen Martian adult never knows the identity of their children. Burroughs strongly believed in fam ily. This fact is a constant refrain throughout his entire body of work. Som e of his greatest villains were m en who deliberately destroyed fam ilies, or placed great hardship on them . O ne exam ple is ERB's short novel The M oon M en published in 1925. A staunch fam ily m an, the m ost alien concepts of other-worldly life m ight certainly be his green Martian, who was definitely not a fam ily oriented creature. John Carter tells us:

...They paid no further attention to m e and I was thus perm itted to rem ain close and watch their operations, which consisted in breaking an opening in the wall of the incubator large enough to perm it the exit of the young Martians. O n either side of this opening ... the younger Martians, both m ale and fem ale, form ed two solid walls... Between these walls the little Mar- tians scam pered, wild as deer; perm itted to run the full length of the aisle, where they were captured one at a tim e by the wom en and older children...until all the little fellows had left the enclosure and been appropriated by som e youth or fem ale.

How was it these eggs were placed in a m assively built incubator of such heroic proportions in this barren, desolate, and out of the way part of the desert? What m otivated the G reen Man to accept the acquisition of "parental" responsibility in such a haphazard fashion? John Carter explained it this way:

...I believe this horrible system which has been carried on for ages is the direct cause of the loss of all the finer feelings and higher hum anitar- ian instincts am ong these poor creatures. From A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 13

birth they know no father or m other love, they know not the m eaning of the word hope; they are taught that they are only suffered to live until they can dem onstrate by their physique and ferocity that they are fit to live. Should they prove de- form ed or defective in any way they are prom ptly shot... I do not m ean to say that the adult Martians are unnecessarily or intentionally cruel to the young, but theirs is a hard and pitiless struggle for existence upon a dying planet, the natural resources of which have dwindled to a point where the support of each additional life m eans an added tax upon the com m unity into which it is thrown.

Considering that "U nder the M oons of M ars" (the original title for A Princess of M ars) was written shortly before N ovem ber 1911, Burroughs touched upon topics the m ajority of authors found difficult to handle. To be sure there was an abundance of titillating and outright pornographic books available, but they were not circulated to the general public at large. Fanny H ill, the Karm a-Sutra, and other works, som e dating into antiquity. Known to scholars, or banned by religious groups, these books were virtually unknown to the reading public. B urroughs m ay have been one of the first authors to speak of "zero population growth" and birth control.

By careful selection they rear only the hardiest specim ens of each species, and with alm ost supernatural foresight they regulate the birth rate to m erely offset the loss by death. Each adult Martian fem ale brings forth about thirteen eggs each year, and those which m eet the size, weight, and specific gravity tests are hidden in the recesses of som e subterranean vault where the tem perature is too low for incubation. Every year these eggs are carefully exam ined by a council of twenty chieftains, and all but about one hundred alm ost perfect eggs are destroyed out of each yearly supply. At the end of five years about five hundred alm ost perfect eggs have been chosen from the thousands brought forth. these are then placed in t the alm ost air-tight incubators to be hatched by A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 14

the sun's rays after a period of another five years.

Green Population

What Was Written in a Princess of Mars The com m unity of w hich the green M artians w ith w hom m y lot w as cast form ed a part w as com - posed of som e thirty thousand souls. They roam - ed an enorm ous tract of arid and sem i-arid land betw een forty and eighty degrees south latitude, and bounded on the east and w est by tw o large fertile tracts. Their headquarters lay in the south- w est corner of this district, near the crossing of tw o of the so-called M artian canals.

What Erb's N otebooks Revealed A C om m unity: (figures are approxim ate only) 500 w arriors 20 chieftans 250 w om en 250 youths 500 children (im m ediately after a hatching) 250 chariots 1000 thoats 300 zitidars 500 calots

The Thark com m unity num bers 30,000. Assum ing 30 percent of the population is fem ale and is of egg-laying age, m ore than 116,000 eggs would be produced yearly. How these eggs are insem inated is not specified but we m ay assum e anatom ical sim ilarities to hum ans since John Carter and D ejah Thoris becam e parents of Carthoris and Tara. Trading the nine m onth gestation of terrestrial fem ales for a clutch of eggs m ight seem labor saving to wom en (sorry for the pun!) and allows the adults to continue their lives without undue inconvenience, but that is off-set by a need to m aintain the egg for 5 years—and then having a half-grown off-spring—no Terrible Twos...hey! Maybe ERB was exhibiting a little wishful thinking since diaper changing and m ouths to feed was a strong m otivator for writing m anuscripts for m oney. Continuing with Carter's description, we learn what happens A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 15 to the few eggs that fail to hatch at the Tharks' secret incubator:

They were not wanted, as their offspring m ight inherit and transm it the tendency to prolonged incubation, and thus upset the system which has m aintained for ages and which perm its the adult Martians to figure the proper tim e for return to the incubators, alm ost to an hour.

What do these larger than life nom adic warriors look like when they com e into the world? (See also: Anatom y of the G reen Martian by Bozarth and Bozarth). At birth the young appear to be all head and six lim bs, two for walking erect, two used as arm s and two in between which can be used as either. Eyes are set at extrem e sides of heads and above center and can look in one or two directions without turning the head. Ears, slightly above eyes and close together; sm all cup-like antennae protruding about one inch on sm all specim ens. N oses are longitudinal slits entered in face m idway between m outh and ears. N o hair. Light-greenish color in infants and wom en, deepening to dark olive for adult m ales. Iris of eye is blood-red, pupils are dark, eyeball is very white, as are the pair of tusks extending from the lower jaw upwards in a curve toward the center of the face where hum an eyes would be. It is interesting to note that Kulan Tith, Jeddak of Kaol (W arlord of M ars and Thuvia, M aid of M ars) along with John Carter and his son Carthoris, of all the Barsoom ian characters have the sole distinction of the color of their eyes being m entioned. G reen Martian wom en are sim ilar except tusks are higher and larger. Fem ale bodies show rudim entary nails which m ales lack. ERB notes that only the higher order of m an and one m am m al have well-form ed nails. That m am m al is not m entioned elsewhere in the novels, nor is it described. Adult G reen Martian m ales are fifteen feet tall and four hundred pounds in weight. Fem ales reach ten to twelve feet. Maturity is age forty and lasts for a thousand years, until they voluntarily take the pilgrim age of death down the River Iss to the Valley D or—Martian Heaven. O nly one Martian in a thousand dies of sickness or disease, and possibly twenty per thousand live long enough to take the pilgrim age, the other 979 die violent deaths. The greatest loss of life, one reason the green Martians have not overwhelm ed the planet, is the terrible toll taken by the great white apes on green A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 16

Martian young. The average age of m aturity seem s to be three hundred years. The weapons of the green m an are: long sword, short sword, dagger, pistol, hatchet and rifle. Swords and daggers are self- explanatory. The hatchet is m entioned in only two books, Princess and Thuvia. The rifle is white m etal stocked with wood. The wood is light-weight and highly prized (sorapus, perhaps?) and the m etal is an alloy of alum inum and steel, an exceedingly hard tem per. Long barred, the rifle can fire one hundred rounds before reloading and it's effective radius is three hundred m iles (sic) though in practical use, even with wireless finders and sights, it is accurate to only two hundred m iles. The green Martians are acknowledged as the best m arksm en on Mars with this particular weapon. The radium bullet—"radium " is ERB's interpretation of a Martian hieroglyphic — m ust be m anufactured in artificial light. The unusual properties of this substance, sim ilar to refined phosphorous and its reaction with atm ospheric oxygen, is explosive under natural solar light. Burroughs noted how the bullets could be used as solid projectiles in night battles, becom ing potentially dangerous debris with the rising of the sun. Medical personnel operating on a radium bullet victim were in serious jeopardy if the operation had to be conducted in daylight conditions. The spear carried by the warriors of the green race are forty feet in length, m etal tipped and shod. Standard usage is from the back of a thoat, holding the weapon in two arm s of the sam e side and leaning the opposite direction to m aintain balance while charging their foes. Martian clothing appears as sparse to non-existent. John Carter's first m eeting with Tars Tarkas showed the great Thark wearing a harness of leather which supported his weapons, a few ornam ents at head, lim bs and breast, and nothing else. The Jeds and Jeddaks were sim ilarly adorned, with the addition of gay- colored feathers and beautifully wrought trappings of leather, set with precious stones. At the shoulder the m ale would often wear a short cape of white fur lined with red silk. G reen Martian wom en wore the sim ple costum e first described, with a set of breast ornam ents. Etiquette am ong the green Martians (quoted from page 28, Princess)

"There were few form alities observed in A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 17

approaching the Martian Chieftain. My captor m erely strode up to the rostrum , the others m aking way for him as he advanced. The chieftain rose to his feet and uttered the nam e of m y escort who, in turn, halted and repeated the nam e of the ruler followed by his title. "At the tim e, this cerem ony and the words they uttered m eant nothing to m e, but later I cam e to know that this was the custom ary greeting between two green Martians. Had the m en been strangers, and therefore unable to exchange nam es, they would have silently exchanged ornam ents, had their m issions been peaceful— otherwise, they would have exchanged shots, or fought out their introduction with som e other of their various weapons. "...convinced m e that we at least had som ething in com m on, the ability to sm ile, therefore, to laugh; denoting a sense of hum or. But I was to learn that the Martian sm ile is m erely perfunctory, and that the Martian laugh is a thing to cause strong m en to blanch in horror"..."(the) death agonies of a fellow being are, to these strange creatures, provocative of the wildest hilarity...(their) greatest am usem ent is to inflict death on prisoners..."

The G reen Martians are nom adic in general, though Thark is a city usually occupied by five of the twenty-five tribes of Thark. The chariots of the green m en are three wheeled and propelled by the m ighty thews of zitidars, a m astodonian type anim al. For personal transportation the green m en rely on the thoat, a large beast with eight legs controlled entirely by telepathic com m and. Most of the hordes m ove about in com m u- nities of eight to sixteen hundred individuals and take all of their possessions during any m ove. The green Martians exist alm ost exclusively on a plant they find in the desert which m akes a liquid sim ilar to m ilk—up to eight or ten quarts a day—and provides a cheese-like food. Could this food be m ade from the m antalia plant m entioned in later stories? I assum e, though it is not specifically m entioned in the stories, that Tharks when in the com pany of red m en eat m eats and other vegetables. A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 18

The sex life of a green Martian is hinted in only the m ost clinical of term s by ERB. The fem ale lays thirteen eggs which can be, and norm ally are, stored until the horde gets back to its secret incubator. There the eggs are sorted, those of a too sm all size are destroyed, as are any which appear defective. The eggs are then placed inside the incubator and forgotten as they take five years to m ature under the rays of the sun. They grow from the size of a goose egg to two and a half feet in diam eter. When born the green Martian hatchlings are four feet in height and, as the m atter of parentage is never known under these conditions, is raised by the first waiting fem ales to catch and raise them for the com m unity. There are num erous personal duels in the com m unity, as m any as eight a day. The victor of each encounter assum es the nam e of the vanquished and all of his chattels held by the deceased. John Carter acquired the nam e of D otar, then shortly thereafter, the nam e Sojat. The greater the prowess, the m ore nam es, conversely the o-m ad (m an with one nam e) is rather low in im portance. Each Horde is ruled by a Jed and nine lesser chieftains. A Jeddak rules all Hordes and is also surrounded by the Jeds of the Hordes in a loose hierarchy. Any m ale can becom e a Jed or Jeddak by m erely fighting his way up through the ranks. John Carter becam e num ber eleven in the Thark tribe in a m atter of days. For the beginnings of the green Martian culture see the section on Tree of Life. The green Martian hordes becam e a dom inate power when the seas of Mars began to fail. They took up their warrior existence on the dead sea bottom s, m ultiplied, and becam e the raging death of the dying O rovar white race and the successor red races. The pride of this war-like society is illustrated in the ancient Tharkian proverb: "Leave to a Thark his head and one hand and he m ay yet conquer." A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 19

Anatom y of the Green M artian

An interesting discussion occurred at the Edgar Rice Bur- roughs Listserver (erblist.com ) the other day. A num ber of folks, artists in particular, offered various com m entaries as regards the anatom y and physical appearance of the G reen Man of Bur- roughs' Barsoom ian tales. My brother Jam es (a.k.a. Barney Custer on ERBList) stopped by early this week with a series of sketches regarding the appearance and anatom y of the green Martians that he created as a result of the ERBList discussion. This article is intended to explore various speculations as regards the physicality of the green m en of Mars rather than the social or cultural aspects of these war- like peoples. Barsoom is populated with m any fantastic races and creatures, but the green m an is perhaps the strangest of all. John Carter, on his advent to Mars, m eets first the green m en of the dead sea bottom s. Burroughs wrote that these creatures were fierce and unloving nom ads and provides a description of their physical appearance.

At birth the young appear to be all head and six lim bs, two for walking erect, two used as arm s and two in between which can be used as either. Eyes are set at extrem e sides of heads and above center and can look in one or two directions without turning the head. Ears, slightly above eyes and close together; sm all cup-like antennae protruding about one inch on sm all specim ens. N oses are longitudinal slits entered in face m idway between m outh and ears. N o hair. Light-greenish color in infants and wom en, A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 20

deepening to dark olive for adult m ales. Iris of eye is blood-red, pupils are dark, eyeball is very white, as are the pair of tusks extending from the lower jaw upwards in a curve toward the center of the face where hum an eyes would be.

We are told these creatures attain of height of 14-16 feet and weigh upward of 400 pounds (earthly m easures). Weight and m ass would be different on Mars where the lesser gravity and less dense atm osphere, which is m aintained by a fortified atm osphere m anufacturing plant, would be m ajor factors in growth and density of bone and tissue. The green m an can walk erect on two legs, but is also described as utilizing four lim bs for locom otion in the Barsoom - ian books—it is the latter which is often the subject of debate by fans of the series. Am ong the argum ents presented are those that question the flexibility of a spine that would allow the green m an to travel on all fours with the upper torso erect, sim ilar to a centaur. Pre-supposing green Martians have bones as rigid and dense as terrestrial hum ans such an arrangem ent would indicate the need for a spine with a hinge or flex joint. If, however, the m id pair of arm s was longer (and the long reach of the green Martian warriors is frequently described in the books), the legs a lit- A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 21 tle shorter, and the head m ounted on a long, flexible neck, the green m an m ight appear as seen in the illustration at right when traveling in four lim b m ode. The body's center of gravity would be m ore natural and changing stance from two to four lim bs, and vice versa, could be accom plished with ease. Ed Burroughs carefully avoided giving specific dim ensions for the green m an, other than height and weight, so we are left with our im aginations to "fill in the blanks" he so expertly created with his story-telling style. He knew our im aginations were best stim ulated with lim ited descriptions and, after all, the stories were about new worlds and adventure, not m edically precise anatom y books! O ver the years m any artists have tried their hand at inter- preting the appearance of the green Martian. J Allen St. John, John Colem an Burroughs, Frank Frazetta, Boris Vallejo, Michael Whelan, Joe Jusko, am ong the m any, have illustrated green m en that are frog-like, two hum an torsos stacked, thin and insect-like, heavily m uscled, or variations of these them es—but all follow the basic blueprint that ERB painted with his exciting prose. Six lim bs, tusks, large eyes, cup-like antennae, and green coloration.

We are told in various passages how the green m an used his various lim bs in battle. Am ong the m ore fearsom e weapons carried by Tharks, Warhoons, Thurds and Torquas (the green A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 22 tribes of Mars) was a 40 foot long, steel-tipped lance which they used on foot or while riding thoats (the Martian "horse"). U nlike hum ans, who would have great difficulty m anaging a lance of such length, the green warrior does not need to cross grip to hold the weapon. Supported by two hands on the sam e side the green warrior can approach a foe from one side or the other rather than frontally. Additionally, the long arm s could easily balance the great length of the lance and guide it with devastat- ing effect. The ERBList discussion centered on the m id-pair of arm s and the m usculature necessary for the arrangem ent to work. Most of the speculation centered around the skeletal conform a- tion. Som e of the participants could not seem to shake the skeletal arrangem ent as found in hum ans because their concept of the m iddle lim bs being "arm s" rather than "arm s and legs" was so unshakable. In the arm s predom inant arrangem ent the at- tachm ent of the lim b and range of m otion of the "shoulder" sock- et was troubling. Jam es cam e up with an interesting physiology that appears to address all issues. In his version the green m an has a m assive inverted "Y" sternum which ends in sockets that allow full rotation that in conjunction with the m ore upright stance of his green m an when traveling on all fours would m ore than adequately support the weight of the creature. I further speculated that any evolved being that tended toward height would be unlikely to give that advantage up when traveling on four lim bs. I would im agine the green Martian's head, at the top of that long neck, would still be som e 7 to 8 feet above the ground. The green m en live on the vast dead sea bottom s of Mars and each foot of height above the surface would extend their range of vision trem endously. But Jam es was not yet through with his im aginative anatom y of the green Martian. The last im age he showed m e was of the skull in two views and a third in flesh. The skeletal views were A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 23 as one m ight expect, depicting the fissures and openings for nostrils, m outh, eyes and ears. The im ages also reveal the m assive length of the twin ivory tusks pro- tru d ing u pward s from the lower jaw. Jam es drew m y attention to the two sm aller im ages to point out that, in his opinion, the green Martian could unhinge the lower jaw when in battle to better present the deadly tusks to any foe. Such an ability is not described in the B arsoom ian books by Edgar Rice Burroughs but when presented with the speculation it does m ake perfect sense that these strange and bizarre warriors of the dead sea basins would be able to physically use these m agnificent tusks. We will never know what the green Martian looks like since we cannot enter the m ind of Ed Burroughs and view his im agination where the green m an was created. But we can draw som e conclusions as to which artists m ight be close. As reported in Porges' excellent biography 1 Burroughs was very particular as regards the illustrations which appeared in his novels. J. Allen St. John and John Colem an Burroughs illustrated m any of the Barsoom ian novels of Burroughs. If they were too far off the m ark we know that the author would have m ade them keep at it until they got it "right." In the m ean tim e, here's hoping we continue to see artists like Jam es, and those who are m ore fam ous or who are about to becom e fam ous, will continue to give us their visions of the green m en of Barsoom —and all the other fascinating creatures and worlds written by the failed businessm an from Chicago!

1 IRWIN PO RG ES, Edgar Rice Burroughs: The M an W ho C reated Tarzan, Brigham Young U niversity Press, 1975 A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 24

Red M artians

O rigin of the Red Race As revealed by D ejah Thoris to John Carter

D ejah Thoris and I (exam ined) the ...beautiful cham bers of the building... (built by) people (who) had presum ably flourished over a hundred thousand years before. They were the early pro- genitors of her race, but had m ixed with the other great race of early Martians, ... alm ost black, and also with the reddish yellow race which had flourished at the sam e tim e. ... These three great divisions of the higher Martians (were) forced into a m ighty alliance as the drying up of the Martian seas ... com pelled them to seek the ... few and always dim inishing fertile areas, and to defend them selves, under new conditions of life, against the wild hordes of green m en. ... Ages of close relationship and interm arrying had resulted in the race of red m en,... D uring the ages of hardships and incessant warring between their own various races, as well as with the green m en, ... m uch of the high civilization and m any of the arts of the fair-haired Martians (were) lost; ... These ancient Martians had been a highly cultivated and literary race, but during the vicissitudes of those trying centuries of readjustm ent to new conditions, not only did their advancem ent and production cease entirely, but practically all their archives, records, and literature were lost. ... Condensed from "A Princess of M ars"

The Red C ulture

The Red Martian, like all the dom inate hum an and hum anoid races of Mars, is oviparous; that is to say they reproduce by eggs. For a description of this fascinating sex life, see the G reen Martian section. The only difference between the G reen and Red Martian cultures is the parental care given to new born. The Red Martian is fully aware of his and her offspring's identity, nor do A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 25 they secret their egg in distant incubators; instead caring for it until hatched then raising the infant with love and affection, as rem arked by Vor D aj (Synthetic):

The norm al life expectancy of a Martian is a thousand years from the tim e that he breaks the shell of the egg in which has incubated for five years and from which he em erges just short of physical m aturity, a wild creature that m ust be tam ed and trained as are the young of the lower orders which have been dom esticated by m an. And so m uch of that training is m artial that it som etim es seem s to m e that I m ust have stepped from the egg fully equipped with the harness and weapons of a warrior.

Much later Carter m akes this rem ark regarding the longevity of Martians and how it affects the relationship between m en and wom en (Llana):

It m ay seem strange to you denizens of earth that Rojas could have becom e infatuated with a grandfather, but you m ust rem em ber that Mars is not Earth and that I am unlike all other Earth-m en. I do not know how old I am . I recall no childhood. It seem s to m e that have just always been, and I have always been the sam e. I look now as I did when I fought with the Confederate arm y during the Civil War—a m an of about thirty. And here on Barsoom , where the natural span of life is around a thousand years and people do not com m ence to show the ravages of old age until just shortly before dissolution, differences in age do not count. You m ight fall in love with a beautiful girl on Barsoom ; and, as far as appearances were concerned, she m ight be seventeen or she m ight be seven hundred.

In physical respects the Red m an is like any hum an of Earth. At birth they are taught the use of weapons, becom ing so used to them in fact that in later life they feel naked without them . Q uick to tem per, and quick to kill, the red race holds down runaway population alm ost solely through m urder and casual A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 26 violence. This is not to im ply that the finer em o- t i o n a l q u a l i t i e s are m issing. Red Martian m en revere their wom en. N ot one of them can stand idly by and see a wom an hum iliated, injured, or abducted without speeding to their rescue. Som etim es—though not always—the rescued and rescuer find each other attracted and form a m arriage alliance. This is accom plished by the sim ple expedience of the wom an saying "m y chieftain" to which the m an replies "m y princess". There is cerem ony for m arriage, though the officials and details involved were not specifically clarified in the Barsoom books, and seem s to consist of a beautiful setting and the clam ping of golden collars about the throats of the interested parties, or the use of handcuffs in ancient Manator. The Red Man holds his honor above all else. He does not lightly offer his loyalty, as shown in the following passage narrated by John Carter.

...the noble fellow...flung his sword at m y feet. Could you know the custom s and the character of red Martians you would appreciate the depth of m eaning that that sim ple act conveyed ... equivalent to saying, "My sword, m y body, m y life, m y soul are yours to do with as you wish. U ntil death and after death I look to you alone for authority for m y every act. Be you right or wrong, your word shall be m y only truth. Whoso raises his hand against you m ust answer to m y sword." It is the oath of fealty that m en occasionally pass to a Jeddak whose high character...inspired the enthusiastic love of his followers. A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 27

If the recipient chooses to accept the oath, he will take the sword, press his lips to the hilt and personally buckle it on the giver's harness. O r it can be returned hilt first. If, on the other hand, the sword is handed back point first, or ignored, the oath is refused, the latter being a great insult which usually results in a duel. The oath is seldom offered unless acceptance is assured and the giver truly respects the recipient. The red m an does not shake hands in greeting. He clasps the shoulder of the person he is m eeting. The depth of his happiness is expressed by using two hands instead of one. The form al salute is accom plished by raising both hands to the shoulders, palm s facing forward. For uncounted centuries the red m an has m aintained the vast atm ospheric plant which is continually replenishing the thin air of Mars. This "Atm osphere Factory" is a building about four m iles square with walls two hundred feet high, with walls one fifty feet thick and is im pervious to assault. Even the roof is covered with five feet of glass to prevent air born attack. John Carter, starving and near death from his long im prisonm ent by the green Martian Warhoon horde, entered into the m anufacturing plant and learned som ething about its operation:

The building in which I found m yself contained the m achinery which produces that artificial atm osphere which sustains life on Mars. The secret of the entire process hinges on the use of the ninth ray... This ray is separated from the other rays of the sun by m eans of finely adjusted instrum ents placed upon the roof of the huge building, three- quarters of which is used for reservoirs in which the ninth ray is stored. This product is then treated electrically, or rather certain proportions of refined electric vibrations are incorporated with it, and the result is then pum ped to the five principal air centers of the planet where, as it is released, contact with the ether of space transform s it into atm osphere. There is always sufficient reserve of the ninth ray stored in the great building to m aintain the present Martian atm osphere for a thousand years, and the only fear, as m y new friend told A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 28

m e, was that som e accident m ight befall the pum ping apparatus.

The Red Man keeps the atm osphere plant operating sm ooth- ly and do this without exacting any tribute from any of the other sentient races of Mars, in fact keeping the plant a secret, possibly to prevent hostile aggressors from using it to gain control over the planet. John Carter, m uch later in the Barsoom ian Saga, near the end of Burroughs' own life, discovered the construction of the vast atm osphere factory was conceived and nearly com pleted by the ancient O rovar race, the dom inate white race during the tim e the five Martian O ceans were receding and civilization was tottering at the edge. Ho Ran Kim , Jeddak of Horz, a city thought long deserted but in fact still inhabited by a sm all group of O rovars, told this story to Carter in the "C ity of M um m ies", one of four short novels in Llana of G athol. The red m an, m ost notably the Zodangans, also constructed the great network of canals across the arrid face of Barsoom , providing desperately needed m oisture for agricultural and other purposes. These ingenious irrigation ducts are largely buried beneath the surface of the planet. Im m ense pum ping stations along each canal transport the water collected from the polar regions across the desert areas. In farm ing districts a series of sm aller pipes branch off at the root level, thus assuring proper m oisture at all tim es. The technological aspects of the red Martian culture include the flier, navigational devices, the ground flier, pneum atic tube transportation, m agnetic lifts, and space ships capable of flying to the nearer m oon. While the present day architecture cannot rival the ancient dead cities, the m odern urban areas are well designed and m aintained. The Red Martian scientists m ake use of the Eight and N inth Rays—a form of solar energy which provides the m otive force for engines and the energy by which atm osphere is synthesized. While the Red Man has m inds of great intellect and insight into the m ysteries of science, m uch of the technology which m aintains the planet in a balance between life and death cam e from the ancient O vovars. This prior technology has been largely forgotten or lost and as a result the Red Race relies on rather prim itive weapons to conduct its wars. There are cannons, rifles, disintegrator rays and explosive devices of incredible force, but these are rarely used due to lim itations, scarcity, or, as in m ost A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 29 cases, why use an elephant gun to swat flies?

