Curricular Guide for Podiatric Medical Education

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Curricular Guide for Podiatric Medical Education Curricular Guide for Podiatric Medical Education AACPM Council of Faculties 2014 Edition Approved by the AACPM Board of Directors July 23, 2014 AACPM COUNCIL OF FACULTIES CURRICULUM PROJECT CURRICULAR GUIDE TABLE OF CONTENTS AACPM COUNCIL OF FACULTIES ................................................................................................................... 1 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................................................... 3 AUTHORING GROUP ..................................................................................................................................... 4 BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................................................... 8 PRECLINICAL CONTENT AREAS GENERAL ANATOMY ............................................................................................................................. 10 NEUROANATOMY ................................................................................................................................. 24 LOWER EXTREMITY ANATOMY ............................................................................................................. 30 BIOCHEMISTRY ..................................................................................................................................... 39 EMBRYOLOGY ....................................................................................................................................... 54 GENETICS ............................................................................................................................................. 58 COMPOSITE HISTOLOGY ....................................................................................................................... 65 PHYSIOLOGY ......................................................................................................................................... 71 MICROBIOLOGY/IMMUNOLOGY ........................................................................................................ 113 PATHOLOGY, PART I ........................................................................................................................... 141 PATHOLOGY, PART II .......................................................................................................................... 158 PHARMACOLOGY ................................................................................................................................ 184 CLINICAL CONTENT AREAS GERIATRICS ......................................................................................................................................... 251 MEDICINE ........................................................................................................................................... 253 RADIOLOGY ......................................................................................................................................... 279 ORTHOPEDICS ..................................................................................................................................... 288 SURGERY AND ANESTHESIOLOGY ...................................................................................................... 324 COMMUNITY HEALTH ......................................................................................................................... 351 APPENDIX I: BLOOM’S TAXONOMY .......................................................................................................... 356 APPENDIX II: RANKING KEY ...................................................................................................................... 359 APPENDIX III: AACPM COUNCIL OF FACULTIES ........................................................................................ 360 2 Acknowledgments We would like to acknowledge: The Council of Faculties: for establishing the goals, organization, timeline and vision for this project. Faculty: for their collegial sharing of curriculum; the multiple conference calls and face-to face meetings, and the countless hours spent in ranking objectives. Content Chairs: for coordinating each content area, for chairing the never-ending conference calls, for the thankless job of sifting through thousands of behavioral objectives, for overseeing the ranking process and in some cases assigning most of the ranking, and for the innumerable hours spent hounding colleagues to get their work in by the deadline. Deans: for their continued patience