'Knives, Tanks, and Missiles': Israel's Security Revolution

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

'Knives, Tanks, and Missiles': Israel's Security Revolution 'Knives, Tanks, and Missiles': Israel's Security Revolution Eliot A. Cohen Michael J. Eisenstadt Andrew J. Bacevich The Washington Institute for Near East Policy A Washington Institute Monograph All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. © 1998 by the Washington Institute for Near East Policy Published in 1998 in the United States of America by the Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 1828 L Street N.W. Suite 1050, Washington, DC 20036 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Cohen, Eliot A. 'Knives, tanks, and missiles' : Israel's security revolution / Eliot A. Cohen, Michael J. Eisenstadt, Andrew J. Bacevich. p. cm. ISBN 0-944029-72-8 (pbk.) 1. Israel —Defenses. 2. National Security —Israel. 3. Israel —Tseva haganah le- Yisra'el. I. Eisenstadt, Michael. II. Bacevich, A. J. III. Title UA853.I8C623 1998 98-10302 355'.03305694— dc21 CIP Cover design by Debra Naylor, Naylor Design Inc. Photo © Photodisc 1998. A Note About the Title The title of this study—'Knives, Tanks, and Missiles': Israel's Security Revolution—derives from an oft-repeated metaphor used by former Foreign Minister Shimon Peres to describe the threat Israel faces following the end of the Cold War. According to Peres, Israel had traditionally prepared to deal with the threat posed by "the tank"—that is, the conventional military forces possessed by its neighbors. This had caused Israel to "think in an old-fashioned way" that prevented it from facing "the new danger" that came from terrorism ("the knife") and weapons of mass destruction ("the missile").1 This paper examines Israel's efforts to come to terms with the new threat environment captured by the Peres metaphor, as well as its efforts to grapple with broader changes in the political, military-technical, and socioeconomic spheres. 1 Shimon Peres interview quoted in Mideast Mirror, April 6, 1993, p. 2; and Shimon Peres interview aired on the Charlie Rose Show, May 18,1994. The Authors Eliot A. Cohen is professor of strategic studies at the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) of the Johns Hopkins University. He received his B.A. and Ph.D. degrees from Harvard University, where he was an assistant professor of government from 1982 to 1985. Between 1985 and 1990 he taught in the strategy department at the Naval War College. Following a brief period of service on the policy planning staff of the Office of the Secretary of Defense, he was appointed to the chair in strategic studies at SAIS. From 1991 to 1993, he directed and edited the Gulf War Air Power Survey, the U.S. Air Force's six-volume official study of the 1991 war with Iraq. He is the author (with John Gooch) of Military Misfortunes: The Anatomy of Failure in War (Free Press, 1991) and of two other books and numerous articles. Michael J. Eisenstadt is a senior fellow at The Washington Institute for Near East Policy. He has an M.A. in Arab Studies from Georgetown University, and his publications include Iranian Military Power: Capabilities and Intentions', Supporting Peace: America's Role in an Israel-Syria Peace Agreement (with Carl Ford and Andrew Bacevich); and Like a Phoenix from the Ashes? The Future of Iraqi Military Power. In 1992 he took a leave of absence from The Institute to work on the U.S. Air Force's Gulf War Air Power Survey. In that capacity, he contributed a chapter on Iraqi strategy and plans prior to the Gulf War. Before coming to The Institute, he worked as a military analyst with the U.S. Army. He is also a reserve officer in the U.S. Army and served in Turkey and Iraq as part of Operation Provide Comfort. Andrew J. Bacevich is executive director of the Johns Hopkins Foreign Policy Institute at SAIS. A graduate of the U.S. Military Academy, he received his Ph.D. from Princeton University. Prior to beginning his academic career, Dr. Bacevich served for twenty-three years as an officer in the U.S. Army, to include tours in Vietnam, Germany, and the Persian Gulf. He is the author of two books: The Pentomic Era: The U.S. Army Between Korea and Vietnam and Diplomat in Khaki: Major General Frank Ross McCoy and American Foreign Policy, 1898-1949. Dr. Bacevich is also the coauthor of American Military Policy in Small Wars: The Case of El Salvador and Supporting Peace: America's Role in an Israel-Syria Peace Agreement. The opinions expressed in this Policy Paper are those of the authors and should not be construed as representing those of The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, its Board of Trustees, or Board of Advisors. Contents Acknowledgments ix Preface xi Executive Summary xiii I Introduction 1 II Israel's National Security Doctrine: Continuity and Change 17 HI Israel's Military Culture: Conservative Innovation 49 IV The Israeli Revolution in Security Affairs 81 V Implications 