Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology

Index Note: Page numbers followed by b indicate boxes; f, figures;t , tables. A Acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) (Continued) Acid-base nomogram, 394–395, 394f A bands, of skeletal muscle, 71, 72f pantothenic acid and, 855 Acid-base regulation. See also Hydrogen ions. A fibers, 563–564, 563f pyruvic acid conversion to, 812–813 buffer systems in, 380–381 Aδ cold fibers, 592 steroid synthesis from, 992 ammonia, 388–389, 389f Aδ fast pain fibers, 584, 585, 587 Acetylcholine bicarbonate, 381–383, 382f Aα motor fibers, 656, 659 in basal ganglia, 692–693, 692f gastrointestinal mucus and, 775 Aγ motor fibers, 656, 659 of brain stem reticular neurons, 711 isohydric principle and, 383–384 Abdominal compression reflex, 209 sleep and, 722 phosphate, 383, 388, 388f Abdominal muscles cardiac effects of, 119, 120 protein, 383–384, 413 in expiration, 465, 466f bradycardia as, 144 respiratory, 385 in labor, 1013 as central nervous system transmitter, 551 fundamental definitions for, 379–380 spasm of, in peritonitis, 665 of cholinergic nerve endings, 731–732 kidneys in, 380, 385–388, 386f, 387f Absence syndrome, 726 drugs with potentiating effect on, 740 correction of acidosis by, 387, 391 Absolute refractory period, 69 coronary blood flow and, 247 correction of alkalosis by, 387, Absorbing colon, 797, 798 gastric secretions and, 778, 779 391–392 Absorption. See Kidney(s), reabsorption by; gastrointestinal smooth muscle and, 755, 756 phosphate and ammonia buffers in, Large intestine, absorption in; Small Huntington’s disease and, 694 388–389, 388f, 389f intestine, absorption in. molecular structure of, 731 quantification of, 389–391, 390t Acceleration of head at neuromuscular junction overview of, 379, 380 angular, 677, 677f secretion of, 73, 83–86, 84f precision of, 379, 380 linear, 676–677 synthesis of, 83, 86 respiratory system in, 380, 384–385, 384f Acceleratory forces, in aviation and pancreatic secretions and, 782 Acidophil cells, 896f, 897 spacecraft, 531–533, 531f, 532f pharmacologic actions of, 740 Acidophilic tumors, 897, 903–904 Acclimatization to altitude, 510 as smooth muscle neurotransmitter, 95, 96 Acidosis. See also Acid-base disorders. alveolar Po2 and, 527, 528–530 synthesis of, 732 bicarbonate reabsorption in, 386, 387, 390 work capacity and, 530, 530t Acetylcholine receptors. See also calcium and Acclimatization to cold, chemical Acetylcholine-gated ion channels. protein-bound, 367 thermogenesis and, 873 in myasthenia gravis, 86 reabsorption of, 369 Acclimatization to heat, 877 principal types of, 733 characteristics of, 391t sweating and, 871, 877 Acetylcholine system, in brain, 712, 713, 713f chronic, ammonium excretion in, Accommodation Acetylcholine-gated ion channels, 48, 389, 391 of eye, 601, 601f 73–74, 83–84, 84f, 85, 85f. See also definition of, 379, 380 autonomic control of, 631–632, 735 Acetylcholine receptors. metabolic, 391, 391t pupillary reaction to, 632 Acetylcholinesterase anion gap in, 395, 395t of mechanoreceptors, 562 at neuromuscular junction, 83, 84f, 85, 86 clinical causes of, 392–393 ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) at parasympathetic nerve endings, 732 definition of, 382 inhibitors Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, 86, 740 in diabetes mellitus, 951 adverse effects of, 320–321 for myasthenia gravis, 86–87 diagnosis of, 394 antihypertensive effects of, 374 Acetyl-CoA. See Acetyl coenzyme hydrogen ion secretion in, 390 Acetate, vasodilation caused by, 200 A (acetyl-CoA). hyperchloremic, 395, 395t Acetazolamide, 398, 503 Acetyl-CoA carboxylase, 825 potassium homeostasis and, 362 Acetoacetic acid, 823–824, 839 Acetylsalicylic acid. See Aspirin renal correction of, 391 in diabetes mellitus, 393, 953 (acetylsalicylic acid). in neonate, 1024 insulin lack and, 944 Achalasia, 765, 799 neuronal depression in, 557 Acetone, 823 Achlorhydria, 778, 800 potassium homeostasis and, 364, 367 on breath, 953–954 Acid(s) renal correction of, 391 ketosis and, 823, 824 definition of, 379 in renal failure, 406 Acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA), 22 nonvolatile, 385, 387, 388, 390 respiratory, 382, 385, 391, 391t acetoacetic acid produced from, 823 anion gap and, 395 clinical causes of, 392 in acetylcholine synthesis, 732 sour taste of, 645, 646t diagnosis of, 393–394 amino acids converted to, 825 strong and weak, 379–380 hydrogen ion secretion in, 390 cholesterol synthesis from, 827 Acid hydrolases, of lysosomes, 19, 20 renal correction of, 391 in citric acid cycle, 813–814, 813f Acid-base disorders. See also Acidosis; Alkalosis. in shock, 278 after fatty acid oxidation, 822–823 clinical causes of, 392–393 treatment of, 393 from fatty acid beta-oxidation, 822, diagnosis of, 393–395, 394f Acini 822f, 823 mixed, 394–395, 394f of pancreas, 773, 780–781, 939, 939f