Slavery is com m on on Barsoom , but is m ost prevalent in the Red Martian culture. The m ajority of slaves are captured in the m any wars which are a way of life for the Red Race. Som e slaves are bought and sold, som e born in slavery, but there is som e generosity in the Mar- tian breast, it is possible for a slave to win their freedom by com bat in the arenas. The average red Martian believes in ancestor worship, though other religions abound. For a race that lives as long as a thousand years, the exploits of their ancestors takes on new m eaning. Most revere their ancestors and attem pt to live their lives by adhering to lofty ideals, but few are so devout that they cannot m akes changes in their own lives. The religions of Barsoom are m any, the m ajority of them being in the red culture. With the exception of Issus, described m ore fully under the Black Martian Culture and in Religion, only the Phandahlian god Tur, with a bible called a Turgan, seem s to widely proliferate the red culture. A deeply superstitious race steeped in hoary traditions, the red Martian reveres fam ily, the sancity of wom anhood, and their ancestors. The depth of this love of fam ily is shown when a loved one dies. The Red Man reserves twenty-seven days for m ourning. The governm ental structures of the red races is sim ilar to that of the green Martians. A Jeddak rules over Jeds, Jeds rule over cities, lesser chieftains are below jeds. As in the case of the G reen Martian all one needs to rise in power is support and a capable sword arm . Most offices are won by com bat and, once seated in power, the winner appoints his own people to their posts. Each city, som etim es whole districts, have a unique written language which is not duplicated elsewhere. This m arvelous contradiction of written com m unication and history is off-set by Burroughs' ingenious prem ise of a single oral tongue for the entire planet. ERB thus m ade it possible for his adventuresom e and wide-traveling characters to roam the Barsoom ian m etropoli- A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 30 tan and backwoods areas and ask directions without confusion. Vad Varo reveals that written histories of Barsoom are continuous for the last 100,000 years. Assum ing the natural lifespan of the red Martian, there are at least 10,000 generations for the m ost recent recorded histories. However, if one includes the com m ent John Carter m ade that few Martians ever attain old age, m ost dying by their 300th year due to war and harsh environm ent, the num ber of generations m ight be triple that suggested above. Martian officers go into battle with their m en. The Red Man, while not endowed with the great physical strength of the G reen Man, is equally ferocious in battle. Where the warriors of Helium , G athol, Zodanga and other great Martian cities lack for individual strengths, their organization, num - bers, and determ ination often turn the tide of battle to their favor, thus balancing the savage hordes of green m en with whom they war m ost frequently and for long centuries. As revealed in Thuvia, som e conflicts between red nations have lasted five and six hundred years. The R ed Man is not without a sense of the finer aspects of hum an existence. As John Carter notes several tim es in his explorations of the planet Martian painters have perfected the m ural to a state of realism and beauty that captures the eye and touches the heart. Marble statues grace the hom es of the wealthy. Intricate gardens are found at estates or in the cities. The D ance of Barsoom is a com plex yet balanced dance form which is appreciated by devotees and observers alike. Each red Martian child m ust learn the D ance of Barsoom , their national dance and their city dance before they are allowed to attend im portant social functions. Music and singing is done in soft and subdued tones, but ERB neglected to describe m usical instru- m ents in any great detail other than the unique single string instrum ent strapped to the forearm s of dancers participating in the D ance of Barsoom . Each instrum ent is m ade of wood and is m arked with the instrum ent's note and length of duration. Vor D aj (Synthetic) however, m ay give us som e insight of Martian instrum ents by saying what they are not. Vad Varo (M aster M ind) A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 31 rem arks upon the bugles used in Phundahlian cerem onies.

Mars is a world of vast silences where even voiced creatures are m uted as though by the consciousness of im pending death, for Mars is a dying world. We abhor noise; and so our voices, like our m usic, are soft and low; and we are a people of few worlds. John Carter has told m e of the din of Earthly cities and of the brasses and the drum s and cym bals of Earthly m usic, of the constant, senseless chatter of m illions of voices saying nothing. I believe that such as these would drive Martians insane.

Yet, we cannot go by the above quote alone. Later, in the sam e novel, Edgar R ice B urroughs reports the use of drum s, "blaring" trum pets, and wind instrum ents as well as aborigines engaged in song. D eciding what kind of m usic is favored by Barsoom ians—style or type—is left to the reader's im agination. That Burroughs' Martians are intended to have cultures which em brace m usical expression of som e kind is obvious; however, we are given no clear consistency that allows us to precisely determ ine those m usical expressions.

The m usical expression, as well as a glim pse into the residential life of the Red Man is revealed in a passage from Thuvia:

...Houses, raised high upon their slender m etal colum ns for the night were dropping gently toward the ground. Am ong the flowers upon the scarlet sward which lies about the buildings children were already playing, and com ely wom en laughing and chatting with their neighbors as they culled gorgeous blossom s for the vases within doors. The pleasant "kaor" of the Barsoom ian greeting fell continually upon the ears of the stranger as friends and neighbors took up the duties of a new day. The district in which he had landed was residential—a district of m erchants of the m ore prosperous sort. Everywhere were evidences of A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 32

luxury and wealth. Slaves appeared upon every housetop with gorgeous silks and costly furs, laying them in the sun for airing. Jewel-encrusted wom en lolled even thus early upon the carven balconies before their sleeping apartm ents. Later in the day they would repair to the roofs when the slaves had arranged couches and pitched silken canopies to shade them from the sun. Strains of inspiring m usic broke pleasantly from open windows, for the Martians have solved the problem of attuning the nerves pleasantly to the sudden transition from sleep to waking that proves so difficult a thing for m ost Earth folk.

An industrious race, the Red Man farm s and ranches, som e stockm en operating at such levels they are able to export their products world-wide. Vor D aj rem arks that Martian cities em brace m arkets and com m erce. In Thuvia we learn of the great international passenger liners, freighters, and m ilitary vessels (all airships). The G atholians are noted for their thoat herds and their incredible m ines, which produce diam onds and platinum prim arily. So efficient are the m ethods of the red m an at food production that the G reen Tharks, after Tars Tarkas becam e Jeddak of the hordes of Thark, stuck a bargain with Mors Kajak, with John Carter's assistance, for these agricultural and ranch products; life on the dead sea bottom s is a difficult and perilous thing at best. With all the detail ERB provided for the Red Man of Mars, one m ay wonder if he was, in fact, offering a tribute to the Apache Indians he faced while a m em ber of the Seventh Cavalry. The m any sim ilarities between the Red Barsoom ian (which also extend into the m ore nom adic life styles of the G reen Martian) and the Am erican Indian cannot help but be noticed. In later years he penned two fine western books, The W ar C hief and Apache D evil, which showed the respect and adm iration he felt for those one tim e adversaries. That the spirit of the Am erican Indian is felt throughout the Barsoom ian Saga is a fitting m em orial to those ancestors who fought so long and hopelessly against the white m an's invasion of their hom eland. The Indian won—O n Mars. A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 33

Black M artians

The Black Martian is com m only known as the First B orn. They are a warrior race and proud. In John Carter's words:

...interested m e im m ensely... rum ors... legends... but I had never seen them ... They were popularly supposed to inhabit the lesser m oon from which they descended upon Barsoom at long intervals. (They)...wrought the m ost horrible atrocities and when they left carried away with them firearm s and am m unitions, and young girls as prisoners. These latter, the rum or had it, they sacrificed to som e terrible god in an orgy which ended up in eating their victim s.

I had an excellent opportunity to exam ine them ... They were well over six feet ... features were clear cut and handsom e ... eyes well set and large ... the iris was of extrem e blackness, while the eyeball itself was quite white and clear. The physical structures of their bodies seem ed identical with those of the therns, the red m an, and m y own...only in the colour of their skin did they differ ...(and) that is the appearance of polished ebony...

The First B orn do not work. They consider them selves the superior of all Martian races and exist by plundering the world. O ver hundreds of years they peri- odically erupt from their hidden bases at O tz and Kam tol and attack with im punity, never fearing retaliation. Burroughs apparently decided that som e regional "dialects" m ight be appropriate in parts of Barsoom . This is show by the change in titles and ranks within the First Born com m unities. They originally do not use the m ore com m on Jed and Jeddak titles found in the G reen, Red, A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 34

Yellow and White Races until after the publication of G ods of Mars. D ator is the highest title of respect, for officers only, and roughly translates to "prince". The First Born worship a living deity known throughout Barsoom as Issus. She has a m ultitude of lesser titles, and wield- ed great and absolute power until John Carter proved the religion to be a hideous hoax. Issus, accom plished through the unwitting aid of white m issionaries, the Holy Therns, had perpetuated a vile and deceptive religion for her own sadistic purposes. This is covered com pletely in the chapter on religion, but briefly it should be stated that Martians, achieving the upper reach of their 1,000 year life spans, voluntarily m ade a final pilgrim age down the River Iss to "heaven". Heaven being the Valley D or where the Martians expected to receive the blessing of Issus and be granted im m ortality in a world where peace reigned. The reality, however, was quite the opposite, robbery, rape and m urder where am ong the various endings these poor souls faced, or enslavem ent by the Holy Therns. Som e of the unfortunate victim s wound up in the Valley O tz where even m ore horrible fates awaited them . An exam ple of this is that any prisoner or individual not authorized to do so gazed upon the face of Issus, that person was forced to serve as the goddess' personal slave for a period of one year, then they were executed, unless they happened to be wom en. Issus would then have the poor girls prepared as a dinner entre and would eat them . Men in such condition were forced to put on gladiato- rial exhibitions for the pleasure of Issus and m ight prolong their lives for as long as they were successful in com bat. The Land of the First Born is located at the south pole in the Valley of O tz. The m ain city of this tall and handsom e race is located below the surface of the planet on the shore of the O m ean Sea, a vast body of water com pletely underground. It is here the First Born m aintain their vast fleet of warships. The only other known habitation of First Born is in the northern hem isphere and is located in the geographic area known as The Rift, which lies between Horz and G athol. This m odern settlem ent has a population of 200,000 and is known as A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 35

Kam tol. O n occasions when the Black Pirates of Barsoom plan a large-scale raid the First Born of the two areas join forces, attack, then split the loot and separate. A First Born is an arrogant individual, rarely conform ing to the established form s of interracial etiquette and, until the com ing of John Carter, the First Born were known as ruthless pirates though one black m an—Xodar, a jeddak of the First Born—eventually becam e an ally of Helium . It is interesting to note that "First Born" is a stated racial conceit of this vigorous black culture. They believe they were the first race to com e from the Tree of Life. (See Religion) A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 36

W hite M artians

The white race of Barsoom , the O rovars, are nearly extinct. The original hum an stock of Mars, this white race built the m ighty cities of Korad, Aaanothor and Horz. Horz is the last rem aining outpost of this race; only a few thousand live in that dead city, which for centuries was thought to be deserted. In "The C ity of M um m ies" (also published as "The Ancient D ead") John Carter described the O rovarian thusly:

His skin was bronzed by exposure to the sun...but now I saw nothing red Martian about him . His harness, his weapons, everything...differed... (he) wore a headdress which is quite unusual upon Barsoom . It consisted of a leather band that ran about the head from right to left, and a second from front to rear. These bands were highly ornam ented with carving and set with jewels and precious m etals. ... Confined by this headdress was a shock of blond hair ... m y com - panion was strangely handsom e.

Ho Ran Kim , Jeddak of Horz, later explained the O rovarian history to John Carter:

"The inhabitants of Horz are, as far as we know, the sole rem aining rem nant of the once dom inate race of Barsoom ... A m illion years ago our ships ranged the five great oceans, which we ruled ...Horz was not only the capital of a great em pire, it was the seat of learning and culture ... O ur em pire spread from pole to pole. There were other races ... few in num bers and negligible in im portance. The O rovars owned Barsoom ... (and) ... Horz enjoyed a thousand years of peace.

Ho Ran Kim continued on with the down fall of the race.

...the seas began to recede, the atm osphere to grow m ore tenuous. What science had pre- dicted was com ing to pass—a world was dying. A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 37

"For ages our cities followed the receding waters ... prosperous sea ports becam e deserted inland cities. Fam ine cam e. Hungry hordes m ade war upon the m ore fortunate ... green m en overran what had once been fertile farm land, preying upon all. "The atm osphere becam e so tenuous that it was difficult to breath. (O ur) Scientists were working on an atm osphere plant, but before it was ... in successful operation all but a few of the inhabitants of Barsoom had died. ...then life becam e m erely a battle for the survival of the fittest."

There is another group of white Martians known as the Holy Therns of B arsoom , a bald race that wears great wigs of yellow hair. It is likely these people are related to the ancient O rovars. The Holy Therns are m issionaries of the living deity Issus and live in the Valley D or near the Lost Sea of Korus. A vigorous race, the Therns played upon the supersti- tions of the Barsoom ian cultures until their power was broken by John Carter. These ex-priests have since taken up other form s of livelihood, usually as pan- thans—Barsoom ian word for m ercenaries. They handle weapons well and in later books of the Barsoom ian saga are m entioned as fighting m en and living am ong the peoples of the red race. Ancient superstition am ong all the races of Barsoom suggest that should any Holy Thern fail to reach their allotted 1,000 years of life, their spirit, m ay on occasion, pass into the bodies of the great white apes. A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 38

When John Carter first encounters the Holy Therns, it is at the height of their powers as the leaders of the religion of Issus. See Religion for m ore detail. Another sm all com m unity of white m en is located in a single city in the southern hem isphere near the G ulf of Torquas (a dead sea bottom ). This curious population is roughly 1,000 in strength and there are no wom en in that num ber. The Lotharians have the ability to com m and powerful hypnotic suggestions and are able to populate their city with realistic hum an projections directly from their im aginations. Tario, Jeddak of Lothar, was so successful with his visualizations that one of his m ost frequent sim ula- tions, Kar Kom ak, changed from insubstantial im agining to physical reality. In all other descriptions of the white races of Mars the people were either blond or wore blond wigs. Kar Kom ak has auburn hair, a term once archaically used to describe a whitish or flaxen color, but now (and at the tim e Burroughs wrote the Martian books) refers to reddish-brown. These white- skinned Lotharians are a beardless race. Kar Kom ak (ranked odwar) is worthy of further m ention in this particular: he is supposed to be the previous existence of a m illion year dead com m ander of the fleets of Lothar—from the tim e before the oceans of Barsoom vanished. How is it that Tario, Jeddak of Lothar and a contem porary of John Carter's Barsoom , was able to produce the spirit, essence, and physical characteristics of this long deceased Lotharian? Is Tario a m illion years old? While this is unlikely, it is certain we m ay never find the answer. We do have, however, the recitation of Jav, Tario's second in Lothar, regarding the history of the Lotharians:

"Wom en!" exclaim ed Jav. "There are no wom en in Lothar. The last of the Lotharian fe- m ales perished ages since, upon that cruel and terrible journey across the m uddy plains that fringed the half-dried seas, when the green hordes scourged us across the world to this our last hiding-place—our im pregnable fortress of Lothar. "Scarce twenty thousand m en of all the countless m illions of our race lived to reach Lothar. Am ong us were no wom en and no children. All these had perished by the way. "As tim e went on, we, too, were dying and the race fast approaching extinction, when the G reat Truth was revealed to us, that m ind is all. A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 39

Many m ore died before we perfected our powers, but at last we were able to defy death when we fully understood that death was m erely a state of m ind. "Then cam e the creation of m ind-people, or rather the m aterialization of im aginings. We first put these to practical use when the Torquas- ians discovered our retreat, and fortunate for us it was that it required ages of search upon their part before they found the single tiny entrance to the valley of Lothar...."

Jav, in a latter passage, reveals the downfall of the sea-going white race (of which he was apparently there at the tim e 500,000 years earlier!):

"Poor Lothar," he said. "It is indeed a city of ghosts. There are scarce a thousand of us left, who once were num bered in the m illions. O ur great city is peopled by the creatures of our own im aginings. For our own needs we do not take the trouble to m aterialize these peoples of our brain, yet they are apparent to us. "Even now I see great throngs lining the avenue, hastening to and fro in the round of their duties. I see wom en and children laughing on the balconies—these we are forbidden to m aterialize; but yet I see them —they are here. . . . But why not?" he m used. "N o longer need I fear Tario—he has done his worst, and failed. Why not indeed? ... The sight that m et them was awe-inspiring. Where before there had been naught but deserted pavem ents and scarlet swards, yawning windows and tenantless doors, now swarm ed a countless m ultitude of happy, laughing people. "It is the past," said Jav in a low voice. "They do not see us—they but live the old dead past of ancient Lothar—the dead and crum bled Lothar of antiquity, which stood upon the shore of Throxus, m ightiest of the five oceans. "See those fine, upstanding m en swinging along the broad avenue? See the young girls and A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 40

the wom en sm ile upon them ? See the m en greet them with love and respect? Those be seafarers com ing up from their ships which lie at the quays at the city's edge. "Brave m en, they—ah, but the glory of Lothar has faded! See their weapons. They alone bore arm s, for they crossed the five seas to strange places where dangers were. With their passing passed the m artial spirit of the Lotharians, leaving, as the ages rolled by, a race of spineless cowards. "We hated war, and so we trained not our youth in warlike ways. Thus followed our undo- ing, for when the seas dried and the green hordes encroached upon us we could do naught but flee. But we rem em bered the seafaring bowm en of the days of our glory—it is the m em ory of these which we hurl upon our enem ies."

In m ost respects the hand weapons of the O rovars are the sam e as the other Barsoom ian races, with the single exception of Kar Kom ak and the dream legions of the present day Lotharians. Tario and his powerful hypnotist peers conjure full arm ies arm ed with bows and arrow and short-handled war axes. In only one city of Barsoom (Manator; see Cities and N ations) is the bow and arrow again m entioned. In Lothar the deathless inhabitants, growing m ore m entally unbalanced with each passing eon, worship the god Kom al. Kom al proves to be nothing m ore than a rather large banth caged beneath the city. A banth is the ten-legged Martian lion. Kom al is kept fat and sassy with the very reluctant cooperation of unfortunate victim s, hum an and otherwise, offered in sacrifice. A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 41

Yellow M artians

In nearly all respects the O karian race is sim ilar to the social com m unity of Red m en. The basic differences appear to be in clothing and greetings. The harsh clim atic conditions at the Barsoom ian N orth Pole require the O karians to adopt a dress m ode the m ore skin-loving races of the tem perate and equatorial zones of Mars would find quite uncom fortable. O karians wear furs when traversing the snow fields of their hidden northern valleys and m aintain a clothed appearance while in their dom ed cities. The old fam iliar earthly hand shake is used when greeting in lieu of clasping shoulders as practiced by the Red Men. The O karians, their skin the "color of a ripe lem on", are the only race on Barsoom which sport beards, m aking them unique in this respect. Technologically the O karians have used the sciences of Barsoom in several ingenious fashions. The geodesic dom es which cover the three large cities m entioned in the m anuscripts would appear to be am ong the largest m an-m ade structures on the planet. Environm ental support for these m etropolitan areas com es from "sunray tanks", obviously a form of solar radiation and conversion. Electro-m agnetic devices abound, m ost notably in their elevator and lift system s which connect the m any underground sections to the surface. Inside the cities the O karians use the Eighth Ray to add buoyancy to the great tires of their ground vehicles. The autom obiles are powered by sm all engines, though m ost of the m otive force com es from a silent propeller at the rear of the vehicle. At the tim e John Carter arrives on Barsoom the Yellow Race is known only in old wives' tales and cam pfire stories. As red m an Thuvan D ihn, Jeddak of Ptarth saic:

"The ancient chronicles of the first histori- ans of Barsoom —so ancient that we have for ages considered them m ythology—record the passing of the yellow m en from the ravages of the green hordes that overran all Barsoom as the drying up of the great oceans drove the dom inate races from their strongholds. "They tell of the wanderings of the rem - nants of this once powerful race, harassed at every A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 42

step, until at last they found a way through the ice barrier of the north to a fertile valley at the pole. "At the opening of the subterranean passage that led to their haven of refuge a m ighty battle was fought in which the yellow m en were victorious, and within those caves that gave ingress to their new hom e they piled the bodies of the dead, both yellow and green, that the stench m ight warn away their enem ies from further pursuit. "And ever since that day have the dead of this fabled land been carried to the Carrion Caves, that in death and decay they m ight serve their country and warn away invading enem ies."

A nice device to keep the invaders away, right? U nfortunately the Carrion Caves, though they do exist, are the equivalent of a deep freeze. I'm at a loss to explain how protoplasm can decay and stink when frozen. There are terrifically good reasons for avoiding the Carrion Caves, however, it is the hom e of the fierce arctic apt, a terrible carnivore indigenous to the region. The O karians are a bright, vital race, given to slavery to support their econom y, as are all the races of Barsoom . They, of course, rem ained apart from the m ainstream of Barsoom , preferring the solitude of their secluded valleys until John Carter cam e am ong them . John's several adventures am ong the O karians proved once again that there are good and bad in every society, and Carter m anaged to hook up with the good for the betterm ent of all. Eventually the O karians joined forces with Carter and his adoptive Helium ites in battle. From the num ber of warriors who turned out for this bloody exercise it is apparent there are m ore settlem ents than the three dom ed cities m entioned. In closing this section on the Yellow Men of Barsoom it is interesting to note that several m inerals are native to the polar region. In no other m anuscript are these m aterials m entioned, especially the odd gem -like substance which becom es electrically excited when in close proxim ity to a sim ilar stone. A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 43

N on-hum an M artians

The Kaldanes

O f Barsoom 's m any wonderful races surely the Kaldane of Bantoom is the m ost unusual in both physical appearance and society. ER B outdid him self with the kaldane race; sentient creatures who are all head and very little body able to exist in a near vacuum at the planetary core. The aspiration of the kaldane race is to evolve into pure intellects, to be free of the constraints of flesh and blood existence. The Kaldanes have dom esticated and bred the rykor, a one tim e burrowing anim al, into a brainless body which has the physical characteristics and appearance of the Red Man as a m ethod of transportation and vehicle for tending their fields and towers. This unusual sym biotic relationship is described by Burroughs:

"I will show you," he (G hek) said, and lay down on the floor. Then he detached him self from the body, which lay as a thing dead. O n his spider legs he walked toward the girl. "N ow look," he adm onished her (Tara). "D o you see this thing?" and he extended what appeared to be a bundle of tentacles from the posterior part of his head. "This is an aperture just back of the rykor's m outh and directly over the upper end of his spinal colum n. Into this aperture I insert m y tentacles and seize the spinal cord. Im m ediately I control every m uscle of the rykor's body—it becom es m y own, just as you direct the m ovem ent of the m uscles of your body. I feel what the rykor would feel if he had a head and brain. If he is hurt, I would suffer if I rem ained connected with him , but the instant one of them is injured or becom es sick we desert it for another.* As we could suffer the pains of their physical injuries, sim ilarly do we enjoy the physical pleasures of the rykors. ... "N inty per centum of our volum e is brain. We have only the sim plest of vital organs and they are very sm all for they do not have to assist in the support of a com plicated system of A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 44

nerves, m uscles, flesh and bone. We have no lungs, for we do not require air. Far below ...(underground)... is a vast network of burrows where the real life of the kaldane is lived. There the air- breathing rykor would perish as you would perish. There we have stored vast quantities of food in herm etically sealed cham bers. It will last forever. Far beneath the surface is water that will flow for countless ages after the surface water is exhausted. ... We are preparing for the tim e when the last vestige of atm osphere is spent — when food and water are gone ... that there m ight not perish from the planet N ature's divinest creation — the perfect brain."

* This is one of the few m entions of disease in the Barsoom ian Saga. N ote that rykors, an anim al, m ay succum b to illness w hile the sentient races usually enjoy vigorous health.

O ther functions of the Kaldane society, beside the controlled breeding of the rykor which had one tim e eons past had been naught but a burrowing anim al which the kaldanes learned to ride, is the production of food to be placed beneath the planet's surface in the eventual hope the kaldanes would one day evolve into the pure brain requiring no body whatsoever. To ensure the plan kaldanes like G hek were placed in charge of food production and the care the rykors. Kaldanes do not require m uch in the way of sustenance, but when they have a yen to m unch out they have a particular liking for hum an flesh (if rykors could be called "hum an" in that respect). As with all the races of B arsoom the Kaldanes duel con- stantly; however, since the rykor is expendable, m ost duels end with the death of the m ount. O n occasion, if the situation is such that com plete term ination of the kaldane is required, a death dealing blow is struck to the 'perfect brain' in which instance the victim is perm anently rem oved from existence. An exam ple of this horrible (to a kaldane, of course) term ination is the threat voiced by kaldanes when they wish to m ake a dram atic point: "You'll get it, in the head!" Interestingly, there are other points in the land of Bantoom , the kaldane's realm on Barsoom , which do not occur elsewhere in the Barsoom ian Saga. In no other place on Mars are there stairwells to travel between levels of towers or pits—only in A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 45

Bantoom does this architectural form exist. There are no jeds, jeddaks or jeddarras or even sexes in Bantoom . the closest translation of the ruling m em ber is "king", though queen m ight be m ore appropriate. Bantoom also exhibits m arked differences from the general planetary environm ent by exhibiting open stream s, cultivated fields, and a surrounding forest nestled within the confines of a valley. Tall towers (with basem ents descending into the planet's core) dot the landscape, each ruled by a "King;" recall the previous: there are no jeds or jeddaks, ERB was very specific in the use of the term "king" as regards the rulers of Bantoom . In social structure the kaldane com m unities resem ble hives of bees or anthills. For exam ple there is the egg laying bisexual m atriarch/patriarch that produces the necessary workers and drones. The "king" continues to lay "king" eggs that are carefully m onitored and not allowed to develop unless there is a death of the royal m em ber. The king kaldane is slightly larger in size to his fellows and exhibits an extrem ely high level of telepathic ability, a characteristic all kaldanes possess to som e extent, though to a lesser degree. The following passage introduces Luud, king of the Tower of Luud at the tim e of Tara's capture in Chessm en of Mars.

...and som ething appeared in the opening. It was a pair of large chelae and im m ediately thereafter there crawled forth a hideous kaldane of enorm ous proportions. He was half again as large as any that Tara of Helium had yet seen and his whole aspect infinitely m ore terrible. The skin of the others was a bluish-gray — this one was of a little bluer tinge and the eyes were ringed with bands of white and scarlet as was its m outh. From each nostril a band of white and one of scarlet extended outward horizontally the width of the face.

Kaldanes have a nearly non-existent chin and sphincter like m uscle for the m outh. They are com pletely hairless and transport them selves with six spider-like legs. Their grasping claws are sim ilar to an earthly lobster, though both claws are of the sam e size. When m ounted upon a rykor, the kaldane is as capable as any Red Man. When unm ounted, the kaldane can travel in tight burrows at great speed and, when utilizing their telepathic skills, A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 46 can confuse or m isdirect other species. The kaldane is certainly one of the m ore im aginative creations of ERB!

The Kangaroo M en of Gooli

As the section heading indicates, the m en of G ooli bear a rem arkable resem blance to m ore or less intelligent kangaroos. They have large tails to balance them selves when leaping about on their large hindquarters. As a people, however, they m ake good dust m ops. There are no redeem ing qualities to the Kangaroo Men of G ooli. These inhabitants of the Martian swam ps have no concept of honor in war—based as it is on a ten-to-one odds in their favor or they will not fight. The inhabitants of G ooli are devout cowards. Their m ain purpose in life, besides constant bickering and thievery am ongst them selves, seem s to be in protecting a worthless "treasure" of sea shells and pretty stones.

H om ads

Calling hom ads, the artificial m en created by m aster m ind scientist Ras Thavas, another Martian Race m ight be stretching things a bit. These creatures lack m ost qualities found in the naturally occurring life form s, but Burroughs did use the creatures extensively in two of the Barsoom ian books. Hom ads first appeared in Synthetic M en of M ars and later in John C arter and the G iant of M ars. To describe the hom ad would be m ore than useless as the artifical creature m anufactured by Ras Thavas cam e in an endless variety of shapes and sizes. Ras Thavas apparently had som e difficulty in refining his chem ical process, for the giant vats at his Toonolian Marsh laboratory continually produced a m alform ed hom ad every hour on the hour. (Ed: ERB first wrote about creating artificial life in The M onster M en, 1913). The creatures were destined to be workers and warriors, to replace disobedient slaves and so forth, but they had m isshapen bodies, often having noses where ears should be, m ouths at the tops of their heads, eyes in odd places. They were, however, basically form ed in the shape of m an. There is no indication that hom ads could reproduce sexually, though it is m entioned that m ale and fem ale bodies were form ed. Intellectually the breed im proved as Ras Thavas progressed with his experim ents, but the A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 47 hom ad always rem ained inferior to the natural hum an.