131 Appendices Appendix A: Five Scenarios for War 143 Appendix B: The IDF from War to War: A Statistical Portrait 147 vu Acknowledgments Many Israeli and American officials, journalists, and experts shared their views with us—often under condition of anonymity, which we have preserved—and we are grateful to them. Efraim Inbar of the BESA Center for Strategic Studies at Bar Ilan University gave us valuable substantive and administrative support during our research visit to Israel in the spring of 1996, which considerably eased our task there. He and his colleague, Stuart Cohen, shared their scholarly insights with us. Shimon Naveh and his associates, and in particular Zvi Lanir and Dov Tamari, arranged for us a series of meetings in Israel that provided indispensable insights into the IDF. Ze'ev Schiff, dean of Israeli defense correspondents, gave us the benefit of his encyclopedic knowledge of Israeli security matters. Robert Satloff of The Washington Institute for Near East Policy has supported this effort since its inception, lending particularly valuable logistical support during its early phases. Tehilla Kalisky and Lawrence Kaplan helped us assemble and organize a variety of sources, providing invaluable research assistance. Adam Garfinkle of the National Interest suggested the title. Stuart Frisch, Karen Dunn, Eytan Fisch, Elyse Aronson, Jonathan Lincoln, John Wilner, and Monica Neal of The Washington Institute for Near East Policy provided invaluable assistance in editing and preparing the monograph for publication. We received comments on earlier drafts from a number of individuals, including James Carney, Stuart Cohen, Efraim Inbar, Marvin Feuer, Thomas Keaney, Azriel Lorber, Andrew Marshall, Kenneth Pollack, Uri Reychav, Stephen Rosen, Thomas Welch, Ehud Ya'ari, Yedidiah Ya'ari and others, including serving officers in the IDF whose identities we have kept anonymous. Their views contributed greatly to this book. We stress, however, that we take exclusive responsibility for what follows. Eliot A. Cohen Michael J. Eisenstadt Andrew J. Bacevich IX Preface While the day's headlines focus on the stalemate in the Arab-Israeli peace process, the necessity of deterring and—potentially—fighting war remains the supreme challenge for Israel's leaders. Indeed, history provides few examples of a country taking risks for peace with some of its neighbors while remaining under threat of attack from others. Security and peace may go hand in hand, but ensuring one while attaining the other is no easy feat. Complicating this effort is the remarkable pace of technological change that has created what experts term a "revolution in military affairs." As the new century approaches, the very concept of war and conflict is undergoing fundamental change. Weapons are "smarter" and more lethal than ever before, terrorism can now pose a strategic threat and missiles can now bring an enemy thousands of miles away to a nation's borders. Readying soldiers, sailors, and airmen, mostly reserves, to fight an "old fashioned" conventional war—while preparing for these new challenges—is a herculean task. To understand the answers Israeli military planners and strategic thinkers have given to these critical questions—so as to glean appropriate lessons for the U.S. armed forces—the Pentagon's Office of Net Assessment commissioned a team of respected scholars to undertake this special study. Working under the joint banner of The Washington Institute and the Foreign Policy Institute at Johns Hopkins University's Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, the trio of Eliot Cohen, Michael Eisenstadt, and Andrew Bacevich undertook extensive research and traveled together to Israel for intensive discussions with active and retired Israeli officers and officials. Their findings, presented here, constitute a comprehensive assessment of the changing face of Israel's security challenges and the varied responses the Israeli government has devised to meet them. We concur with the Pentagon in believing there is much for Americans to learn from the Israeli experience, but we also publish this study out of a conviction that increased knowledge of Israeli security dilemmas can assist the United States in advancing the cause of peace. Mike Stein Barbi Weinberg President Chairman XI Executive Summary Born a small, beleaguered state, outnumbered and surrounded by enemies committed to its destruction, Israel early in its history formulated a distinctive set of principles for its basic defense policy. To outside observers, Israel's approach became emblematic of, indeed, in some respects indistinguishable from its national character. Throughout the quarter-century immediately following independence, the national security concept derived from those principles served Israel well. Beginning with the shock of the 1973 war and continuing through the next two decades, however, events tested that concept severely and raised doubts about its durability.
