DOCSLIB.ORG

Ethnicity, Nationalism and the European Cold War

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ethnicity, Nationalism and the European Cold War View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Loughborough University Institutional Repository Ethnicity, Nationalism and the European Cold War EEthnicity.indbthnicity.indb i 11/24/2012/24/2012 66:59:43:59:43 PPMM EEthnicity.indbthnicity.indb iiii 11/24/2012/24/2012 66:59:43:59:43 PPMM Ethnicity, Nationalism and the European Cold War Edited by Robert Knight EEthnicity.indbthnicity.indb iiiiii 11/24/2012/24/2012 66:59:43:59:43 PPMM Continuum International Publishing Group The Tower Building 80 Maiden Lane 11 York Road Suite 704 London SE1 7NX New York NY 10038 www.continuumbooks.com © Robert Knight and the contributors, 2012. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmit- ted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photo- copying, recording or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission from the publishers. First published 2012 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN: 978-1-4411-5027-1 Typeset by Deanta Global Publishing Services, Chennai, India Printed by Great Britain EEthnicity.indbthnicity.indb iivv 11/24/2012/24/2012 66:59:43:59:43 PPMM In memory of Mark Pittaway 1971–2010 EEthnicity.indbthnicity.indb v 11/24/2012/24/2012 66:59:43:59:43 PPMM EEthnicity.indbthnicity.indb vvii 11/24/2012/24/2012 66:59:43:59:43 PPMM Contents Acknowledgements ix Abbreviations x About the Authors xi Introduction 1 Robert Knight Chapter 1: Western Perspectives on Ethnic Politics 13 Robert Knight Chapter 2: Re-thinking Ethnicity and the Origins of the Cold War: The Austrian-Hungarian Borderlands 39 Mark Pittaway Chapter 3: Identity, Sovereignty and the Cold War at the Italo-Yugoslav Border: Between Empire, Nationhood and Class 57 Sabina Mihelj Chapter 4: Kicking Under the Table: Minority Confl ict Between Hungary and Romania 89 Martin Mevius Chapter 5: Insecurity and Control: Bulgaria and its Turkish Minority 123 Vasil Paraskevov EEthnicity.indbthnicity.indb vviiii 11/24/2012/24/2012 66:59:43:59:43 PPMM viii Contents Chapter 6: South Tyrol: Ethnic Winner in the Cold War 147 G ü nther Pallaver Chapter 7: Sorbian Ethnic Interests, the GDR State and the Cold War 173 Peter Barker Conclusion 197 Index 201 EEthnicity.indbthnicity.indb vviiiiii 11/24/2012/24/2012 66:59:43:59:43 PPMM Acknowledgements Special thanks are owed to the British Academy, which kindly sup- ported the three workshops (at Loughborough, Ljubljana and Old- enbourg) in which early versions of these chapters were presented, as well as to Richard Evans and Alice Teichova for supporting the project from the start. We are also most grateful to Loughborough University, the Slovene Academy of Science and the Karl-Ossietsky University, Oldenbourg for their hospitality. Last but not least, thanks to everyone who made these meetings so successful and enjoyable; in particular Hans Hennig Hahn, Eva Hahn; OtoLuthar, Boris Gomba ć , Dagmar Kusa, Jose Pirjeveć , and the late and much lamented Karl Stuhlpfarrer. EEthnicity.indbthnicity.indb iixx 11/24/2012/24/2012 66:59:43:59:43 PPMM Abbreviations AdR Archiv der Republik BA Bundesarchiv BgLA Burgenl ä ndischesLandesarchiv (Burgenland Provin- cial Archives) BND Bundesnachrichtendienst BstU Bundesbeauftragte f ü r Stasi-Unterlagen (Federal Commissioner for State Security Files) CASBI Decree on the Control and Monitoring of Enemy Property CFM Council of Foreign Ministers DC Democrazia Cristiana (Christian Democratic Party) FCO Foreign and Commonwealth Offi ce FTT Free Territory of Trieste FUEN Federal Union of European Nationalities GyMSM.SL Gy ő r-Moson-Sopron Megye Soproni Lev é lt á ra (Sopron Archive of Gy ő r-Moson-Sopron County MfS Ministerium f ü r Staatssicherheit MKP Magyar KommunistaP á rt (Hungarian Communist Party) MNSz Magyar N é piSz ö vets é g (Hungarian Popular Alliance) Ö VP Ö sterreichische Volkspartei PCR Partidul Comunist Roman (Communist Party of Rumania) Sifor Servizio Informazione Forze Armate (Armed Forces Intelligence Service) SKA Sorbisches Kulturarchiv SP Ö Sozialistische Partei Ö sterreich SVO S ü dtiroler Volkspartei EEthnicity.indbthnicity.indb x 11/24/2012/24/2012 66:59:43:59:43 PPMM About the Authors Robert Knight is senior lecturer in International History at Lough- borough University. He completed his PhD at the London School of Economics on ‘ British policy