The Plant M en of V alley Dor

N ot truly m en in the sense of refinem ent or intellectual ability, the plant m en are the Tree of Life's skeleton in the closet. The Tree of Life is covered in greater detail under Religion. The plant m en inhabit the Valley D or exclusively. They are ten to twelve feet in height when standing erect, with short arm s fashioned after the m anner of an elephant's trunk, supple and sinuous. The body is hairless and a ghoulish blue except for a broad band of white which encircles the single, protruding eye, the pupil, iris, and ball of which are dead white. The nose is a ragged, inflam ed circular hole in the center of the blank face, resem bling an open wound. There is no m outh in the head. With the exception of the face the head is covered by a tangled m ass of jet-black hair, som e eight or ten inches in length. Each hair is the thickness of a large angle worm . The body, legs and feet are of hum an shape, but of m onstrous proportions, the feet being fully three feet long and very flat and broad. The m ethod of feeding consists of running their odd, dual purpose hands over the surface of the turf, cropping off the tender vegetation with razor-like talons and sucking it up through the two m ouths, one in each palm . They are equipped with a m assive tail about six feet long, quite round where it joins the body, but tapering to a flat, thin blade toward the end, which trails at right angles to the ground. ERB saw fit to include every color of the rainbow and personal traits which are bewildering, to say the least. In this rem arkable adventure series Burroughs m anaged to poke fun at every earthly convention or political extrem e, som ething he continued in his other off-world adventure series on the Moon, Venus, and Beyond the Farthest Star. In m ost cases each setting was populated by a hum an race were the m en were m en and the wom en were gorgeous and high adventure abounded.

O ther W orld Races

O n Thuria (Phobos), Barsoom 's lesser m oon, other civilizations flourish. In Sw ords of M ars John Carter journeys to the tiny m oon and encounters strange beings, stranger creatures, and m anages to survive it all. ERB focuses on the hypnotic powers of A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 48 the Tarids. Telepathy was not a new subject for ER B, it was covered in the very first volum e of the Barsoom ian Saga. John Carter, in fact, has the ability to read the m inds of others and to control certain anim als which are responsive to such contact. Much of the literature written in the early years of the twentieth century concentrated on that which we "cannot understand and which is greater than m ere m ortals..." which is not a direct quote from any source, only a synthesis of the com m on thoughts regarding such psychic abilities. While the races of Thuria are interesting enough, one senses the casual coloration of long practice in adventure telling. The Tarids and Masenas, for exam ple, are not treated with the sam e intense detail which ER B used when dealing with the G reen, Yellow and Red Martians in the first six books of the series. He also expected his readership to be fairly knowledgeable of the prior books, thus saving som e additional effort on his part. Real ERB fans like m yself don't m ind this at all, we get to partake in the adventure without "boring" recaps and descriptions. Let us exam ine the intelligent races of Thuria, or Ladan as the natives of this tiny m oon call their hom e.

M asenas

The Masenas were, in Burroughs own words, less than agreeable in form and m anner:

The creature was naked but for a leather skirt ... the shape of his skull was sim ilar to a hum an but his features were m ost inhum an. In the center of his forehead was a single, large eye about three inches in diam eter; the pupil a vertical slit, like a cat's eyes. ...The fingers and four of the toes were m uch longer than in the hum an race, his thum b and large toes were considerably shorter and extended laterally at right angles to hands and feet. ...whole arboreal ... m ost hideous of his countenance were his m ouths. He had two of them , one directly above the other. The lower m outh, which was the larger, was lipless, the skin of the face form ing the gum s in which the teeth were set ... white teeth always exposed in a hideous death-like grin. The upper m outh was round with slightly protruding lips controlled by a A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 49

sphincter-like m uscle it was toothless. N ose, wide and flat with upturned nostrils... two sm all orifices near the top of the head serve as ears. A stiff yellowish m ane about two inches wide ran back along the center of his cranium . Masenas have the ability to change their coloration at will, like a cham eleon.

Tarids

The white skinned hum ans of Thuria appear quite norm al, differing in only one aspect: blue hair and eyebrows. In addition to this unusual color of hair, Tarids are powerful hypnotists, able to render them selves invisible to the eye, acting directly on the brain of those they wish deceive. John Carter, the ageless Vir- ginian, from the very beginning of the Barsoom m anuscripts, describes him self as being telepathically inert, that is to say he can read the thoughts of those about him with som e effort, but they cannot read him at all. ERB had invented or m ade use of the "m ind shield" so com m only used in later generation hardware- oriented science-fiction. John Carter m ade a second trip off-planet, traveling to Jupiter in one of the last books written by ERB. There he encountered two races, the Morgors and the Savators.

M orgors

Morgors, also known as the Skeleton M en of Jupiter, have a ghastly appearance; hum an skeletons anim ated by brains and an extrem ely thin m usculature. Though the Morgor resem bles an anim ated skeleton of naked bones, they have a parchm ent-like skin stretched over the bony structure, which bears no fat or cartilage beneath it. D eep set eyes of brown with no whites, the skin of the face m erged with the gum s leaving the teeth exposed. The Morgor has no nose, a gaping hole in the center of the face and sm aller openings for ears on either side of the head. The skin of a Morgor is so thin that its internal organs are visible if the creature stands in front of a bright light.

Savators

The Savators are blue-skinned hum ans of Eurobus, as the natives call Jupiter. They are as hum an as any other conceived A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 50 by ERB for his Barsoom ian Saga. The Savators are oppressed by the Morgors and, to protect their fam ilies and cities, they m ake use of the sand of invisibility to conceal their habitations.

Barsoom ian C haracters

Converted from the author's 1985 research database. N ot all records are com plete. Where inform ation on m inor characters was either unavailable or passed over n/r (not recorded) is entered. Som e MAJO R characters are without entries which see Burroughs' glossary at the end of Thuvia, M aid of M ars. Book references listed below in italic at the end of each description are the first appearance of the character.

A-Kor - : Male : D war : Manatja & Manatos : son of O -Tar and Haja, a slave wom an who was a princess of G athol; keeper of the Towers of Jetan; G ahan of G athol's cousin. C hessm en A-Sor - : Male : Padwar : G athol : a friend of G ahan of G athol's youth, also known as Tasor, the under padwar of Jeddak O -tar of Manator. His father died trying to save G ahan's father from assassins. C hessm en Anatok - : Male : Jed : G ooli : Jed of the Kangaroo m en of G ooli; a liar and coward. Synthetic Assassin of Toonol - : Male : Assassin : Toonol : The title given to G or Hajus, a fam ous assassin who defied Vobis Kan, Jeddak of Toonol. M asterm ind Astok - : Male : Prince : D usar : Prince of D usar. Caused the abduction of Thuvia of Parth. Thuvia Ay-m ad - : Male : Jed : Morbus : Mem ber of the Council of Seven Jeds, Ay-m ad, which m eans O ne Man, N um ber O ne Man, or First Man, was originally the 3rd Jed. When the 3rd Jed is first nam ed, Ay-m ad appears as Aym ad. This is apparently a typographical error since all subse- quent appearances are spelled Ay-m ad. Synthetic Bal Tab - : Male : green m an : unknown : G reen warrior in Prince Jal Had's zoo of oddities. Banded together with Tor-D ur-Bar (Vor D aj) and U r Raj to escape and rescue Janai. Saved Tor-D ur-Bar's life by slaying Jal Had; killed by rifle fire when their flier was attacked by Am horian pursuit. Synthetic Bal Zak - : Male : Pilot : Toonol : Com m anded the Vosar, one of R as Thavas' airships; the son of a m an the assassin G or A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 51

Hajus refused to kill for Vobis Kan; Bal Zak assisted Vad Varo, G or Hajus, Hovan D u and D ar Tarus in their escape from Ras Thavas' island laboratory. M asterm ind Bandolian - : Male : Em peror : Morgor (Jupiter) : Related to Xaxak's wife; one of Xaxak's m en who belittled Ptang's inability to best John Carter in swordsm anship. Fought a short duel with Carter and failed, later tried to fix the Lesser G am es duel between John Carter and D ator N olat by substituting a shorter long sword in Carter's harness. Skeleton Ban-Tor - : Male : Warrior : Kam tol : Related to Xaxak's wife; one of Xaxak's m en who belittled Ptang's inability to best John Carter in swordsm anship. Fought a short duel with Carter and failed, later tried to fix the Lesser G am es duel between John Carter and D ator N olat by substituting a shorter long sword in Carter's harness. Llana Bar C om as - : Male : Jeddak : Warhoon : Leader of Warhoons, hereditary enem ies of the Tharks. Killed by D ak Kova, how then took com m and of the Warhoons Princess C arter, John - : Male : Prince : Helium : the gentlem an adventurer from Virginia; possibly im m ortal. See John C arter C arthoris - : Male : Prince : Helium : son of John Carter and D ejah Thoris; inherited extraordinary strength from his earthly sire; Thuvia's husband. Thuvia corphals - : n/r : legend : Manator : ghosts; legendary spirits that haunt the lower levels of Manator; perhaps believed in elsewhere on Barsoom . C hessm en Dak Kova - : Male : Jed : Warhoon : killed his leader Bar Com as, later becam e Jeddak. Princess Dar Tarus - : Male : Jeddak : Phundahl : Phundalian whose body was stolen by Sag O r of Xaxa's court and accom panied Vad Varo to recover Valla D ia's body which was taken by Xaxa; a noble who was later elevated to Jeddak by Vad Varo. M asterm ind Dator - : n/r : D ator : Valley O tz : First Born title. N o Jeddak titles are used until after the publication of G ods of Mars. D ator is the highest title of respect, for officers only, and roughly translates to prince. G ods Dejah Thoris - : Fem ale : Princess : Helium : The princess of Helium , granddaughter of Tardos Mors, daughter of Mors Kajak; John Carter's m ate, m other of Carthoris and Tara, grandm other of Llana. O ften referred to as the daughter A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 52

of 1,000 jeddaks (though 10,000 jeddaks appears once in the texts), loved by her nation; considered a great beauty by all, was about to be forced to m arry Sab Than of Zodanga to stop the war between their countries but was rescued at the last m inute by John Carter. Was a m ajor character in Princess, G ods, and W arlord, and a m inor character in C hessm en, G iant, and Skeleton. The princess of Helium was kidnaped and taken to Sasoom (Jupiter) by the Morgors. She, John Carter, and a num ber of others m anaged to escape, though Carter was recaptured. D ejah Thoris and her fellow escapees boarded an airship and headed for Zanor on Jupiter. Their fate is not known. Princess Djor Kantos - : Male : Padwar : Helium : Son of Kantos Kan; Padwar of the 5th U tan; once betrothed to Tara of Helium ; m arried O lvia Marthis C hessm en Dotar - : Male : n/r : Thark : green Martian killed by John Carter Princess Dotar Sojat - : Male : Jed : Helium : John Carter's G reen Martian nam es, won in com bat, is also a Carter alias. Princess Doxus - : Male : Jeddak : Kam tol : An evil hearted m an, D oxus ruled the Rift Valley with an iron hand, using a neural m achine which m aintained a recording of every adult's neural index by which he could destroy individuals at a distance. A degenerate wastrel, D oxus was a curious m ixture of honor and vice. As a warrior his standards were the highest, as a m an, he publicly seduced the wives of other nobles while his own wife looked on. Llana Dur Ajm ad - : n/r : noble : Am hor : A relative of Jal Had's first wife Vanum a; leader of the opposition m ovem ent against Jal Had. Most likely becam e jeddak after Jal Had died. Synthetic Dur-Dan - : Male : Horm ad : Morbus : O ne of Ras Thavas' m ust trusted aides, participated in the scientist and John Carter's escape from Morbus. Synthetic E-M ed - : Male : D war : Manator : Burly, evil m an who took com m and of the Towers of Jetan after A-Kor was sent to the pits. C hessm en E-Thas - : Male : Major-dom o : Manator : O -Tar's right hand m an, elevated from an obscure warrior to the second m ost powerful m an in Manator. C hessm en A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 53

Em -Tar - : Male : Warrior : Kobol : Conscripted warrior in Hin Abtol's arm y as it lay siege to G athol; was frozen in suspended anim ation for 50 years before being thawed for the G atholian invasion. Llana Fal Sivas - : Male : inventor : Zodanga : scientist/thief; built a spaceship; constructed a m echanical brain (com puter); John Carter's (Vandor's) em ployer; one of the few red Martians showing signs of advanced age. Sw ords Floran - : Male : Slave : G athol : enslaved by Manator, Floran fought with G ahan of G athol in the Jetan gam es. Later escaped and brought G atholian and Helium etic forces to rescue G ahan and Tara C hessm en Fo-nar - : Male : Than : Jahar : fled his hom eland after attem pting to kill Jeddak Tul Axatar; captured by Hin Abtol's forces when they sacked Raxar; later becam e First Padwar on the D usar, under John Carter's com m and. Llana Gahan of Gathol - : Male : Jeddak : G athol : Tara's husband. Ruler of G athol. U sed the aliases of Turan and U -Kal of Manataj. Father of Llana, who was kidnapped by Hin Abtol and was later rescued by John Carter.C hessm en Gan H ad - : Male : officer : Toonol : Captive at Morbus; G an Had provides John Carter and Vor D aj (and the reader) with the events following Ras Thavas' escape from Vobis Kan's invasion of his fam ily island, the beginnings of the m aster m ind's research into hum an growth at Morbus, and the take over of the horm ads which kept Ras Thavas a prisoner; assisted in the escape of Tor-D ur-Bar (Vor D aj) and Janai from Morbus; later deserted the escape with Tun G an in the Toonolian Marshes. We do not know what happens to him . N O TE: Tun G an, G an Had and Tor-D ur-Bar are in one canoe chasing after Sytor, Pandar and Janai, but when Tor-D ur-Bar (Vor D aj) next sees Tun G an the latter rem arks that Pandar just escaped (diving over the side of the Am horian ship). G an Had effectively disappears when they desert Tor-D ur-B ar and it, thus, appears that ERB has m ixed up his characters! Synthetic Gan H or - : Male : D war : G athol : com m anded a force of guerilla ranchers harrassing Hin Abtol's arm y laying seige to G athol. Llana Gan-ho - : Male : Assassin : Am hor : Conscripted by Hin Abtol 25 years earlier, G an-ho becam e a m utineer when John Carter declared the D usar and all on board were going to A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 54

Panar to rescue Llana of G athol. After his defeat in a brief duel with Carter, G an-ho took his life by leaping from the D usar in flight. Llana Gantun Gur - : Male : Assassin : Am hor : The m ost powerful assassin of Am hor, Prince Jal Had ordered G antun G ur to kill Janai's father. Later captured by the horm ads of Morbus, G antum G ur's brain was rem oved from his body and destroyed. The body was then given to the horm ad brain of Tor-D ur-Bar, who then used the nam e Tun G an. Synthetic Gar N al - : Male : inventor : Zodanga : Rival of Fal Sivas; builds a spaceship which travels to Thuria with kidnapped D ejah Thoris on board; has thinning hair, unusual in red Martians. Sw ords Ghek - : N one : D rone : Bantoom : a kaldane spider-m an of the Bantoom valley, of the Luud swarm , with his brainless rykor assisted in freeing captive Tara, with G ahan, from Bantoom and accom panied them on the rest of their adventure. Is presum ed to be living in Helium . C hessm en Ghron - : Male : Jed : G hasta : The insane ruler of the sm all city of G hasta in the Valley Hohr. His usual entertainm ent was torturing and m aim ing his slaves and captured travelers. Fighting Gor H ajus - : Male : Assassin : Toonol : Known as the Assassin of Toonol, G or Hajus was m urdered by Vobis Kan when he refused to kill a m an. Later resurrected by Vad Varo, G or Hajus helped recover Valla D ia's body and then took service under D ar Tarus, Jeddak of Phundhal. In SYN - THETIC we learn G or Hajus led a sm all Phundhalian arm y against Vobis Kan of Toonol to free Ras Thavas' island. This endeavor failed. N othing is m entioned regarding the outcom e of the event. M asterm ind Gor-don - : Male : D war : Pankor, Panar : Rescued by Carter, protected from m urder by m utineers, G or-don later assists Carter in Pankor. G or-don's fam ily, a m other, father and sister, are m entioned, though not nam ed. Llana Gore - : Male : n/r : Korvas : n/r Gorgum - : Male : n/r : Morgor : a m an of Jupiter in the Morgor ruler's service. Skeleton Gozava - : Fem ale : green Martian : Thark : Tars Tarkas' dead wife, m other of Sola. Princess Gur Tus - : Male : D war : Helium : D war of the 10th U tan. Was A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 55

present at the invasion of the O m ean and capture of the Tem ple of Issus. G ods Gridley, Jason - Am erican inventor residing in Tarzana, Califor- nia; discoverer of the G ridley Wave which is em ployed in a special radio device that allows com m unication between Earth and Barsoom . M asterm ind H ad Urtur - : Male : n/r : Hastor, Helium : Father of Tan Hadron, husband of an unnam ed princess of G athol, O dwar of the 1st U m ak of Hastor. Fighting H aglion - : Male : Com m ander : Morgor : Captain of a Morgor spaceship. Skeleton H aj Alt - : Male : Prince : Tjanath : Son of Haj O sis. Fighting H aj O sis - : Male : Jeddak : Tjanath : ruler of Tjanath, a sm all nation concerned about invasion by Jahar. Fighting H aja - : Fem ale : Princess : G athol : A-Kor's m other by O -Tar, Jeddak of Manator, Haja was a princess of G athol who was enslaved by Manator. G ahan of G athol's aunt; m arried U -Thor, Jed of Manatos. C hessm en H al V as - : Male : D war : D usar : son of Vas Kor the D usarian noble; D war of the Road near the waterways that circle the edge of Torquas. Thuvia H am as - : Male : m ajor-dom o : Zodanga : Em ployed by Fal Sivas; in charge of household. Sw ords H an Du - : Male : n/r : Savator : a m an of Jupiter held captive by the Morgors, escaped with John Carter. Skeleton H in Abtol - : Male : Jeddak : Pankor, Panar : Self-styled Jeddak of Jeddaks of the N orth, Hin Abtol's red m en eventually overran the O karians and slowly built a form idible fighting force with captured warriors kept in suspended anim ation until Hin Abtol was ready to begin his conquest of Barsoom . Abducted Llana of G athol. Llana H o Ran Kim - : Male : Jeddak : Horz : Sentenced John Carter and Pan D an Chee to death; revealed the history of the O rovars during a long conversation with Carter. Llana H or Kai Lan - : Male : N oble : Horz : The Horzian corpse which provided John Carter with harness and weapons after he and Pan D an Chee were sent to the pits. The brother of a jeddak who took the throne in the year 27M38J4. Llana H or V astus - : Male : Padwar : Helium : in Helium 's navy, crucial in building a fleet to rescue D ejah Thoris. G ods H ora San - : Male : Jeddak : Phundahl : last great High Priest of Tur and once Jeddak of Phundahl, died m ysteriously A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 56

inside the idol of Tur. M asterm ind H orur - : Male : n/r : Morgor : a m an of Jupiter, high in the Morgor ruler's court. Skeleton H ortan Gur - : Male : Jeddak : Torquas : ruler of green Martians Thuvia H ovan Du - : Male : Warrior : Ptarth : subject of an experim ent by Ras Thavas, Hovan D u had half of his brain transplanted into the body of a white ape. Assisted Vad Varo in recovering Valla D ia's body. Later was restored to his own. M asterm ind I-Gos - : Male : Artist : Manator : the royal 'taxiderm ist', the m an who preserved the dead in Manatos; m aintains the Hall of Chiefs. C hessm en I-M al - : Male : Chief : Manator : The harness G ahan of G athol wore during the Jetan gam e was taken from the corpse of I-Mal. C hessm en I-Zav - : Male : G uard : Manator : G uard assigned to rem ain with G hek in his cell. Was hypnotized and disarm ed by the kaldane. C hessm en Il-Dur-En - : Male : Horm ad : Morbus : one of R as Thavas' trusted horm ad assistants. Synthetic Issus - : Fem ale : goddess : Valley O tz : Ancient First Born wom an treated as a goddess, favored hum an m eals prepared from kidnap victim s or slaves captured by her First Born raiders. She would eat wom en who looked upon her. Held m any lesser titles and absolute power until John Carter exposed Issus as an utterly vile and depraved fraud. G ods Jad-H an - : Male : Prince : Am hor : Janai's brother. Captured by the Black Pirates of Kam tol, a fellow slave of John Carter and Pan D an Chee. Llana Jal H ad - : Male : Prince : Am hor : Ruler of Am hor, collector of exotic creatures for his private zoo; ordered the assassination of Janai and Jad-Han's father; forced him self upon Janai, who fled Am hor; husband of Vanum a and another unnam ed wom an (m ultiple wives). Synthetic Janai - : Fem ale : N oble : Am hor : Fled Am hor when Prince Jal Had desired her. Jal Had ordered the assassination of Janai's father; sister of Jad-Han. Wife of Vor D aj. Syn- thetic Jason Gridley - See G ridley, Jason Jat O r - : Male : Padwar : Helium : lieutant in the personal guard A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 57

of D ejah Thoris; accom panies John Carter to Zodanga and later to Thuria. Sw ords Jav - : Male : n/r : Lothar : Second to Tario in the city of Lothar, hidden in the Mountains of Torquas. According to his recitation of Lotharian history, the inhabitants would have to be at least 500,000 years old. Thuvia John C arter - : Male : Prince : Virginia/Helium : Southern gentlem an, swordsm an, warrior, crossed the gulfs of space and becam e a hero on Barsoom , winning the hand of D ejah Thoris; Father of Carthoris and Tara. Princess D escribed by Vor D aj as ...a great m an, a statesm an, a soldier, perhaps the greatest sw ordsm an that ever lived, grim and terrible in com bat; but w ith it all he is m odest and approachable, and he has never lost his sense of hum or. Appeared in: Princess, G ods, W arlord, Sw ords, Synthetic, Llana, G iant, Skeleton. Joog - : Male : n/r : Korvas : 130 foot tall giant created by Pew Mogel. G iant Kab Kadja - : Male : Jeddak : Warhoon : Jeddak of the Warhoons of the South G ods Kal Tavan - : Male : Slave : Tjanath : born in Tjanath, wife m urdered by assassins, daughter abducted by Tul Axtar of Jahar, becam e Padwar, took work in Kobol and was captured during war with Helium . Fighting Kam H an Tor - : Male : N oble : Horz : O ne of the Horzian sleepers who awoke when Lum Tar O died. A ship builder. Llana Kam eham eha - : Male : King : Hawaii : Early Hawaiian King Llana Kandus - : n/r : n/r : Invak : a m an of Invak who captuered John Carter and Llana of G athol in the Forest of Lost Men Llana K antos Kan - : Male : Jedwar : Helium : originally a padwar in the Helium etic navy, Carter's staunch com panion and friend, later elevated to the highest rank in the navy. Father of D jor Kantos. Princess Kar Kom ak - : Male : O dwar : Lothar : white m an with auburn hair a term once archaically used to describe a whitish or flaxen color but now (and at the tim e Burroughs wrote the Martian books) refers to reddish-brown. Com m ander of the fleets of Lothar—from the tim e before the oceans of Barsoom vanished. He is a hypnotic visualization of Jeddak Tario, who eventually becam e substance a m illion A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 58

years after his era disappeared. Listed as O dwar of Lotharian Bowm en in the G lossary appendix of Thuvia, Maid of Mars. Thuvia Kara V asa - : Fem ale : N oble : Phundahl : The wom an D ar Tarus loved, who escaped when Sag O r tried to take her by force. Found refuge in Helium and returned to Phundahl with John Carter's fleet. M asterm ind K or San - : Male : Jeddak : D uhor : Valla D ia's father M aster- m ind Kor-an - : Male : Warrior : G athol : Fought a duel with John Carter when the Virginian was captured by the warrior- herders harrassing Hin Abtol's invasion force surrounding G athol. Llana Kulan Tith - : Male : Jeddak : Kaol : The m an Thuvia of Parth was prom ised to by her father Thuvan D ihn. W arlord Lakor - : Male : Thern : Valley D or : A thern killed by Woola. W arlord Lan Sohn W en - : Male : D war : Horz : Com m ander of the 1st U tan of the Jeddak's G uard. Arrested John Carter after he assisted Pan D an Chee in battle. Llana Lan-O - : Fem ale : Slave : G athol : G atholian wom an enslaved in Manator; Tara's confidant C hessm en Larok - : Male : n/r : D usar : a warrior-artificer who m ade a key to unlock the m echanism s created by Carthoris. Thuvia Lee Um Lo - : Male : Em balm er : Horz : The m aster em balm er of Horz, legend said that Lee U m Lo was so perfect in his trade that the dead did not know they were deceased and, according to Pan D an Chee, '...upon several occasions they arose and w alked out during the funeral services. The end of Lee U m Lo cam e w hen the w ife of a great jeddak failed to realized that she w asd dead, and w alked right in on the jeddak and his new w ife. The next day Lee U m Lo lost his head.' Llana Llana - : Fem ale : Princess : G athol : John Carter's granddaughter; daughter of G ahan and Tara; abducted by Hin Abtol; later m ay have m arried Pan D an Chee of Horz. Llana Lorquas Ptom el - : Male : Jed : Thark : Captured John Carter upon his first arrival to Barsoom . Princess Lum Tar O - : Male : Em balm er : Horz : The THIN G which nearly killed John Carter and Pan D an Chee through m ental powers and a dagger. Lum Tar O had been em balm ed by Lee U m Lo, which possible explains why A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 59

he m anaged to survive hundreds of centuries in the pits of Horz. Lum Tar O was so skillful that his m ental powers and techniques preserved the bodies of ancient Horzians he lured to the pits then ensnared. When he died by Carter's hand, the sleepers awoke. Llana Luud - : Bi-sexed : King : Bantoom : king of the Tower of Luud at the tim e of Tara's capture, a powerful super-brain m urdered by G hek, one of his subjects. C hessm en M an-Lat - : Male : O fficer : Kam tol : Jeddak D oxus' m an assigned to take charge of John Carter. Llana M atai Shang - : Male : Hekkador : Valley D or : Holy Hekkador of the Holy Therns. O ther nam es in his title include Brother of Issus Master of Life and D eath upon Barsoom and Father of Holy Therns. Father of Phaidor. U ltim ately was killed by D ator Thurid. G ods M oak - : n/r : King : Bantoom : king of one of the tower swarm s of Bantoom . C hessm en M ors Kajak - : Male : Jed : Helium : Jed of Lesser Helium , son of Tardos Mors; D ejah Thoris' father. Princess M otus - : Male : N oble : Invak : died dueling John Carter. Has the distinction of being the only character chronicled as giving a groin kick—in the stories—to John Carter. Llana M u Tel - : Male : Prince : Toonol : of the House of Kan, nephew to the jeddak, a friend of G or Hajus the assassin. Assisted Vad Varo and friends. M asterm ind M ultis Par - : Male : N oble : Zor : son of Zu Tith, Jed of Zor, captured by the Morgors and used as a pawn for their invasion of Barsoom . Skeleton M yr-lo - : Male : Scientist : Kam tol : The inventor of Kam tol, the m an responsible for m aintaining the recording m achine used to control the neural system s of all inhabitants of the G reat Rift Valley. Llana N astor - : Male : D ator : Kam tol : The First Born prince who wagered Xaxak 100,000 tam pi that his cham pion could best John Carter in the Lesser G am es. Llana N olach - : Male : King : Bantoom : O ne of the bi-sexed rulers of a Bantoom ian Hive. C hessm en N olat - : Male : D ator : Kam tol : N olat, a gam bling m an, owed D ator N astor a large sum of m oney. He agreed to fight D otar Sojat (John Carter) at the Lesser G am es of Kam tol. If he won, N astor would cancel all debts. Llana N otan - : Male : Psychologist : Zodanga : Royal psychologist of A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 60