and support of this project American Association of Colleges of Podiatric Medicine Board of Directors: for financial support. Collegial Organizations: for their willingness to share existing discipline competencies for this project: • American Association of Clinical Anatomists (AACA). A clinical anatomy curriculum for the medical student of the 21st century: gross anatomy. Clin Anat. 1996;9:71-99. • American Physiological Society - APS/ACPD 2000 Objectives and the 2006 Revised Objectives Version. • Knowledge objectives developed by the American Society of Medical Pharmacology Chairs, with the permission of the president at that time, Bonnie Sloane. • Booth SJ, Burges G, Justeman L, Knoop F. Design and Implementation of Core Knowledge Objectives for Medical Microbiology and Immunology. J Int Assoc Med Sci Educ. 2009;19:100-138. • GRIPE, Group for Research in Pathology Education, with permission. • McHanwell S, Davies DC, Morris J, et al. A core syllabus in anatomy for medical students – adding common sense to need to know. Eur J Anat. 2007;11:3-18. • Hyland, KM et al. Medical School Core Curriculum in Genetics 2013. Association of Professors of Human and Medical Genetics. American Association of Colleges of Podiatric Medicine Staff: we want to offer our personal thanks to AACPM for the logistical support of this project. Sally Rush and Natasha Williams kept us organized, facilitated conference calls and gently reminded us whenever we needed to forward materials to keep the project moving. We also want to offer a special thank you to Mori North, for her continued patience and dedication to this project. Denise B. Freeman, DPM, MSE Chair Council of Faculties John Becker, PhD Chair Elect Council of Faculties 3 Authoring Group Content Area Participants (leaders are listed first, and bolded) General Anatomy Anthony D’Antoni, PhD, DC NYCPM Linda Walters, PhD AZPod Ramjeet Pemsingh, PhD BUSPM Bruce Richardson, PhD CSPM Donald Matz, PhD CPMS Stephanie Belovich, PhD KSUCPM Bruce Manion, PhD SCPM Helen Pearson, PhD TUSPM Neuroanatomy Donald Matz, PhD CPMS T. Bucky Jones, PhD AZPod Randy Nydam, PhD AZPod Allen Smith, PhD BUSPM Barbara Puder, PhD CSPM Stephanie Belovich, PhD KSUCPM Michael Landers, PhD KSUCPM Anthony D’Antoni, PhD NYCPM Bruce Manion, PhD SCPM Helen Pearson, PhD TUSPM Gerald Bertetta, PhD WUCPM Lower Extremity Anatomy Daniel Bareither, PhD SCPM Lance Wissman, DPM AZPod Charles Southerland, DPM BUSPM Bruce Richardson, PhD CSPM Joel Clark, DPM CSPM Makhdoom Al-Khan, PhD CPMS Daria Dykyj, PhD NYCPM Kathy Siesel, DPM KSUCPM Andrew Meyer, DPM TUSPM Biochemistry Zhiyong Han, PhD NYCPM Gloria Yueh, PhD AZPod Graham Shaw, PhD BUSPM Peter Barbosa, PhD CSPM (now at NYCPM) Martin Schmidt, PhD CPMS Tim Whittingham, PhD KSUCPM 4 Robert Intine, PhD SCPM James Burke, PhD TUSPM Embryology Bruce Richardson, PhD CSPM Linda Walters, PhD AZPod Donald Matz, PhD DMU-CPMS Ronald Wright, PhD KSUCPM Robert Bressler, PhD NYCPM Daniel Bareither, PhD SCPM Judith Litvin Daniels, PhD TUSPM Craig Kuehn, PhD WUCPM Genetics Ronald Wright, PhD KSUCPM Gloria Yueh, PhD AZPod Gerhild Packert, PhD BUSPM Mary Premenko-Lanier, PhD CSPM Martin Schmidt, PhD DMU-CPMS Kenneth Astrin, PhD NYCPM Robert Intine, PhD SCPM Raghbir Athwal, PhD TUSPM Katherine Mitsouras, PhD WUCPM Raj Kandpal, PhD WUCPM Histology Eileen Chusid, PhD NYCPM Linda Walters, PhD AZPod Allen Smith, PhD BUSPM Carol Gilson, PhD CSPM Craig Canby, PhD DMU-CPMS Joann Eble, MS KSUCPM Daniel Bareither, PhD SCPM Judith Litvin Daniels, PhD TUSPM Mohammed Al-Tikriti, PhD WUCPM Physiology Ronald Wright, PhD OCPM Fred Romano, PhD AZPod Sanjay Sesodia, PhD BUSPM Carol Gilson, PhD CSPM Edward P. Finnerty, PhD, SC CPMS Patricia Wade, PhD NYCPM Tim Whittingham, PhD KSUCPM John Becker, PhD SCPM Steven Driska, PhD TUSPM Microbiology/Immunology 5 Kathryn Leyva, PhD AZPod Peter Barbosa, PhD CSPM (now at NYCPM) Chuck Hoover, PhD CSPM Timothy Steele, PhD CPMS Jeffrey Gray, PhD CPMS Julie Trachman, PhD NYCPM Zev Leifer, PhD NYCPM Ronald Wright, PhD KSUCPM Michael Fennewald, PhD SCPM Marion Chan, PhD TUSPM Pathology Mary Mooney, MD KSUCPM Lance Wissman, DPM AZPod Eiman Mahmoud, MD, MPH CSPM Christina Lewis, PhD CSPM James Mahoney, DPM CPMS Eileen Chusid, PhD NYCPM Charles Witt, DPM SCPM Pharmacology Pamela Potter, PhD AZPod John Nelson, DPM BUSPM Richard Rocco, PhD CSPM Matthew Henry, PhD CPMS Patricia Rose, PhD, RPh NYCPM Kay Kyllonen, PharmD KSUCPM Ann Snyder, PhD SCPM Ziad Labbad, DPM, MD TUSPM Geriatrics Kent Myers, MD AZPod Ben Zier, MD CSPM Gregory Kolbinger, PA DMU-CPMS Abe Osbourne, DPM KSUCPM Anthony Iorio, DPM NYCPM Robert Joseph, PhD SCPM Anna Yeung, PhD TUSPM Medicine Edweana Robinson, MD KSUCPM Kevin Myers, MD AZPod Jacqueline Buchman, DPM BUSPM Ben Zier, MD CSPM Kara Thompson, DPM CPMS Mark Swartz, MD NYCPM Philip Gianfortune, DPM SCPM Kathya Zinszer, DPM TUSPM 6 Radiology Larry Osher, DPM KSUCPM John Tassone, DPM AZPod Albert Armstrong, DPM BUSPM