towards occupied Austria, 1945–1950’ . He has written on modern Austrian history, including anti-semitism, restitution and the Carinthian Slovenes. His publications include ‘ After the Taborstrasse. Austrian restitution revisited, ’ in the Leo Baeck Institute Yearbook (2006) and ‘ Denazifi cation and Integration in the Austrian Province of Carinthia, ’ Journal of Modern History (2007). From 1998 to 2003 he was a member of the Austrian Historians ’ Com- mission, which investigated Nazi expropriation and post-war restitu- tion and compensation issues. He is currently completing a monograph on the politics of assimilation in post-war Austria. Mark Pittaway was senior lecturer in History at the Open University from 1999 until his death in November 2010. He completed his PhD at Liverpool University on ‘ Industrial workers, socialist industrialisa- tion and the state in Hungary, 1948–1958. ‘ He quickly established a reputation as a leading scholar of central European history, especially Hungary, through a series of innovative articles and book chapters, written in both English and Hungarian. His overview Eastern Europe 1939–2000 : States and Societies (Hoddor Arnold, 2004) was widely praised, displaying what the Guardian called his trademark - ‘ the deft combination of high politics with social history’ . His monograph, Industrial Workers and the Socialist State in Hungary is to be published by Pittsburgh University Press. Sabina Mihelj is senior lecturer in Media and Communication at Loughborough University. Before coming to England, she worked as EEthnicity.indbthnicity.indb xxii 11/24/2012/24/2012 66:59:43:59:43 PPMM xii About the Authors a researcher at the Ljubljana Graduate School of the Humanities and taught in the Sociology Department of University of Ljubljana. She has published a wide range of journal articles and book chapters on media and nationalism, Cold War culture, television history, religion and the new media, and cosmopolitanism, European communica- tion and comparative media research. She is the author of Media Nations: Communicating Belonging and Exclusion in the Modern World (Palgrave, 2011). Martin Mevius is assistant professor in Modern History at University College Utrecht with a particular research interest in the national legitimacy of communist parties. He studied modern history at the University of Amsterdam and completed his doctorate at St Antony ’ s College, Oxford. His Agents of Moscow: the Hungarian Communist Party and the Origins of Social Patriotism 1941–1953 was published in 2005 (Oxford University Press) to high praise. He was a post- doctoral researcher at the University of Amsterdam, supported by a Veni grant from the Netherlands Organisation for Scientifi c Research. Recent publications include an edited collection, The Communist Quest for National Legitimacy in Europe, 1918–1989 (Rout- ledge, 2010). Vasil Paraskevov is assistant professor of Modern Bulgarian history at Konstantin Preslavsky University, Shumen. His completed his PhD thesis on The Bulgarian Agrarian National Union: Nikola Petkov, 1945– 1947 in 2006. He was a visiting Leverhulme Fellowship at Loughbor- ough University in 2009. His monograph on British-Bulgarian relations, Bulgaria and Great Britain before and at the beginning of the Cold War: Politics, Economy and Propaganda, 1944–1953 was published by Konstantin Preslavsky University Press (2011). G ü nther Pallaver is professor of Political Science at the University of Innsbruck. He was born in Bozen/Bolzano (Italy) and gained doctor- ates in History and Law at Innsbruck University. His main research interests are comparative political systems, especially the political sys- tem of Italy; regional political systems, especially South Tyrol; ethnic EEthnicity.indbthnicity.indb xxiiii 11/24/2012/24/2012 66:59:44:59:44 PPMM About the Authors xiii minorities, ethnic confl icts and ethno-regional parties, political com- munication, federalism and international relations between Italy and Austria. His recent publications include a chapter on the South Tyrol People ’ s Party in From Protest to Power. Autonomist parties and the chal- lenges of representation (Braumü ller, 2011) and ‘ Reconciliation follow- ing terrorism in South Tyrol ’ , in Reconciliation after Terrorism: Strategy, Possibility or Absurdity? (Routledge, 2011). He is President of the South Tyrol Political Science Association. Peter Barker was senior research fellow and director of