Zodanga. Could read the last m om ents of brain activity in the m inds of slain m en. Princess N ur An - : Male : N oble : Jahar : Forced to flee Jahar when Tul Axtar took the fam ily land and wealth, he was captured and im prisoned in Tjanath, sentenced to "The D eath" with Tan Hadron, they ultim ately had several adventures together. Fighting N utus - : Male : Jeddak : D usar : Father of Astok, who abducted Thuvia of Ptarth. Thuvia O Ala - : Fem ale : wife : Savator : wife of Han D u. Skeleton O -m ad - : Male : n/r : Thark : Man with one nam e, low in rank; the nam e is in com m on usage throughout the G reen Hordes of Barsoom . N am es are increased by dueling, the victor taking the nam e of the slain opponent as well as his wom en and belongings. John Carter quickly accum ulated nam es during his initial stay with the Tharks, though in later years he only used the nam es of the first two slain Tharks as an alias: D otar Sojat. Princess O -M ai the C ruel - : Male : Jeddak : Manator : ruled Manator 5,000 years before the reign of O -Tar. C hessm en O -Tar - : Male : Jeddak : Mantaja & Manatos : of Manator; ruled 433 years, later com m itted suicide. C hessm en O -zar - : Male : warrior : Manataj : fam ed for his skill on the Manator Fields of Jetan. C hessm en O ld Ben - : Male : Slave : Virginia : the writer's body servant (colored). Aka U ncle Ben. Princess O lvia M arthis - : Fem ale : royal : Hastor : D aughter of the Jed of Hastor; m arried D jor Kantos, the son of Kantos Kan. C hessm en om ad - : Male : Language : com m on : m an with one nam e is rather low in im portance. Princess O rm -o - : Male : Slave : D uhor : Young boy who fed Tor-D ur- Bar (Vor D aj), Bal Tab and U r Raj when they were im prisoned in Prince Jal Had's exotic zoo; provided service to Tor-D ur-Bar (Vor D aj) as an inform ant as regards Princess Janai. Synthetic O zara - : Fem ale : Jeddara : O m bra : kidnapped from D om nia, her hom e country, O zara was m ade the wife of U l Vas, Jeddak of O m bra; rom antic rival of D ejah Thoris; a princess of D om nia. Sw ords Pan Dan C hee - : Male : Warrior : Horz : O rovar of the white race; from the ancient city of Horz; captured by the First A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 61

Born of Kam tol with John Carter and Llana of G athol; sold into slavery on D ator N astor's chain; Llana of G athol's suitor and possible m ate. Llana Pandar - : Male : n/r : Phundahl : Becam e an officer in the horm ad arm ies of the Seven Jeds of Morbus. Aided Vor D aj in escaping from Morbus. Later accom panied Sytor, who had kidnaped Janai. Captured by Am horian anim al collecting expedition and escaped by diving over the side of the airship; picked up by John Carter's fleet. (See errors of identity between this character and G an Had) Syn- thetic Parthak - : Male : n/r : Zodanga : The m an who brought food to John Carter in the Pits of Zat Arrras. G ods Paxton Ulysses - : Male : Am erican : Toonol : An Am erican on Barsoom , apprentice to Ras Thavas, husband to Valla D ia, a princess of D uhor; acquired very advanced m edical skills, including the ability to transplant brains from one body to another. M asterm ind Pew M ogel - : Male : Scientist : Korvas : a hom ad bent on world dom ination. G iant Phaidor - : Fem ale : equivalent to a princess : Valley D or : D aughter of Matai Shang; a beautiful wom an with a m ad crush on John Carter; instrum ental in several com bats by John Carter; later becom es jealous of D ejah Thoris and is ultim ately im prisoned with the Princess of Helium and Thuvia in the rotating shaft below the palace of Issus; a Thern, Phaidor is white-skinned and bald; she wears a blond wig as do all of her race. G ods Phao - : Fem ale : slave : Jahar : N ur An's sweetheart, m issing for a tim e, enslaved in Tjanath; rescued by Hadron of Hastor; eventually rejoined her lover. Fighting Pho Lar - : Male : n/r : Savator : blue skinned m an of Jupiter, escaped with John Carter from Morgor im prisonm ent; eventually reached his hom e country. Skeleton Phor San - : Male : O dwar : Pankor, Panar : in charge of Hin Abtol's aerial navy. A drunken fool. Llana Phor Tak - : Male : Scientist : Jahar : O riginally from Jahar, this ancient scientist fled Tul Axtar's oppressive influence and relocated at a white castle he nam ed Jham a. He is the creator of the disentegrator ray, the invisiblity paint, and "the flying death," a sm art bom b. Has distinction of being the O N LY character in all eleven Barsoom books to be A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 62

described as "nude." The head w as follow ed by the body of a m an, w hose harness w as so scant as to leave him alm ost nude. H e w as an old m an w ith a finely shaped head, covered w ith scant, gray locks. Fighting Phystal - : Male : slave m aster : Zodanga : Em ployed by Fal Sivas, m anaged the slaves of that household. Sw ords Pnoxux - : Male : Prince : Invak : Son of the jeddak, Ptantus. Captured John Carter and Llana of G athol when they landed in the Forest of Lost Men. Llana Povak - : Male : Assassin : Zodanga : U r Jan's assassin ordered to kill Vandor (John Carter) Sw ords Pow ell, Jam es K. - : Male : Captain : Richm ond, Virginia : John Carter's m ining partner in Arizona, 1865; killed by Apaches. Princess Ptang - : Male : Warrior : Kam tol : O ne of Xaxak's m en in the Valley of the First Born who dueled with John Carter. Later becam e Carter's "trainer" for the Lesser G am es at Kam tol. Llana Ptanus - : Male : Jeddak : Invak : Ruler of Invak, located in the Forest of Lost Men. Llana Ptor - : Male : n/r : Zodanga : fam ily nam e of three Zodangan brothers. Ptor Fak - : Male : governm ent official : Zodanga : O verseer of farm land along a Zodangan canal; one of three brothers who befriend John Carter, and later again encounters John Carter when they are both im prisoned in the city of Invak. Princess R ab-zov - : Male : G uard : Pankor, Panar : m em ber of Hin Abtol's bodyguard. Llana Rapas (the Ulsio) - : Male : assassin : Zodanga : cut purse and assassin em ployed by Fal Sivas. Sw ords Ras Thavas - : Male : Scientist : Toonol : Known as the Master Mind of Mars; ancestral hom e is an island in the G reat Toonolian Marsh from which he was evicted by Vobis Kan; later rebuilt dead city Morbus as a m odern city to house his experim ents in artificial life form s; Ras Thavas lived m ore than a 1,000 years in his first body. Trained Am erican U lysses Paxton in m edical techniques and had Paxton transplant that ancient brain into a young, healthy body. Ras Thavas developed the horm ad, an artificial life form . M asterm ind Ro Tan Bim - : Male : n/r : Horz : The Horzian corpse which A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 63

Lum Tar O had for appetizers. Llana R ojas - : Fem ale : n/r : Invak : Helped John Carter escape from the city of Invak, also deceived him in rom ance. Llana Sab Than - : Male : Prince : Zodanga : Son of jeddak Than Kosis; swore to end the war between Zodanga and Helium if D ejah Thoris would agree to m arry him . Princess Sag O r - : Male : N oble : Phundahl : Jeddara Xaxa's favorite; had his brain transferred into D ar Tarus' body. M asterm ind Salensus O ll - : Male : Jeddak : Kadabra, O kar : Jeddak of Jeddaks of O kar, the land of the yellow m en; uncle to Talu; captured Tardos Mors, Mors Kajak, and m any Helium troops brought down by the m agnetic weapon which crashed their airships. Eventually slain by John Carter, who turned the throne over to Talu. W arlord San Tothis - : Male : airship com m ander : G athol : San Tothis and his cruiser Vanator, and all m en, were lost to an unknown fate during a violent storm . C hessm en Sanom a Tora - : Fem ale : N oble : Hastor, Helium : daughter of Tor Hatan; abducted by Tul Axtar of Jahar. Fighting Saran Tal - : Male : m ajor-dom o : Helium : the Prince of He- lium 's m ajor-dom o, who purchased the D usarian noble Vas Kor who sabotaged Carthoris's flier. Thuvia Sarkoja - : Fem ale : n/r : Thark : G reen Martian wom an, deeply hateful of Sola. Princess Sator Throg - : Male : Thern : Valley D or : A Holy Thern of the Tenth Cycle. Master of the red fem ale slave Thuvia. Apparently a physical double, sans hair, for John Carter. G ods savages - In the Toonolian Marshes are m any aboriginal hum an tribes, one is described as naked with bushy hair and using spears and clubs as weapons; built long, narrow canoes; considered cannibals; at war with the kangaroo m en of G ooli Sept - : N one : n/r : Bantoom : a kaldane of the Luud swarm . C hessm en Sharu - : Fem ale : Slave : G hasta : The beautiful wom an who first enticed Tan Hadron and N ur An into G hasta, then, having fallen in love with Tan Hadron, provided the two prisoners with the knife and needle needed to m ake their escape. Fighting Shea, (John) - : Male : Secretary : California : Edgar Rice Bur- roughs' assistant. C hessm en A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 64

Sil V agis - : Male : Teedwar : Helium : Teedwar, 91st U m ak, Helium ; with Sanom a Tora the night she was kidnapped. Fighting Sojat - : Male : n/r : Thark : green Martian killed by John Carter. Princess Sola - : Fem ale : n/r : Thark : G reen Martian wom an. Tars Tarkas' daughter. Princess Solan - : Male : Scientist : Kadabra, O kar : a palace offical in charge of the palace switch-room . W arlord Sorav - : Male : Com m ander : Kadabra, O kar : an officer of Salensus O ll. W arlord Sovan - : Male : Prince : Ptarth : O verlord of the navy of Ptarth; listed as Prince Soran in the G lossary appendix of Thuvia, Maid of Mars. W arlord Sultan of Sw at - : Male : n/r : Helium : an alias of John Carter. Llana Sytor - : Male : D war : D usar : A red m an com m anding the 10th U tan, 1st D ar of the 3rd Jed's G uard in the city of Mor- bus. Accom panied Tor-D ur-Bar (Vor D aj), Tun G ar (Tor- D ur-Bar), Pandar and Janai when they escaped into the Toonolian Marsh. Sytor later kidnaps Janai and flees into the Toonolian Marsh, short of intended goal of Phundahl he and Janai are recaptured by horm ads and returned to Morbus. We do not know what happens to Sytor. Syn- thetic Tal H adjus - : Male : Jeddak : Thark : cruel leader of the Tharks when John Carter first arrived on Barsoom . Was latter challenged by Tars Tarkas and died. Princess Talu - : Male : Prince : K adabra, O kar : rebel prince of Maren- tina, nephew of Salensus O ll. W arlord Tan Gam a - : Male : Jed : Warhoon : warrior guarding Tars Tarkas in the dungeons of Warhoon, slain by John Carter. G ods Tan H adron - : Male : Padwar : Hastor, Helium : son of Had U rtur; m other is a princess of G athol (G ahan's sister?); Padwar in the 91st U m ak, 5th U tan of the 11th D ar. Married Tavia; later appeared in LLAN A. He was captured by Hin Abtol while searching for John Carter and Llana of G athol; becam e Second Padwar of the D usar, John Carter's ship. Fighting Tanus - : Male : Crewm an (than?) : G athol : Crewm an on G ahan's cruiser Vanator. Was lost with the ship. C hess- A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 65

m en Tara - : Fem ale : Princess : Helium : D aughter of John Carter and D ejah Thoris; G ahan of G athol's wife. C hessm en Tardos M ors - : Fem ale : Jeddak : Helium : grandfather of D ejah Thoris, father of Mors Kajak. Princess Tario - : Male : Jeddak : Lothar : Ruler of the Lotharians, Tario com m anded such exceptional hypnotic m ental powers that his visualization of Kar Kom ak, a long dead O rovar fleet captain, becam e real and substantial. Thuvia Tars Tarkas - : Male : Jeddak : Thark : The m ighty green warrior who befriended John Carter. Princess Tasor - : Male : Padwar : G athol : a friend of G ahan of G athol's youth, also know as A-Sor, the under-padwar of Jeddak O -tar of Manator. His father had died trying to save G ahan's father from assassins; first enslaved by Manataj, he aroused the love of a wealthy wom an who had her husband m urdered so she m ight m arry Tasor. C hessm en Tavia - : Fem ale : Princess : Tjanath : daugther of Kal Tavan; enslaved by Jaharians when she was a child; rescued by Tan Hadron from G reen Martians at the dead city of X anator during his quest to rescue Sonom a Tora. She becam e Tan Hadron's wife and proved to be the daughter of royalty. Fighting Teeaytan-ov - : Male : Horm ad : Morbus : A m em ber of the raiding party that captured John Carter, Vor D aj and Janai. Later befriended Vor D aj and Janai. The nam e, literally translated, is Eleven-Hundred—Seven. Synthetic Thabis - : Male : n/r : Valley D or : Issus' chief. G ods Than Kosis - : Male : Jeddak : Zodanga : Father of Sab Than, prosecuted a war with Helium . Princess Thar Ban - : Male : Jed : Torquas : G reen m an, kidnapped Thuvia from D usarian agents at the ancient city of Aaan- thor. Appears as Thor Ban in the Thuvia appendix. Thuvia thorian - : Male : language : Valley D or : title for a chief of the Therns Thurid - : Male : D ator : O tz Valley : a First Born; a Black Pirate; working with Matai Shang, abducted D ejah Thoris; later killed Matai Shang and was then killed by Phaidor, Matai Shang's daughter. G ods Thuvan Dihn - : Male : Jeddak : Ptarth : Ally of John Carter, father of Thuvia; Carter's com panion through the Carrion Caves. W arlord A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 66

Thuvia - : Fem ale : Princess : Ptarth : D aughter of Thuvan D ihn; Carthoris's wife; a slave and plaything of the Therns for fifteen years after taking the pilgrim age down the River Iss; aids John Carter and Tars Tarkas, befriends D ejah Thoris, later (in Thuvia, M aid of M ars) is kidnaped by a vile red Martian prince and is ultim ately rescued by Carthoris; Thuvia com m unicates with banths, the dangerous Barsoom ian lion, by song and gesture. G ods Tor H atan - : Male : O dwar : Helium : com m ander 91st U m ak; father of Sanom a Tora; owned Kal Tavan. Fighting Tor-Dur-Bar - : Male : Warrior : Morbus : The original Tor-D ur- Bar was given G antum G ar's hum an body. Vor D aj had Ras Thavas transfer his brain into the horm ad body. Tor- D ur-Bar literally m eans Four-Million-Eight. Synthetic Torith - : Male : n/r : O tz Valley : O fficer of the guards at the subm arine pool. G ods Torkar Bar - : Male : D war : Kaol : K aolian noble; dwar of the Kaolian Road; killed the sith which attacked John Carter and Woola. W arlord Tul Axatar - : Male : Jeddak : Jahar : Bent on conquering the world, Tul Axatar caused several advanced war products to be developed which would m ake victory guaranteed; disintegrating rays, cloaking devices, m illions of starving warriors...; also had a harem of thousands of wom en.; took Sanom a Tora as his Jeddara. Fighting Tun Gan - : Male : Horm ad : Toonol : The nam e horm ad Tor- D ur-Bar took after Ras Thavas transfered his brain into the body of the Am horian Assassin G antun G ur. The nam e appears once as "Tun-G an." Synthetic Turan - : Male : Panthan : G athol : G ahan of G athol's alias. C hessm en Turjun - : Male : Panthan : Helium : Carthoris' alias when he boarded the D usarian ship Thuria. Thuvia U Dan - : Male : Padwar : Z or : in the jeddak's guard and pledged to m arry Vaja, a cousin of Multis Par; was later forced to participate in the Morgor kidnaping of John Carter and D ejah Thoris. U D an assisted in their escape on Sasoom and, with the princess of Helium , avoided recapture by the Morgors. How the Warlord and his m ate returned to Barsoom is unknown, as is the fate of U D an. Skeleton U-Dor - : Male : D war : Manator : com m anded the 8th U tan; A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 67

was the O range Chief in the Jetan gam es. C hessm en U-Kal - : Male : n/r : Manataj : G ahan of G athol's Manatorian alias. C hessm en U-Thor - : Male : Jed : Manatos : known as the G reat Jed, U -Thor is loved by the people; m arried Haja, princess of G athol, who had been a slave to O -tar and m other of A-Kor. C hessm en U-V an - : Male : G uard : Manator : Manatorian guard who discovered G hek's headless rykor, then was disbelieved when he reported this to the head jailer. C hessm en Ul V as - : Male : Jeddak : O m bra : evil ruler of O m bra; husband of O zara; prone to change his jeddara's frequently. Sw ords Ul-to - : Male : G uard : Pankor, Panar : defeated by John Carter in a sword duel. Llana Ulah - : Fem ale : slave : O m bra : in the retinue of O zara; loyal to her m istress; assists Vandor (John Carter). Sw ords Uldak - : Male : Assassin : Zodanga : The first of U r Jan's assassins to attem pt the m urder of Vandor (John Carter). Sw ords Ulysess S Paxton - : Male : Lieutenant : Earth : O nly earthling to physically travel to Mars. B ecom es Ras Thavas' lieutenant. Is educated in advanced m edical techniques. Marries Valla D ia, a princess of D uhor. See Vad Varo M asterm ind Um ka - : Male : cat-m an : Ladan : a Masena of the forests of Ladan; Vandor's (John Carter) fellow prisoner. Sw ords Ur Raj - : Male : Padwar : Hastor, Helium : Captive in Prince Jal Had's exotic zoo. Joined Tor-D ur-Bar (Vor D aj) and B al Tab the green m an in escaping the zoo and the rescue Janai. Synthetic Ur Jan - : Male : Assassin : Z odanga : head of the Zodangan Assassin's G uild; a large, powerfully built individual; em ployed by G ar N al. Sw ords Uthia - : Fem ale : Slave : Helium : Tara's slave. C hessm en V ad V aro - : Male : Am erican : Earth / D uhor : U lysses S Pax- ton's Martian Identity; husband of Princess Valla D ia of D uhor; resides in D uhor; m entioned in Synthetic as the only person other than Ras Thavas who is capable of perform ing brain transplants. M asterm ind V aja - : Fem ale : N oble : Zor : Cousin of Prince Multis Par, is kidnaped by Morgors and used to force U D an to assist their invasion plans; escaped with U D an and D ejah A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 68

Thoris from the Morgors on Sasoom , heading for Zanor. The fate of these three is unknown. Skeleton V al Dor - : Male : D war : Helium : A captain of Helium , Val D or was enslaved by Manator. G ahan of G athol selected him as the O dwar (Flier) for the Jetan gam es. Later escaped and fetched a rescue party from Helium and G athol. C hessm en V alla Dia - : Fem ale : Princess : D uhor : Paxton's wife; daughter of Kor San, Jeddak of D uhor. Valla D ia had been taken prisoner by Am horians, who lost her to raiders from Phundahl, where she was sold into slavery and eventually ended up in the laboratories of Ras Thavas; her brain was transplanted into the hideous body of Xaxa while that person's brain was put into her beautiful body; Vad Varo (Paxton from Earth) ultim ately rescues her and retores her brain and body. M asterm ind V an-Tija - : Fem ale : Princess : Kam tol : D ator N astor's principal wife. Her retainers purchased Llana of G athol as a slave; later the G atholian was desired by D oxus, Van-tija's husband. Van-tija isolated Llana in a tower and set guards to prevent Jeddak D oxus from taking Llana of G athol. Llana V andor - : Male : panthan : Helium : John Carter's alias in Zodanga; em ployed as body guard to Fal Sivas. Sw ords V anum a - : Fem ale : Princess : Am hor : First wife of Jal Had; took Janai into her personal retinue; m urdered by poison, m ost likely by Jal Had's order or hand. Synthetic V as Kor - : Male : N oble : D usor : Entered Carthoris' house disguised as a slave then used the key Larok prepared to sabotage the Prince of Helium 's autom ated flier. Father of Hal Vas; was betrayed by Prince Astok. Thuvia V obis Kan - : Male : Jeddak : Toonol : Villianous scoundrel who had G or Hajus m urdered when the Assassin of Toonol refused to kill Bal Zak's father. Later invaded Ras Thavas' island laboratory when Vad Varo resurrected G or Hajus. M asterm ind V or Daj - : Male : Padwar : Helium : Mem ber of the Warlord's G uard, Vor D aj had his brain transplanted into the body of a horm ad. In this guise Vor D aj, aka Tor-D ur-Bar, protected Janai of Am hor from various evil doers until their eventual rescue by John Carter. Synthetic V orian - : Male : warrior : Morgor : m an of Jupiter, escaped a A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 69

Morgor prison with John Carter and others. His ultim ate fate is unknown. Skeleton W eapon M aker - : n/r : Craftsm an : Helium : fam ous weapon m aker in Lesser Helium m ade Tan Hadron's harness. Fighting W olak - : Male : slave : Zodanga : owned by Fal Sivas; prom ised his freedom if he killed John Carter. Sw ords W oola - : Male : pet : Helium : a calot, ten-legged anim al about the size of a shetland pony. John Carter's beloved pet. Princess Xaxa - : Fem ale : Jeddara : Phundahl : ancient hag who paid Ras Thavas to put her brain in Valla D ia's lovely body. M asterm ind Xaxak - : Male : D ator : Kam tol : The First Born prince of Kam tol who purchased John Carter as a slave. Llana Xodar - : Male : Jeddak : O tz Valley : a D ator at the tim e John Carter arrives in the land of the First Born, then a fellow prisoner with Carter, then later becom es jeddak of the First Born at the south pole, and an ally of Helium . G ods Yam dor - : Male : Slave : Toonol : G iant m ale slave, Ras Thavas' right hand, reported to have the transplanted brain of a wom an. M asterm ind

Y ersted - : Male : n/r : O tz Valley : com m ander of the subm a- rine. G ods Yo Seno - : Male : Jailer : Tjanath : Keeper of the Keys; did not treat fem ale slaves well. Fighting Zad - : Male : n/r : Thark : warrior Sarkoja urged to challenge John Carter and subsequently died, though not before Carter had been severely wounded. Princess Zam ak - : Male : officer : O m bra : in the retinue of U l Vas, Jeddak of O m bra. Sw ords Zan Dar - : Male : n/r : Savator : m an of Jupiter, escaped from Morgor prison with Carter and others, Carter being recaptured while the others fled to Zanor in a stolen aircraft. Fate unknown. Skeleton Zanda - : Fem ale : slave : Zodanga : her father was a m em ber of the lesser royalty and an officer in the Zodangan m ilitary at the tim e John Carter's horde of green Martians sacked the city; her m other took the pilgrim age (suicided) shortly after; Zanda was enslaved by Fal Sivas; accom panied John Carter (Vandor) to Thuria; though not stated specifi- A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 70

cally, m ost likely becam e the m ate of Jat O r of Helium . Sw ords Zat Arrras - : Male : Jed : Zodanga : appointed Jed of Zodanga by Tardos Mors, sought hand of D ejah Thoris when Carter disappeared. G ods Zithad - : Male : D ator : O tz Valley : com m anded the guards of Issus; later dueled with John Carter in the Valley of the First Born. Llana Zu Tith - : Male : Jed : Zor : Form er jed rem oved from power by Helium and was slain. Skeleton Zuki - : Male : kangaroo m an : G ooli : The warrior selected by Anatok to battle Tor-D ur-Bar (Vor D aj); assisted Tor-D ur- Bar in building a sm all boat to leave the island of G ooli. Synthetic A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 71

Bozarth's H ypothesis Regarding the Extraterres- trial O rigins of Edgar Rice Burroughs' John C arter of M ars

Suggested By Speculative Postings at Jim Thom pson's ERBCO F-L Listserver

D etail from Im age by Frank Frazetta

BAC KGRO UN D The Barsoom ian stories of Edgar Rice Burroughs feature a heroic protagonist nam ed John Carter. Edgar Rice Burroughs portrays Carter as a long tim e soldier with fam ily in Virginia and as a m an who once served in the arm ies of several (unnam ed) European powers. Carter held a Captaincy in the Confederate States of Am erica during the Am erican Civil War. The war over, John Carter and a fellow nam ed Powell spent a year prospecting for gold in Arizona. They found a very rich vein which prom ised to m ake them wealthy m en but disaster, in the form of hostile indians, intervened. Powell was captured and killed. Carter had risked his life attem pting to save Powell and was subsequently chased into the m ountains. Looking for a defensive position Carter stum bled upon a cave. When he entered it, to Carter's am azem ent, the indians withdrew. That the cave held a m ysterious significance for the indians Carter was soon to discover. An unknown gas inside the cave paralyzed the ex- Confederate officer and lay him prostrate upon the floor. D esperation at his plight grew until som ething snapped within Carter's m ind and he suddenly found him self in astral body looking down upon his own. N ot long after this astonishing event the red eye of Mars beckoned to Carter, seem ing to draw him toward it—and it did. What happened after that is chronicled in the fantastic books A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 72

ERB penned beginning in 1912. The above facts are m undane, that is, they are consistent with the era (March, 1865) and are not particularly unusual, other than the astral body event, except for a short declaration m ade by Captain Carter in the very first paragraph of the tale, A PRIN CESS O F MARS:

I am a very old m an; how old I do not know. Possibly I am a hundred, possibly m ore; but I cannot tell because I have never aged as other m en, nor do I rem em ber any childhood. So far as I can recollect I have always been a m an, a m an of about thirty. I appear today as I did forty years and m ore ago, and yet I feel that I cannot go on living forever; that som e day I shall die the real death from which there is no resurrection. I do not know why I should fear death, I who have died twice and am still alive; but yet I have the sam e horror of it as you who have never died, and it is because of this terror of death, I believe, that I am so convinced of m y m ortality.

TH E Q UESTIO N Im m ortal—that's far from m undane! Could Captain Jack Carter, CSA, be alien? This was the question posed at the ERBCO F-L Listserver. The following speculation is best understood if you have read at least the first book of the Barsoom ian series, A PRIN CESS O F MARS. Recom m ended reading for som e of the finer details includes G O D S O F MARS, WARLO RD O F MARS and THU VIA, MAID O F MARS. A general overview of the Barsoom ian world is found elsewhere at A BARSO O M G LO SSARY.

GATH ERIN G FAC TS: In the books the red race of Mars, which Carter adopts and is adopted by, has a scientific basis despite their barbaric culture. Ras Thavas (MASTER MIN D O F MARS) exem plifies the super- science of the red m an. Space travel in hum an-built ships is a significant plot device in SWO RD S O F MARS and SKELETO N MEN O F JU PITER. Yet, in all the books, we do not find m ention of space travel between Barsoom and earth and, in any event, space vessels were not developed until after Carter has been on Mars for a num ber of years. Possibly because the red m an had A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 73 developed space-faring ships speculation at ER B CO F-L hinted that Carter m ight be a red Martian on earth, perhaps bio-engi- neered to withstand earth's gravity field. This is a som ewhat interesting concept but for one m inor detail: John Carter is white, which im m ediately precludes him being a red Martian. The white race on Barsoom at the tim e of Carter's arrival (1865) is the Therns. This race is com pletely bald. They wear blond wigs and are religious fanatics, not scientists. Carter is black-haired. A Thern he cannot be, but there is m ention of yet another fair-skinned race, rem nants of which are found only in the isolated city of Lothar (THU VIA). They are described as auburn-haired (yellowish in the original m eaning of the word, not reddish brown as is com m on usage today). We now have a fair-skinned, non-bald race from which John Carter, a supposed Barsoom ian relocated to earth, m ight have com e. However, there is no appreciable science in Lothar. What we do find in Lothar is a race of m entalists, hum ans with incredible powers of hypnotic and telekinetic powers. Through m ental will alone these m asters of deception can create whole arm ies of im aginary soldiers which are used to keep the barbaric green m en at bay. So successful in detail and execution with these im ages is Tario the Jeddak of Lothar that a favored illusion, Kar Kom ak, com es alive, solid and independent! Could Lothar be the origin for John Carter? Alas, no: there is no science in Lothar, nor do these people have any interest of the world outside their city. However, these few survivors of the O rovars, the elder white race m ore fair skinned than John Carter, offer another possibility to support speculation that the Virginian was, in fact, a Barsoom ian on earth. Presum ing that John Carter is a Martian transported to earth we are faced with the question of how a being from a planet with substantially less gravity could function, m uch less survive on our planet. The evidence presented in the stories shows Carter endowed with superior physical strength com pared to the natives of Barsoom . This seem ingly indicates a terrestrial origin rather than Barsoom ian. It would then appear that Carter is not Barsoom ian. Yet, there is a third possibility, which is the basis of this im aginative speculation.