Recommended publications
  • Te2, Part Iii
    TERMINOLOGIA EMBRYOLOGICA Second Edition International Embryological Terminology FIPAT The Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology A programme of the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists (IFAA) TE2, PART III Contents Caput V: Organogenesis Chapter 5: Organogenesis (continued) Systema respiratorium Respiratory system Systema urinarium Urinary system Systemata genitalia Genital systems Coeloma Coelom Glandulae endocrinae Endocrine glands Systema cardiovasculare Cardiovascular system Systema lymphoideum Lymphoid system Bibliographic Reference Citation: FIPAT. Terminologia Embryologica. 2nd ed. FIPAT.library.dal.ca. Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology, February 2017 Published pending approval by the General Assembly at the next Congress of IFAA (2019) Creative Commons License: The publication of Terminologia Embryologica is under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0) license The individual terms in this terminology are within the public domain. Statements about terms being part of this international standard terminology should use the above bibliographic reference to cite this terminology. The unaltered PDF files of this terminology may be freely copied and distributed by users. IFAA member societies are authorized to publish translations of this terminology. Authors of other works that might be considered derivative should write to the Chair of FIPAT for permission to publish a derivative work. Caput V: ORGANOGENESIS Chapter 5: ORGANOGENESIS
    [Show full text]
  • Focusing on the Re-Emergence of Primitive Reflexes Following Acquired Brain Injuries
    33 Focusing on The Re-Emergence of Primitive Reflexes Following Acquired Brain Injuries Resiliency Through Reconnections - Reflex Integration Following Brain Injury Alex Andrich, OD, FCOVD Scottsdale, Arizona Patti Andrich, MA, OTR/L, COVT, CINPP September 19, 2019 Alex Andrich, OD, FCOVD Patti Andrich, MA, OTR/L, COVT, CINPP © 2019 Sensory Focus No Pictures or Videos of Patients The contents of this presentation are the property of Sensory Focus / The VISION Development Team and may not be reproduced or shared in any format without express written permission. Disclosure: BINOVI The patients shown today have given us permission to use their pictures and videos for educational purposes only. They would not want their images/videos distributed or shared. We are not receiving any financial compensation for mentioning any other device, equipment, or services that are mentioned during this presentation. Objectives – Advanced Course Objectives Detail what primitive reflexes (PR) are Learn how to effectively screen for the presence of PRs Why they re-emerge following a brain injury Learn how to reintegrate these reflexes to improve patient How they affect sensory-motor integration outcomes How integration techniques can be used in the treatment Current research regarding PR integration and brain of brain injuries injuries will be highlighted Cases will be presented Pioneers to Present Day Leaders Getting Back to Life After Brain Injury (BI) Descartes (1596-1650) What is Vision? Neuro-Optometric Testing Vision writes spatial equations
    [Show full text]
  • VTPP 423 Syllabus General
    VTPP 423 BIOMEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY I COURSE INFORMATION Description: Biomedical Physiology I. (3-2). Credit 4. Physiological principles, review of cellular physiology, and development of an understanding of the nervous system and muscle, cardiovascular, and respiratory physiology; clinical applications related to organ systems. Prerequisites: VIBS 305; junior or senior classification. Discussions: MWF: 9:10 a.m. – 10:00 a.m. (Room 309, VICI) Lab Sessions: 501: Tuesdays : 12:40 - 2:30 p.m. (Room 320, VICI) 504: Fridays : 12:40 - 2:30 p.m. (Room 320, VICI) Instructor: J.D. Herman Office Hours: MWF 10:00 – 11:00 or by appointment Office Room # 316 VIDI Phone: 979/862-7765 [email protected] Teaching TBA Assistant: Required Lauralee Sherwood: Human Physiology: from cells to systems, 8th edition, Brooks/Cole Cengage Resources: Learning, ISBN: 978-1-111-57743-8 iClicker 2 Web-sites: htt p://ecampus.tamu.edu/ Course Goal: To understand the physiological significance of cells, organs and organ systems in maintaining homeostasis of the mammalian organism. (To develop critical thinking, problem