the Centre for East German Studies at the University of Reading (2002–08). His main areas of research are in the political history of the GDR and the Sorbian ethnic minority in Lusatia. Among his publications are Slav s in Germany: The Sorbian Minority and the German State since 1945 (Edwin Mellen Press, 2000), the co-edited collection, Views from Abroad - Die DDR aus britischer Perspektive , (Bertelsmann, 2007) and ‘ Kirchenpoli- tik und ethnische Identit ä t: Das Beispiel des Sorbischen Evangelis- chen Superintendenten in Sachsen ’ in L ě topis (2006). EEthnicity.indbthnicity.indb xxiiiiii 11/24/2012/24/2012 66:59:44:59:44 PPMM EEthnicity.indbthnicity.indb xxiviv
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Politics of Multilingualism in Roma Education in Early Soviet Union and Its Current Projections Marushiakova, Elena; Popov, Vesselin
    www.ssoar.info Politics of multilingualism in Roma education in early Soviet Union and its current projections Marushiakova, Elena; Popov, Vesselin Veröffentlichungsversion / Published Version Zeitschriftenartikel / journal article Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: Marushiakova, E., & Popov, V. (2017). Politics of multilingualism in Roma education in early Soviet Union and its current projections. Social Inclusion, 5(4), 48-59. https://doi.org/10.17645/si.v5i4.1128 Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Dieser Text wird unter einer CC BY Lizenz (Namensnennung) zur This document is made available under a CC BY Licence Verfügung gestellt. Nähere Auskünfte zu den CC-Lizenzen finden (Attribution). For more Information see: Sie hier: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.de Social Inclusion (ISSN: 2183–2803) 2017, Volume 5, Issue 4, Pages 48–59 DOI: 10.17645/si.v5i4.1128 Article Politics of Multilingualism in Roma Education in Early Soviet Union and Its Current Projections Elena Marushiakova * and Vesselin Popov School of History, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, KY16 9BA, UK; E-Mails: [email protected] (E.M.), [email protected] (V.P.) * Corresponding author Submitted: 14 August 2017 | Accepted: 16 October 2017 | Published: 22 December 2017 Abstract This article presents the history of the politics of multilingualism (or lack thereof) in regard to Roma (formerly known as ‘Gypsies’). In the 1920s and 1930s in the newly established Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, against a backdrop of pro- claimed principles of full equality of all peoples1 living in the new state, commenced a rapid creation of schools for Roma children with instruction in Romani mother-tongue along with special training of Roma teachers.
    [Show full text]
  • Empire and English Nationalismn
    Nations and Nationalism 12 (1), 2006, 1–13. r ASEN 2006 Empire and English nationalismn KRISHAN KUMAR Department of Sociology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA Empire and nation: foes or friends? It is more than pious tribute to the great scholar whom we commemorate today that makes me begin with Ernest Gellner. For Gellner’s influential thinking on nationalism, and specifically of its modernity, is central to the question I wish to consider, the relation between nation and empire, and between imperial and national identity. For Gellner, as for many other commentators, nation and empire were and are antithetical. The great empires of the past belonged to the species of the ‘agro-literate’ society, whose central fact is that ‘almost everything in it militates against the definition of political units in terms of cultural bound- aries’ (Gellner 1983: 11; see also Gellner 1998: 14–24). Power and culture go their separate ways. The political form of empire encloses a vastly differ- entiated and internally hierarchical society in which the cosmopolitan culture of the rulers differs sharply from the myriad local cultures of the subordinate strata. Modern empires, such as the Soviet empire, continue this pattern of disjuncture between the dominant culture of the elites and the national or ethnic cultures of the constituent parts. Nationalism, argues Gellner, closes the gap. It insists that the only legitimate political unit is one in which rulers and ruled share the same culture. Its ideal is one state, one culture. Or, to put it another way, its ideal is the national or the ‘nation-state’, since it conceives of the nation essentially in terms of a shared culture linking all members.