BUILDIN G A C ASE: The O rovars were the dom inate race of Barsoom a m illion years before the events of A PRIN CESS O F MARS. The red race at that tim e was savage and barbaric, as nom adic as the green A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 74

Martians. The red m an did not rise to dom inance until after the oceans of Mars receded, an event which took a m illion years. Carter, as an elder race O rovar, would have had to com e to earth long before hum an civilization appeared. Was this possible, and if so, how did Carter arrive on earth? Kar Kom ak reveals som ething of the oceanic world of Barsoom , gone for a m illion years. His descriptions of vessels plying the great oceans of Mars are equipped with sails, hardly high tech. Bow and arrows are the ultim ate in weaponry, indicating a pre-industrial culture. The elder O rovarian race could not have built a space ship to travel between Barsoom and Jasoom (earth). Having reached an apparent dead end, we look to yet another possibility. In Llana of G athol John Carter encounters the O rovars of Horz, an isolated city in the northern hem isphere. Ho R an K im , the blue-eyed, yellow-haired Jeddak of Horz, reveals that science did indeed exist and that the O rovar, not the red m an, created the atm o- sphere plant which, through continuous operation, has provided breathable atm osphere for Barsoom . This science, however, does not appear technologically advanced to build spaceships nor do the present inhabitants of Horz have advanced technology. Carter visited the atm osphere plant and his descriptions of its operation do not change this conclusion.

TH E SPEC ULATIO N : The telepathic and m ental capabilities of John Carter as described in the books suggest he has powers ordinary terrestrial hum ans do not. From whence com es this ability? Kar Kom ak, the bowm an of Lothar who cam e into corporeal existence, had m ental abilities of his own and was able to project arm ies of im aginary warriors to rout an attack by savage greenm en. Carter's m ental abilities are not as pronounced, but rem ain significant nonetheless. The telepathic inertness that shielded Carter from prying m inds on Barsoom , yet was coupled with an extraordinary ability to focus his own telepathic efforts upon others, could be an indication of otherworldliness—and m ay be A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 75 our link to the ancient O rovarian race. That elder civilization did not have the capacity to build spaceships, but what if their m ental powers were even m ore pronounced than the degenerate m entalists of Lothar? Could an ancient O rovarian project a sim ulacrum across 40,000,000 m iles of space? Could that m ental construct have been created to report conditions and to explore the third planet? G iven the abilities of the docum ented Lotharian m entalists, this seem s possible. It m ight have required a group of O rovarian m ind-scientists to accom plish the task—and perhaps they accom plished too well: the result being a fully-form ed physical presence on Jasoom , wholly adapted to life on earth. If so, then the event would have happened over 1,000,000 years ago. N o hum an, as we know hum anity, can live so long, yet if Carter is born of ancient O rovarian m ental processes, to have survived into the contem porary century of his return to Barsoom he would have to be im m ortal, or gifted of a life-span m easured in astronom ical units. Carter believes him self im m ortal. If so, then our speculative ancient O rovar creation, which was not born of flesh but pure m ental energy, m ay be our John Carter of Mars! Resolving the question how a m illion year old O rovarian cam e to be on earth and not rem em ber any of it is m ore difficult. I suggest that a lifetim e of such m agnitude, particularly on a planet bare of civilization or others of its kind, would have been a lonesom e existence that m ight have had a profound effect upon the creature's m ind. Such endless existence m ay have resulted in the hum an-like construct suffering from cyclic periods of profound am nesia as a form of m ental self-defense against painful isolation. Carter declares in the opening paragraph that he does not know his age and does not recall events greater than the specified subjective tim e fram e. O ur m illion year old Carter of 1865 m ay have recently (in term s of a life span of a m illion years) experienced an am nesia episode. Continuing on that foundation Carter, the O rovar, m ay have enjoyed m any norm al hum an lifetim es of m em ories and lost them unawares. His recent m em ories, as portrayed in the books, indicate service in European arm ies though tim e fram es and actual countries are not m entioned. Carter, the warrior, m ay have m oved from war to war throughout earth's ancient history, perhaps as a nam eless m ercenary. Who rem em bers soldiers after the battle is over? Since soldiers suffer extraordinary causality rates it would seem reasonable that one John Carter could A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 76 appear to die and another reappear elsewhere without raising suspicion. A continual life as a warrior "m entally reborn" every 1,000(?) years (that self-protecting am nesia reflex suggested above) would endow the creature's physical form with uncom - m on m artial skills. This would greatly explain John Carter's prowess with weapons. Could this creature born of thought by m entalists dead perhaps 1,000,000 years on a world som e 40,000,000 m iles away have the ability to procreate on earth? Alas, too little detail is offered to truly speculate. He m ay sim ply have attached him self as a friend to various clans throughout the ages, accepted as a fam ily m em ber or even taking their nam e. Such a being, a creature born of thought in the likeness of its creators and constructed for use upon a different planet, m ight have a natural "polarity" (for wont of a better word) to return to the source of his creation: Barsoom . When the physical Carter entered the Arizona cave and succum bed to the m ysterious gas, it m ay have been the first tim e since its creation that the core m ind was freed of the physical form . In a flash, with a bit of dark, cold and oblivion thrown in, the pure O rovarian part of Carter returned to the planet which spawned him . His m illion year existence on earth would have quite likely eradicated any residual m em ories of his creators' world, yet there is a constant refrain throughout the books that Carter keenly felt part of that barbaric planet and that Barsoom was his hom e.

SUM M ATIO N : Were John Carter a created being form ed by the m ental energies of long dead O rovarian psychologist-scientists for use upon our terrestrial earth, his physicalities are explained, his ability to cross the void is explained, his m ental and telepathic capabilities are explained and, lastly, his fertility with D ejah Thoris is explained. That said, I still personally believe Carter is of hum an terrestrial origin, else the wondrous heart of the Barsoom ian fantasies loose their appeal. A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 77

PLAC ES

Few w riters before or after Edgar Rice Burroughs ever m anaged to craft fully- realized fictional worlds than this 35 year old businessm an (as of 1911). Ed Bur- roughs was educated in geology. He, in fact, had taught G eology for a period of tim e at the Michigan Military Academ y. His world of Barsoom is correct in term s of the "real world", yet has a fine fantasy feel and sense of m ystery. Having created the desert world of Barsoom , he proceeded to build cities and em pires in all parts of the globe. Som e were connected and dependent upon the vast canal system , others were located in exotic areas where free-flowing surface water existed. O ver all, however, the planet is arid and dry, which explains why cities built hundreds of thousands years ago rem ain standing in rem arkable preservation. The hum an races of Mars have been as m uch builders as warriors, leaving im m ense artifacts and constructs to be rediscov- ered. A few of these ancient piles are occupied by nom adic green Martians, or shelter the rem nants of the elder races, but m any of these cities have been in constant habitation since their founding. The Martians built with stone, wood, m etal and a form of concrete. The newer constructions are m ighty indeed—the Scarlet Tower of Helium , for exam ple, rises one m ile into the thin atm osphere of Barsoom . An im m ense atm osphere plant provides breathable atm osphere to the entire planet. The Therns have carved out a hidden em pire deep within the rocky bones of the O tz Mountains. The First Born take every advantage of the O m ean Sea, a vast undergrouund body of water, to keep their civilization strong. Where life is possible, even in the m ost desolate of areas, A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 78 the Martians have m ade their hom es. From the swam p-like m uck of the Toonlian Marsh to the snow-capped Artolian Mountains, the traveler will m eet all m anner of peoples. D ead cities on the shores of vanished oceans provide surprising relief for stranded travelers—often centered around plazas where a trickle of water continues flows into cracked fountains or holding pools. Beneath every Barsoom ian city lie countless m iles of caves or dungeons. Many cities are walled against attack or dangerous beasts. Edgar Rice Burroughs takes the reader from pole to pole and from east to west, but for all he has told, there rem ains an incredibly vast question m ark regarding the rest of Barsoom —a world that, while sm aller than Earth, has m ore land m ass than the water rich third planet of the Solar System . A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 79

Planets

Edgar Rice Burroughs carried his inventive creativity beyond the desert world of Mars. Barsoom , as Mars is known by its inhabitants, is only one of m any worlds catalogued by Martian astronom ers. Moving outward from the sun, the Barsoom ian nam es for the planets of the solar system are:

RASO O M — MERCU RY CO SO O M — VEN U S JASO O M — EARTH BARSO O M - MARS SASO O M — JU PITER

Also nam ed are the two m oons of Barsoom .

THU RIA — PHO BO S CLU RO S — D EIMO S

In Swords of Mars, John Carter describes the m oons as Thuria, the larger m oon orbits around Barsoom at 5,800 m iles from the planet's surface; Cluros is slightly sm aller and orbits at 14,500 m iles.

From The Skeleton M en of Jupiter we learn the Morgors have a nam ing convention based on their language.

G ARO BU S - MARS - BARSO O M EU RO BU S - JU PITER - SASO O M

Within the Burroughsian universe, it can be said that no characters ever visited Rasoom (Mercury). In an unrelated series of stories Carson N apier traveled to and landed upon Cosoom (Venus). Many different tales took place on Jasoom (Earth) and Barsoom (Mars). O nly one tale took place on Sasoom (Jupiter). A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 80

C ities & N ations

Barsoom has a long history which encom passes near geologic tim e fram es. When the planet was young sailing ships conducted com m erce upon the five m ighty oceans of Barsoom , traveling from one fabulous port to another. O ver the m illennia, as the oceans dried up and the "barbarian races" began to m ake inroads upon the older O rovar civilization, m any of the early cities were abandoned after centuries of struggle. The green hordes m oved into the vacated cities, often taking the nam e of these deserted m etropolii as their tribal nam es. D uring the sam e tim e period (the drying up of the oceans of Mars) the red, black, and yellow races were organizing and beginning to build their own city/states. O n a planet where dwindling natural resources insured constant battle between tribes, cities, even nations, the strongest survived and those less strong were doom ed to obscurity. The upstart red race, perhaps the youngest of all the Barsoom ian races, has a history stretching back nearly 100,000 years. In that tim e m any cities and nations arose, blossom ed, and eventually succum bed to invaders. O ne of the m ore interesting pastim es of Barsoom ian readers is locating the various cities, "dead" or currently occupied, as listed in the stories told by Edgar Rice Burroughs. The following list of Barsoom ian cities contains physical locations by Latitude and Longitude which are found either in the texts them selves or from the hand drawn m aps Ed Burroughs created. See MAPS.

M ap Locations LISTED AS D EG REES O F (xxLat xxLong)

Aaanothor - dead city located southwest of Helium and southeast of Torquas. (50S 80E or 55S 70E) Am hor - 700 m iles north of Morbus, at war with D uhor; The avenues leading to it [Jal H ad's palace] w ere lined w ith the palaces of the nobility, just beyond w hich w ere the better-grade shops and hotels. Am hor is a sm all city and the only one in the principality w hich m ight claim the dignity of such a title, the others being but sm all and w idely scattered villages. The chief business of the principality is the raising of thoats and zitidars, the A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 81

form er the saddle anim als and the latter the m am m oth draft anim als of M ars. Both are also raised for food, and Am hors exports preserved m eats, hides, and other by- products to D uhor, Phundahl, and Toonol. (42N 118W) Bantoom - N ation of Kaldanes. A pastoral valley with running water used for agriculture. Land of the spider-m en and the headless rykor, which appears to be a fully developed red Martian of both sexes, but without heads. (46S 46W) C hicago - Illinois, U nited States. Duhor - 10,500 haads N W of Helium . 7,800 haads west of Toonolian Marshes on western side of Artolian Hills (aka Snow Clad Mountains) at war with Am hor (40N 178W) Dusar - West of Ptarth, noted for honey production. (15N 60E) Exum - Barsoom ian G renwich. (0 lat 0 lon) Gathol - N W of Helium . Titled the oldest inhabited city of Barsoom . G athol began as an island in Throxeus and as the ocean disappeared, the city built down the em erging seam ount. Surrounded by salt m arshes, G athol has never been conquered though m any have tried to take posses- sion of the fabulous diam ond m ines beneath the city. N oted for fine grazing lands. (6N 15W) Ghasta - located Hohr Valley (extinct volcano) N W of Tjanath. (58S 70W) Gooli - city on Island of O m pt in the Toonolian Marshes. Inhabited by the Kangaroo m en of Barsoom . H astor- city/nation of Helium ; located southwest of the twin cities of Helium ; noted for shipyards that service the Helium etic navy. (33S 106E) H elium - 1,600 m iles from Exum . Helium is the nation of red m en that accepts, and elevates, John Carter to Warlord of Mars. Helium is com prised of several city/states, including G reater Helium , Lesser Helium , and Hastor; has a vigorous industry, including great shipyards which produce thousands of aircraft each year, agriculture, ranching, som e m inor forestry, science and technology; one of the m ore populous red nations; m aintains a standing arm y and navy of 1,000,000 m en. G reater Helium and Lesser Helium , often referred to as the twin cities, are actually 75 m iles apart; both cities feature im m ense towers reaching one m ile in height—the Scarlet and Yellow Towers. (30S 106E) H orz - 1,500 m iles N W G athol, 5,000 m iles N W Helium , last A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 82

stronghold of surviving O rovars except Lothar (48N 0Lon) Illall - dom ed city of O kar, north pole which is m ost distant from Kadabra. Invak- city located in the Forest of Lost Men near Polodona (the equator). Jahar- City/state in southern hem isphere; U -G or is a province of Jahar. (30S 35E) Kadabra - O karian capital, north pole; ... the w alled and glass- roofed city of Kadabra. It lies in a low depression near the pole, surrounded by rocky, snow -clad hills. ... Its crystal dom es sparkled in the brilliant sunlight gleam ing above the frost-covered outer w all that circles the entire one hundred m iles of its circum ference. Kam tol - city in the Valley of First Born between G athol and Horz Kaol - located in the Kaolian Forest; noted for lum ber exports; a city surrounded by glass-sm ooth walls 75 feet in height. (Warlord) Kobol - vassal city/state of Helium (25S 45W) Korada - dead city; D ejah Thoris related m any interesting facts and legends concerning this lost race of noble and kindly people. She said that the city in w hich w e w ere cam ping w as supposed to have been a center of com m erce and culture know n as Korad. It had been built upon a beautiful, natural harbor, landlocked by m agnificent hills. The little valley on the w est front of the city, she explained, w as all that rem ained of the harbor, w hile the pass through the hills to the old sea bottom had been the channel through w hich the shipping passed up to the city's gates. Korvasa - dead city deserted over 1,000 years. Pew Mogel set up shop here. The C ity of Korvas, as every M artian school- boy knew , had been deserted for a thousand years; yet m any of the skulls and bones w ere recently picked clean of their flesh. C arter had seen no evidence in the city of any life other than the great w hite apes and the m ysterious giant, and the rats them selves. Lanikai, H aw aii, United States. Lothar - lost city of the ancient O rovars? (Kar Kom ak was an incarnation of an O rovar captain); hom e to a race of white hum an Martians with uncanny m ental abilities; G uided by the noise of these habitually angry beasts, he A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 83

stole forw ard through the trees until at last he cam e upon a level, treeless plain, in the centre of w hich a m ighty city reared its burnished dom es and vividly coloured tow ers. (43S 30E) M antaja - see Manator M anator - 814 m iles west of G athol. The m ain city of the Manatorians. N otable for lacking technology com m on to other red Martian nations and m aintaining extensive exhibits of deceased citizens and honored enem ies in a form of taxiderm y. In Manator the gam e of Jetan is taken seriously, every ten years the Fields of Jetan are the scene of violent and deadly contests of hum an players taking the parts of Jetan pieces. (3N 38W) M anatos- see Manator M arentina - a principality of O kar with natural defenses that preclude easy conquest by land. Morbus700 m iles south of Am hor; where Ras Thavas pefected the horm ad; ...approached a large island rising from the surrounding m orass. O ne of the innum erable w inding w aterw ays skirted its northern boundary, w idening here to form a sm all lake on the shore of w hich lay a sm all w alled city...clusters of sm all huts scattered about the island... M orbus differed from any M aritan city I had ever visited. The buildings w ere substantial and w ithout ornam entation, but there w as a certain dignity to the sim plicity of their lines that lent them a beauty all their ow n. It gave the im pression of a new city laid out in accordance w ith som e w ell conceived plan, every line of w hich spelled efficiency. Morbus was rebuilt by Ras Thavas over the foundations of an ancient city; densely populated by horm ads; ruled by the Council of Seven Jeds, seven horm ads. M orgor — undefined area of Jupiter ruled by Bandolian. N ew York C ity, N ew York, United States. O kar - nation of yellow m en at north pole O m bra - The Tarids castle/fortress on Ladan (Thuria); constructed of precious and sem i-precious stones, m any lofty towers, located near a river and surrounded by forest (Swords) O nvak - a city in the Forest of Lost Men near Polodona (the equator). Panar - N ation of red m en at N orth Pole ruled by Hin Abtol. Pankor - city of Panar; Pankor w as m uch like Kadabra, the A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 84

capital city of O kar, only m uch sm aller. Though the country around it and up to its w alls w as clothed in snow and ice, none lay upon the great crystal dom e w hich roofed the entire city; and beneath the dom e a pleasant, springlike atm osphere prevailed. Its avenues w ere covered w ith the sod of the m osslike ocher vegetation w hich clothes the dead sea bottom s of the red planet, and bordered by w ell kept law ns of crim son Barsoom ian grass. Along these avenues sped the noiseless traffic of light and airy ground fliers w ith w hich I had becom e fam iliar in M arentina and Kadabra long years before. Pellucidar — Inner Earth, m entioned. Phundahl - west end of the Toonolian Marshes; located near broken canyons and hills containing tracts of som pus trees to the southwest; continually at war with Toonol. (20N 120W) Ptarth - allied to Helium by the m arriage of Carthoris and Thuvia; 9,500 haads northeast of Helium ; also allied with Kaol. (13 or 15N 168W) Raxar - northern hem isphere, sacked by Hin Abtol. (60N 40W) Richm ond, V irginia, United States. Savator — undefined area of Jupiter with invisible houses. Tarzana, C alifornia, United States. Thark - ancient city where a group of green Martian tribes take their nam e and is their m ain gathering place. (50S 122E) Thurd - ancient city where a group of green Martian tribes take their nam e and is their m ain gathering place. Tjanath - southern hem isphere, near G hasta (60S 70W) Toonol - East of the Toonolian Marshes; continually at war with Phundahl. From the sum m it of the landing tow er I had m y first view of a M artian city. Several hundred feet below m e lay spread the broad, w ell-lighted avenues of Toonol, m any of w hich w ere crow ded w ith people. H ere and there, in this central district, a building w as raised high upon its supporting, cylindrical m etal shaft; w hile further out, W here the residences predom inated, the city took on the appearance of a colossal and grotesque forest. Am ong the larger palaces only an occasional suite of room s w as thus raised high above the level of the others, these being the sleeping apartm ents of the ow ners, their servants or their guests; but the sm aller hom es w ere raised in their entirety, a precaution necessi- A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 85

tated by the constant activities of the follow ers of G or H ajus' ancient profession that perm itted no m an to be free from the constant m enace of assassination. Through- out the central district the sky w as pierced by the lofty tow ers of several other landing stages; but, as I w as later to learn, these w ere com paratively few in num ber. Toonol is in no sense a flying nation, supporting no such enorm ous fleets of m erchant ships and vessels of w ar as, for exam ple, the tw in cities of H elium or the great capital of Ptarth. (21N 98W) Torquas - an ancient dead city that is hom e to a group of green Martian tribes. That he w as w ithin the boundary of Torquas, C arthoris w as sure, but that there existed there such a w ondrous city he never had dream ed, nor had the chronicles of the past even hinted at such a possibility, for the Torquasians w ere know n to live, as did the other green m en of M ars, w ithin the deserted cities that dotted the dying planet, nor ever had any green horde built so m uch as a single edifice, other than the low -w alled incubators w here their young are hatched by the sun's heat. (28S 36E) U-Gor - province of Jahar approxim ately 1,000 haads southeast of the captial city. (58S to 50S and 2W to 7E) Xanator - dead city. (I believe it is 40S 16E) Zanor - rem ote island on Jupiter unconquered by the Morgors, where the Savators live. Zodonga - 1900 m iles E of Helium ; a nation at war with Helium ; later sacked by Tharks under John Carter's com m and; rebuilt Zodanga is a m odern trading city with strict air traffic control, warehouses, inns and hotels, rich and poor quarters of the city. 30S 172E (ERB's m ap says 10S 150E) Zor - 380 m iles SE of Helium (40S 120E) A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 86

Geographic

Arizona - location of Carter and Powell's gold m ine; Apache indians are the indigenous people. U nited States. Artolian H ills — (aka Snow Clad Mountains) surrounds the northern city of D uhor. C arrion C aves — subterranean entrance to O kar "At the opening to the subterranean passage that led to their haven of refuge a m ighty battle w as fought in w hich the yellow m en w ere victorious, and w ithin the caves that gave ingress to their new hom e they piled the bodies of the dead, both yellow and green, that the stench m ight w arn aw ay their enem ies from further pursuit. "And ever since that long-gone day have the dead of this fabled land been carried to the C arrion C aves, that in death and decay they m ight serve their country and w arn aw ay invading enem ies. H ere, too, is brought, so the fable runs, all the w aste stuff of the nation— everything that is subject to rot, and that can add to the foul stench that assails our nostrils." Dead Sea of Korvas — located at dead city of Korvas; rem aining open water of one of the ancient seas of Barsoom . Death, the — an underground river passing beneath Tjanath that em pties into the Valley of Spiders. See Syl river below. Dom nia — nation located som e distance from Tarid on Thuria. forbidden land — term applied to the north polar region until after O kar was discovered. Forest of Lost M en — rare wooded area of Barsoom , near the equator, land of the invisible m en. Golden C liffs — surrounds Valley D or with 5,000 foot perpen- dicular walls; veins of gold, quartz, rubies, em eralds and diam onds lace the cliff faces. Gooli — a large island with hills and dale, forest and pleasant shoreline; Toonolian Marsh Gulf of Torquas — ancient sea bed now a m oss-covered valley between Torquas to the east and Xanator to the west. H elium Forest — Helium (G iant) H ohr V alley — northwest of Tjanath; G hasta, where runs the River Syl; a fertile, near tropical area, where a species of large upside-down spiders live. A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 87

H udson River - located U nited States, Earth. Island of O m pt — in the Toonolian Marshes Isle of Shador — a prison island in O m ean Sea Iss — also known as River of Mystery, R iver of D eath; em pties into the Lost Sea of Korus via subteranean outlet beneath the O tz Mountains; believed to run the breadth of Barsoom , those em barking upon the final pilgrim age apparently have access to various points along it's unstated course for boat travel to Valley D or. Kaolian Forest — a heavily wooded area near Kaol; situated near Polodona (the equator). Korus, Lost Sea of — open body of water, Valley D or Land of the First Born — at the south pole Land of Lost Souls — fertile band of land at the outer edge of the O tz Mountains to the south and the im m ense ice shield to the north. Little C olorado - river in U nited States; where Carter and Burroughs m et. Location: 150W 15N L - dead sea bottom covered with ochre vegetation with low hills in the distance; a place where a m isaligned directional com pass brought John Carter and Vor D aj during an overnight flight from Helium ; approxi- m ately 2600 m iles soughtwest of Phundahl. (Synthetic) Lotharian H ills - separates Lothar from the hordes of Torquas. M ountains of Torquas — large range of m ountains northwest of Aaanathor (Thuvia) M orbus, Island of — Large island with hills, forests, and swam p areas located in the Toonolian Marsh, approxim ately 700 m iles from Phundahl. N uuanu Pali - agricultural area, Hawaii, U nited States. O ahuone of the H aw aiian Islands, Earth. O m ean, the Buried Sea — vast body of water located two m iles beneath south pole (G ods) O tz M ountains — Surround G olden Cliffs and Valley D or (G ods) O tz V alley — surrounds Valley D or; aka the Land of Lost Souls. Polodona — the equator Syl — river running through the Hohr Valley. Thavas — island of the Toonolian Marsh located near Toonol; the ancestral hom e of Ras Thavas. Throxeus (or Throxus) — m ightiest of the Five O ceans of Mars; no specific boundaries are known, though in all probabil- ity the swam ps near G athol and the Toonolian Marsh are A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 88

rem nants. The five oceans were com posed of salt water. Toonolian M arshes — 1800 earth m iles of m arsh stretching between Phundahl on the west to Toonol on the east, narrow winding waterways connect sm all bodies of water, the largest of which is a few acres in area; m arsh, jungle, and water, dotted by rocky islands which m ay be the rem ains of an ancient m ountain range, often forested by thick jungle. The area is densely populated by "fierce beasts and terrifying reptiles, by rem nants of savage aboriginal tribes long isolated." 19' to 27' N Lat; 90' to 123' W Lon V alley Dor — south pole, Martian Heaven V alley of H elium — area between the twin cities of Helium . V alley of Lost Souls — at south pole between Valley D or and O tz Mountains V alley of the First Born — here Kam tol lies Zanor — island hom e of the Jovian Savators (Sasoom ). A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 89

M artians Listed by C ities or N ations

AM H O R - D ur Ajm ad, G antun G ur, Jad-K an, Jal Had, Jal Han, Janai, Vanum a BAN TO O M - G hek, Luud, Moak, N olach, Sept DUH O R - Kor San, O rm -o, Valla D ia DUSO R - Astok, Hal Vas, Halvas, Larok, N utus, Vas Kor EARTH - John Carter, U lysses Paxton, Vad Varo GATH O L - A-Sor, Floran, G ahan, G an Hor, Haja, Kor-an, Llana, San Tothis, Tanus, Tasor, Turan, U -Kal GH ASTA - G hron GO O LI - Anatok, Zuki H ELIUM - John Carter, Carthoris, D ejah Thoris, D jor Kantos, D otar Sojat, G ur Tus, Hor Vastus, Jat O r, Kantos Kan, Mors Kajak, O lvia Marthis, Saran Tal, Sil Vagis, Sonom a Tora, Tara, Tardos Mors, Tor Hatan, Turjun, U thia, Val- D or, Vandor, Vor D aj H O RZ - Ho Ran Kim , Hor Kai Lan, K am Han Tor, Lan Sohn Wen, Lee U m Lo, Lum Tar O , Pan D an Chee, R o Tan Bim H ASTO R, H ELIUM - Had U rtur, Tan Hadron, U r-Raj IN V AK - Kandus, Motus, Pnoxux, Ptanus, Rojas JAH AR - Fo-nar, N ur An, Phao, Phor Tak (JHAMA), Tul Axatar KADABRA, O KAR - Salensus O ll, Solan, Sorav, Talu KAO L - Kulan Tith, Torkar Bar KO BAL - Em -Tar KO RV AS - G ore, Joog, Pew Mogel (HO MAD ) KAM TO L - Ban-Tor, D oxus, Man-Lat, Myr-lo, N astor, N olat, Ptang, Van-Tija, Xaxak LO TH AR - Jav, Kar Kom ak, Tario M AN ATO R - (IN CLU D ES Manatja & Manatos)A-Kor, Corphal (G HO STS), E-Med, E-Thas, I-Cos?, I-G os?, I-Mal, I-Zav, O - Mai, O -Tar, U -D or, U -Thor, U -Van M O RBUS - Ay-m ad, Aym ad, Il-D ur-En, Styor, Teaytan-ov, Tor- D ur-Bar HE? N O SPEC IFIC C ITY - Bal Zak (TO O N O L?), Bal Tab, D an-ho, G an-ho, Lan-O , O -zar, U l Val, Yam dor O M BRA - O zara, U l Vas, U lah, U m ka (a Masenas), Zam ak O TZ V ALLEY - Issus, Thurid, Torith, Xodar, Yersted, Zithad A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 90

PAN KO R, PAN AR - G or-don, Hin Abtol, Phor San, Rab-zov, U l- to PH UN DAH L - D ar Tarus, Hora San, Kara Vasa, Pandar, Sag O r, Xaxa PTARTH - Hovan D u, Soren, Thuvan D ihn, Thuvia TH ARK - G ozava, Lorquas Ptom el, O m ad, Sarkoja, Sola, Tal Hadjus, Tars Tarkas, Woola, Zad TJAN ATH - Haj Alt, Haj O sis, Kal Taven, Sharu, Tavia, Yo Seno TO O N O L - D ur-D an, G an Had, G or Hajus, Mu Tel, U lysses Paxton, Ras Thavas, Tun G an, Vobis Kan TO RQ UAS - Hortan G ur, Thor-Ban V ALLEY DO R - Lakor, Matai Shang, Phaidor, Sator Throg, Thorian W ARH O O N S - Bar Com as, D ak Kova, Kab Kadja, Tan G am a ZO DAN GA - Fal Sivas, G ar N al, Ham as, N otan, Parthak, Phystal, Ptor Fak, Ptor, Rapas the U lsio, Sab Than, Than Kosis, U ldak, U r-Jan, Wolak, Zanda, Zat Arrras ZO R - Multis Par, U -D an, Vaja, Zu Tith

TH E GREEN M artian H O RDES

Tharks Thurds Torquas Warhoons A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 91

M an-m ade

General C onstruction

The descriptions of Martian architecture given by John Carter in the first half of the Barsoom series gives the reader an im - pression of large, em pty cities on the desert sea bottom s and of vital, densely populated newer cities. The building styles appear to be dom es (often burnished), towers which are ornam ented with elaborate carvings from the fifth story to their crowns, m inarets, large low buildings and personal residences built on hydraulic system s that will elevate the dwelling at night for the protection of the occupants. In the residential areas there is m uch rooftop living, often under silk canopies. Construction finishes occasionally em brace vivid colors such as the Scarlet Tower. Each city has a central plaza, often with a fountain supplied by an underground source, which houses a com m on m arket consisting of tem porary shelters of canvas and hides. In the later books of the series the reader gains a sense of cities m ore terrestrial in nature with warehouses, hotels, inns, restaurants and, in som e quarters, houses of ill-repute. Many Barsoom ian cities are surrounded by defensive walls—the walls of Kaol, for exam ple, are 75 feet in height and sm ooth as glass. Walled cities often have businesses or dwellings em bedded in the im m ense fortifications. Airships generally berth in roof-top towers which are connected by elevators to the floors or street below. Air-conditioning is not known on Barsoom , but m echanical room ventilators are used; the vents are located in ceiling and floor. Buildings are often decorated with balconies A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 92 featuring ornam ented iron works. In wealthier cities the use of gold and gem s as finishing m aterials can be found. Murals are prevalent in interior spaces. Level changes in buildings are accom plished with inclined ram ps, stairs are not in general use on Barsoom , though they are found in the kaldane region of Mars and on Ladan (Thuria) the nearer m oon. The ancient dead cities of Barsoom can be very large. G reat avenues and huge quays and wharf areas show where the vanished oceans once lay. N early all cities have im m ense underground ways, usually dungeons or m anufacturing areas to produce the explosive radium projectiles that detonate in the presence of sunlight. Though the dead cities of Mars are deserted by hum an occupation, these areas are frequently used by green nom ads and the fierce white apes because som e water can usually be found and the m oss, which provides m oisture for thoats and other creatures, finds better soil in the crum bling ruins than upon the vast dead sea bottom s. O ther plants, forgotten orchards, also provide sustenance.

