<<

THE HISTORY OF VOLUME SIX Volume Six Editorial Advisors James R. Akerman John R. Hébert Ferjan Ormeling Kevin G. Barnhurst Wolfgang Kainz Gilles Palsky Christopher Board †Ingrid Kretschmer John Pickles John D. Bossler Mary Lynette Larsgaard Alexey V. Postnikov William Cartwright Duane F. Marble David Rhind Keith C. Clarke Geoffrey J. Martin Susan Schulten Peter Collier Gerald McGrath D. R. F. Taylor Jeremy W. Crampton Joel L. Morrison Norman J. W. Thrower Roger M. Downs Francesc Nadal Waldo R. Tobler Matthew H. Edney Judy M. Olson John R. G. Townshend James Roger Fleming Harlan Joseph Onsrud Deborah Jean Warner David Harvey Anthony G. O. Yeh

The J. B. Harley and David Woodward, Founding Editors Matthew H. Edney, Project Director 1 Cartography in Prehistoric, Ancient, and Medieval and the Mediterranean 2.1 Cartography in the Traditional Islamic and South Asian Societies 2.2 Cartography in the Traditional East and Southeast Asian Societies 2.3 Cartography in the Traditional African, American, Arctic, Australian, and Pacifi c Societies 3 Cartography in the European 4 Cartography in the European Enlightenment 5 Cartography in the Nineteenth Century 6 Cartography in the Twentieth Century THE HISTORY OF CARTOGRAPHY

VOLUME SIX

Cartography in the Twentieth Century

PART 1

Edited by MARK MONMONIER

Associate Editors PETER COLLIER KAREN SEVERUD COOK A. JON KIMERLING JOEL L. MORRISON

THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS • CHICAGO AND Mark Monmonier is Distinguished Professor of at Syracuse University’s Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs.

The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 60637 The University of Chicago Press, Ltd., London © 2015 by The University of Chicago All rights reserved. Published 2015. Printed in Canada

24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 1 2 3 4 5

Set ISBN-13: 978-0-226-53469-5 (cloth) ISBN-13: 978-0-226-15212-7 (e-book) Part 1 ISBN-13: 978-0-226-53470-1 (cloth) Part 2 ISBN-13: 978-0-226-53471-8 (cloth)

This material is based on editorial work supported in part by the National Science Foundation under Grant Nos. 0322129, 0322200, 0749522, 0749687, 8812674, 9320895, 9975699, and 9975705. The History of Cartography has also been made possible by major grants from the National Endowment for the Humanities. For a complete list of fi nancial supporters, see pages [v–viii] of part 1.

DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226152127.001.0001

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The History of cartography. Includes bibliographical references and indexes. Contents: v. 1. Cartography in prehistoric, ancient, and medieval Europe and the Mediterranean — v. 2, bk. 1. Cartography in the traditional Islamic and South Asian societies — v. 2, bk. 2. Cartography in the traditional East and Southeast Asian societies — v. 3. Cartography in the European Renaissance — v. 6, pt. 1. Cartography in the twentieth century, part 1 — v. 6, pt. 2. Cartography in the twentieth century, part 2. 1. Cartography—History. I. Harley, J. B. (John Brian), 1932–91. II. Woodward, David, 1942– III. Monmonier, Mark, 1943– GA201.H53 1987 526'.09 86-6995 ISBN 0-226-31633-5 (v. 1; alk. paper) ISBN 0-226-31635-1 (v. 2, bk. 1; alk. paper) ISBN 0-226-31637-8 (v. 2, bk. 2; alk. paper) ISBN 978-0-226-90732-1 (v. 3; alk. paper) ISBN 978-0-226-53469-5 (v. 6; alk. paper) ISBN 978-0-226-53470-1 (v. 6, pt. 1; alk. paper) ISBN 978-0-226-53471-8 (v. 6, pt. 2; alk. paper) ISBN 978-0-226-15212-7 (v.6; e-book)

Any opinions, fi ndings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the editors and authors and do not necessarily refl ect or represent the views of the National Science Foundation, the National Endowment for the Humanities, or other sponsors.

This paper meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper). Financial Support

Federal Agencies Geography and Spatial Sciences Program and Science, Technology, and Society Program of the National Science Foundation Division of Preservation and Access of the National Endowment for the Humanities

Foundations and Institutions Richard B. Arkway, Inc., and Cohen & The Muriel and Norman B. Leventhal Family Taliaferro, LLC Foundation, Inc.* Caxambas Foundation Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs at College of Letters & Science and Graduate School Syracuse University of the University of Wisconsin–Madison Andrew W. Mellon Foundation The Gladys Krieble Delmas Foundation National Geographic Society Geography Knowledge Fund in the Idaho Jack Ringer Family Foundation Community Foundation Salus Mundi Foundation T. Lloyd Kelly Foundation Dorothy, Louis, Susan and Richard Sigel Family Fund Jay I. Kislak Philanthropic Foundation, in honor of The Hermon Dunlap Smith Center for the History of Matthew Edney Cartography, The Newberry Library