    [Show full text]
  • Bulgaria's Perpetual Stagnation Due to Its Negative National Narrative
    Claremont Colleges Scholarship @ Claremont CMC Senior Theses CMC Student Scholarship 2021 Maledictum Bulgaricus: Bulgaria’s Perpetual Stagnation Due to its Negative National Narrative and Political Nostalgia Yoana Sidzhimova Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Sidzhimova, Yoana, "Maledictum Bulgaricus: Bulgaria’s Perpetual Stagnation Due to its Negative National Narrative and Political Nostalgia" (2021). CMC Senior Theses. 2645. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/2645 This Open Access Senior Thesis is brought to you by Scholarship@Claremont. It has been accepted for inclusion in this collection by an authorized administrator. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Claremont McKenna College Maledictum Bulgaricus: Bulgaria’s Perpetual Stagnation Due to its Negative National Narrative and Political Nostalgia submitted to Professor Zachary Courser by Yoana Nikolaeva Sidzhimova for Senior Thesis Full Year Thesis 2020 – 2021 May 3, 2021 1 Acknowledgements First, I would like to thank Professor Courser for his guidance throughout my entire journey at CMC. From sitting in his office for our first ever advisor meeting freshman year, having the pleasure to learn and work alongside him in CMC’s Policy Lab, and, finally, completing my thesis with his guidance, my experience at CMC would not have been the same without him there. Thank you for always pushing me and helping me understand the value in a ‘Big Think,’ having my best interests as a both a student and individual at heart, and, most importantly, reminding me the value in slowing down and taking a breather. I have learned so much from you in the past four years.
    [Show full text]
  • 2. Historical, Cultural and Ethnic Roots1
    2. HISTORICAL, CULTURAL AND ETHNIC ROOTS1 General features of ethnic identity evolution history, to develop autonomous state structures, in the eastern part of Europe their lives have mostly been determined by out- side forces with diverse geopolitical interests. Differences may be observed between Eastern The uncertain political situation of past cen- and Western Europe in terms of the ethnogenesis turies gave rise – along the linguistic, cultural of the peoples and the development of their eth- and political fault lines – to several ethnic groups nic identity. In the eastern half of the continent, with uncertain identities, disputed allegiances rather than be tied to the confines of a particular and divergent political interests. Even now, there state, community identity and belonging have exist among the various groups overlaps, differ- tended to emerge from the collective memory of ences and conflicts which arose in earlier periods. a community of linguistic and cultural elements The characteristic features of the groups have not or, on occasion, from the collective memory of a been placed in a clearly definable framework. state that existed in an earlier period (Romsics, In the eastern half of Europe, the various I. 1998). The evolution of the eastern Slavic and ethnic groups are at different stages of devel- Baltic peoples constitutes a particular aspect of opment in terms of their ethnic identity. The this course. We can, therefore, gain insights into Belarusian people, who speak an eastern Slavic the historical foundations of the ethnic identity language, occupy a special place among these of the inhabitants of today’s Belarus – an identity groups.
    [Show full text]
  • © Copyright by Ann Littmann Rappoport 1978 SOVIET POLICIES TOWARD ITS UNION REPUBLICS: A
    790820A RAPPOPORT t ANN LITTMANN SOVIET POLICIES TDWARD ITS JNION REPUBLICS A COMPOSITIONAL ANALYSIS OF "NATIONAL INTEGRATION". THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY, PH.D., 1978 University, Microfilm s International .TOO N / I I U HOAD. ANN AHIJOH. Ml 4H1<K> © Copyright by Ann Littmann Rappoport 1978 SOVIET POLICIES TOWARD ITS UNION REPUBLICS: A COMPOSITIONAL ANALYSIS OF "NATIONAL INTEGRATION" DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Ann Littmann Rappoport ***** The Ohio State University 1978 Reading Committee: Approved By Philip D. Stewart, Ph.D. R. William Liddle, Ph.D. Loren K. Waldman, Ph.D. M) Adviser \ Department of Political Science Dedicated to the most special Family with all my love. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS A lengthy appendix might be in order to adequately acknowledge those persons who provided valuable assistance to this dissertation. Many of their names do indeed appear throughout the footnotes and bibliography of this study. Certain others are acknowledged for the inspira­ tion they provided me through their dedicated teaching. My sincere appreciation goes to my thesis and Major Adviser, Prof. Philip D. Stewart, who supported and somehow tactfully guided this undertaking. I also thank Prof. R. William Liddle and Prof. Loren K. Waldman, for their incisive comments, especially at the time of this study's "debut" presentation. Professor Waldman1s suggestion to investigate the Lieberson Diversity Measure as a means for approaching my compositional problem, made a great independent contribution toward this study while also serving to provide my Entropy Index with additional credibility. In preparing and typing this manuscript, the work of Mrs.