Aisle of H ope — leads to the Throne of Righteousness in the Tem ple of Reward, G reater Helium . (G O D S) Atm osphere Plant — originally created by the ancient O rovars, a sm all m onk-like group of red m en now operate the vast m echanism which m aintains a breathable atm osphere for the inhabitants of Barsoom . Avenue of Ancestors — a street in Helium leading from the G ate of Jeddaks to the Tem ple of Reward (G ods) Avenue of Gates — a street of Manator which encirles the city behind the defensive wall. Avenue of the Green Thoat — a street of Zodanga where Vandor (John Carter) dueled with U ldak. (Swords) Avenue of the Jeddaks — ran though the ancient city of Horz until it m et the Avenue of Q uays. (Llana) Avenue of Q uays — Aanathor; lined by great m onoliths leading to the plaza (Thuvia) Avenue of Q uays — Horz; connects with Avenue of Jeddaks (Horz) LLAN A Avenue of W arriors — Zodanga SWO RD S canals — m an-m ade waterways transporting water from the polar caps into the inhabited regions of Barsoom . G enerally bordered by trees and agricultural areas, often accom panied by a broad roadway. A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 93

C ham ber of M ystery — in G olden Cliffs (chapter title) G O D S. C ham ber of Reptiles — in the G olden Cliffs dom ed cities — in the frozen north lie the dom ed cities of the yellow m en. East Tow er — Tjanath Fields of Jetan — a stadium in Manator where the Barsoom ian gam e is played by living pieces. Every ten years the great gam es are played. Bordered by buildings collectively known as the Towers of Jetan. Garden of Jeddaks — located in Salensus O ll's palace at Kada- bra, O kar Gates of Enem ies — one of the m any gates of Manator; here are displayed the m um m ified rem ains of honored enem ies. Gate of Jeddaks — m ain gate of Helium ; opens onto the Avenue of Ancestors, which runs five m iles to the Tem ple of Reward. (G O D S) Golden Tem ple of Issus — located in the city of First Born, south pole. (G O D S) O ne m ay speak of scarlet sw ard and ivory-stem m ed trees decked w ith brilliant purple bloom s; of w inding w alks paved w ith crushed rubies, w ith em erald, w ith turquoise, even w ith diam onds them - selves; of a m agnificent tem ple of burnished gold, hand- w rought w ith m arvellous designs; but w here are the w ords to describe the glorious colours that are unknow n to earthly eyes? w here the m ind or the im agination that can grasp the gorgeous scintillations of unheard-of rays as they em anate from the thousand nam eless jew els of Barsoom ? Even m y eyes, for long years accustom ed to the barbaric splendours of a M artian Jeddak's court, w ere am azed at the glory of the scene. Great Plaza — the central square beside the dator's palace in Kam tol. Guardian of the N orth — a m agnetic device in O kar that is used to destroy airships; built over the north pole. (WAR- LO RD ) H all of C hiefs — herein are displayed the past jeds and jeddaks of Manator; a long, wide hall ornately decorated. (CHESS- MEN ) H igh Tow er — the tallest turret overlooking the Field of Jetan, Manator. (CHESSMEN ) Kaolian Road — Kaol (WARLO RD ) Laboratory Building — where Ras Thavas worked and was held A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 94

prisoner; located in the island city of Morbus Lesser Gam es — In Kam tol, Valley of First Born N o. 4 V at Room — Room in the Morbus Laboratory Building where Ras Thavas' artificial life culture ran wild. (Syn- thetic) Palace of Peace — governm ent building, Ptarth. Location of the em bassies of foreign nations, though the m inisters of these detachm ents reside in palaces in the district occupied by Ptarth's nobility. Pedestal of Truth — located in the Tem ple of Reward, Helium . (G O D S) Pit of Plenty — elaborate torture pit located Kadabra, O kar (WARLO RD ) Raleigh — Hotel located in Virginia. Reclam ation Laboratory N o. 3 — where disabled or dysfunctioning horm ads were returned to the vat for regeneration; located in Morbus. Scarlet Tow er — G reater Helium (destroyed by the terrific sandstorm described in Chessm en) Southern Road — in D usar. Connects the farm ing areas along the canal. Tarid castle — constructed of precious stones and gem s, the rem nants of the Tarid nation occupy only a sm all portion of this vast and m any towered edifice. (Swords) Tem ple of Beauty — a prem ier art gallery in Helium . Tem ple of Issus — see G olden Tem ple of Issus. Tem ple of Know ledge — Helium Tem ple of Rew ard — Helium From the deck of the Xavarian w e four, C arthoris, Tars Tarkas, Xodar, and I, w ere transferred to a lesser flier to be transported to quarters w ithin the Tem ple of Rew ard. It is here that M artian justice is m eted to benefactor and m alefactor. H ere the hero is decorated. H ere the felon is condem ned. A vast circular 10,000 seat dom ed coliseum ; central is a platform , the Throne of Righteousness, where judges sit in a circle about the periphery of the platform ; a sm all platform in the exact centre of the larger one is the Pedestal of Truth from which an accused hears or gives testim ony. (G O D S) Tem ple of the Sun — in the Tem ple of Issus. It lies far w ithin the inner court of the Tem ple of Issus, a little tem ple that raises a thin spire far above the spires and m inarets of the great tem ple that surrounds it. Beneath it, in the ground, A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 95

there lies the m ain body of the tem ple consisting in six hundred and eighty-seven circular cham bers, one below another. To each cham ber a single corridor leads through solid rock from the pits of Issus. "As the entire Tem ple of the Sun revolves once w ith each revolution of Barsoom about the sun, but once each year does the entrance to each separate cham ber com e opposite the m outh of the corridor w hich form s its only link to the w orld w ithout. "H ere Issus puts those w ho displease her, but w hom she does not care to execute forthw ith. O r to punish a noble of the First Born she m ay cause him to be placed w ithin a cham ber of the Tem ple of the Sun for a year. O fttim es she im prisons an executioner w ith the condem ned, that death m ay com e in a certain horrible form upon a given day, or again but enough food is deposited in the cham ber to sustain life but the num ber of days that Issus has allotted for m ental anguish. Tem ple of Tur — Phundahl; a m ajor fixture is a gigantic statue. Throne of Righteousness — located Tem ple of Reward, Helium (G O D S) Tow er of Diam onds — tallest tower of the Tarids' castle, O m bra (Ladan) Tow er of Jetan — borders the Fields of Jetan, Manator Tow er of Luud — Bantoom . Where Tara was held captive. Tow er of M oak — Bantoom Tow er of Thavas — Toonolian Marsh Thurian Tow er — a turret in the Towers of Jetan, Manator. tree houses — the Masenas of Ladan build houses with thatched roofs high in the trees of the Barsoom ian m oon Thuria. These open constructions are linked by walkways fabri- cated with branch and vine and each house m ay have as m any as 50 occupants.(Swords) Turquoise Tow er — a tower on the Tarid castle at O m bra (Ladan) Yellow Tow er — Lesser Helium Zoo, Am hor — A fantastic collection of beasts, creatures, and hum ans from all parts of Barsoom , m aintained by Jal Had, Jeddak of Am hor. A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 96

M aps of Barsoom

Edgar Rice Burroughs' M ap

The following notes were written or typed upon the m ap:

U pper right hand corner: "MAP of BARSO O M " and "XVI" At the bottom of the m ap:

Circum frence 13,289 m i LAT= N or S LO N G = E or W ALWAYS G IVE LAT. FIRST

The quality of the m ap reproduced in "An Atlas of Fantasy" is very poor, though m ost m arkings are legible. Both m aps, the one above and the one following, appear to be pencil drafts laid out with protractor and ruler. Latitude and Longitude lines are charted, though slightly inaccurate in dim ensioning. When scanned to create these m aps, the results were so poor that the lat & long m arkings were rem oved and all rem aining features were either hand-enhanced, redone, or colorized. Any resulting errors are m ine. I clearly m ade out city nam es, geographic

features and notations with the exception of an area southeast of Lothar. The text appears to be "entrance". It is not m arked on the m ap above.

The following notes were written or typed upon the m ap: A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 98

U pper right hand corner: "MAP of BARSO O M " and "XVI" At the bottom of the m ap: 10 sofads= 1 ad 200 ads = 1 haad 100 haads = 1 karad 360 karads = Circum ference of Barsoom at equator. sofad = 11.69+ earth inches ad = 9.75 earth feet haad= 1949.05 earth feet about 2.709 haads to an English m ile. speed of fast fliers about 450 haads, or 166.1 earth m iles per hour. (See over) A D EG REE O F LATITU D E = 36.914 earth MILES crossed out: D ISTAN CE BETWEEN MERID IAN S AT EQ U ATO R= 36.914 m i A scale of Martian Haads was shown. It is not duplicated here. The second m ap (above) bears two features in black which are not clearly defined. The circular object is just that, but very prom inent. The second appears to be a city dot and "Zodanga" strongly scratched out. These objects are unretouched results of the original scan process. U nfortunately they are also a bit less distinct than the print from which they were taken. U nduplicated on the m ap above were handwritten notations inserted above "Toonolian Marshes". D im ension arrows indicating the eastern and western extrem es of the m arsh area bears the description: "1790 m iles" and "2700 haads" and there is another num ber which appears to be "1823" (m iles) which was crossed out. A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 99

H eins M ap w ith Fanfic Locations

At right is a Barsoom Map based on the research of Rever- end Henry Hardy Heins, prem ier Burroughs collector and bibliographer. This m ap has been extended by D avid Bruce Bozarth to include Fan Fiction locations. Click on the im age to get a full size version. The Heins work is labeled in BLACK. The Fan Fiction work is labled in BLU E. The Edgar Rice Burroughs item s not refer- enced by Rev. Heins is in RED . N otes regarding the fan fiction locations are included. N O TE: Map is incom plete for all fan fiction stories and will be updated in the future. Som e speculation regarding the extent of the ancient Barsoom ian oceans and the O rovar influence is m arked. A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 100

A N ASA Based M ap

The following m ap was prepared by Jeff Kazm eirski and sent to m e Septem ber 1998. Jeff used a topological m ap from N asa and applied the locations of the Barsoom ian cities. A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 101

TH IN GS

This section exam ines the various cultural aspects of the Barsoom ian races, the plants and anim als, technology, and listings of weights, m easures, tim e, and currency. Edgar Rice Burroughs created an incredibly detailed background for his Barsoom ian novels. It is the very detail presented that induces the reader to willingly suspend disbelief and to fully participate in the adventures of John Carter and the m any heroes of the desert world of Barsoom . The Barsoom ians, particularly the white and red races, developed technologies which have enabled them to sustain life on a dying, desert planet. Radium (not to be confused with the Earth elem ent by the sam e nam e) efficiently powers lights and m achines for centuries, a near source of perpetual energy. A form of cold fusion is found as well as a reliance upon great electro-m agnetic devices for public or defense uses. Com m unications over great distances—including with the Earth via the G ridley Wave—keep far- flung outposts connected with their central governm ents. Medical m iracles—even by today's standards—are com m on place. Even the nom adic green m en have a level of technical sophistication in the m anufacture of incredibly long range and accurate rifles. But for all the technology that exists, so m uch m ore has been lost in the ages of antiquity. Barsoom is a curious m ixture of old and new technologies. Author's note: Many of the scientific achievem ents of Barsoom have have been eclipsed by today's Earth technology. To fully appreciate ERB's vision and creativity, it is necessary to view the Barsoom ian novels in light of existing technology w hen the stories w ere first w ritten. For exam ple, powered flight of heavier-than-air craft occurred less than a decade before the release of "U nder the M oons of M ars" (1911), autom obiles were m ore novelty than general transportation, and radio was still in the infancy of Morse code. A great m any of Edgar R ice Burroughs' predictions and speculations have com e to pass over the years, but nearly as m any have yet to be achieved. A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 102

W eights & M easures

Linear sofad — 11.17 earth inches. (O n m ap 11.69 earth inches) safad — Martian inch ad — 9.75 earth feet. Various conversions between Barsoom - ian and earth m easure can be found. 300 ads is described as approxim ately 3000 feet and 50 ads converts to 490 feet. (Synthetic) haad - 1,949.05 earth feet (listed as 1,949.0592 feet, Fighting Man) 10 sofads — 1 ad 200 ads — 1 haad 100 haads — 1 karad 1 karad — 1 degree of latitude (36.914 earth m iles) 360 karads — circum ference of Barsoom at the equator. circum ference of Mars, 13,289 m iles 1 m ile — 2.709 haads Speed of fast fliers is 166.1 earth m iles per hour, or 450 haads per hour; calculated from distance/tim e description in Thuvia and supported by Barsoom m ap reference (see Techno- logical D evelopm ents, AIRSHIPS for m ore inform ation)

Tim e Tal — 1 second Xat — 1 m inute Zode — 1 hour 4 tals = 1 xat, or 200 to a zode 5 xats = 15 earth m inutes 50 xats = three hours zode = 2.5 earth hours (listed as 2.462 earth hours, Fighting Man). ERB occasionally offered exact conversions between Barsoom ian and earth m easures, for exam ple: Martian tim e 8:25 is 12:13 AM Earth tim e. (Synthetic) 25 xats past 8th zode is m idnight. Sw ords 10 zodes daily Martian day, little over 24 1/2 earth hours (Princess 112) Martian year, 684 earth days B arsoom ian Month = They rem ain on this duty for one m onth, w hich is equivalent to about seventy days of Earth tim e; then they are relieved and return to G athol city. LLAN A A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 103

N um bers There appears to be little logic to the num bers listed in the books, though som e aspects seem to hold together. bar — 8 dur — 1,000,000 ov — 7 tan — 100 tee — 10 teeay — 11 tor — 4

C urrency pi — 1 cent teepi — 10 cents tanpi — 1 dollar

hard coinage is oval shaped in bronze, silver and gold. paper currency—a form of check issued by the payee and redeem ed twice a year. If the payee is unable to fulfil his obligation, the governm ent pays the debt and requires the debtor to serve tim e on a farm or in the m ilitary until the debt is paid.

W eights pound — John Carter's observations of the Barsoom ian m ethods of weight m easurem ent have never been translated. Apparently a Barsoom ian pound is sim iliar in relation to an Earthly pound, but is correspondingly less based on the reduced gravity of Mars. ton — without terrestrial referrent, m any airships and construction techniques are described in term s of tons. A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 104

C ustom s & Titles

C ustom s

Barsoom ian handshake - hands gripped at the shoulder of the one greeted. Intensity of greeting indicated by one or two handed grip. (G ods) Barsoom ian salute - hands held to the shoulders, palm s backward. (G ods) battle hym n - sung by the wom en of Helium as their warriors go into battle. collars and chain - a m arriage custom (Princess, Thuvia), see handcuffs. Dance of Barsoom - described in C hessm en of M ars Slaves w ere passing am ong the guests, distributing sm all m usical instrum ents of a single string. U pon each instrum ent w ere characters w hich indicated the pitch and length of its tone. The instrum ents w ere of skeel, the string of gut, and w ere shaped to fit the left forearm of the dancer, to w hich it w as strapped. There w as also a ring w ound w ith gut w hich w as w orn betw een the first and second joints of the index finger of the right hand and w hich, w hen passed over the string of the instrum ent, elicited the single note required of the dancer.— - The D ance of Barsoom bears a relation sim ilar to the m ore form al dancing functions of M ars that The G rand M arch does to ours, though it is infinitely m ore intricate and m ore beautiful. Before a M artian youth of either sex m ay attend an im portant social function w here there is dancing, he m ust have becom e proficient in at least three dances— The D ance of Barsoom , his national dance, and the dance of his city. In these three dances the dancers furnish their ow n m usic, w hich never varies; nor do the steps or figures vary, having been handed dow n from tim e im m em orial. All Barsoom ian dances are stately and beautiful, but The D ance of Barsoom is a w ondrous epic of m otion and harm ony— there is no grotesque posturing, A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 105

no vulgar or suggestive m ovem ents. It has been described as the interpretation of the highest ideals of a w orld that aspired to grace and beauty and chastity in w om an, and strength and dignity and loyalty in m an. face paint - adornm ent specifically stated regarding the warriors of Manatos, but appears reasonable for the other red hum an races of Barsoom as well. feathers - adornm ent worn by m ales in both green and red Martian cultures. Gam es, Greater and Lesser - arena com bats hosted by m any of the cities or nations of Barsoom , usually fatal to the participants. handcuffs - used in the m arriage rites of Manator. See collars and chain. Jeddak's Aw ard - presented to the best artist each year. Jetan - a board gam e sim ilar to chess fully detailed in the Appendix to C hessm en of M ars. (See Jetan article) language, oral - a single com m on tongue is spoken world wide, understood by all races, including the savage green m en. language, telepathic - telepathic com m unication appears universal between hum ans and som e of the higher orders of beasts. language, w ritten - various am ong the cities. N o tw o nations of Barsoom have the sam e w ritten language, although there is a com m on scientific language understood by the savants of all nations... Im plies a com m on written language for scientists. each nation has a different written language, but m any of the characters and words are com m on between them , except in Bantoom (C hessm en). "m y chieftain" - Martian m aid's expression of acceptance of a m ale suitor, instant m arriage. "m y princess" - see above, m ale expression and response to "m y chieftain," or is a declaration to m arriage. nudity - m uch has been m ade by unsophisticated readers that Barsoom ians eschew clothing. In reality, the races of Mars are clothed, but in a m anner that Victorian or Edwardian m entality would view them as "naked"— m eaning "without trousers." The term "trappings" are often used by John Carter to describe the apparel of Barsoom ians, a form of clothing that leaves the arm s, legs, and torso bare (naked, "uncovered") while providing sufficient cover and utility to support weapons, pouches, harnesses, sandals, boots, A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 106

various jewelry and arm bands, helm ets, cloaks and, in the far north, parka-like garm ents from orluk skins. The Song of Love - reputed to be the world's (Barsoom 's) m ost beautiful m elody. (Chessm en). Sw ord Rite - an oath of fealty. "Ah, m y Prince," he continued, as though no thought had interrupted his greeting, "that you are back is sufficient, and let H or Vastus' sw ord have the high honour of being first at thy feet." W ith these w ords the noble fellow unbuckled his scabbard and flung his sw ord upon the ground before m e. C ould you know the custom s and the character of red M artians you w ould appreciate the depth of m eaning that that sim ple act conveyed to m e and to all about us w ho w itnessed it. The thing w as equivalent to saying, "M y sw ord, m y body, m y life, m y soul are yours to do w ith as you w ish. U ntil death and after death I look to you alone for authority for m y every act. Be you right or w rong, your w ord shall be m y only truth. W hoso raises his hand against you m ust answ er to m y sw ord." It is the oath of fealty that m en occasionally pay to a Jeddak w hose high character and chivalrous acts have inspired the enthusiastic love of his follow ers. N ever had I know n this high tribute paid to a lesser m ortal. There w as but one response possible. I stooped and lifted the sw ord from the ground, raised the hilt to m y lips, and then, stepping to H or Vastus, I buckled the w eapon upon him w ith m y ow n hands. Yano - a gam e not described anywhere in the novels. A full description is available from the notebooks of Edgar Rice Burroughs (see Yano article).

Language ad - see Weights and Measures gorthan - Barsoom ian word for "assassin". haad - see Weights and Measures Kadar - Barsoom ian for "guard". U ttered by Tario, the Jeddak of Lothar (Thuvia). Kaor - hello, or a greeting. karad - see Weights and Measures Sak - jum p sofad - see Weights and Measures A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 107 tal - see Weights and Measures Turgan - the Phundahlian bible; see Religion xat - see Weights and Measures

M artian Proverbs A warrior m ay change his m etal, but not his heart.: D ejah Thoris Blessed be your ancestors for this m eeting.: Blessed be the shell of thy first ancestor.: First Born By your first ancestor!: Thuvia In the nam e of the N inth Ray!: exclam ation of surprise Leave to a Thark his head and one hand and he m ay yet conquer.: Tars Tarkas Man builds naught that m an m ay not destroy.: Larok May m y ancestors have m ercy on m e.: Thuvia May the white apes take us all!: Thuvia O nly our first ancestor knows.: Praised be to our first ancestor!: Thuvia The intellects of our ancestors are with us.: Thuvia

Titles of Royalty

C hief - Edgar Rice Burroughs' interpretation of Barsoom ian term s for jeds, princes, or high-ranking officers. In som e areas of Barsoom is equivalent in rank to "king." C ouncil of Seven Jeds - : the ruling class of Morbus. Dator - A title or rank; a prince of the First Born. Jed - King Jeddak - Em peror, King of Kings Jeddarra - Em press, Q ueen of Kings King - U sed only to describe the kaldane leaders Prince or Princess - Frequently appears in the royalty of the red Martians, usually regarding off-spring of Jeddaks or Jeddaras

Titles of M ilitary

Than - ordinary warrior or seam an Panthan - a m ercenary without house or nation. Padw ar - a lieutenant, ranks of first and second class. Dw ar - a captain O dw ar - general, com m ands 10,000 m en. A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 108

Teedw ar - see Chessm en Jedw ar - general of generals (a warlord) Um ak - 10.000 m en com m anded by a odwar Utan - 100 m en com m anded by a dwar. Dar - 1,000 m en. (Possibly 10 dars per odwar com m and?)

Titles of Religion

D aughter of the Lesser Moon - Issus D eath upon Barsoom - Matai Shang's Hekkador alias Father of Holy Therns - Matai Shang; leader of a religious cult G oddess of D eath - Issus G oddess of Life Eternal - Issus Hekkador - High rank in Thern sociey Holy Hekkador 0 perhaps sam e rank as Hekkador Master of Life - Matai Shang Mother of the N earer Moon - Issus N inth Cycle - Rank one level below Hekkador Tenth Cycle - Rank of Hekkador Therns of the Tenth cycle - Hekkadors; cannibalistic, though they will not touch hum an flesh which has not been thoroughly drained of blood by the vam piric plant m en. thorian - a Rank of Hekkador

Religious Phrases

Rites of Issus - the arena of death Tributes of Issus - the arena of death Tur is Tur - a Phundahlian axiom . A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 109

Yano An Ancient Barsoom ian Gam e of C hance

In A Fighting M an of M ars Edgar Rice Burroughs m entioned a Martian gam e called "yano" as played by the warriors of Tjanath. "...two were playing at jetan, while others were rolling tiny num bered spheres at a group of num bered holes—a fascinating gam e of chance, called yano, which is, I presum e, alm ost as old a Barsoom ian civilization." N o further m ention or description of the gam e is m ade; however, we do find in the author's notes for A Fighting M an of M ars, there is a drawing of an "Ancient Yano m ixing jug found near Manator," and beneath that was an abbreviated description of the gam e. A sm all diagram of a yano court, showing the placem ent of the seven holes at a distance of 15 sofads (about

fifteen feet) is accom panied by a hand-printed explanation.

Each player has a num bered sphere. For each play they are m ixed and redistributed. The players roll in the order of the num bers on their spheres. If a player's sphere rolls into his own hole he collects 5 from each of the players. If he gets it into "0" he collects 10 from each player. If he m isses he places 1 on "0" to be taken by the next player to get "0."

The author's notebooks provide a m ore detailed explanation of the gam e of Yano. The sam e m ixing jug appears and the distance to the players' line rem ains 15 sofads.

