View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Loughborough University Institutional Repository Ethnicity, Nationalism and the European Cold War EEthnicity.indbthnicity.indb i 11/24/2012/24/2012 66:59:43:59:43 PPMM EEthnicity.indbthnicity.indb iiii 11/24/2012/24/2012 66:59:43:59:43 PPMM Ethnicity, Nationalism and the European Cold War Edited by Robert Knight EEthnicity.indbthnicity.indb iiiiii 11/24/2012/24/2012 66:59:43:59:43 PPMM Continuum International Publishing Group The Tower Building 80 Maiden Lane 11 York Road Suite 704 London SE1 7NX New York NY 10038 www.continuumbooks.com © Robert Knight and the contributors, 2012. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmit- ted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photo- copying, recording or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission from the publishers. First published 2012 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN: 978-1-4411-5027-1 Typeset by Deanta Global Publishing Services, Chennai, India Printed by Great Britain EEthnicity.indbthnicity.indb iivv 11/24/2012/24/2012 66:59:43:59:43 PPMM In memory of Mark Pittaway 1971–2010 EEthnicity.indbthnicity.indb v 11/24/2012/24/2012 66:59:43:59:43 PPMM EEthnicity.indbthnicity.indb vvii 11/24/2012/24/2012 66:59:43:59:43 PPMM Contents Acknowledgements ix Abbreviations x About the Authors xi Introduction 1 Robert Knight Chapter 1: Western Perspectives on Ethnic Politics 13 Robert Knight Chapter 2: Re-thinking Ethnicity and the Origins of the Cold War: The Austrian-Hungarian Borderlands 39 Mark Pittaway Chapter 3: Identity, Sovereignty and the Cold War at the Italo-Yugoslav Border: Between Empire, Nationhood and Class 57 Sabina Mihelj Chapter 4: Kicking Under the Table: Minority Confl ict Between Hungary and Romania 89 Martin Mevius Chapter 5: Insecurity and Control: Bulgaria and its Turkish Minority 123 Vasil Paraskevov EEthnicity.indbthnicity.indb vviiii 11/24/2012/24/2012 66:59:43:59:43 PPMM viii Contents Chapter 6: South Tyrol: Ethnic Winner in the Cold War 147 G ü nther Pallaver Chapter 7: Sorbian Ethnic Interests, the GDR State and the Cold War 173 Peter Barker Conclusion 197 Index 201 EEthnicity.indbthnicity.indb vviiiiii 11/24/2012/24/2012 66:59:43:59:43 PPMM Acknowledgements Special thanks are owed to the British Academy, which kindly sup- ported the three workshops (at Loughborough, Ljubljana and Old- enbourg) in which early versions of these chapters were presented, as well as to Richard Evans and Alice Teichova for supporting the project from the start. We are also most grateful to Loughborough University, the Slovene Academy of Science and the Karl-Ossietsky University, Oldenbourg for their hospitality. Last but not least, thanks to everyone who made these meetings so successful and enjoyable; in particular Hans Hennig Hahn, Eva Hahn; OtoLuthar, Boris Gomba ć , Dagmar Kusa, Jose Pirjeveć , and the late and much lamented Karl Stuhlpfarrer. EEthnicity.indbthnicity.indb iixx 11/24/2012/24/2012 66:59:43:59:43 PPMM Abbreviations AdR Archiv der Republik BA Bundesarchiv BgLA Burgenl ä ndischesLandesarchiv (Burgenland Provin- cial Archives) BND Bundesnachrichtendienst BstU Bundesbeauftragte f ü r Stasi-Unterlagen (Federal Commissioner for State Security Files) CASBI Decree on the Control and Monitoring of Enemy Property CFM Council of Foreign Ministers DC Democrazia Cristiana (Christian Democratic Party) FCO Foreign and Commonwealth Offi ce FTT Free Territory of Trieste FUEN Federal Union of European Nationalities GyMSM.SL Gy ő r-Moson-Sopron Megye Soproni Lev é lt á ra (Sopron Archive of Gy ő r-Moson-Sopron County MfS Ministerium f ü r Staatssicherheit MKP Magyar KommunistaP á rt (Hungarian Communist Party) MNSz Magyar N é piSz ö vets é g (Hungarian Popular Alliance) Ö VP Ö sterreichische Volkspartei PCR Partidul Comunist Roman (Communist Party of Rumania) Sifor Servizio Informazione Forze Armate (Armed Forces Intelligence Service) SKA Sorbisches Kulturarchiv SP Ö Sozialistische Partei Ö sterreich SVO S ü dtiroler Volkspartei EEthnicity.indbthnicity.indb x 11/24/2012/24/2012 66:59:43:59:43 PPMM About the Authors Robert Knight is senior lecturer in International History at Lough- borough University. He completed his PhD at the London School of Economics on ‘ British policy towards occupied Austria, 1945–1950’ . He has written on modern Austrian history, including anti-semitism, restitution and the Carinthian Slovenes. His publications include ‘ After the Taborstrasse. Austrian restitution revisited, ’ in the Leo Baeck Institute Yearbook (2006) and ‘ Denazifi cation and Integration in the Austrian Province of Carinthia, ’ Journal of Modern History (2007). From 1998 to 2003 he was a