    [Show full text]
  • Guides to German Records Microfilmed at Alexandria, Va
    GUIDES TO GERMAN RECORDS MICROFILMED AT ALEXANDRIA, VA. No. 32. Records of the Reich Leader of the SS and Chief of the German Police (Part I) The National Archives National Archives and Records Service General Services Administration Washington: 1961 This finding aid has been prepared by the National Archives as part of its program of facilitating the use of records in its custody. The microfilm described in this guide may be consulted at the National Archives, where it is identified as RG 242, Microfilm Publication T175. To order microfilm, write to the Publications Sales Branch (NEPS), National Archives and Records Service (GSA), Washington, DC 20408. Some of the papers reproduced on the microfilm referred to in this and other guides of the same series may have been of private origin. The fact of their seizure is not believed to divest their original owners of any literary property rights in them. Anyone, therefore, who publishes them in whole or in part without permission of their authors may be held liable for infringement of such literary property rights. Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 58-9982 AMERICA! HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION COMMITTEE fOR THE STUDY OP WAR DOCUMENTS GUIDES TO GERMAN RECOBDS MICROFILMED AT ALEXAM)RIA, VA. No* 32» Records of the Reich Leader of the SS aad Chief of the German Police (HeiehsMhrer SS und Chef der Deutschen Polizei) 1) THE AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION (AHA) COMMITTEE FOR THE STUDY OF WAE DOCUMENTS GUIDES TO GERMAN RECORDS MICROFILMED AT ALEXANDRIA, VA* This is part of a series of Guides prepared
    [Show full text]
  • English and INTRODACTION
    CHANGES AND CONTINUITY IN EVERYDAY LIFE IN ALBANIA, BULGARIA AND MACEDONIA 1945-2000 UNDERSTANDING A SHARED PAST LEARNING FOR THE FUTURE 1 This Teacher Resource Book has been published in the framework of the Stability Pact for South East Europe CONTENTS with financial support from the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs. It is available in Albanian, Bulgarian, English and INTRODACTION..............................................3 Macedonian language. POLITICAL LIFE...........................................17 CONSTITUTION.....................................................20 Title: Changes and Continuity in everyday life in Albania, ELECTIONS...........................................................39 Bulgaria and Macedonia POLITICAL PERSONS..............................................50 HUMAN RIGHTS....................................................65 Author’s team: Terms.................................................................91 ALBANIA: Chronology........................................................92 Adrian Papajani, Fatmiroshe Xhemali (coordinators), Agron Nishku, Bedri Kola, Liljana Guga, Marie Brozi. Biographies........................................................96 BULGARIA: Bibliography.......................................................98 Rumyana Kusheva, Milena Platnikova (coordinators), Teaching approches..........................................101 Bistra Stoimenova, Tatyana Tzvetkova,Violeta Stoycheva. ECONOMIC LIFE........................................103 MACEDONIA: CHANGES IN PROPERTY.......................................104
    [Show full text]
  • The Communists and the Bulgarian . Orthodox
    . The Communists and the Bulgarian .Orthodox Church, 1944-48: The Rise and Fall of Exarch Stefan SPAS T.RAIKIN For a long time before the communist takeover in Bulgaria on 9 Sep­ tember 1944, the Bulgarian Orthodox Church and the Communist Party had been in a state of open hostility. The Bulgarian communists held firmly to the Marxist view that religion is the opium ofthe people. They carried on agitation at every level to discredit religion and the Church-. Intellectuals were told that to hold any religious beliefs is to regress to superstition. For the peasants and working classes, the priest was reduced to an object of ridicule for his laziness and immorality, illustrated with many degrading stories. This campaign, waged largely by young men who had. received some education in provincial towns, was conducted primarily in village taverns and on street corners where peasant youth congregated in the absence of any other social outlets, and was highly successful. To this challenge the Church could not find an adequate response. The mutually exclusive philosophical positions of Church and communism deprived both Church and Party of any point of contact. They remained total strangers, completely opposed to each other. The Communist Party never tried to infiltrate the Church or to create its own following there. Unlike the Orthodox Church in Yugoslavia, where numerous priests found themselves in the partisan groups of Marshal Tito, the Bulgarian Church was conspicuously absent from the "Fatherland Front" organised by the communists as a front to take over the country in 1944. The Church was part of the political and social order in the country, and was dependent upon this order for its survival.