Organizations and Corporations California Society Page Stockwell Old & Prints Chicago Map Society Rand McNally International Map Collectors’ Society The Rocky Map Society Martayan, Lan, Augustyn Inc. Snap-on Incorporated The New York Map Society Western Association of Map Libraries

Matching gifts from BD Matching Gifts Program Cray Research Foundation Samuel H. Kress Foundation The Capital Group Companies ExxonMobil Foundation Lehman Brothers Charitable Foundation General Motors Foundation Southern Foundation

Associates Arthur and Janet Holzheimer* John Taylor

Sponsors Roger and Julie Baskes Barry L. MacLean David Rumsey William B. Ginsberg Glen McLaughlin Clark L. Taber Arthur L. Kelly Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth Nebenzahl* Rosalind Woodward* Bernard Lisker Estate of Walter W. Ristow

Founders W. Graham Arader III Robert A. Highbarger Harold L. Osher* Richard Brown Duane F. Marble George Parker* Rand and Patricia Burnette* Douglas W. Marshall Mary Sponberg Pedley* Ralph and Tess Ehrenberg Barbara Backus McCorkle Brian D. Quintenz Joseph H. and Thomas McCulloch William Sherman Reese Monica G. Fitzgerald Harold Moellering Steve Ritchie Warren Heckrotte Erhan Oner Rudy L. Ruggles, Jr.

v Thomas F. Sander Jeanne K. Snyder, in memory of Albert R. Vogeler Joseph and Françoise Shein John P. Snyder Edward Alex Wiegner Rodney W. Shirley William S. Swinford William C. Wooldridge Sarah Tyacke*

Benefactors R. K. B. Francis Herbert David Parsons Christopher and Barbara Baruth Robert A. Holland Jeremy Pool Francis Anthony Benevento II Bert and Mary Lee Johnson, in memory Jonathan Potter Barbara E. Butler of Dick Stephenson Marsha L. Selmer John G. L. Cabot Roger Kain Robert Shilkret Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth A. Chambers* In memory of Jonathan T. Lanman Ronald E. Sjogren W. N. Davis, Jr. Andrew J. LeRoy Trudy A. Suchan Catherine Delano-Smith Dee Longenbaugh, in memory of J. Norman J. W. Thrower Clark and Agnes Eide Brian Harley* Mel and Irene Tremper Peter M. Enggass Judith and Scott Loomer Edward R. Tufte Loretta Freiling Mark Monmonier Richard Umansky John W. Galiardo Joel L. and Beverly S. Morrison Steven James Vogel, in memory of Bob Gordon Victoria M. Morse and Bill North* Heidi Faye Vogel Linda Grable-Curtis Judy M. Olson Barbara Whalen and Dr. and Mrs. Robert W. Graebner Frank T. Padberg, Jr. Richard G. Wagner J. Scott Hamilton Theodore W. Palmer Clifford H. and Alberta A. Wood*

Patrons Cyrus Ala’i Dick DePagter Guntram Herb and Michele Aldrich John W. Docktor Patricia LeBon-Herb* William J. H. Andrewes* Geoffrey Dreher Al Herman Stanley K. and Patricia L. Arnett II Jane Drummond Marianne Hinckle Sarah E. Battersby Gary S. Philip Hoehn Sanford H. Bederman, in memory Donald G. Dunn Tracy L. Honn and Mark R. Bernstein of Louis De Vorsey Edgar R. Echevarria Daniel P. Hopkins Karen Beidel and Greg Carbone, in Evelyn Edson, in memory of Bangbo Hu memory of Susan MacKerer Dick Stephenson Alice C. Hudson Judith F. Bell Constance A. Fairchild Nikolas K. Huffman Jeffery A. Bernard Jeffrey S. Falk Antti Jakobsson Aníbal A. Biglieri Bruce Fetter, in memory of Penelope Kaiserlian Jens P. Bornholt J. Brian Harley* Anne Kelly Knowles* David C. Bosse Robert L. Fisher Josef W. Konvitz Carlo Luigi Brambilla Richard and Dorothy Fitch, Joel and Deborah Kovarsky Christian Brannstrom and in memory of Ellen Fitch John G. Krisilas Wendy E. Jepson Allen N. Fitchen, in memory of Carl Kupfer Stephen A. Bromberg J. Brian Harley* Mary L. Larsgaard, in memory of Wesley and Linda Brown Gail E. and James A. Flatness Alice Brooks Tony Campbell Gregory J. Gajda George E. Leonard III and Edward (Joe) Carrington Suzanne Carol Graham Susan Hanes Leonard Martin M. Cassidy Sara S. Gronim Jon M. Leverenz* Harold C. Conklin John M. Gubbins, F.R.G.S. G. Malcolm Lewis* Tom and Verena Conley Bob Gurda Jack Lowell Jeremy Crampton Stan and Nancy Morbeck Haack, Jane C. and Louis J. Maher, Jr.* Joyce W. Crim in memory of Paul C. Marengo and Christina Elizabeth Dando Barbara Bartz Petchenik Joan P. Simmons Gerald A. Danzer Adele J. Haft* Darrel L. McDonald Mark David Joan H. and George E. Hall* Marianne M. McKee Louis and Rosalyn De Vorsey, John K. Hall Jack and Carmen Miller in memory of William P. Cumming John H. and Corbin C. Harwood P. J. Mode Virginia S. Morbeck, in memory of Curtis L. Roy J. Thomas Touchton, in honor of Barbara Bartz Petchenik Constantine B. Scarvelis, in memory of David Buisseret Frederik Muller K. Polites and B. Scarvelis* Florence I. and John E. Townsend, Barbara Mundy Joseph E. Schwartzberg* in memory of Anthony Dolphin In memory of Oscar I. Norwich Sinclair A. Sheers, in honor of Mr. and William L. Unger R. Michael Peterson Mrs. David B. Findlay, Jr. Larry A. Vos Christine M. Petto Robert B. Silberman James Walker Peter and Bernice Porrazzo Neil Smith Ann Harwell Wells, in memory of Thomas Ports Bruce N. Spring Charles Edmon Wells Margaret Power, in memory of David and Deirdre Stam, in memory of Ray Wolf Robert H. Power J. Brian Harley* John A. Wolter Brian Prodin Richard W. Stephenson Thomas B. and Amy Worth M. Reilly and B. K. Schnee Robert W. Stocker II Cordell D. K. Yee and Dennis and Judy Reinhartz Julie Sweetkind-Singer Ingrid Hsieh-Yee George and Mary Ritzlin* Richard J. A. Talbert Lindley Kirksey Young Martha E. Robinson Daniel M. Tapiero