solving and self- learning skills in preparation for a career in medicine/science.) Learning Outcomes: By the end of the course, the student will: • investigate and solve mathematical calculations commonly used in physiology • articulate an understanding of homeostatic control mechanisms of the: ▪ central nervous system ▪ muscular system ▪ cardiovascular system ▪ respiratory system ▪ renal system • collect and analyze physiologic data related to the ▪ central nervous system ▪ muscular system ▪ cardiovascular system ▪ respiratory system ▪ renal system • evaluate the relationship between physiology and disease ▪ including insight into critical thinking in the clinical setting ▪ including goals and mechanisms of some pharmacologic agents Course Grading: A total of 400 points are possible in the course.
    [Show full text]
  • Spontaneous Remission of Cancer and Wounds Healing
    Open Access Austin Journal of Surgery Special Article – Spontaneous Remission Spontaneous Remission of Cancer and Wounds Healing Shoutko AN1* and Maystrenko DN2 1Laboratory for the Cancer Treatment Methods, Saint Abstract Petersburg, Russia The associativity of the spontaneous cancer remission with surgical 2Department of Vascular Surgery, Saint Petersburg, trauma is considering in term of the competition of healing process outside the Russia tumor for circulating morphogenic cells, providing proliferation in any tissues *Corresponding author: Shoutko AN, Laboratory for with high cells renewing, malignant preferably. The proposed competitive the Cancer Treatment Methods, A.M. Granov Russian mechanism of Spontaneous cancer Remission phenomenon (SR) assumes Research Center for Radiology and Surgical Technologies, the partial distraction the trophic supply from tumor to offside tissues priorities, 70 Leningradskaya str., Pesochney, St. Petersburg, Russia like extremely high fetus growth, wound healing after incomplete resection, fight with infections, reparation of a multitude of non-malignant cells injured Received: September 24, 2019; Accepted: October 25, sub lethally by cytotoxic agents, and other kinds of an extra-consumption 2019; Published: November 01, 2019 the host lymphopoietic resource mainly in the conditions of its current deficit. The definition of a reduction of tumor morphogenesis discusses as preferable instead of the activation of anticancer immunity. Pending further developments, it assumes that the nature of the SR phenomenon is similar to the rough exhaustion of lymphopoiesis at conventional cytotoxic therapy. The main task for future investigations for more reproducible SR is to elucidate of the phase of a cyclic lymphopoietic process that is optimal for surgery outside the tumor as well as for other activities, provoked morphogenesis in surrounding tissues.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethnicity and Geriatric Assessment
    Gallo_FM_i-xviii 8/1/05 5:23 PM Page i HANDBOOK OF GERIATRIC ASSESSMENT Fourth Edition Edited by Joseph J. Gallo, MD, MPH Associate Professor Department of Family Practice and Community Medicine Department of Psychiatry University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Hillary R. Bogner, MD, MSCE Assistant Professor Department of Family Practice and Community Medicine University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Terry Fulmer, PhD, RN, FAAN The Erline Perkins McGriff Professor & Head, Division of Nursing New York University New York, New York Gregory J. Paveza, MSW, PhD Interim Associate Vice President for Academic Affairs University of South Florida – Lakeland Lakeland, Florida Gallo_FM_i-xviii 8/1/05 5:23 PM Page ii World Headquarters Jones and Bartlett Publishers 40 Tall Pine Drive Sudbury, MA 01776 978-443-5000 [email protected] www.jbpub.com Jones and Bartlett Publishers Canada 6339 Ormindale Way Mississauga, ON L5V 1J2 CANADA Jones and Bartlett Publishers International Barb House, Barb Mews London W6 7PA UK Jones and Bartlett’s books and products are available through most bookstores and online booksellers. To contact Jones and Bartlett Publishers directly, call 800-832-0034, fax 978-443-8000, or visit our website at www.jbpub.com. Substantial discounts on bulk quantities of Jones and Bartlett’s publications are available to corporations, professional associations, and other qualified organizations. For details and specific discount information, contact the special sales department at Jones and Bartlett via the above contact information or send an email to [email protected]. All rights reserved. No part of the material protected by this copyright may be reproduced or utilized in any form, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner.