The regulation Yano court is laid out with seven holes, six in a line parallel with Player' Line, the seventh (Zero Hole) 1 ft. in rear of the center of the space between Holes 3 & 4. A line passing through the centers of Holes A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 110

1 to 6 is 15 ft. from Player's Line. D iam eter of holes is 2"; distance between edges of holes is 2". Yano is played with six balls, num bered from one to six; the balls used in a gam e m ust all be the sam e diam eter and weight; diam eter of Yano balls varies from 1¼ inches to 1½ inches. Six players or less m ay play. The balls are placed in a jug and shaken; one ball is then rolled out to each player, whose turn to play is determ ined by the num ber of his ball, the lowest num ber playing first. Standing behind the Player' Line the players, in their turn, roll or toss the balls toward the holes... If a player sinks his ball in the correspondingly num bered hole he collects 5 counters from each of the other players; if he sinks it in Zero Hole he collects 10 counters from each of the other players; if he sinks it in any other hole he pays 5 counters to the player holding the ball bearing the num ber of that hole. (If no player holds this num ber the counters are placed in the Zero Hole and are claim ed by the next player who rolls his ball into the Zero Hole.) If a player m isses entirely, he places 1 counter in Zero Hole. All counters in Zero Hole at end of gam e go to player who has lost the greatest num ber of counters. A gam e ends when each player has had five chances. The balls are m ixed and redistributed after each play. There can be a greater num - ber of holes and a correspondingly greater num ber of players, but there m ust be an even num ber of holes in the first line and the Zero Hole m ust always be directly behind the exact center of the line of holes. The court should be level, with a hard, sm ooth surface. The Players' Line m ay be m arked with a cord, tightly stretched and pegged down at each end. O n Mars it is usually a leather belt from the harness of a warrior.

At the end of this description Burroughs went on to say: "O n A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 111

Earth Yano m ay be played with golf balls and putters," adding, "I have spoken!"

Jetan Barsoom ian C hess

Edgar Rice Burroughs detailed Jetan in The C hessm en of M ars. It is a very playable gam e that is easy to learn and, like traditional Chess, can be difficult to m aster. The board is 10 by 10. Squares are alternately colored black and orange, a reference to the legendary war between the Yellow race at the north pole and the Black race at the south. The board is usually placed in this relationship, orange-N orth, black- South.

G AME SETU P

O RAN G E - N orth W P D F C P F D P W T p p p p p p p p T ......

T p p p p p p p p T W P D F C P F D P W BLACK - South

W: Warrior P: Padwar D : D war F: Flier C: Chief P: Princess T: Thoat p: Panthan

The pieces described: W arrior - Two spaces straight in any horizontal or vertical A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 112

direction or com bination. It is displayed with two feathers. Padw ar - A padwar m oves two spaces diagonally in any direction or com bination. It is displayed with two feathers. Dw ar - Three spaces straight in any direction or com bination. It is displayed with three feathers. Flier - Three spaces diagonally in any direction or com bination. It is displayed with a three-bladed propellor. C hief - Three spaces in any direction or com bination: straight or diagonal or com binations of these. It is displayed with a diadem with ten jewels. Princess - Moves as chief, but m ay additionally jum p intervening pieces. She is displayed with a diadem with one jewel. Thoat - Represents a m ounted warrior. It m oves two spaces, one straight and one diagonal in any direction, and is displayed with two feathers. Panthan - O ne space, either straight or diagonally forward, or to the left or the right, hence not backward. They are displayed with one feather.

O bject of gam e

G am e play involves alternating m oves using twenty black pieces opposed by twenty orange. The first m ove is decided in any way agreeable to both players; after the first gam e the winner of the preceding gam e m oves first if he chooses, or m ay instruct his opponent to m ake the first m ove. The gam e is won when any piece takes the opponent's princess, or when a chief takes the opponent's chief. The gam e is drawn when either chief is taken by a piece other than the opposing chief, or when both sides are reduced to three pieces, or less, of equal value and the gam e is not won in the ensuing ten m oves, five apiece. The Princess m ay not m ove onto a threatened square, nor m ay she take an opposing piece. She is entitled to one ten-space m ove at any tim e during the gam e. This m ove is called the escape. When a player, m oving properly and in order, places one of his pieces upon a square occupied by an opponent piece, the opponent piece is considered to have been killed and is re- m oved from the gam e. A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 113

The m oves explained Straight m eans rank and file (north, south, east, or west); diagonal m eans northeast, southeast, southwest, or northwest. A D war m ight m ove north three spaces, or north one space and east two spaces, or any sim ilar com bination of straight m oves, so long as he did not cross the sam e square twice in a single m ove.

G am bling The Martians gam ble at Jetan in several ways. O f course the outcom e of the gam e indicates to whom the m ain stake belongs; but they also put a price upon the head of each piece, according to its value, and for each piece that a player loses he pays its value to his opponent. A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 114

Religion

This section will attem pt to explore the thought processes of ERB as well as the facts contained in the Barsoom Saga. In every case a religion or belief is m entioned, used, or was part of the story line, Burroughs invariably exposed it for a hoax on Martian society. D oes this then m ean that Burroughs was apathetic toward religion specifically, or in general? O r was this m erely a dissatis- faction regarding the workings of hum an superstition and deep- set traditions?? Short of interviewing ERB, an im possibility, or talking with his im m ediately fam ily, I will never know the answer to that above questions. The fact rem ains, however, that John Carter and other Barsoom ian heroes unearth a num ber of ugly truths pertaining to religions m entioned as integral story lines; these faiths were based on deception for the purpose of control, power, wealth, or in worst cases as breakfast, lunch, and dinner.

The Tree of Life

Burroughs gave us a wonderful tongue-in-cheek and quite brilliant creative twist on Christianity's version of creation. The Tree of Life, the beginning of creation on Mars, bears som e sim ilarity to the beliefs of the Hindu religion, and ERB used his Tree of Life to populate the young Barsoom of twenty-three m illion years ago. Most earthly religions contain a reference to trees as a tenet of those beliefs because the tree is an easily obtainable exam ple of the m any different directions and paths possible for life. Here then is the Tree of Life of B arsoom as related by D ator Xodar to John Carter:

"The First Born of Barsoom are the race of black m en of which I am D ator or...prince. My race is the oldest on the planet. We trace our lineage, unbroken, direct to the Tree of Life which flourished in the centre of the valley D or twenty- three m illion years ago. "For countless ages the fruit of this tree underwent gradual changes of evolution, passing by degrees from true plant life to a com bination of plant and anim al. In the first stages the fruit of the A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 115 tree possessed only the power of independent m uscular actions, while the stem rem ained attached to the parent plant; later a brain developed in the fruit, so that hanging there by their long stem s they thought and m oved as individuals. "Then, with the developm ent of percep- tions cam e a com parison to them ; judgem ents were reached and com pared, and thus reason and the power to reason were born upon Barsoom . "Ages passed. Many form s of life cam e and went upon the Tree of Life, but still all were attached to the parent plant by stem s of varying lengths. At length the fruit tree consisted in tiny plant m en, such as we now see reproduced in such huge dim ensions in the Valley D or, but still hanging to the lim bs and branches of the tree by the stem s which grew from the tops of their heads. "The buds from which the plant m en blossom ed resem bled large nuts about a foot in diam eter, divided in double partition walls into four sections. In one section grew the plant m an, in another a sixteen-legged worm , in the third the progenitor of the white ape and in the fourth the prim eval black m an of Barsoom . "When the bud burst the plant m an re- m ained dangling at the end of his stem , but the other three sections fell to the ground, where the efforts of their im prisoned occupants to escape sent them hopping about in all directions. "Thus as tim e went on, all Barsoom was covered with these im prisoned creatures. For countless ages they lived their long lives within their hard shells, hopping and skipping about the broad planet; falling into rivers, lakes and seas, to be still further spread about the surface of the new world. "Countless billions died before the first black m an broke through his prison walls into the light of day. Prom pted by curiosity, he broke open other shells and the peopling of Barsoom com - m enced. "The pure strain of the blood of this first black m an has rem ained untainted by adm ixture A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 116

with other creatures in the race of which I am a m em ber; but from the sixteen legged worm , the first ape and renegade black m an has sprung every other form of anim al life on Barsoom . "The therns are but the result of ages of evolution from the pure white ape of antiquity. They are a lower order still. There is but one race of true and im m ortal hum ans on Barsoom . It is the race of black m en. "The Tree of Life is dead, but before it died, the plant m en learned to detach them selves from it and roam the face of Barsoom with the other children of the First Parent."

The Tree of Life could be considered either a divine creation of the world, or a rather im probable explanation for the evolution of life on Barsoom ; this latter explanation is presented as scientific fact, nearly verbatim to Xodar's words, by Ras Thavas in Synthetic M en of M ars. I suppose either is no m ore im plausi- ble than looking at the life form s of this m any and varied world of our own which scientists say evolved from a single cell of life som ehow created from a cloud of am ino acids suspended in the electrically charged atm osphere of the new born earth som e four billion years ago. Regardless of whether the Tree of Life is considered a necessary part of the Barsoom ian religious m ysteries, it does m ore than adequately explain the arrogant conceit of the First Born blacks and the religion of Issus they blindly followed for centuries.

Issus

G O D D ESS O F D EATH, D AU G HTER O F THE LESSER MO O N , MO THER O F THE N EARER MO O N , G O D D ESS O F LIFE ETERN AL (occasionally PRIN CESS O F LIFE ETERN AL.) When John Carter of Virginia returned to Barsoom after ten years on Earth (see the ending of A Princess of M ars), he suddenly found him self in a strange valley. At first the valley appeared quite wonderful with riotous plant growths and bodies of water open to the sky, coupled with the knowledge that he was once again back on Barsoom , but soon he discovered the true horror lurking behind that peaceful facade. A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 117

It is here, in the Valley D or, Martian Heaven, that John Carter first m eets the plant m en (described elsewhere), the First Born, and their living deity, Issus. O n Barsoom the extrem e longevity of its inhabitants, up to a thousand years, can be a burdensom e thing if lived to its full extent. Since a Martian does not show his or her age until the last twenty or so years of their lives, they voluntarily, according to the tenets of the religion of Issus, m ake a final, fatal pilgrim age to Valley D or. It is their belief they are going to heaven, to be reborn through the good graces of Issus. It was, so it was told, in the Valley D or where the supplicant received the blessing of Issus and obtained im m ortality, in a heaven filled with peace and goodwill. This rather benign and wholly desirable vision of afterlife was vigorously perpetuated by the Holy Therns. The Therns conducted their religious belief from various tem ples located all over Barsoom . The Holy Therns had ten cycles (levels) of hierarchy, though John Carter only spoke of a N inth and Tenth from his personal experiences. At the end of their thousand years of life Martians of all walks of life would depart on a last journey down the R iver of Mystery, the River Iss and m eet their unfortunate doom at the hands of the Holy Therns and the vicious creatures which inhabit Valley D or. (Ec: Apparently Martians live longer than 1,000 years. O bserve Ras Thavas in Masterm ind of Mars before he had his brain transplant.) John Carter discovered the ugly truth behind the prom ises and exhortations of the Holy Therns. Beautiful in appearance the Valley D or is filled with enorm ous trees reaching a thousand feet or m ore in height, surrounded by gorgeous grassy swards, fruits, food lying ready to be retrieved. The Lost Sea of Korus is in the center of the valley and em phasizes the ideal vision of heaven on "earth" The only inhabitants of Valley D or which believe it is heaven are the ferocious white apes and carnivorous plant m en. These creatures seize and devour the unsuspecting pilgrim s when the supplicants, exhausted from traveling countless thousands of m iles across the planet then down the m ighty River Iss to reach the south polar m ountain walls and through a thousand m iles of subterranean caverns, are unable to save them selves. The Holy Therns, in fact, watch the River Iss and announce the com ing of food for the apes and plant m en. In som e cases the Therns m ake slaves of the petitioners, A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 118 working them for years, then feed them to the roving herds of plant m en. In a distasteful aside Burroughs noted that com e Therns of the Tenth cycle are cannibalistic, though they will not touch hum an flesh which has not been thoroughly drained of blood by the vam piric plant m en. At the head of this cult is Matai Shang, Holy Hekkador of the Holy Therns. O ther nam es in his title include Brother of Issus, Master of Life and D eath upon Barsoom and Father of Holy Therns. At this point it should be stated that even the Therns them selves believe in Issus. A Tem ple, the G olden Tem ple of Issus, had been erected by the Therns on the shores of the Lost Sea of Korus. Matai Shang him self believe in the existence of Issus though they were responsible for the butchery, enslave- m ent, and plundering of the pitiful creatures com ing down the River of Mystery. Burroughs, through John Carter, exposed Issus as First Born, a black wom an of such age and antiquity that she no longer appears hum an. She, in fact, cannibalistically feasts on Holy Therns, unknown to Matai Shang and his associates, who would, obviously, have been very distressed to learn of this. Issus also favored hum an m eals prepared from any kidnap victim s or slaves captured by her First Born raiders when they sallied forth from their hidden base below the Lost Sea of Korus. At this point it is obvious that ERB never intended the religion of Issus to be based on any sort of divine possibility.

Kom al

This brings us to another of the blood thirsty religions of Barsoom . Located in Lothar in a short side adventure for Car- thoris and Thuvia in the fourth book Thuvia, Maid of Mars, the description will be even shorter: Kom al, G od of Lothar; no prom ises, no life eternal, Kom al is hungry. Kom al is actually a rather large captive banth held in the bowels of the Lotharian city, apparently on his way to becom ing a true fat cat from consum ing the unfortunates sent to m eet the god of Lothar.

Tur

The final religion m entioned by Burroughs involved the Phundahlian god Tur. A people far out of step even for the unusual peoples of Barsoom , their chosen god was depicted as A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 119 a giant idol in the m ain city. Within the central tem ple the great im age of Tur has been silent (Tur spoke to the m asses at one tim e centuries earlier) but these people continue their worship, piously reading the Turgan, the Phundahlian bible. An exam ple of the rites perform ed during this worship was wit-nessed by Am erican U lysses Paxton in his Martian identity of Vad Varo.

I asked D ar Tarus if I m ight accom pany him into the tem ple... directly inside the m ain entrance... was a line of priests... we approached one... I handed him a piece of gold which he im - m ediately changed into m any pieces of lesser value, one of which we dropped into the box at his side; whereupon he m ade several passes with his hands above our heads, dipped one of his fingers into a bowl of dirty water which he rubbed upon the ends of our noses, m um bled a few words which I could not understand... N ever have I seen such a gorgeous display of wealth and lavish ornam entation as confronted m y eyes in this, the first of the tem ples of Tur... Som e of these (carved) im ages were of m en and som e of wom en and m any... were beautiful... others of beasts and strange grotesque creatures... (were) hideous indeed. The first we approached was that of a beautiful fem ale figure; and about the pedestal of this lay a num ber of m en and wom en prone upon the floor against which they bum ped their heads seven tim es and then arose and dropped a piece of m oney into a receptacle... The next was that of a m an with the body of a silian (about which were) horizontal wooden bars in concentric circles. ...hanging from them by their knees were a num ber of m en and wom en repeating m onotonously... biddle-babble-blup. At the next figure we visited the people were all upon their hands and knees crawling m adly in a circle about the pedestal. Seven tim es around... then they rose and put som e m oney in a dish. ...At another the people rolled about saying, 'Tur is Tur; Tur is Tur; Tur is Tur.' He led m e next to the figure of a m onstros- ity with a m outh that ran entirely around its head. A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 120

It had a long tail and the breasts of a wom an. ...(around which were) a great m any people, each standing upon his head. They were also repeating, over and over, 'Tur is Tur.' (I asked the m eaning of this phrase.) "O h N o," exclaim ed D ar Tarus. "O n the contrary they said just exactly the opposite... which m akes a very great difference."

The G reat Tur proves to be another hoax, fueled by greedy priests. Vad Varo eventually discovers the idol of Tur, the tem - ple, and the palace area are equipped with concealed m icro- phones, speakers, periscopes and what all for the priests to tell the people what to do and how m uch to pay through the nose. The bones of the last great High Priest and once Jeddak of Phun- dahl are found unburied in a cavity within the idol. He was obviously killed in an accidental fall, explaining why the voice of Tur had been silent for so m any years. The Phundahls are responsible for fostering several ridicu- lous beliefs on the people of Barsoom . O ne, Barsoom is flat. Two, Tur's hom e is upon the sun. Three, Tur created Barsoom 100,000 years ago, openly denying the established historical chronicles of older civilizations. Four, to m ake life am using Tur created two sexes, m ale and fem ale. Then he m ade anim als to be food for m an and each other. Phundahlians still believe Tur created everything by his own hands and continue to refuse the evidence of their own sexual- ity. They deny the existence of other worlds because Tur said there was only Barsoom . Vad Varo, of course, scratched his head and left the poor m isguided Phundahlians to wake up and sm ell the toast burning in their own sweet tim e. We are rem inded that ERB in real life loved puns and reverses. Tur is Tur, when spelled backwards, becom es "Rut si Rut", which m ay have been an Ed Burroughs com m entary on the idiosyncracies of organized religion.

Religion on O ther W orlds

ERB dabbled with religion on Ladan, or the nearer m oon of Barsoom called Thuria (Phobos). The Tarids, the white race of Ladan with blue hair and blue eyebrows, worship a Fire G od, which happens to be the sun. As U m ka explained to John Carter A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 121 in their prison cell:

"They (the Tarids) are governed by som e strange belief. ... I do not understand it, but every im portant act in their lives is regulated by it. They say that they are guided by the sun and the m oon and the stars. "It is all very foolish, but they will not kill us until the sun tells them to, and then they will not kills us for their own pleasure but because they believe it will m ake the sun happy."

This is the standard god of superstition, wielding greater power, m ystery, and capriciousness which has been a part of hum an cultures since the dawn of tim e. It is m erely a way of justifying the right and duty of those in power who use that power for their own ends. This concludes our exam ination of Barsoom ian religions, but I shall leave you with one last thought. Whether ERB subscribed to any earthly religion or not, it is a fact that he took great delight in poking fun at the ones he created for Barsoom . A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 122

Technology

Barsoom ian technology is a curious m ixture of the sophisti- cated advanced scientific society and the prim itive innocence of barbarism . Mars, according to Edgar Rice Burroughs, has a hum an history spanning m illions of years and in that tim e races have risen to scientific heights exceeding our planet and then faded to m em ory as a younger, m ore vital race em erges. Much of the technology has been passed down over the ages, but a significant part of the elder races' knowledge has been lost. For exam ple, the great atm osphere plant created by the O rovars as the oceans of Mars evaporated, has never been duplicated by the red race which now m aintains the gigantic device. Methods of cold light, radium light, or som e form s of m anufacturing have been lost. Yet, for all the knowledge lost there rem ains a significant core of scientific study that is astounding.

Airships — range in size from single seaters to 10,000 m an crafts. The swift scout flier (pre-Fighting Man of Mars) had a top speed of 1,100 haads per zode (166 m ph). At som e tim e before the events of Fighting Man, an unknown padwar in the Helium navy developed a new m otor with half the weight and twice the power. The m otor depended upon the planet's m agnetic field for energy, thus was practically unlim ited in range. The new one- m an fliers built with that m otor achieved speeds of 2,000 haads per zode (approxim ately 300 m ph). Effective m ax appears to be 3,000 haads per zode until better ship building m ethods are developed. Hastor launched the largest battleship ever, with the capacity to carry 10,000 m en (Fighting); John Carter and Vor D aj left Helium (Synthetic) in a sm all cruiser of new design that could attain speeds over 400 m ph. Airships play a vital role in the Barsoom ian novels. The vessels of Barsoom are of varying sizes ranging from personal units not unlike surfboards in size and shape to im m ense 10,000 m an battleships. These airships are found in every novel. The airship, or "flier" as it is called in the books by Edgar Rice Burroughs, connect the widely separated and isolated Barsoom - ian com m unities for either trade or war. All follow a basic configuration as illustrated in the im age below. A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 123

It is apparent that Barsoom ian airships are constructed in configuration sim ilar to surface water vessels as the First Born have routinely converted stolen Barsoom ian fliers for use on the surface of the underground O m ean Sea.

In the m atter of equipping a fleet to enter O m ean the details were left to Kantos Kan and Xodar. The form er agreed to take such vessels as we required into dock as rapidly as possible, where Xodar would direct their equipm ent with water propellers. For m any years the black had been in charge of the refitting of captured battleships that they m ight navigate O m ean, and so was fam iliar with the construction of the propellers, housings, and the auxiliary gearing required. (G O D S)

Equally apparent are the im m ense num bers of Barsoom ian airships. In G ods of M ars Kantos Kan assem bled a substantial rescue fleet of m odified Helium etic warships over a period of 300 days without arousing the suspicion Zat Arras, a Zodangan jed then currently in control of Helium .

"To-night there lies about the great docks at Hastor a fleet of a thousand of the m ightiest battleships that ever sailed above Barsoom , and each equipped to navigate the air of O m ean and the waters of O m ean itself. U pon each battleship A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 124

there are five ten-m an cruisers, and ten five-m an scouts, and a hundred one-m an scouts; in all, one hundred and sixteen thousand craft fitted with both air and water propellers." (G O D S) "At Thark lie the transports for the green warriors of Tars Tarkas, nine hundred large troop- ships, and with them their convoys. ..." (G O D S)

Facts/statem ents found in the texts that are general in nature: U pon each battleship there are five ten-m an cruisers, and ten five-m an scouts, and a hundred one-m an scouts. (G ods). An Am horian airship of som e size traverses 750 earth m iles in seven and one-half earth hours, indicating a cruising speed of 100 m iles per hour. (Synthetic)

N am ed Airships VAN ATO R - com m anded by G atholian San Tothis. A 35- m an cruiser. (Chessm en) VO SAR - Com m anded by Bal Zak (M aster M ind) vessel belongs to Ras Thavas PIN SAR - another of Ras Thavas' ships. (M aster M ind) JHAMA - Com m anded by Tan Hadron. The ship has an invisibility cloak. (Fighting) RU ZZAR - a flagship of Helium ; led the rescue expedition to Morbus. (Synthetic) D U SAR - Com m anded by John Carter (Llana) O KAR - flagship of Phor San (Llana) XAVARIAN - Helium etic warship (G ods) KALKSU S - Com m anded by Vas Kor, D usar registry. U N -N AMED - G ar N al's space ship in Sw ords U N -N AMED - Fal Siva's space ship in Sw ords

N am ed Technology artificial life — see horm ads atm osphere factory - an ancient constuct built by the O rovars and operated by the red Martians which provides the artificially generated atm osphere of Mars. (Princess, Llana) atom gun - hand weapon described as a pistol or rifle in G iant of Mars. A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 125 brain and organ transplants and other surgical/m edical m iracles (M aster M ind, Synthetic). canals - m an-m ade waterways transporting water from the polar caps to inhabited regions of Barsoom . G enerally bordered by trees and agricultural areas, often accom panied by a broad roadway. carborundum alum inium - a light-weight m aterial, nearly im penetrable, used in the construction of Barsoom ian fighting airships. com puters - m echanical brains; a device capable of responding to telepathic com m ands and utilized in Fal Sivas' spaceship (Swords) Destination C om pass (directional com pass) - a aerial navigation device which Carthoris im proved. In operation one sets the desired latitude and longitude. The device then navigates to the location, then shuts down the propulsion and lowers the craft to the group. It also has altitude ranging which operates by reflected light (think lasers) which prevents ground collision. The device is so light sensitive that it functions by starlight, or in the event of the rare occasion the night sky is covered with cloud, by the beam of a downward directed artificial light. Directional lighting of cities, see street lighting below (Swords) Disintegration Ray - invented by Phor Tak of Jahar; a weapon which can be set to selectively destroy organic or inorganic m aterials. (Fighting) Eighth Ray - a form of antigravity produced from forces em anat- ing from the planets and stars. Electrom agnetic devices - m ost significant is the G uardian of the N orth, a vast m agnetic device built over the N orth Pole for the defense and destruction of airships. (Warlord and Thuvia) elevators - identical in function to the Jasoom ian equivilant. (Swords) Equilibrim otors - personal flying belts based on the Eighth Ray; The equilibrim otor is an ingenious device for individual flying. It consists of a broad belt, not unlike the life belt used aboard passenger ships on Earth; the belt is filled w ith the eighth Barsoom ian ray, or ray of propulsion, to a sufficient degree to equalize the pull of gravity and thus to m aintain a person in equilibrium betw een that force and the opposite force exerted by the eighth ray. At- A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 126

tached to the back of the belt is a sm all radium m otor, the controls for w hich are on the front of the belt; w hile rigidly attached to and projecting from the upper rim of the belt is a strong, light w ing w ith sm all hand levers for quickly altering its position. fliers — Barsoom ian airships ranging in size from personal one- m an filers to 10,000 m an battleships. When John Carter first arrived on Barsoom , top speeds were 166 m iles per hour. By the end of the series speeds approaching 550 m iles per hour were attained. (see Airships) fliers, ground - airships with a m axim um ceiling of 100 feet and m axim um speed of 60 m iles per hour, otherwise sim ilar in design and shape as ordinary fliers and airships. Several varieties falling into two categories: ground effect m achines using over-large tired inflated with the Barsoom ian Eighth Ray with m otive power supplied by a sm all radium driven propeller at the rear, and sm aller personal fliers with lim ited lift designed for use in urban areas. (Thuvia and G ods) Flying Death, the - a "sm art" torpedo that will adjust trajectory to destroy a designated target; invented by Phor Tak of Jahar. food tablets - concentrated energy (Warlord) forandus - lightest and hardest of m etals used by Barsoom ians; principally a building m aterial. Gridley W ave - not of Barsoom ; radio-like frequency/device discovered by Jason G ridley of Am erica. U ltim ately used for real-tim e com m unication between Earth and Barsoom . gyro-com pass — another nam e for destination com pass, G iant. helm ets — rare form of headdress, perhaps an apparel of defense. holographic telescopes — Princess and again in Synthetic Men horm ads - produced from large vats and a chem ical m ixture; cannot be killed though can be incapacitated by striking the head from the body; self-regenerating, though the process is flawed—a horm ad head m ight regenerate a leg from the neck down instead of a body and have to be again decapitated or thrown back into the vat; created by Ras Thavas of Toonol during his residence at Morbus (Synthetic) (see N on-Hum an Martians) hypnosis and deathless m inds - specifically the Lotharians, additionally the creature in the pits of Horz, also refer- A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 127

ences the intellects of Bantoom . International air travel, freight and passengers. (Thuvia) invisibility and cloaking devices — organic and inorganic m ethods of inducing invisibility; Phor Tak of Jahar developed an invisibility paint that, when applied to cloth or warships, bent light rays around the object producing the invisibility effect. The hum ans in the Forest of Lost Men swallow a pill which renders one invisible for ten zodes. O n Sasoom the Savators plaster their dwellings with a sand of invisibility which reacts in the sam e fashion as the Phor Tak paint, bending light around objects. m icroset - radio with at least one secret frequency at 2000 kilocycles. N erve m achine — controls the bodies of indexed and encoded subjects in the First Born valley of Kam tol. (Llana) N inth Ray - used in atm ospheric plant personal hom e protection - houses hydraulically raised at night. photostatic copies — reproduction of im ages in an instant. D escribed as a service of the Tem ple of Knowledge, G reater Helium (Fighting). Pneum atic tube transport system s (Thuvia) radio — aerogram , wireless, etc., headphones and m orse code. Radium - everlasting light bulbs Radium - explosive bullets Radium - pistols and rifles range finders - wireless, generally used to target large weapons from airships. Recording M achine - type of com puter assisted telefax which records weights and m easures, and transm its from a distance. space ships - Two vehicles are described capable of space flight—the m anually operated ship created by G ar N al of Zodanga and the thought-operated ship created by Fal Sivas of Zodanga. Both ships traveled to Thuria, the nearer m oon. (Swords) street lighting - A peculiar feature of the street lighting of Toonol, and in fact the sam e condition applies to the lighting of other Barsoom ian cities I have visited, I noted for the first tim e that night as I w aited upon the landing stage for the return of Bal Zak w ith the w atchm an. The lum inosity below m e seem ed confined directly to the A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 128

area to be lighted; there w as no diffusion of light upw ard or beyond the lim its the lam ps w ere designed to light This w as effected, I w as told, by lam ps designed upon principles resulting from ages of investigation of the properties of light w aves and the law s governing them w hich perm it Barsoom ian scientists to confine and control light as w e confine and control m atter. The light w aves leave the lam p, pass along a prescribed circuit and return to the lam p. There is no w aste nor, strange this seem ed to m e, are there any dense shadow s w hen lights are properly installed and adjusted, for the w aves in passing around objects to return to the lam p, illum inate all sides of them . The effect of this lighting from the great height of the tow er w as rather rem arkable. The night w as dark, there being no m oons at that hour upon this night, and the effect w as that obtained w hen sitting in a dark- ened auditorium and looking upon a brilliantly lighted stage. Subm arines - First Born vessels capable of navigating the depths of the O m ean Sea. (G ods) Sunrays - used in O kar for solar energy and heating suspended anim ation - the m any frozen warriors collected by Hin Abtol of Panar, a red Jeddak of the Barsoom ian N orth. Hum ans cached in frigid conditions then later thawed to supplem ent Hin Abtol's arm ies. (Llana) television - invented by Ras Thavas, G iant "Theoretical M echanics" - a technical book authored by an unnam ed Barsoom ian. (Swords) torches, handheld - a portable illum ination device found in Horz. It is a cylindrical object producing a cold light when exposed to atm osphere; the greater the exposure, the m ore light produced; an ancient device m anufactured by unknown m ethods that have not been duplicated in m odern tim es. traffic flow , standardized - in urban areas. These ground fliers are a com m on m eans of private transportation in m any M artian cities. (see fliers, ground) In Am hor all north and south traffic m oves at ground level at intersections, east and w est traffic passing above it. East and w est traffic is com pelled to rise above north and south traffic at each intersection because there is a short runw ay inclining upw ard to a height of about ten feet at each intersection, A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 129

ending in an abrupt drop at the intersection. These inclines force all east and w est traffic to rise above the north and south traffic intersections. All vehicular traffic m oves in but one direction on any avenue, the direction of flow alternating so that half the avenues carry traffic in one direction and the other half in the opposite direction. Left turns are m ade w ithout dim inishing speed by the sim ple expedient of rising above both lanes of traffic. The result is that traffic flow s steadily in all direction at an average speed of about fifty m iles per hour. Parking accom m odations are frequent, and are found inside buildings at a level of about sixty feet above the pave- m ent. N orth and south pedestrian traffic m oves w ithout interruption in either direction on both sides of N orth and South Streets at the ground level; and, sim ilarly, on East and W est Streets through underpasses at street intersections. (Synthetic) w atch or chronom eter - In a cylindrical bracelet of gold about m y w rist w as m y Barsoom ian chronom eter— a delicate instrum ent that records the tals and xats and zodes of M artian tim e, presenting them to view beneath a strong crystal m uch after the m anner of an earthly odom eter. A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 130