Friends Joseph A. Abel Mason P. Goldman Robert A. O’Connor William R. Adler* Fred J. Goldsmith Donald J. Orth Joseph Aieta III Thomas D. Goodrich Vytautas Petronis Jonathan Alexander Ronald E. Grim Richard R. Randall Randy Anders Suzanne A. Haffner Paula Rebert and Philip Melnick Michael D. and Pamela S. Barrett* Robert L. Hall Penny L. Richards and Peter Turley* Anita C. Been, in memory of Linda Halvorson, in memory of In memory of Arthur H. Robinson and George Parker Robert and Jane Halvorson David Woodward In memory of Marie Braun Brad Hanson Floyd D. Roos Alan R. Brill Francis Heller Gwen Schultz Christian Brun and Jane Fristoe Brun, In memory of John Hitchcock Kirsten A. Seaver in memory of Alexander O. Vietor Steve Horowitz Peter J. Severud* David Buisseret Fuad Issa Jack Stadler Lawrence C. Caldwell Barbara A. Jenkin* David and Ingrid Stallé James R. Carter Constance Jordan Paul F. Starrs Vivian C. Carter Chris Karcher G. Thomas Tanselle Barbara M. Christy Megan A. Kealy John A. and Anne C. Tedeschi Karen Severud Cook Elton R. Kerr Brian A. Turk Brock R. Covington Valerie Ann Kivelson Carol Urness James Cox Christopher and Margaret Kleinhenz Richard C. Veit and Robert Dahl Richard and Jane Knowles* Yolanda Theunissen Christiaan Debrauw Valerie Krejcie Herbert M. Vogler, M.D. Peter H. Van Demark Melanie, Lucy, and Kenneth Langa Rainer Vollmar In memory of Jan Dixon Antonia Harman Macon Bruce A. Warren Jordana Dym Roberto L. Mayer Gregory A. Waselkov Nancy Farrell-Rose T. K. McClintock James M. Wells* Norman Fiering William A. McKinstry James A. Welu* John Fondersmith Mary Murphy W. Ken Westray Richard V. Francaviglia Samir and Suzy Murty Scott D. Westrem, in memory of Warren W. Furth Curt Musselman* Mary Ann Westrem James Gifford Andre J. Navez H. Lawrence Wilsey

Additional support from Leslie J. Anderson Timothy C. Coss Corbin C. Harwood Miervaldis and Ausma Balodis Edward Espenshade, in memory of Clair W. Iverson Charles A. Burroughs Arthur H. Robinson* John T. Juricek Malcolm L. Campbell Julia E. Gillett Robert Karrow Kristen Overbeck Laise* John R. Moore Theo Sinnema Evelyn Lincoln* Maurice A. O’Connor III Dava Sobel* John and Sally Long Karl Offen Benjamin Spaier Ilsia B. Martin Barbara Parmenter C. E. Van Norman Lisa and James Meassick John W. and Nancy H. Pollock Barbara Weisman Dennis L. Merritt* Feng Qi John M. Weiss Bernardo Michael James Henry Romer Liz Wing Harry and Geraldine Montgomery Peter L. Siems*