    [Show full text]
  • Cord Prolapse
    CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINE CORD PROLAPSE CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINE CORD PROLAPSE Institute of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, Royal College of Physicians of Ireland and the Clinical Strategy and Programmes Division, Health Service Executive Version: 1.0 Publication date: March 2015 Guideline No: 35 Revision date: March 2017 1 CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINE CORD PROLAPSE Table of Contents 1. Revision History ................................................................................ 3 2. Key Recommendations ....................................................................... 3 3. Purpose and Scope ............................................................................ 3 4. Background and Introduction .............................................................. 4 5. Methodology ..................................................................................... 4 6. Clinical Guidelines on Cord Prolapse…… ................................................ 5 7. Hospital Equipment and Facilities ....................................................... 11 8. References ...................................................................................... 11 9. Implementation Strategy .................................................................. 14 10. Qualifying Statement ....................................................................... 14 11. Appendices ..................................................................................... 15 2 CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINE CORD PROLAPSE 1. Revision History Version No.
    [Show full text]
  • Human Anatomy and Physiology
    LECTURE NOTES For Nursing Students Human Anatomy and Physiology Nega Assefa Alemaya University Yosief Tsige Jimma University In collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter Center, the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education 2003 Funded under USAID Cooperative Agreement No. 663-A-00-00-0358-00. Produced in collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter Center, the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education. Important Guidelines for Printing and Photocopying Limited permission is granted free of charge to print or photocopy all pages of this publication for educational, not-for-profit use by health care workers, students or faculty. All copies must retain all author credits and copyright notices included in the original document. Under no circumstances is it permissible to sell or distribute on a commercial basis, or to claim authorship of, copies of material reproduced from this publication. ©2003 by Nega Assefa and Yosief Tsige All rights reserved. Except as expressly provided above, no part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission of the author or authors. This material is intended for educational use only by practicing health care workers or students and faculty in a health care field. Human Anatomy and Physiology Preface There is a shortage in Ethiopia of teaching / learning material in the area of anatomy and physicalogy for nurses. The Carter Center EPHTI appreciating the problem and promoted the development of this lecture note that could help both the teachers and students.
    [Show full text]
  • Tractocile, Atosiban
    ANNEX I SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS 1 1. NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT Tractocile 6.75 mg/0.9 ml solution for injection 2. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION Each vial of 0.9 ml solution contains 6.75 mg atosiban (as acetate). For a full list of excipients, see section 6.1. 3. PHARMACEUTICAL FORM Solution for injection (injection). Clear, colourless solution without particles. 4. CLINICAL PARTICULARS 4.1 Therapeutic indications Tractocile is indicated to delay imminent pre-term birth in pregnant adult women with: regular uterine contractions of at least 30 seconds duration at a rate of 4 per 30 minutes a cervical dilation of 1 to 3 cm (0-3 for nulliparas) and effacement of 50% a gestational age from 24 until 33 completed weeks a normal foetal heart rate 4.2 Posology and method of administration Posology Treatment with Tractocile should be initiated and maintained by a physician experienced in the treatment of pre-term labour. Tractocile is administered intravenously in three successive stages: an initial bolus dose (6.75 mg), performed with Tractocile 6.75 mg/0.9 ml solution for injection, immediately followed by a continuous high dose infusion (loading infusion 300 micrograms/min) of Tractocile 37.5 mg/5 ml concentrate for solution for infusion during three hours, followed by a lower dose of Tractocile 37.5 mg/5 ml concentrate for solution for infusion (subsequent infusion 100 micrograms/min) up to 45 hours. The duration of the treatment should not exceed 48 hours. The total dose given during a full course of Tractocile therapy should preferably not exceed 330.75 mg of atosiban.