Plants, Anim als & M inerals

N o world is com plete without flora and fauna. In this section we exam ine the m any varieties of plant and anim al life created by ERB for his Barsoom ian Saga. Where a prior, m ore detailed description has already been m ade a footnote will direct you to that passage. apes - The white apes of Barsoom are very m uch sim ilar in appearance and build as the green Martians, having six lim bs and of trem endous size. The head of the savage creature is like that of the African gorilla and a shock of thick, stiff-bristled hair runs from the back of the skull and neck to the upper shoulders. The white apes are found everywhere on Barsoom , but frequent the dead cities which provide them with shelter and hunting. Im age is a detail from a Frazetta im age. apt - A huge white furred creature with six lim bs, four of which are short and heavy to carry it through snow and ice; a denizen of the Barsoom ian north pole. The rem aining two lim bs grow forward from the shoulder on either side of the powerful long neck and term inate in white, hairless hands which it uses to capture and hold its prey. Its head and m outh are like that of the hippopotam us with two large, down-curving horns extending forward from the bottom jaw. Two huge eyes, each com posed of hundreds of ocelli, are oval patches running downward from the center of the cranium to below the horns on either side of the head. Each ocelli is equipped with its own lid and the apt can, at will, close as m any of the facets as desired. Curiously the creature goes without sleep for periods of up to a m onth, then sleeps for a whole day before beginning anew the hunt for food in the harsh north. The anim al is dom esticated by the Yellow m en. Apt fur is generally worn by northern warriors. (See O rluk below) arbok - tree reptile, vicious creature of som e size, undescribed in G iant of Mars with exception of clawed, fanged, heavy and large with horny skin. banth - this ten-legged beast is the m ost ferocious carnivore A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 131

which roam s the low hills surrounding the dead seas of Mars. (Ec: In G iant of Mars the banth is described as having eight legs in an editor's note.) It is alm ost hairless, having only a great, bristly m ane about its thick neck. It's long lithe body is powerfully m uscled, its enorm ous jaws are equipped with several rows of long needle-like fangs, and its m outh reaches to a point far back of its tiny ears. It has enorm ous protruding eyes of green. Im age at right a detail from an illustration by Michael Whelan. bat - undescribed in G iant, it is obviously m eant to be sim ilar to the bats of earth. berries - indicated as a food source (Synthetic) birds - gay plum ed and voiceless; m entioned as a food source (Synthetic); Malagors are giant birds (see m alagor); feathers are used as adornm ent by m ales of red and green races of Barsoom . calot - the Barsoom ian dog. About the size of a Shetland pony, om nivorous, the calot has ten short legs. The head bears a slight resem blance to a frog, except that the jaws are equipped with three rows of long, sharp tusks. D escribed as "pop-eyed" m eaning protruding eyes. The calot is endowed with extraordinary strength and stam ina. only the thoat can cover m ore territory in a single day. calot tree - The repulsive calot tree w as, too, m uch in evidence. It is a carnivorous plant of about the bigness of a large sage-brush such as dots our w estern plains. Each branch ends in a set of strong jaw s, w hich have been know n to drag dow n and devour large and form idable beasts of prey. (Warlord) darseen - cham eleon-like reptile based on the following: "... By the m other of the further m oon, John C arter, how cam e you here, and have you becom e a D arseen that you can change your color at w ill?" And later, in the series: O n Barsoom there is a little reptile called a darseen w hich changes its colors to harm onize w ith its background, just as do our earthly cham eleons... There are no precise descriptions regarding this creature. ersite - a kind of stone; prized for coloration and beauty, used in the construction of buildings and outdoor furniture. fish - m ention of fish in the underground river of Tjanath. Eaten by N ur An and Tan Hadron of Hastor (Fighting). Fish are m entioned as a food source (Synthetic). N o descriptions A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 132

are given. forandus - the lightest and strongest m etal known. Som etim es used in architecture. glorestra - a flowering plant grasses - described as flowering and som etim es as scarlet in appearance. insects - undescribed beautiful and silent flying insects hover over pim alia and gloresta bloom s; som e insects of the waste areas of the Toonolian Marsh have a wingspread of 30 feet and are equipped with powerful jaws and rapier- like stingers and prey upon the lesser reptiles, always victoriously (Synthetic). m alagors - giant Martian bird. Flying creature thought extinct by the general population of Barsoom , the m alagor is dom esticated as transportation in areas surrounding the Tonoolian Marshes, specifically there are 500 dom esticated m alagors in Morbus; Able to fly great distances at speeds up to 60 m iles per hour, though prefers to fly by day because the creature does not see well at night. D etail at right shows Michael Whelan's conceptualization of the Barsoom ian creature. m an-flow er - ...and am ong them w ere several varieties of the M artian "m an-flow er," w hose bloom s have eyes and hands w ith w hich to see and seize the insects w hich form their diet. (Warlord) m antalia - m ilk plant of Barsoom . pg 49 Fighting, 8 to 12 sofads in height; described as a thick-foliaged tree found in groves on the dead sea bottom s. A food source. m old - probably sim ilar to terrestrial m olds; slim y, found in wet underground areas (Toonolian Marshes) (Synthetic) nuts - indicated as a food source (Synthetic) orluk - an elephantine beast of prey with black and yellow striped fur, com m on to the northern pole region of Barsoom , fur is exported to all parts of Barsoom . O rluk fur is gnerally worn by northern officers. (See Apt above.) palthon - a blood red stone with white tracings; rare and beautiful, can be worked and highly polilshed. (Master Mind 128) pink-w orm - included in the Tree of Life, sixteen-legged and apparently the progenitor of m ost anim al life form s on Barsoom . pim alia - a gorgeous flowering plant A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 133 plant m en - see Races for Plant Men of Valley D or reptiles - (venom ous snakes) Found in the Cham ber of Reptiles, Valley D or, Thern territory. These w ere the only reptiles I had ever seen upon Barsoom , but I knew from their sim ilarity to the fossilized rem ains of supposedly extinct species I had seen in the m useum s of H elium that they com prised m any of the know n prehistoric reptilian genera, as w ell as others undiscovered. A m ore hideous aggregation of m onsters had never before assailed m y vision. It w ould be futile to attem pt to describe them to Earth m en, since substance is the only thing w hich they possess in com m on w ith any creature of the past or present w ith w hich you are fam iliar— even their venom is of an unearthly virulence that, by com parison, w ould m ake the cobra de capello seem quite as harm less as an anglew orm . R eptiles were instrum ental in Ras Thavas' research that resulted in the creation of horm ads... H e experim ented w ith various reptiles w hich reproduce certain parts of their bodies, such as toes, tails and lim bs... (Synthetic) rodents - m entioned as a food source, specifically the G reat Toonolian Marsh (Synthetic) rykors - for all practical purposes this anim al is a headless, brainless red Martian, both m ale and fem ale. The rykor was breed by and is used exclusively by Kaldanes for transportation and other tasks. silian - slim y reptiles known to inhabit the Sea of Korus; perhaps are found in other water areas of Barsoom since a reference to the silian in statuary is found in Phundahl, on the western shore of the Toonolian Marsh. sith - hornet like m onster of the forests of Kobal, bald faced and about the size of a hereford bull. Has frightful jaws in front and a poison stinger behind. The eyes, of m yriad facts, cover three-fourths of the head, perm itting the creature to see in all directions at the sam e tim e. skeel - a Martian hardwood that has a large delicious nut. U sed in housing and furniture construction as well as a com po- nent part of larger airships. som pus - a tree; see next. som p - the fruit of a som pus tree; The pulp of this fruit, called som p, is not unlike grapefruit, though m uch sw eeter. It is considered a great delicacy am ong Barsoom ians, and is A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 134

cultivated along m any of the canals. sorak - a little pet anim al about the size of a cat, a favorite of red Martian wom en. Also found in the Valley of First Born. Has six lim bs. Synthetic sorapus - a Martian hardwood that has a large delicious nut; also bears gorgeous bloom s. spiders - G iant spiders inhabit the Valley of Hohr near G hasta and Tjanath; an insect which hangs from a network of threads suspended over the valley; the creatures are venonm ous and predatory; the legs protrude from the upper body before turning downward to the ground. thoat - the Martian horse, which com es in two sizes. The G reen Martian Thoat is about ten feet high at the shoulder with four legs to either side; a broad flat tail, larger at the tip than the root which is held straight out behind while running; a m outh splitting the head from snout to long m assive neck. It is entirely devoid of hair and is of a dark slate color and exceedingly sm ooth and glossy. It has a white belly and the legs are shaded from slate at the shoulders and hips to a vivid yellow at the feet. The feet are heavily padded and nailless. The Red Martian rides a sim ilar beast, though sm aller. The anim al is a food source as well. trees - The trees of the forest attracted m y deep adm iration as I proceeded tow ard the sea. Their great stem s, som e of them fully a hundred feet in diam eter, attested their prodigious height, w hich I could only guess at, since at no point could I penetrate their dense foliage above m e to m ore than sixty or eighty feet. As far aloft as I could see the stem s and branches and tw igs w ere as sm ooth and as highly polished as the new est of Am erican-m ade pianos. The w ood of som e of the trees w as as black as ebony, w hile their nearest neighbours m ight perhaps gleam in the subdued light of the forest as clear and w hite as the finest china, or, again, they w ere azure, scarlet, yellow , or deepest purple. And in the sam e w ay w as the foliage as gay and variegated as the stem s, w hile the bloom s that clustered thick upon them m ay not be described in any earthly tongue, and indeed m ight challenge the language of the gods. (Valley D or, G O D S) um palla - Jovian flowering plant, one to two feet tall, leafless, with single bloom at top; m arks invisible Savator houses. A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 135 usa - a fruit tree; fruit is tasteless, but ranks high in food value. Com m on and plentiful, usa is used by all the navies and m ilitary of Barsoom as rations. The nam e, if liberally translated, would m ean "The Fighting Potato" Chessm en ulsio - the Martian Rat. About the size of an airedale terrier. Many legged; sm ooth and hairless, the skin resem bles that of a new born m ouse. The upper and lower jaws are equipped with five spade like teeth each, with the skin not covering the bony structure, there are no lips to the m outh. Eyes are sm all and deep set in fleshy m ounds. zitidar - m astodonian draught anim als. The leather hides are used to m ake sandals. A food source. A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 136

The N ovels

A brief listing of the Barsoom ian novels by Edgar Rice Burroughs. O riginal m agazine and first book edition publishers and dates. Also listed are the chapter titles found in each.

A PRIN CESS O F MARS Magazine: "U nder the Moons of Mars", All-Story, Feb-Mar 1912) Book: A Princess of Mars, McClurg, 1917 O verview: John Carter, ex-Confederate officer from Virginia, is transported to the planet Mars in astral form . There he encounters the nom adic green Martians and becom es the protector of a red Martian princess. Foreword O n the Arizona Hills The Escape of the D ead My Advent on Mars A Prisoner I Elude My Watch D og A Fight That Won Friends Child-raising on Mars A Fair Captive from the Sky I Learn the Language Cham pion and Chief With D ejah Thoris A Prisoner with Power Love-m aking on Mars A D uel to the D eath Sola Tells Me Her Story We Plan Escape A Costly Recapture Chained in Warhoon Battling in the Arena In the Atm osphere Factory An Air Scout for Zodanga I Find D ejah Lost in the Sky Tars Tarkas Finds a Friend The Looting of Zodanga Through Carnage to Joy From Joy to D eath At the Arizona Cave

THE G O D S O F MARS Magazine: "The G ods of Mars", All-Story, Jan-May 1913 Book: The G ods of Mars, McClurg, 1918 O verview: After ten years on Earth, John Carter returns to Barsoom to learn his princess is in danger. Before he can save her, he m ust expose a vile and false religion. Foreword A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 137

The Plant Men A Forest Battle The Cham ber of Mystery Thuvia Corridors of Peril The Black Pirates of Barsoom A Fair G oddess The D epths of O m ean Issus, G oddess of Life Eternal The Prison Isle of Shador When Hell Broke Loose D oom ed to D ie A Break for Liberty The Eyes in the D ark Flight and Pursuit U nder Arrest The D eath Sentence Sola's Story Black D espair The Air Battle Through Flood and Flam e Victory and D efeat

WARLO RD O F MARS Magazine: "Warlord of Mars", All-Story, D ec 1913, Jan-Mar 1914 Book: The Warlord of Mars, McClurg, 1919 O verview: Continuing the events of G O D S, Carter battles his way from one pole to the other, earning the title Warlord of Mars. O n the River Iss U nder the Mountains The Tem ple of the Sun The Secret Tower O n the Kaolian Road A Hero in Kaol N ew Allies Through the Carrion Caves With the Yellow Men In D urance The Pity of Plenty "Follow the Rope!" The Magnet Switch The Tide of Battle Rewards The N ew Ruler

THU VIA, MAID O F MARS Magazine: "Thuvia, Maid of Mars", All-Story Weekly, Apr 8, 15, 22, 1916 Book: Thuvia, Maid of Mars, McClurg, 1920 O verview: Carthoris, the son of John Carter and D ejah Thoris, em barks A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 138 upon the rescue of Thuvia of Parth. His travels take him to new and exotic locales on the Red Planet. Carthoris and Thuvia Slavery Treachery A G reen Man's Captive The Fair Race The Jeddak of Lothar The Phantom Bowm en The Hall of D oom The Battle in the Plain Kar Kom ak, the Bowm an G reen Men and White Apes To Save D usar Turjun, the Panthan Kulan Tith's Sacrifice G lossary of N am es and Term s

THE CHESSMEN O F MARS Magazine: "Chessm en of Mars", Argosy All-Story Weekly, Feb 18, 25; March 4, 11, 18, 25; Apr 1, 1922 Book: The Chessm en of Mars, McClurg, 1922 O verview: Tara, the daughter of John Carter and D ejah Thoris, petulantly takes her flier into a trem endous sandstorm , which carries her to a strange and dangerous portion of Barsoom . Prelude - John Carter Com es to Earth Tara in a Tantrum At the G ale's Mercy The Headless Hum ans Captured The Perfect Brain In the Toils of Horror A Repellent Sight Close Work Adrift O ver Strange Regions Entrapped The Choice of Tara G hek Plays Pranks A D esperate D eed At G hek's Com m and The O ld Man of the Pits Another Change of N am e A Play to the D eath A Task for Loyalty The Menace of the D ead The Charge of Cowardice A Risk for Love At the Mom ent of Marriage A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 139

THE MASTER MIN D O F MARS Magazine: "The Master Mind of Mars", Am azing Stories Annual, Vol. no. 1, July, 1927 Book: The Master Mind of Mars, McClurg, 1928 O verview: Am erican U lyssess Paxton crosses the void to becom e the chief assistant to Barsoom 's greatest scientist—and vows to right a wrong done to an innocent girl. A Letter The House of the D ead Preferm ent Valla D ia The Com pact D anger Suspicions Escape Hands U p! The Palace of Mu Tel Phundahl Xaxa The G reat Turn Back to Thavas John Carter

A FIG HTIN G MAN O F MARS Magazine: "A Fighting Man of Mars", The Blue Book Magazine, Apr-Sep 1930 Book: A Fighting Man of Mars, Metropolitan, 1931 O verview: Sonom a Tora has been kidnapped! Tan Hadron, Prince of Hastor, m ounts a solo rescue operation that, in the course of his pursuit, exposes a danger to ALL the peoples of Barsoom . Foreword Sonom a Tora Brought down Cornered Tavia To the Pits Sentenced to D ie The D eath The Spider of G hasta Phor Tak of Jham a The Flying D eath "Let the Fire Be Hot!" The Cloak of Invisibility Tul Axtar's Wom en The Cannibals of U -gor The Battle of Jahar D espair I Find a Princess A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 140

SWO RD S O F MARS Magazine: "Swords of Mars", The Blue Book Magazine, N ov-D ec 1934; Jan-Apr 1935 Book: Swords of Mars, ERB Inc, 1936 O verview: John Carter vows to put an end to the Assassins G uild, even if it m eans traveling off world to a m oon of Barsoom . Rapas the U lsio Fal Sivas Trapped D eath by N ightt The Brain The Ship The Face in the D oorway Suspicion O n the Balcony Jat or In the House of G ar N al "We m ust Both D ie!" Pursued O n to Thuria Thuria Invisible Foes The Cat-m an Condem ned to D eath O zara We Attem pt Escape In the Tower of D iam onds In the D ark Cell The Secret D oor Back to Barsoom

SYN THETIC MEN O F MARS Magazine: Argosy Weekly, Jan 7, 14, 21, 28; Feb 4, 11, 1939 Book: Synthetic Men of Mars, ERB Inc, 1940 O verview: Ras Thavas, the m aster m ind of Mars, has wrought too well; his artificial life form s have turned the tables and intend to conquer the world. Where Is Ras Thavas? The Mission of the Warlord The Invincible Warriors The Secret of the Marshes The Judgm ent of the Jeds Ras Thavas, the Mind of Mars The Vats of Life The Red Assassin Man into Horm ad I Find Janai War of The Seven Jeds Warrior's Reward John Carter D isappears When the Monster G rows A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 141

I Find My Master The Jeddak Speaks Escape U s N ever Treason Island N ight Flight The Mighty Jed of G oolie D uel to the D eath O ff for Phundahl Captives of Am hor Caged Prince in a Zoo The Bite of the Adder Flight into Jeopardy The G reat Fleet Back Toward Morbus The End of Two Worlds Adventure's End

LLAN A O F G ATHO L Magazine: "The City of Mum m ies", Am azing Stories, Mar 1941; "Black Pirates of Barsoom ", Am azing Stories, Jun 1941; "Yellow Men of Mars", Am azing Stories, Aug 1941; "Invisible Men of Mars", Am azing Stories, O ct 1941 Book: Llana of G athol, ERB Inc, 1948 O verview: There is no such thing as peace on the planet of war. John Carter, while searching for his granddaughter, m ust fight his way from Horz to the north pole, and to far G athol. Foreword Book 1: The Ancient D ead (Aka the City of Mum m ies) N um bered Chapters 1-13 Book 2: The Black Pirates of Barsoom N um bered Chapters 1-13 Book 3: Escape on Mars N um bered Chapters 1-13 Book 4: Invisible Men of Mars N um bered Chapters 1-13

JO HN CARTER O F MARS Magazine: "John Carter and the G iant of Mars", Am azing Stories Jan 1941.; "Skeleton Men of Jupiter", Am azing Stories, Feb 1943 Book: John Carter of Mars, Canaveral, 1964 John Carter and the G iant of Mars O verview: Pew Mogel and a m onstrous giant threaten the peace and security of Barsoom . (Actually penned by John Colem an Burroughs.) Abduction The Search Joog, the G iant The City of Rats Cham ber of Horrors Pew Mogel The Flying Terror A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 142

The Reptile Pit Attack on Helium Two Thousand Parachutes A D aring Plan The Fate of a N ation Panic Adventure's End

The Skeleton Men of Jupiter O verview: John Carter is treacherously captured then transported to Jupiter by the war-like Morgors. O nly his wits and sword arm m ay see him through. Foreword Betrayed U D an The Morgors of Sasoom ...And the Savators I Would Be a Traitor Escape Pho Lar In the Arena To Zanor! A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 143

W ord C ount/Frequency In the Mars N ovels of Edgar Rice Burroughs by D avid Bruce Bozarth 2003

The word list, which contains 18,730 entries, is presented in alphabetical order and includes all uniquely found words in the twelve (12) stories. The texts used are Tangor's HTML at this site as well as a com bination of m agazine and Ballantine texts for Master Mind to G iant. Included in the word list are possessives, contractions, and hyphenated words. The word list is crosstabbed by novels and reveals the word frequency by colum n and that frequency is also sum m ed for the entire series. The chart contains the following headings:

These word lists are LARG E FILES 00001 - 02000 02001 - 04000 04001 - 06000 06001 - 08000 08001 - 10000 10001 - 12000 12001 - 14000 14001 - 16000 16001 - 18730

U pdate: March 2005 - above lists are rem oved as non-perform ing. D ownload the Excel spreadsheet or CSV delim ited files below. O btain from http://www.erblist.com

ID , index for U N IQ U E entries, a running count. SU M, total of all crosstabbed entries M01, Princess of Mars M02, G ods of Mars M03, Warlord of Mars M04, Thuvia, Maid of Mars M05, Chessm en of Mars M06, Master Mind of Mars M07, Fighting Man of Mars M08, Swords of Mars M09, Synthetic Men of Mars M10, Llana of G athol M11, Skeleton Men of Jupiter M12, John Carter and the G iant of Mars A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 144

LEN , the num ber of letters in the word O f interest is locating words of first use by Burroughs. In later years contractions and slang began to appear. N ote: The G lossary at the end of Thuvia is N O T included in the word list as it contains MAN Y verbatim passages from the novels. The rules for JETAN are included. Also rem oved were num bered chapters which had no titles, to reveal the use of num bers in the texts. N ote 2: I apologize for the odd colum n num ber alignm ents, but HTML code to justify the num bers in a m ore traditional form at bloated each page by a factor of m any (350kb expanded to 2400kb PER FILE!). Total size of all pages is approxim ately 4m b. Click here to download an Excel SPREAD SHEET containing the entire list. The file is m arstabxls.zip (651kb) and requires a decom pression utility such as WinZip. Click here to download a CSV (com m a delim ited) file for im port into spreadsheets or databases. The file is m arstabcsv.zip (215kb) and requires a decom pression utility such as WinZip. A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 145

Barsoom ian Fan Fiction

Edgar Rice Burroughs created a world that is larger than the heroes and heroines which populate its landscape: Barsoom ! The planet nearest to Earth where John Carter and D ejah Thoris hold court and adventure abounds. Barsoom entered the literary scene in 1911 and has influenced m any authors over the years. Here you will find links to stories of one of those authors, D avid Bruce Bozarth, a Texican of indeterm inate age who will adm it to having been a fan of ERB for at least forty-five years, but who will not adm it to being older than that young fellow who fell in love with the stories of Edgar Rice Burroughs. Barsoom ian fan fiction is a significant part of the enjoym ent of B arsoom by readers over the years. Both N am ed and un- N am ed authors have extended ERB's Mars series. The sam ple below addresses only the works of D avid Bruce "Tangor" Bozarth and friends as relates to the Barsoom Saga. For other fan fic in other ERB worlds and characters click the link above. Enjoy! For m ore stories in ERB-style see Tangor's ERB Pastiche Bibliography ( http://www.erblist.com ) for listings of other legacy ERB-style fan fiction which is not available on the WEB.

Parody Caverns of Mars with Andy N unez and D on Bearden A D ay in the Life: Adventures in Hollowood (sic) with Andy N unez

Serious Parody D ead Cities of Mars N ovel

Serious Sanom a Tora: Jeddara of Jahar The Sword Thuvia's Treasure Voyage to Zodanga When The Princess D isappeared (with Andy N unez, D on Bearden & Terry Klasek) Zanda: The Marriage Tunnels of G athol Pirates at Xanator A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 146

Must read for Barsoom fans is the Ras Thavas and the C alot Series. "Ras Thavas: the N ew City" sets up the entire series. All others can be read (m ostly) out of order. Suggested reading order is:

The N ew City Am ong the Therns The Bowm an The D esert The Arena The G reat Ape* The O dwar's Wife The Mother Lost in the Marsh The Helper The Hunted The Kaldane The Morgor The Murderess The Panthan The D ungeon

* (by John Barnes, edited by D avid Bruce Bozarth) A BARSO O M GLO SSARY - DAV ID BRUC E BO ZARTH 147

About the Author

D avid Bruce Bozarth was born 17 August B.D . (Before D irt) and enjoyed a rather norm al m iddle class childhood. D uring his teen years he becam e very proficient with electric m usical instrum ents and percussion toys, form ing several organized cacophony ensem bles. These m usical endeavors provided m onetary incom e, though the m ain pursuit was naive young things going gaga over guitar gurus. D id he take advantage? Like that gentlem an adventurer from ERB's works he's too cool to tell. After an involuntary stint in U ncle Sam 's Boy's Club he returned to civilian life to m anage two m usic stores. Teaching kids 6 to 66 how to am aze and am use on 15 different instru- m ents, Bruce worked assiduously to unburden him self of a wife collected during his m ilitary daze. Three years later, free and beginning to loose that fabulous m ane of hair, he m arried again—a relationship which lasted 29 years then he was the one unburdened! At som e point between thinning hair and extrem e m ale pattern baldness he wised up and retired from the rock 'n' roll gam e and becam e a com puter consultant. In his spare tim e (when not on the Web or pounding replies to hundreds of em ail m essages per week) Bruce daydream s of sim pler days when he first discovered ERB— well before the Beatles ever got together! Like John Carter and other Burroughsian heroes, Bruce has grey eyes, a winning sm ile, thinks quick, and...well the rest is subject to change without notice (but if you do notice, keep it to yourself!).