*A portion or all of this donation was given in memory of David Woodward (1942–2004). Contents

List of Entries by Conceptual Cluster endpapers Regional 101 List of Tables xvii School Atlas 106 List of Abbreviations xix Subscription Atlas 110 Thematic Atlas 112 PART 1 World Atlas 115 Atlas of Canada 116 Preface, Mark Monmonier xxi Atlas of 117 Introduction, Mark Monmonier xxv Automobile Association (U.K.) 119 A B Academic Paradigms in Cartography 1 Bagrow, Leo 121 Academic Cartography in Canada and the United Bertin, Jacques 121 States 1 Biogeography and Cartography 124 Academic Cartography in Europe 6 Bivariate Map 129 Accuracy in Mapping 13 Board on Geographic Names (U.S.) 133 Administrative Cartography 16 Bol’shoy sovetskiy atlas mira 135 Advertising, Maps as 18 Boundary Disputes 136 Aeronautical 22 Boundary 143 Agricultural Adjustment Administration (U.S.) 30 Canada and the 143 Air-Age Globalism 31 America 146 Airbrush 34 153 Airline Map 35 Europe 158 Akademie für Raumforschung und Landesplanung Middle East 163 (Academy for Spatial Research and Planning; East and Southeast 168 ) 40 Bundesamt für Kartographie und Geodäsie Almagià, Roberto 42 (Federal Offi ce for Cartography and ; Alpine Cartography 43 Germany) 176 American Automobile Association (AAA) 46 Bundesamt für Landestopographie (Federal Offi ce American Cartographer, The 49 of ; Switzerland) 178 American Geographical Society 49 Anaglyph Map 54 Analytical Cartography 55 C Animated Map 61 Cadastral Map 183 Antarctica 63 Cadastral Surveying 186 Antiquarian Maps and Grand Larceny 72 Canada Geographic System 189 Arctic, The 73 Cartobibliography 190 Art and Cartography 78 193 Astrophysics and Cartography 84 Cartographic Duplicity in the German Democratic Atlas 89 Republic 197 Electronic Atlas 89 Cartographic Journal, The 200 Facsimile Atlas 90 Cartographica 201 Historical Atlas 92 Cartometry 202 Historical-Boundaries Atlas 94 Cave Map 206 National Atlas 96 Mapping 207

ix x Contents

Centrography 212 Electoral Map 349 Chen Shupeng 215 Electromagnetic Distance Measurement 355 Children and Cartography 216 Electronic Cartography 356 220 Electronic Cartography and the Concept of Digital Chroma Key 225 Map 356 Cinema and Cartography 226 Data Structures and the Storage and Retrieval of Climate Map 227 Spatial Data 359 Close (Arden-Close), Charles Frederick 232 Data Capture and Data Conversion 366 Cloth, Maps on 232 Display Hardware 370 Coastal Mapping 235 Electronic Map Generalization 371 Cold War 239 Electronic Map Labeling 375 Collecting, Map 245 Computer-Aided Boundary Drawing 378 Canada and the United States 245 Intellectual Movements in Electronic Europe 248 Cartography 382 Colonial and Imperial Cartography 251 Conferences on Computer-Aided Mapping Color and Cartography 255 in and Europe 386 Comité Européen des Responsables de la Cartographie Conferences on Computer-Aided Mapping Offi cielle (European Committee of Representatives for in Latin America 387 Offi cial Mapping; International) 266 Emergency Planning 389 Community Mapping 267 Environmental Protection 393 Computer, Digital 269 Environmental Systems Research Institute Conformality 270 (ESRI; U.S.) 397 Conventions, Cartographic 273 Epidemiological Map 403 Coordinate Systems 278 Esselte Kartor AB () 407 Copyright Traps 284 Ethnographic Map 409 Cortesão, Armando 285 Eurocentric Bias 413 Counter-Mapping 286 416 Crime Map 288 Experimental Cartography Unit, Royal College Cruise Missile 290 of Art (U.K.) 418 Customization of Maps 292 Exploratory 419 Cvijic´, Jovan 294 F D Facilities Map 424 Dainville, François de 297 Figure of the Earth 425 Dasymetric Map 298 Fire Insurance Map 428 Decolonization and Independence 300 Forensic Mapping 430 Decoration, Maps as 309 Forestry and Cartography 433 Demographic Map 311 Fractal Representation 437 , Cartographic 317 Freytag-Berndt und Artaria KG (Austria) 439 Digital Library 318 Digital Worldwide Mapping Projects 320 G Directorate of Overseas Surveys (U.K.) 321 Gannett, Henry 443 Drafting of Maps 326 General of the (GEBCO) 444 Drawing Instruments 326 Genetics and Cartography 445 Drawing Media 329 Geocoding 448 Pen-and-Ink Drafting 331 Geodesy 452 Geodetic 452 E Geodetic Trilateration 453 Eastern Europe, Boundary Changes in 335 Gravimetric Surveys 454 Eckert, Max 338 Satellite Geodesy 456 Education and Cartography 340 Geodetic Computations 459 Educating Mapmakers 340 Geodesy and Military Planning 463 Cartographic Textbooks 343 Geodetic Surveying 465 Teaching with Maps 347 Canada and the United States 465 Contents xi