    [Show full text]
  • Lino Setti, Hilfsarbeiter, O7. O2. 192O, La Spezia Sign
    Farben : gedreht , / 9o° Akte : Lino Setti, Hilfsarbeiter, o7. o2. 192o, La Spezia Sign. : Sta.-Marburg / 251 Wehlheiden Nr. 2336 Archivalienkopien & Beschreibung 1 - 2o Anhang 21 - 31 F Farben : gedreht , / 9o° 1 1 Seite Sign. : Sta.-Marburg / 251 Wehlheiden Nr. 2336 Lino Setti, Hilfsarbeiter, o7. o2. 192o, La Spezia , zuletzt‚ polizeilih geeldet : Staumühle - Sennelager, bei Paderborn 5 Jahre Zuchthaus wg. Zersetzung der Wehrkraft Zuchthaus Münster / Einlieferungsbogen A – Personalbogen / 19.o9. 1944 & Stempel : KS-Wehlheiden, 1.Febr. 1945 1 - 2 B B – Aufnahmeverhandlung / Aufnahmeverfügung 3 - 4 C – Aufnahmeuntersuchung Münster aus Werl/ .., 57 kg., arbeitsfähíg, depressiv, Lungenkrank, z.Zt. kein aktiver Lungenprozess, wenn mögl. aus psych. Grün- den Gemeinschaftshaft. 5 D – Vermerk / Über die Erörterung von Taten u. Vorleben . gewonnener Eindruck 6 G – Kennzeichnung [ Personenkennzchn.] 7 - 8 H – Übersicht / Arbeitszuweisung, Sondergewährungen, Hausstrafen, bes. Sicherungsmaßnahmen & Besuche 9 - 1o Aufnahmeersuchen Zhs. Werl, OstW. Paderborn, 29. o7. 1944 11 - 12 Feldurteil der Div. 126, Bielefeld / Im Namen des Volkes . , .o… 13 - 15 Sta.Padeo a Zhs. Wel, Alage Uteilsashift a Setti .o. 16 Avis , Überstellung n. Werl / Lingen, Brgmstr. als Ortspolizeibhrd., 19. o8. 1944 17 Postkarte, an Zhs. Werl, r./v., z. Überstellungsbescheid n. Werl, 25. o8. 1944 18, sq. Zettel, Rückgabe des Vollstreckungspapier, wg. neuen Ersuchens, Werl 2o Staw. Haftfeststellungsbescheid, n. Werl, 27. o7. 1944 21 [Eingangsstempel – Lingen, o1.o8.1944] Karte, Anfrage Leite HA. Lige, g. Plaieug spez. Gefageeguppe & 22 Forderung d. Unterbringung andernorts, & zweitem Delinquent, 27. o7. 1944 Transportzettel, v. Paderborn – n. Lingen, 25. o7. 1944 23 [Der Bürgermeister als Ortspolizeibehörde] Protokoll / Haftverpflegung – “ hale Haftepflegug“, [.o.] 24 Übernahmebescheinigung, 25 / 26. o7. [19]44 25 [ f.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Between Politics and Objectivity: the Non-Remembrance of The
    Between Politics and Objectivity: The Non-Remembrance of the 1989 Ethnic Cleansing of Turks in Communist Bulgaria Tomasz Kamusella University of St Andrews Work address and email School of History University of St Andrews St Katharine’s Lodge The Scores St Andrews KY16 9BA Scotland, UK Bio Tomasz Kamusella is Reader (Professor Extraordinarius) in Modern History at the University of St Andrews, Scotland, UK. He specializes in the interdisciplinary study of language politics and nationalism in modern central Europe. His recent English-language publications include the monographs Ethnic Cleansing During the Cold War: The Forgotten 1989 Expulsion of Turks from Communist Bulgaria (2018), The Un-Polish Poland, 1989 and the Illusion of Regained Historical Continuity (2017), and Creating Languages in Central Europe During the Last Millennium (2014). Lately, he also initiated and cooedited the following volumes, The Social and Political History of Southern Africa's Languages (2018), The Palgrave Handbook of Slavic Languages, Identities and 1 Borders (2016), and Creating Nationality in Central Europe, 1880-1950: Modernity, Violence and (Be) Longing in Upper Silesia (2016). Abstract Cold War Europe’s largest and most intensive act of ethnic cleansing, namely, the 1989 expulsion of Turks from communist Bulgaria, remains a neglected subject three decades on after the event. When it took place, the term “ethnic cleansing” had not been invented yet, so in light of international law this expulsion was a “population transfer.” Population transfers (even unilateral) were deemed legal until the mid-1990s. Subsequently, under the influence of the atrocities committed during the wars of Yugoslav succession, population transfers were criminalized and relabeled as “ethnic cleansings.” For a variety of reasons, the 1989 Ethnic Cleansing has been also neglected by scholars and politicians in both, Bulgaria and Turkey.