member of the Austrian Historians ’ Com- mission, which investigated Nazi expropriation and post-war restitu- tion and compensation issues. He is currently completing a monograph on the politics of assimilation in post-war Austria. Mark Pittaway was senior lecturer in History at the Open University from 1999 until his death in November 2010. He completed his PhD at Liverpool University on ‘ Industrial workers, socialist industrialisa- tion and the state in Hungary, 1948–1958. ‘ He quickly established a reputation as a leading scholar of central European history, especially Hungary, through a series of innovative articles and book chapters, written in both English and Hungarian. His overview Eastern Europe 1939–2000 : States and Societies (Hoddor Arnold, 2004) was widely praised, displaying what the Guardian called his trademark - ‘ the deft combination of high politics with social history’ . His monograph, Industrial Workers and the Socialist State in Hungary is to be published by Pittsburgh University Press. Sabina Mihelj is senior lecturer in Media and Communication at Loughborough University. Before coming to England, she worked as EEthnicity.indbthnicity.indb xxii 11/24/2012/24/2012 66:59:43:59:43 PPMM xii About the Authors a researcher at the Ljubljana Graduate School of the Humanities and taught in the Sociology Department of University of Ljubljana. She has published a wide range of journal articles and book chapters on media and nationalism, Cold War culture, television history, religion and the new media, and cosmopolitanism, European communica- tion and comparative media research. She is the author of Media Nations: Communicating Belonging and Exclusion in the Modern World (Palgrave, 2011). Martin Mevius is assistant professor in Modern History at University College Utrecht with a particular research interest in the national legitimacy of communist parties. He studied modern history at the University of Amsterdam and completed his doctorate at St Antony ’ s College, Oxford. His Agents of Moscow: the Hungarian Communist Party and the Origins of Social Patriotism 1941–1953 was published in 2005 (Oxford University Press) to high praise. He was a post- doctoral researcher at the University of Amsterdam, supported by a Veni grant from the Netherlands Organisation for Scientifi c Research. Recent publications include an edited collection, The Communist Quest for National Legitimacy in Europe, 1918–1989 (Rout- ledge, 2010). Vasil Paraskevov is assistant professor of Modern Bulgarian history at Konstantin Preslavsky University, Shumen. His completed his PhD thesis on The Bulgarian Agrarian National Union: Nikola Petkov, 1945– 1947 in 2006. He was a visiting Leverhulme Fellowship at Loughbor- ough University in 2009. His monograph on British-Bulgarian relations, Bulgaria and Great Britain before and at the beginning of the Cold War: Politics, Economy and Propaganda, 1944–1953 was published by Konstantin Preslavsky University Press (2011). G ü nther Pallaver is professor of Political Science at the University of Innsbruck. He was born in Bozen/Bolzano (Italy) and gained doctor- ates in History and Law at Innsbruck University. His main research interests are comparative political systems, especially the political sys- tem of Italy; regional political systems, especially South Tyrol; ethnic EEthnicity.indbthnicity.indb xxiiii 11/24/2012/24/2012 66:59:44:59:44 PPMM About the Authors xiii minorities, ethnic confl icts and ethno-regional parties, political com- munication, federalism and international relations between Italy and Austria. His recent publications include a chapter on the South Tyrol People ’ s Party in From Protest to Power. Autonomist parties and the chal- lenges of representation (Braumü ller, 2011) and ‘ Reconciliation follow- ing terrorism in South Tyrol ’ , in Reconciliation after Terrorism: Strategy, Possibility or Absurdity? (Routledge, 2011). He is President of the South Tyrol Political Science Association. Peter Barker was senior research fellow and director of the Centre for East German Studies at the University of Reading (2002–08). His main areas of research are in the political history of the GDR and the Sorbian ethnic minority in Lusatia. Among his publications are Slav s in Germany: The Sorbian Minority and the German State since 1945 (Edwin Mellen Press, 2000), the co-edited collection, Views from Abroad - Die DDR aus britischer Perspektive , (Bertelsmann, 2007) and ‘ Kirchenpoli- tik und ethnische Identit ä t: Das Beispiel des Sorbischen Evangelis- chen Superintendenten in Sachsen ’ in L ě topis (2006). EEthnicity.indbthnicity.indb xxiiiiii 11/24/2012/24/2012 66:59:44:59:44 PPMM EEthnicity.indbthnicity.indb xxiviv