Latin America 468 Holographic Map 619 Africa 472 Hotine, Martin 620 Europe 475 Hydrographic Techniques 621 and the Soviet Union 479 Early Twentieth-Century Hydrographic Australia 483 Techniques 621 For the Planets 485 Aerial Imagery in Hydrographic Mapping and Geographic Information System (GIS) 488 Coastal Charting 625 Computational Geography as a New Modality 488 Sounding 626 GIS as an Institutional Revolution 492 Satellites in Hydrographic and Oceanographic GIS as a Tool for Map Analysis and Spatial Mapping 629 Modeling 495 Global Positioning Systems in Hydrographic GIS as a Tool for Map Production 504 Mapping 632 Metadata 510 Hypermapping 633 Geographic Names 511 Social and Political Signifi cance of Toponyms 511 I Applied 516 IDRISI (software) 635 519 Imago Mundi 636 Place-Name Studies 520 Imhof, Eduard 638 Geographical Mapping 521 and Western Cartography 640 Geography and Cartography 524 Institut Cartogràfi c de Catalunya (Cartographic Institute 526 of Catalonia; ) 644 Geophysics and Cartography 529 Institut Géographique National (National Geographical Geopolitics and Cartography 539 Institute; ) 645 GEOSPACE Beckel Satellitenbilddaten GmbH Instituto Geográfi co Nacional (National Geographical (Austria) 548 Institute; Spain) 650 Glavnoye upravleniye geodezii i kartografi i (Chief Intellectual Property 654 Administration of Geodesy and Cartography; Interactive Map 659 Russia) 549 Inter-American Geodetic Survey 662 Global Positioning System (GPS) 551 Intergraph Corporation (U.S.) 666 558 International Cartographic Association 667 Cultural and Social Signifi cance of 558 International Civil Aviation Organization 673 Manufacture of Globes 563 International Geographical Union 677 Views of Earth from Space 565 International Geophysical Year 679 Goode, J(ohn) Paul 568 International Hydrographic Chart 680 Gulf War (1991) 568 International Hydrographic Organization (Monaco) 682 International Institute for Geo- and H Earth Observation (ITC; Netherlands) 685 International Journal of Geographical Information Hallwag Kümmerly+Frey AG (Switzerland) 573 Systems/Science 688 Hammond Map Company (U.S.) 574 International Map of the World 689 Harley, J(ohn) B(rian) 577 Interpolation 693 Harrison, Richard Edes 579 Istituto Geografi co De Agostini (Geographical Institute Harvard Laboratory for De Agostini; Italy) 696 and (U.S.) 582 Hazards and Risk, Mapping of 585 J Heiskanen, Veikko Aleksanteri 593 Himalaya, Cartography of the 594 Jefferson, Mark Sylvester William 700 Hinks, Arthur R(obert) 597 John Bartholomew & Son (U.K.) 701 Historians and Cartography 597 Journalistic Cartography 706 Historic Preservation and Cartography 601 Journals, Cartographic 718 Historical Geography and Cartography 603 Justus Perthes (Germany) 720 of Cartography 607 History of Cartography Project 614 K H. M. Gousha Company (U.S.) 616 Kartographische Nachrichten 726 Holdich, Thomas Hungerford 618 Keates, J(ohn) S(tanley) 727 xii Contents

Koeman, Cornelis 728 Marketing of Maps, Mass 860 Kokudo chiriin (Geographical Survey Institute; Marschner, Francis Joseph 862 ) 729 Martin, Lawrence 863 Kolácˇný, Antonín 731 Martonne, Emmanuel de 864 Kretschmer, Ingrid 732 Mathematics and Cartography 867 Kriging 733 870 Kümmerly+Frey AG (Switzerland) 735 and Cartography 872 Metric System 877 L Michelin (France) 878 Military Mapping by Major Powers 884 Labeling of Maps 738 United States 884 Labeling Techniques 738 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) 893 and Map Design 744 Great Britain 894 Land Systems Analysis 749 France 904 Land Use Map 751 Germany 909 Landsat 754 Italy 921 Landscape Architecture and Cartography 758 Austro-Hungarian Empire 924 Law of the 760 Ottoman Empire 927 League of Nations 762 Israel 929 Libraries, Map 765 Russia and the Soviet Union 932 Libraries and Map Collections, National 771 942 774 Japan 948 776 Military Mapping of Geographic Areas 951 Literature and Cartography 782 Canada and the Polar North 951 Lobeck, Armin K(ohl) 787 952 Map 788 Sub-Saharan Africa 955 Lunar and Planetary Mapping 792 Scandinavia 961 Europe 962 M Middle East 966 Mairs Geographischer Verlag (Germany) 797 970 Maling, D(erek) H(ylton) 798 972 Map 798 Australia 974 Defi nitions of Map 798 Miller, O(sborn) M(aitland) 977 Map Typologies 801 Modes of Cartographic Practice 978 Printed Map 802 Molodenskiy, M(ikhail) S(ergeyevich) 980 Images as Maps 804 Moskovskiy institut inzhenerov geodezii, Map as Metaphor 806 aerofotos”yëmki i kartografi i (Moscow Institute Electronic Map 808 of Geodetic Engineering, Aerial , and Sense of Place and the Map 811 Cartography; Russia) 981 Map Pin 814 MapQuest.com (U.S.) 816 PART 2 Marine Chart 818 Marine Charting 825 Overview 825 N Canada 829 Narrative and Cartography 986 United States 830 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Argentina 835 (U.S.) 991 Great Britain 836 National Atlas of the United States of America, France 842 The 993 European Nations 843 National Center for Geographic Information and Russia and the Soviet Union 846 Analysis (U.S.) 994 Japan 849 National Geographic Society (U.S.) 996 Australia 854 Nation-State Formation and Cartography 1000 Marketing Cartographic and Spatial Data 855 1009 Contents xiii

