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52536278.2016.Pdf (8.358Mb) © Fahed Almoghawech, 2016. La danza de los cuerpos (in)visibilizados: árabes y colomboárabes en una nación que baila Lindy Delilah Carreño Ricaurte Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá Facultad de Ciencias Humanas, Maestría en Estudios Culturales Bogotá, D. C., Colombia 2016 La danza de los cuerpos (in)visibilizados: árabes y colomboárabes en una nación que baila Lindy Delilah Carreño Ricaurte Tesis presentada a la Maestría de Estudios Culturales como requisito parcial para optar al título de Magíster en Estudios Culturales Dirigida por: Carlo Tognato Doctor en Ciencias Políticas Línea de investigación: identidades, alteridades y nuevas etnicidades Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá Facultad de Ciencias Humanas, Maestría en Estudios Culturales Bogotá, D. C., Colombia 2016 A mis pies A mi río, mis colores y mi sonrisa …A ti... AGRADECIMIENTOS El agradecimiento más especial a mi público especial, mi familia, que hizo las veces de equipo de producción: dos ausentes que querían saber más acerca de esta danza, a los muy cercanos, al trío fronterizo y a Nilo. Seguidamente, a mi director de obra de danza, el profesor Carlo Tognato, quien me ayudó a trazar la planimetría, conoció mis traspiés y luego me vio danzar con las palabras. A mis cuatro instrumentos musicales clave: Jacqueline Molano, Yeny Cano, Camelia Reyes y Xiomara Becerra, sin su entera confianza no hubiera podido identificar el ritmo y la melodía de esta obra. A mi cuerpo de baile; con sus voces, miradas, silencios, andanzas y gestos siempre dancé: Henry Albaba • Patricia Alí • Fahed Almoghawech • Hanan Al- Mutawa • María Isabel Ángel • Ilona Ayoub • Jenny Bedoya • Juliana Buitrago • Claudia Cabana • Antonina Canal • Sedel Cardona • María Conchita Cortés • Miguel Crespo • Yara Farasha • Álison Garay • Tatiana Gutiérrez • Julitza Herrera • Verónica Larraniaga • Carlos Marún • Jesús Martín López • María Fernanda Martínez • Alexander Montero • Dana Moreno • Diana Gamarly Mosquera • Fabio Ojeda • Juan Pablo Osorio • Olga P. Pedraza • Shokery Mohawed • Lucy Nechan Toukmanian • Zamira Numa • Hasan Saleh Nofal • Luay Saleh • Klemcy Salsa • Ana Milena Sánchez • Rosita Santucci • Nadia Sicard • Zuleima Slebi de Moisés • Sebastián Triviño • Johanna Vargas • Odette Yidi Daccaret. A mis queridos amigos asistentes de producción: Nathalia Jabonero • Jhon Henry Herrera • Târiq Äl-Rimáll. A mis críticos de arte: todos mis compañeros y amigos de la maestría • profesores. Un agradecimiento especial a Fahed Almoghawech por su trabajo artístico para la cubierta de mi documento y por su cordial amistad. Y el agradecimiento más sentido en mi alma es para mi río, mis colores y mi sonrisa. Solo tú conoces mi danza. La danza de los cuerpos (in)visibilizados:árabes y colomboárabes en una nación que baila Resumen De cara a la modernidad, políticas migratorias y prácticas sociales excluyentes en Colombia, entre 1880 y 1980, quisieron impedir la llegada de inmigrantes árabes al país y dificultaron su integración en la sociedad. Aunque el proceso de movilidad social de los inmigrantes fue exitoso y significativo para la construcción de la nación, integrarse y asimilarse causó su invisibilización. Ya ad portas del siglo XXI, la convergencia de una serie de fenómenos culturales provocaron la eclosión de la práctica de la danza árabe escénica a través de la figura nacional de Shakira. En cuanto fenómeno cultural global y por su creciente y rápida diseminación en varias ciudades del país, esta práctica dancística cobra un especial interés investigativo sobre su papel social en relación con la inclusión de la población árabe en el discurso de nación de Colombia. La exploración de sentidos de identidad nacional a través de documentos, entrevistas a sujetos danzantes y trabajo etnográfico devela las tensiones que en doble vía genera la exclusión social de dos grupos minoritarios en el país, pero que desde esta práctica dancística, en particular, han devenido en mecanismos de otrificación que repercuten en el reconocimiento tanto de personas árabes como de colomboárabes del país, causando así su invisibilización. Palabras clave: danza árabe, identidad nacional, migración árabe, orientalismo, exclusión social. The (in)visible bodies' dance: Arab people and Arab-Colombians in a dancing nation. Abstract In regards to modernity, migratory policies and social exclusion practices in Colombia, between 1880 and 1980, wanted to prevent the arrival of Arab immigrants to the country and hindered their integration into society. Although the process of social mobility of immigrants was successful and meaningful for the construction of the nation, integration and assimilation caused their invisibility. Now on the verge of the twenty-first century, the convergence of a number of cultural phenomena caused the emergence of the practice of scenic Arabic dance through the national figure of Shakira. As a global cultural phenomenon and its growing and quick spreading in several cities, the practice of this dance has a special investigative interest about its social role regarding to the inclusion of the Arab population in the nation’s discourse