    [Show full text]
  • Tocolytics Used As Adjunctive Therapy at the Time of Cerclage Placement: a Systematic Review
    Journal of Perinatology (2015) 35, 561–565 © 2015 Nature America, Inc. All rights reserved 0743-8346/15 www.nature.com/jp ORIGINAL ARTICLE Tocolytics used as adjunctive therapy at the time of cerclage placement: a systematic review J Smith1,2 and EA DeFranco3,4 OBJECTIVE: To review the published literature on whether the use of empiric perioperative tocolytic medications could provide additional benefit when used in combination with cerclage. STUDY DESIGN: Systematic review of published medical literature reporting the efficacy of empiric tocolytics used as a perioperative adjunct to vaginal cerclage in high-risk patients. A PubMed search without date criteria of various tocolytics and cerclage yielded 42 studies. Review articles were excluded, as were reports of abdominal cerclage, emergent cerclage, or cerclage for the purpose of delayed interval delivery in twin gestations. RESULT: Only five publications on the topic of perioperative tocolytic use at the time of history or ultrasound-indicated vaginal cerclage placement were identified. These included zero clinical trials, three retrospective cohort studies, one case series and one case report. Only one cohort study compared cerclage with indomethacin and cerclage without indomethacin and suggested no difference between the groups. The other two published cohort studies had no referent group who received cerclage without tocolysis. One case series and one case report were also published reporting cerclage with empiric beta-mimetic and progesterone adjunctive therapy. CONCLUSION: There is a paucity of published data on the topic of adjunctive perioperative tocolytics with cerclage. Adequately powered clinical trials on perioperative use of tocolysis with cerclage compared with a standard cerclage placement alone are needed to establish efficacy.
    [Show full text]
  • Pharmaceutical Services Division and the Clinical Research Centre Ministry of Health Malaysia
    A publication of the PHARMACEUTICAL SERVICES DIVISION AND THE CLINICAL RESEARCH CENTRE MINISTRY OF HEALTH MALAYSIA MALAYSIAN STATISTICS ON MEDICINES 2008 Edited by: Lian L.M., Kamarudin A., Siti Fauziah A., Nik Nor Aklima N.O., Norazida A.R. With contributions from: Hafizh A.A., Lim J.Y., Hoo L.P., Faridah Aryani M.Y., Sheamini S., Rosliza L., Fatimah A.R., Nour Hanah O., Rosaida M.S., Muhammad Radzi A.H., Raman M., Tee H.P., Ooi B.P., Shamsiah S., Tan H.P.M., Jayaram M., Masni M., Sri Wahyu T., Muhammad Yazid J., Norafidah I., Nurkhodrulnada M.L., Letchumanan G.R.R., Mastura I., Yong S.L., Mohamed Noor R., Daphne G., Kamarudin A., Chang K.M., Goh A.S., Sinari S., Bee P.C., Lim Y.S., Wong S.P., Chang K.M., Goh A.S., Sinari S., Bee P.C., Lim Y.S., Wong S.P., Omar I., Zoriah A., Fong Y.Y.A., Nusaibah A.R., Feisul Idzwan M., Ghazali A.K., Hooi L.S., Khoo E.M., Sunita B., Nurul Suhaida B.,Wan Azman W.A., Liew H.B., Kong S.H., Haarathi C., Nirmala J., Sim K.H., Azura M.A., Asmah J., Chan L.C., Choon S.E., Chang S.Y., Roshidah B., Ravindran J., Nik Mohd Nasri N.I., Ghazali I., Wan Abu Bakar Y., Wan Hamilton W.H., Ravichandran J., Zaridah S., Wan Zahanim W.Y., Kannappan P., Intan Shafina S., Tan A.L., Rohan Malek J., Selvalingam S., Lei C.M.C., Ching S.L., Zanariah H., Lim P.C., Hong Y.H.J., Tan T.B.A., Sim L.H.B, Long K.N., Sameerah S.A.R., Lai M.L.J., Rahela A.K., Azura D., Ibtisam M.N., Voon F.K., Nor Saleha I.T., Tajunisah M.E., Wan Nazuha W.R., Wong H.S., Rosnawati Y., Ong S.G., Syazzana D., Puteri Juanita Z., Mohd.