O Cultural and Social Signifi cance of Map Projections 1177 Oblique and Views 1020 Regional Map Projections 1182 Oceanography and Cartography 1023 Projections Defi ned for the Ellipsoid 1184 Offi ce of Strategic Services (U.S.) 1030 Projections Used for Topographic Maps 1185 (U.K.) 1032 Projections Used for Military Grids 1186 Orell Füssli Kartographie AG (Switzerland) 1040 Projections Used for Aeronautical 1189 Map 1043 Projections Used for Marine Charts 1190 Ormeling, Ferdinand J(an) 1046 Projections Used for Statistical Maps 1191 Property Mapping 1194 P Canada and the United States 1194 Paper 1048 Latin America 1200 Peace Conference (1919) 1049 Africa 1205 Pearsall, Phyllis 1054 Europe 1210 Penck, Albrecht 1054 Russia and the Soviet Union 1212 Perception and Cognition of Maps 1055 Australia and New Zealand 1217 Vision and Discrimination 1055 Property Mapping Practices 1219 Perceiving, Understanding, and Remembering 1059 Professional Practice in Land Surveying 1220 Perception and Map Design 1063 Triangulation, Trilateration, and Traverse 1221 Cognition and Cartography 1065 Monumentation and Recovery 1224 Subject Testing in Cartography 1070 Global Positioning System and Property Map-Use Skills 1074 Surveying 1226 Experimental Studies in Psychology 1080 Public Access to Cartographic Information 1227 Psychophysics 1082 Permanent Committee on Geographical Names (U.K.) 1085 R Persuasive Cartography 1087 Race, Maps and the Social Construction of 1232 Petchenik, Barbara B(artz) 1095 Radó, Sándor (Alexander Rado) 1238 Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen 1095 Railroad Map 1239 Peters Projection 1099 Raisz, Erwin (Josephus) 1241 Peucker, Karl 1101 Rand McNally & Company (U.S.) 1244 Photogrammetric Mapping 1102 Ratajski, Lech 1249 Aerial and Cartography 1102 Ravenstein Verlag (Germany) 1249 Air Photos and Geographic Analysis 1113 Recreational Map 1250 Feature Extraction and Photointerpretation 1117 Redlining 1254 Military Photogrammetry as a Precursor of Remote Relief Depiction 1260 Sensing 1120 Relief Map 1260 Analytical Photogrammetry and Control Relief Model 1263 Surveying 1125 Relief Shading 1267 Geodesy and Photogrammetric Mapping 1132 1273 Instrumental Photogrammetry and Earth Observation and the Emergence of Remote Stereocompilation 1136 Sensing 1273 Orthophotography and Orthophoto Mapping 1141 Satellite Systems for Cartographic Applications 1282 Photography in Map Design and Production 1146 Data Handling and Information Extraction from Physiographic 1153 Remotely Sensed Imagery 1288 Plane 1155 and Map Revision 1294 Planning, Urban and Regional 1157 Remote Sensing as a Cartographic Enterprise 1298 Political Cartoons, Maps as 1162 Report of the Committee of Enquiry into the Handling Preußische Landesaufnahme 1165 of Geographic Information (1987) 1304 Prime 1167 Reproduction of Maps 1305 Privacy 1169 Reproduction of Maps by One-Off Processes 1305 Projections 1172 Reproduction of Maps by Printing 1308 Projections 1172 Engraving 1312 Interrupted and Polyhedral Projections 1174 Photomechanical Processes 1316 xiv Contents

