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Previous Studies of Marathi Passives

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Previous Studies of Marathi Passives chapter 3 Previous Studies of Marathi Passives 1 Introduction The goal of this chapter is to provide a critical review of previous studies of Marathi passives in traditional grammars (karmaṇī prayog ‘use of verbal affix to express the patient’) and modern linguistic treatments with a view to highlighting: (i) the insights they offer, (ii) the issues on which I do not agree and (iii) the issues which have escaped the attention of my predecessors or which have not been sufficiently explored. Detailed treatment of these controversial, unexplored and underexplored issues will be provided in the next chapter. The traditional grammars under review are Tarkhadkar ([1836] 1899), Beames ([1879] 1970), and Damle ([1911] 1970). Tarkhadkar and Damle are tradi- tional descriptions of Marathi grammar written in Marathi. Beames is a com- parative grammar of seven New Indo-Aryan (nia) languages: Hindi, Panjabi, Sindhi, Gujarati, Marathi, Oṛiya, and Bengali. Tarkhadkar and Damle follow the Indian grammatical tradition and occasionally describe Marathi in com- parison and contrast with Sanskrit. Beames, on the other hand, adopts a West- ern comparative philological approach and at various places compares Indo- Aryan languages with other Indo-European languages: Sanskrit, Latin, Greek, French, German etc. Modern linguistic works under review are Pandharipande (1981), Rosen & Wali (1989), Masica (1991), Pandharipande (1997), Wali (2004), Dhongde & Wali (2009).1 Before providing a critical review of the lesser known traditional gram- mars a few introductory remarks are in order. Dadoba Pandurang Tarkhadkar’s mahārāṣṭr-bhāṣece vyākaraṇ (A Grammar of the Maharashtra Language) pub- lished in 1836 is probably the first serious attempt by a native speaker to write a systematic and comprehensive grammar of Marathi, for native speakers and in 1 Pandharipande (1981) is a comprehensive cross-linguistic study of the passive in five Indo- Aryan languages (viz. Hindi, Marathi, Nepali, Kashmiri and Punjabi), and one Dravidian language (viz. Kannada) carried out in the relational grammar framework. Pandharipande (1997) is a reference grammar which includes the findings of her 1981 study. Similarly, the reference grammar by Dhongde & Wali (2009) encapsulates Wali’s previous research, viz. Rosen & Wali (1989) and Wali (2004). © koninklijke brill nv, leiden, 2016 | doi: 10.1163/9789004292529_004 24 chapter 3 the native language.2 For this great achievement Dadoba Pandurang Tarkhad- kar is fondly called the ‘pāṇini’ of Marathi. Damle’s grammar written in Marathi (866 pages) remains the most comprehensive Marathi grammar to date (for a very brief summary of Marathi grammarians, see Dhongde & Wali 2009: 5). John Beames was a civil servant in British India whose comparative grammar of Indo-Aryan languages was published in English in three volumes during 1872– 1879: Volume i (on sounds), Volume ii (the noun and pronoun), and Volume iii (the Verb). The third volume of his grammar, Beames ([1879] 1970), discusses passives and causatives. 2 Review of the Previous Work The following review of previous work on Marathi’s passives covers four as- pects: (i) their historical development, (ii) their syntactic properties, (iii) their semantic/pragmatic properties, and (iv) expressions used in lieu of the passive. 2.1 Historical Development As noted in chapters one and two, the modern Marathi passive is analytic/ periphrastic in nature employing jā-ṇe ‘to go’ and ye-ṇe ‘to come’ as passive auxiliaries. Tarkhadkar ([1836] 1899), Beames ([1879] 1970), and Damle ([1911] 1970) claim that the modern analytic/periphrastic passives have replaced the old synthetic/suffixal -iǰ- passive.3 Bloch ([1914] 1970: 270) notes that the origin of the periphrastic passive is obscure. It is possible that the periphrastic passive forms do not have their origin in the synthetic passive forms, but the latter sim- ply replaced the former. Among traditional grammarians Damle’s treatment of the historical development of the Marathi passive is bit more detailed and it is briefly summarized below. 2 The 11th edition of this grammar, the one to which I have access, was published in 1899, seventeen years after Tarkhadkar’s death in 1882. In the preface to this edition it is stated that the first lithographed edition, published in 1836, contained 192 pages. The 11th edition published in 1899 has 394 pages. In the preface Tarkhadkar lamented that in the past 25 years there had been a trend of increasing neglect of Marathi and growing emphasis on learning English. The debate on preference for English and neglect of Marathi (and other domestic Indian languages) continues to date. 3 The synthetic/suffixal passive (-iǰ-) vestigially survives in few lexicalized expressions such as the conjuction mhaṇ-j-e (‘that is to say’, lit. is said), and an abnormal verb pāh.i-j-e (‘is neces- sary’,lit. ‘is seen’) [cf. Chipalunkar ([1893] 1971: 93), Bloch ([1914] 1970: 241)]. Master (1964: 136) notes that čāhiye ‘is wanted, is needed’ in Hindi is also from the Sanskrit root čakṣ ‘to see’..
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