fatty acid synthesis from, 824, 824f, 825 treatment of, 393 of salivary glands, 773, 774f, 775, 776 1043 Index Acquired (adaptive) immunity, 433–442. Action potential(s), neuronal (Continued) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) (Continued) See also Antibodies; Antigen(s); summation and, 554f, 555 control of glycolysis by, 815 Lymphocytes. threshold for, 555, 556–557, 556f conversion into cAMP, 889 basic types of, 433, 434 plateau in depleted in irreversible shock, 278–279 passive, 442 with cardiac muscle, 66, 66f as energy currency, 809–810, 809f, 859–861 tolerance to own tissues in, 442 with smooth muscle, 95f, 96 anaerobic vs. aerobic, 860–861 Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) receptor potentials and, 561–562, 561f functions energized by, 859, 860 helper T cells in, 440–441 recording with oscilloscope, 69, 69f nutrients degraded for, 859 wasting syndrome in, 852 rhythmical, 66–67, 66f phosphocreatine buffer of, 860 Acromegaly, 903–904, 903f skeletal muscle, 74, 83, 87, 88, 88f, 89f summary of, 861, 861f diabetes mellitus in, 952 end plate potential and, 84, 85, 85f energy released per mole of, 809–810 Acrosome, 975, 975f, 977 energy for, 78 from fatty acid oxidation, 823 Acrosome reaction, 977 smooth muscle, 95–96, 95f flagellar movement and, 975 ACTH. See Adrenocorticotropic hormone of bladder, 306–308 gastrointestinal secretions and, 774 (ACTH; corticotropin). excited by stretch, 96 glycogen-lactic acid system and, 1033, 1033f Actin gastrointestinal, 754–755, 754f high-energy bonds of, 21, 809, 859 in ameboid movement, 23 plateau in, 95f, 96 mitochondrial synthesis of, 16, 22, 22f of cardiac muscle, 101, 103 slow wave, 95f, 96 nerve fiber ionic gradients and, 65 Frank-Starling mechanism and, 110 of stomach, 766 in olfactory cilium, 649, 649f ventricular volume and, 108 Action tremor, 687–688, 689 phosphocreatine and, 1033, 1033f in cell membrane support, 16 Active hyperemia, 194 in postganglionic nerve endings, 732 coated pits and, 18–19, 18f Active transport, 14, 18, 52–56 production of, 812 in intestinal microvilli, 794 of amino acids into cells, 832–833 acetyl-CoA and, 812–813 in mitosis, 39 through cellular sheets, 55–56, 55f citric acid cycle and, 813–814, 813f in phagocytosis, 19 vs. diffusion, 45–46, 46f glycolysis and, 812, 812f of platelets, 451, 454 energy from ATP for, 859 oxidative phosphorylation and, of skeletal muscle primary, 52–54, 53f 814–815, 814f contraction mechanism and, 74, 74f, in renal tubular reabsorption, 324–328, summary of, 815 75–76, 75f, 76f 325f, 326f, 327f in protein synthesis, 34, 34f hypertrophy and, 81 in salivary ducts, 775 in RNA synthesis, 30 muscle tension and, 77, 77f secondary, 52–53, 54–55, 55f. See also in skeletal muscle, 73, 74, 75, 76, 78–79 structural features of, 71, 72f, 73f, 74f, Co-transport. of athletes, 1032–1034, 1033f, 1033t 75, 75f thyroid hormones and, 912 in smooth muscle, 93, 94 of smooth muscle, 92, 92f, 93–94 Acupuncture, 588 structure of, 21 Action potential(s). See also Membrane Acute local potentials, 68, 69 uses of, 22–23, 22f potential(s). Acute subthreshold potentials, 68, 68f as vasodilator, in skeletal muscle, 243–244 calcium ions in, 64 Acute tubular necrosis, 400–401 Adenylyl cyclase. See also Cyclic adenosine in gastrointestinal smooth muscle, Adaptation monophosphate (cAMP). 754–755 of olfactory sensations, 650 ACTH and, 932 cardiac, 102–104, 102f of sensory receptors, 562–563, 562f adrenergic or cholinergic receptors and, 733 atrial, 117 of taste, 648 antidiuretic hormone and, 905 duration of contraction and, 104 Adaptive control systems, 9 glucagon and, 948 electrocardiogram and, 122, 122f Adaptive immunity. See Acquired (adaptive) growth hormone secretion and, 902 excitation-contraction coupling immunity. hormonal activity and, 889–890, 889b, 890f and, 103, 104 Addison disease, 934–935 hormone receptors and, 888 plateau in, 66, 66f hyperkalemia in, 361, 365 memory and, 707–708 prolonged ventricular, 147, 148f hyponatremia in, 294–295, 360 in olfactory cilium, 649, 649f in Purkinje fibers, 102f, 103, 117 salt appetite and, 360 in smooth muscle, 97 sinus nodal, 115–116, 116f, 117 volume depletion in, 375 thyroid hormone secretion and, 914 spontaneous rhythmicity in, 66–67, 66f Addisonian crisis, 935 ADH. See Antidiuretic hormone (ADH; ventricular, 102, 102f, 122, 122f Adenine, 27, 28, 28f, 30, 31t vasopressin). nerve, 60–63, 61f Adenohypophysis. See Pituitary gland, anterior. Adhesion molecules anions and, 64 Adenosine in inflammation, 428, 429f energy expenditure by, 65, 66f, 68 blood flow control and, 192–193 in T-cell activation, 440, 440f energy of ATP for, 860 in cardiac muscle, 247 Adipocytes (fat cells), 12, 821 excitation of, 68–69, 68f in gut wall, 761 cytokine hormones produced by, 881 initiation of, 64 in skeletal muscle, 243–244 deficiency of, 822 inspiratory, 505 coronary

Load more