Color Reproduction 1322 and Cartography 1468 Prepress Techniques 1326 Styles, Cartographic 1471 Reproduction, Design, and Aesthetics 1331 Survey of 1473 Folding Strategies 1336 SYMAP (software) 1477 Ristow, Walter W(illiam) 1338 Road Mapping 1339 T Canada and the United States 1339 Tactile Map 1480 Latin America 1350 Tanaka, Kitiro¯ 1483 Africa 1355 Tax Map 1484 Europe 1359 Television and Maps 1488 Australia and Oceania 1363 Terrain Analysis and Cartography 1490 Robinson, Arthur H(oward) 1365 Tharp, Marie 1499 1367 Thematic Mapping 1500 Route Map 1368 Thrower, Norman J(oseph) W(illiam) 1525 Royal Geographical Society (U.K.) 1371 Tidal Measurement 1525 R. R. Donnelley & Sons (U.S.) 1375 Time, Time Geography, Temporal Change, and Russia and the Soviet Union, Fragmentation of 1376 Cartography 1528 Russkoye geografi cheskoye obshchestvo (Russian Times Atlas of the World 1531 Geographical Society) 1379 Tissot’s Indicatrix 1532 Tobler, Waldo R(udolph) 1534 S Tooley, R(onald) V(ere) 1535 Topografi sche Dienst (Netherlands) 1535 Salishchev, Konstantin Alekseyevich 1382 1539 1383 Topographic Mapping 1545 Scientifi c Discovery and Cartography 1389 Overview 1545 Scribing 1394 Canada 1552 Shelton, Hal 1396 United States 1555 Snyder, John P(arr) 1397 Latin America 1560 Social Theory and Cartography 1400 Africa by the British 1565 Societies, Cartographic 1405 Africa by the French 1568 United States and Canada 1405 Africa by the Germans 1572 Latin America 1408 South Africa 1576 Africa 1409 Western Europe 1579 Western Europe 1410 Eastern Europe 1587 Eastern Europe 1413 Russia and the Soviet Union 1591 Australia and New Zealand 1414 Middle East 1597 Societies, Geographical 1415 China 1602 Canada and the United States 1415 Japan 1606 Europe 1417 Indonesia 1608 Societies, Map 1419 Australia 1612 Societies, Map Librarianship 1421 Touring Club Italiano (Italian Touring Club) 1615 Societies, Photogrammetric and Remote Sensing 1423 Travel, Tourism, and Place Marketing 1620 Software 1426 Tsentral’nyy nauchno-issledovatel’skiy institut Mapping Software 1426 geodezii, aeros”yëmki i kartografi i (Central Research Illustration Software 1434 Institute of Geodesy, Air Survey, and Cartography; Image Processing Software 1437 Russia) 1639 Geographic Information System (GIS) Software 1438 Soils Map 1443 Sources of Cartographic Information 1450 U Space Oblique Mercator Projection 1452 Uncertainty and Reliability 1642 Standards for Cartographic Information 1453 United Nations 1644 1459 Urban Mapping 1649 Statistical Map 1462 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 1655 Contents xv

U.S. Census Bureau 1656 Road Atlas 1733 U.S. Geological Survey 1659 Road Symbols 1734 U.S. Intelligence Community, Mapping by the 1666 Web-Based Wayfi nding 1739 Wheelchair Access Map 1742 Channel, The (U.S.) 1743 V 1744 Velhagen & Klasing (Germany) 1673 Web Cartography 1750 Verlag Ed. Hölzel (Austria) 1674 Westermann Verlag (Germany) 1754 Viewshed Mapping 1676 William-Olsson, William 1755 Vinland Map 1678 Wolfegg 1756 Virtual Reality 1680 Women in Cartography 1758 and Maps 1683 Woodward, David 1761 World Aeronautical Chart 1764 W World Revolution and Cartography 1766 1770 Wagner & Debes (Germany) 1690 World War II 1775 Wall Map 1693 Wright, John K(irtland) 1779 Warfare and Cartography 1696 Wuhan cehui keji daxue (Wuhan Technical University of Warntz, William 1700 Surveying and Mapping; China) 1780 Wax Engraving 1701 Wayfi nding and Travel Maps 1704 Campus Map 1704 Z Cyclist Map 1706 Zhongguo kexueyuan (Chinese Academy of Escape and Evasion Map 1709 Sciences) 1783 Hiking and Trail Map 1711 Indexed Street Map 1714 Brief Processual History of Volume 6, Mark In-Vehicle Navigation System 1716 Monmonier 1787 Mobility Map 1722 Editors and Contributors 1793 Orientation Map 1726 Entries Listed by Conceptual Cluster 1807 Public Transportation Map 1727 General Index, Do Mi Stauber 1815