    [Show full text]
  • Goodwill Between Neighbors
    Chapter 2 Goodwill between Neighbors In 1975, negotiations were underway between experts from Bulgaria and Yugoslavia regarding an exhibition, Prehistoric Art in the Bulgarian Lands , soon to open at the Belgrade History Museum. The museum director expressed concern about the title because “there is a dif- ference between the Bulgarian and Serbo-Croatian meaning of [the word] ‘lands’” and required clarification about “which lands you refer to—the pres- ent or the past.” He worried—not without reason—that in Bulgarian schol- arship, the term was used to refer to all the historical kingdoms that extended beyond the current Bulgarian borders. The Bulgarian representative, trying to defuse tensions, “answered jokingly that most probably there would be no artifacts from Macedonia,” pinpointing the exact reason for the misgiv- ings of his Yugoslav colleague. 1 In a compromise, the exhibition premiered in Belgrade under a new title, Prehistoric Art in Bulgaria . 2 The contested place of Macedonia in the historical repertoires of Bul- garia and Yugoslavia caused much controversy once Bulgaria launched its international cultural offensive because it triggered rival interpretations of the past in the two countries. In October 1977, the Croatian journal Oko published a dispatch from New York City reporting on Bulgaria’s Thracian Treasures exhibition that had just opened at the Metropolitan Museum of Art. The article lambasted the exhibition catalog, which featured a map that 62 GOODWILL BETWEEN NEIGHBORS 63 incorrectly showed the Balkan borders.
    [Show full text]
  • November 18, 1947 Record of the Meeting of Comrade I.V. Stalin with the Secretary of the CC French Communist Party Thorez
    Digital Archive digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org International History Declassified November 18, 1947 Record of the Meeting of Comrade I.V. Stalin with the Secretary of the CC French Communist Party Thorez Citation: “Record of the Meeting of Comrade I.V. Stalin with the Secretary of the CC French Communist Party Thorez,” November 18, 1947, History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive, Mikhail Narinskii, "Torez, 944-1947: Noviie materiali," Novaia i noveishaia Istoriia, no. 1, January-February 1996, pp. 26-30 (APRF, f. 45, op. 1 , d. 392, p. 83-106). Translated by Vladislav Zubok. https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/134385 Summary: Stalin and Thorez discuss the status of the French Communist Party in the post-war world, as well as the ongoing struggle between communists and other left-wing groups in France. Original Language: Russian Contents: English Translation Record of the Meeting of Comrade I.V. Stalin with the Secretary of the CC French Communist Party Thorez Moscow, 18 November 1947. Present: Molotov, Suslov. [Thorez began the conversation with expression of respect and gratitude to com. Stalin on behalf of all members of French communist party and the CC FCP] Com. Stalin asks jocularly if Thorez is thanking him for the fact that in Warsaw [at the meeting of the Cominform in September 1 94 7] the French communists were berated. [rugali]. Thorez responds that the Communist Party of France is all too grateful for having been told about its shortcomings ... Thorez said that the estimate of the situation presented at the conference of nine communist parties is being brilliantly corroborated in France.
    [Show full text]