of Colombia. The exploration of meanings of national identity through documents, interviews with dancing individuals and ethnographic work reveal the tensions that in two-way generate social exclusion of two minority groups in the country, but from the practice of this dance, they have particularly become in othering mechanisms affecting recognition of Arab people and Arab- Colombians from the country and cause their invisibility. Key words: Arabic dance, national identity, Arab migration, orientalism, social exclusion. CONTENIDO INTRODUCCIÓN 10 CAPÍTULO I. NACIÓN, MARGINALIDAD Y MIGRACIÓN ÁRABE EN COLOMBIA 21 Movilidad social ascendente e integración del inmigrante en la nación 33 CAPÍTULO II. PRÁCTICAS CULTURALES EN LA CONSTRUCCIÓN DE LA IDENTIDAD NACIONAL 41 Inclusión de la población árabe de colombia en la identidad nacional 46 Junto a la comida árabe… música, baile y danza 54 CAPÍTULO III. VIENTRE Y CADERAS. RECEPCIÓN DE LA DANZA ÁRABE EN AMÉRICA 66 La danza del vientre en egipto 68 La recepción de la danza árabe en américa 73 Fantasía, caderas y terror. La eclosión de la danza árabe escénica en Colombia a través de un ícono nacional 81 Fantasía 83 Caderas 87 Terror 91 CAPÍTULO IV. OJOS ASÍ. APERTURA Y CIERRE DE LA MIRADA FRENTE A LA PERSONA ÁRABE 98 Los otros de aquí. Marcadores de otredad a través de la práctica de la danza árabe escénica 111 CAPÍTULO V. SENTIDOS DE IDENTIDAD NACIONAL 139 ¿También somos colomboárabes? 143 Con un pie aquí y otro allá. Vivencias de identidad de frontera 155 “¡Somos colombia desde la danza!” 159 REFLEXIONES FINALES 169 ANEXOS 178 Anexo 1. Metodología y corpus recogido para la investigación 178 Anexo 2. Corpus recogido para análisis interpretativo 179 Anexo 3. Protocolo de entrevista 181 Anexo 4. Memorias de ejercicio poblacional 182 Anexo 5. Certificado laboral expedido por el restaurante El Khalifa 186 Anexo 6. Anuncio de show de danzas árabes publicado en prensa 187 Anexo 7. Imagen promocional de muestras de danza árabe escénica en Colombia 188 REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS 189 INTRODUCCIÓN […] la interlocución del cuerpo con lo sagrado se traspone a su vez con el cuerpo del otro. Es el clamor colectivo de cuerpos entrelazados el que teje con sus movimientos la trama y la urdimbre de los sueños, de los deseos, de las necesidades, de las aspiraciones, de la memoria y la imaginación de un pueblo. ÁLVARO RESTREPO, Mi cuerpo encuentra su voz y el artista su camino (2000) Bailarina Jacqueline Molano Acevedo “Ángel Manaar” en el Museo Nacional de Colombia (2014). Fuente: fotografía de María Mónica Quintero. La danza de los cuerpos (in)visibilizados… 11 *** He practicado la danza árabe escénica durante seis años interrumpidos desde que la conocí en uno de los auditorios de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia; una institución que representa a la Nación. Empecé a danzar porque una vez fui alguien del público. Porque estando allí sentada algo de lo que ocurrió en aquel escenario activó mi ser de otra manera. Y es cierto, quizá en aquel momento que vi por primera vez la danza árabe no se me ocurrió pensar más allá de lo que veía, ni pensar en quién es ese ser que danza. Solo experimenté que algo pasaba en mí y que mi cuerpo reaccionaba. Así como se escucha que alguna persona llega a la danza árabe no es extraño escuchar que es la danza la que toca a las puertas de la persona. Se le busca o se le espera, el hecho es el encuentro con ella. Como si fuese obra de un “encanto” de repente se enuncia la expresión “Yo quiero esto para mí”. Esta expresión emana desde la intimidad del yo. Es un atisbo del poder individual de tener para sí algo de ese algo: “la feminidad”, “lo exótico”, “lo bello”, “la libertad”, “lo diferente”, “lo brillante” o de ser aquello que se muestra ante los ojos o lo encarnado en la bailarina. Esta danza suele asaltar el alma en un punto de inflexión de la vida; aparece para imprimirle proyección y entusiasmo a la vida de otra forma. Algunas personas ven esta danza como una vía para “ser mujer de otra manera”, para sublimar la sensualidad —pero ¡Cuidado, mujer! ¡Controlando la sexualidad!—. Una “danza exótica, sensual pero no sexual”. Aquel “Yo quiero esto para mí” conlleva el deseo de retener aquello que atraviesa los oídos o de apropiar vivencialmente aquello que se va acomodando en el cuerpo mediante la mímica de los primeros movimientos. Con gracia y facilidad o con dificultad, el cuerpo empieza a vivenciar la danza. Danzando se construyen corporalidades en torno a la búsqueda, reencuentro o construcción de algo perdido, minimizado, acallado, oculto o fragmentado en el cuerpo, en el alma, en la vida. Aparece la necesidad de danzar esa otra música que el cuerpo siente familiar y cercana; como si lo diferente corriera por la sangre. Las vivencias del cuerpo hablan de los extensos hilos invisibles atados a alguna reminiscencia de la infancia o de la juventud (imágenes en películas, videos musicales, documentales, literatura árabe, disfraces, textos escolares, mitología e historia antigua egipcias), pero también hilos ligados a un código genético latente, dormido o apaciguado en el cuerpo, esperando activarse.
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