Tables

1 Paradigms of North American academic the History of Cartography (ICHC), with the subject cartography 5 date ranges of their articles and papers 637 2 Data levels identifi ed by Timothy L. Nyerges 24 Treatment of twentieth-century cartography in Imago (1980) as linking machine encoding with the real Mundi (IM) and in the International Conference on world 58 the History of Cartography (ICHC), by number and 3 Regional 102 percentage, 1981–2000 638 4 Main twentieth-century school atlases in selected 25 Membership of the ICA Executive Committee, countries 108 1959–2003 668 5 Editions of the Atlas of Finland 117 26 Venues of ICA meetings, 1961–2009 671 6 Boundary disputes in during the 27 ICA Award Recipients, 1974–2001 673 twentieth century 151 28 ICAO charts at the end of the twentieth century 675 7 Boundary disputes in during the 29 IGU commissions focused on topics in cartography, twentieth century 152 photogrammetry, remote sensing, or geographic 8 East and Southeast Asian boundaries in the twentieth information systems and science 678 century 175 30 IGU study groups focused on topics in cartography, 9 Publishing dates of the different map scales of the photogrammetry, remote sensing, or geographic Swiss national 181 information systems and science 678 10 Fifteen methods of producing cadastral maps 184 31 Cartographic journals introduced by commercial 11 Selected list of Canadian and United States map fi rms 720 collectors 247 32 Characteristics of the Landsat systems 755 12 Objects on which maps are used as decoration 309 33 Characteristics of the instruments on Landsats 1, 2, 3, 13 Locations of CONFIBSIG biennial conferences 388 4, 5, and 7 757 14 Address coding guide: the table look-up 34 Russian sea charts, 2001–3 849 approach 450 35 Classifi cation of Japanese Nautical Charts, 15 Geocoding accuracy and method 451 1915 850 16 Geodetic satellite systems 457 36 A view of the cartographic enterprise at the end of the 17 Topographic surveys in the Soviet Union com- century 857 pleted by the outbreak of the Great Patriotic War, 37 The cartographic modes pursued in modern 1941–45 481 Europe 979 18 As the names of the Glavnoye upravleniye geodezii 38 Modern European cartographic endeavors, or i kartografi i (GUGK) changed during the twentieth institutional groupings, within which multiple century, so did its form and functions 549 cartographic modes are pursued 980 19 Map output of Hallwag Kümmerly+Frey, fi rst decade 39 Twentieth-century directors of MIIGAiK 983 of the twenty-fi rst century 574 40 Overview of the International Specifi cations for 20 Environmental legislation and executive orders that Orienteering Maps (ISOM) 1046 encouraged the mapping of hazards and risk in the 41 Disciplines of orienteering 1047 United States 586 42 Prime meridians on nautical charts and topographic 21 Stages in the growth of The History of maps in the nineteenth century 1168 Cartography 615 43 Map projections in twentieth-century world atlases, 22 Final publication sequence of The History of major regions 1183 Cartography 616 44 Changing categories of race in the American census at 23 Treatment of twentieth-century cartography in Imago selected dates 1233 Mundi (IM) and in the International Conference on 45 Names of the Russian geographical society 1379

xvii xviii Tables

46 European cartographic societies established in the 54 Specifi cations for national geospatial databases 1605 twentieth century 1411 55 Status of topographic mapping in Indonesia in 47 Twentieth-century Western European cartographic 2003 1612 journals 1413 56 UNGEGN Conferences 1646 48 National/Regional/International spatial data transfer 57 UN Regional Cartographic Conferences, Asia and standards 1456 , Asia and the Pacifi c 1647 49 Sample of ISO/TC 211 signifi cant standards and 58 UN Regional Cartographic Conferences, the specifi cations 1457 1648 50 Spatial metadata standards as of the close of the 59 Top fi fteen nations in Internet use at year-end twentieth century 1458 2001 1752 51 Social and physical thematic topics included in early 60 The Kenneth J. Nebenzahl, Jr., Lectures in the twentieth-century national atlases 1501 History of Cartography at the Newberry Library, 52 Map types in the Russian Federation’s system of Chicago 1763 topographic maps and plans 1597 61 WTUSM presidents 1781 53 Completed topographic maps at small and medium scale in China as of 2000 1604 Abbreviations

The following abbreviations are used throughout this book.

HC 1 The History of Cartography, vol. 1, Cartogra- HC 2.3 The History of Cartography, vol. 2, bk. 3, phy in Prehistoric, Ancient, and Medieval Eu- Cartography in the Traditional African, Amer- rope and the Mediterranean, ed. J. B. Harley ican, Arctic, Australian, and Pacifi c Societies, and David Woodward (Chicago: University of ed. David Woodward and G. Malcolm Lewis Chicago Press, 1987) (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998)

HC 2.1 The History of Cartography, vol. 2, bk. 1, Car- HC 3 The History of Cartography, vol. 3, Cartogra- tography in the Traditional Islamic and South phy in the European Renaissance, ed. David Asian Societies, ed. J. B. Harley and David Woodward (Chicago: University of Chicago Woodward (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007) Press, 1992)

HC 2.2 The History of Cartography, vol. 2, bk. 2, Car- tography in the Traditional East and Southeast Asian Societies, ed. J. B. Harley and David Woodward (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994)

xix