    [Show full text]
  • Central Fever: a Challenging Clinical Entity in Neurocritical Care
    eISSN 2508-1349 J Neurocrit Care 2020;13(1):19-31 https://doi.org/10.18700/jnc.190090 Central fever: a challenging clinical entity in neurocritical care Review Article Keshav Goyal, MD, DM1; Neha Garg, MD2; Parmod Bithal, MD3 Received: July 18, 2019 1Department of Neuroanaesthesiology and Critical Care, Neurosciences Centre, All India Institute Revised: December 12, 2019 of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India Accepted: December 13, 2019 2Institute of Liver and Biliary Science, Delhi, India 3Department of Anesthesiology, King Fahd Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Corresponding Author: Keshav Goyal, MD, DM Department of Neuroanaesthesiology and Critical Care, Neurosciences Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, 710, New Delhi 110029, India Tel: +91-11-26588700-4111 E-mail: [email protected] Fever is probably the most frequent symptom observed in neurointensive care by healthcare providers. It is seen in almost 70% of neurocritically ill patients. Fever of central origin was first described in the journal Brain by Erickson in 1939. A significant number of patients develop this fever due to a noninfectious cause, but are often treated as having an infectious fever. Unjustified use of antibi- otics adds to the increased cost of treatment and the emergence of resistant strains, contributing to additional morbidity. Since fever has a detrimental impact on the recovery of the acutely injured brain and contributes to an increased stay in the neurointensive care unit (NICU), timely and accurate diagnosis of the cause of fever in the NICU is imperative. Here, we try to understand the underlying mechanism, risk factors, clinical characteristics, diagnosis and management options of the central fever.
    [Show full text]
  • Human Anatomy Bio 11 Embryology “Chapter 3”
    Human Anatomy Bio 11 Embryology “chapter 3” Stages of development 1. “Pre-” really early embryonic period: fertilization (egg + sperm) forms the zygote gastrulation [~ first 3 weeks] 2. Embryonic period: neurulation organ formation [~ weeks 3-8] 3. Fetal period: growth and maturation [week 8 – birth ~ 40 weeks] Human life cycle MEIOSIS • compare to mitosis • disjunction & non-disjunction – aneuploidy e.g. Down syndrome = trisomy 21 • visit http://www.ivc.edu/faculty/kschmeidler/Pages /sc-mitosis-meiosis.pdf • and/or http://www.ivc.edu/faculty/kschmeidler/Pages /HumGen/mit-meiosis.pdf GAMETOGENESIS We will discuss, a bit, at the end of the semester. For now, suffice to say that mature males produce sperm and mature females produce ova (ovum; egg) all of which are gametes Gametes are haploid which means that each gamete contains half the full portion of DNA, compared to somatic cells = all the rest of our cells Fertilization restores the diploid state. Early embryonic stages blastocyst (blastula) 6 days of human embryo development http://www.sisuhospital.org/FET.php human early embryo development https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/chapter/28- 2-embryonic-development/ https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/images/thumb/d/dd/Model_human_blastocyst_development.jpg/600px-Model_human_blastocyst_development.jpg Good Sites To Visit • Schmeidler: http://www.ivc.edu/faculty/kschmeidler/Pages /sc_EMBRY-DEV.pdf • https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryol ogy/index.php/Week_1 • https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/c hapter/28-2-embryonic-development/
    [Show full text]