Recommended publications
  • Soldiers and Veterans Against the War
    Vietnam Generation Volume 2 Number 1 GI Resistance: Soldiers and Veterans Article 1 Against the War 1-1990 GI Resistance: Soldiers and Veterans Against the War Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.lasalle.edu/vietnamgeneration Part of the American Studies Commons Recommended Citation (1990) "GI Resistance: Soldiers and Veterans Against the War," Vietnam Generation: Vol. 2 : No. 1 , Article 1. Available at: http://digitalcommons.lasalle.edu/vietnamgeneration/vol2/iss1/1 This Complete Volume is brought to you for free and open access by La Salle University Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Vietnam Generation by an authorized editor of La Salle University Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. GI RESISTANCE: S o l d ie r s a n d V e t e r a n s AGAINST THE WAR Victim am Generation Vietnam Generation was founded in 1988 to promote and encourage interdisciplinary study of the Vietnam War era and the Vietnam War generation. The journal is published by Vietnam Generation, Inc., a nonprofit corporation devoted to promoting scholarship on recent history and contemporary issues. ViETNAM G en eratio n , In c . ViCE-pRESidENT PRESidENT SECRETARY, TREASURER Herman Beavers Kali Tal Cindy Fuchs Vietnam G eneration Te c HnIc a I A s s is t a n c e EdiTOR: Kali Tal Lawrence E. Hunter AdvisoRy BoARd NANCY ANISFIELD MICHAEL KLEIN RUTH ROSEN Champlain College University of Ulster UC Davis KEVIN BOWEN GABRIEL KOLKO WILLIAM J. SEARLE William Joiner Center York University Eastern Illinois University University of Massachusetts JACQUELINE LAWSON JAMES C.
    [Show full text]
  • Aggressive Behaviors Within Politics, 1948-1962: a Cross-National Study," Journal of Conflict Resolution 10, No.3 (September 1966): 249-270
    NOTES 1 INTRODUCTION: CONTENDING VIEWS-MILITARISM, MILITARIZATION AND WAR 1. Ivo Feierabend and Rosalind Feierabend, "Aggressive Behaviors within Politics, 1948-1962: A Cross-National Study," Journal of Conflict Resolution 10, no.3 (September 1966): 249-270. 2. Patrick Morgan, "Disarmament," in Joel Krieger, ed., The Oxford Companion to the Politics of the World (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993),246. 3. Stuart Bremer, "Dangerous Dyads: Conditions Mfecting the Likelihood of Interstate War, 1816-1965," Journal of Conflict Resolution 36, no.2 (June 1992): 309-341,318,330; The remainder of Bremer's study has to do with the impact of military spending and not with variations caused by regime type. 4. Thomas Lindemann and Michel Louis Martin, "The Military and the Use of Force," in Giuseppe Caforio, ed., Handbook of the Sociology of the Military (New York: Kluwer, 2003),99-109,104-109. 5. Alfred Vagts, Defense and Diplomacy-The Soldier and the Conduct of Foreign Relations (New York: King Crown's Press, 1958), 3. The concept was subsequently applied by Herbert Spencer, Otto Hintze, and Karl Marx. See Volker Berghahn, Militarism: The History of an International Debate, 1861-1979 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984). 6. Herbert Spencer, Principles of Sociology, Stanislav Andreski, ed. (London: Macmillan, 1969): 499-571. 7. Felix Gilbert, ed., The Historical Essays of Otto Hintze (New York: Oxford University Press, 1975), 199. 8. Karl Liebknecht, Militarism (Toronto: William Briggs, 1917); Berghahn, 18,23,25. 9. James Donovan, Militarism U.S.A. (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1970),25. 10. Berghahn, 19. 11. Dan Reiter and Allan Starn, "IdentifYing the Culprit: Democracy, Dictatorship, and Dispute Initiation," American Political Science Review 97, no.2 (May 2003): 333-337; see also R.
    [Show full text]
  • Strategic Assessment, Vol 16, No 1
    Volume 16 | No. 1 | April 2013 Leading from Behind: The “Obama Doctrine” and US Policy in the Middle East | Sanford Lakoff Eleven Years to the Arab Peace Initiative: Time for an Israeli Regional Strategy | Ilai Alon and Gilead Sher The Emergence of the Sunni Axis in the Middle East | Yoel Guzansky and Gallia Lindenstrauss Islam and Democracy: Can the Two Walk Together? | Yoav Rosenberg The US and Israel on Iran: Whither the (Dis)Agreement? | Ephraim Kam Walking a Fine Line: Israel, India, and Iran | Yiftah S. Shapir Response Essays Civilian Casualties of a Military Strike in Iran | Ephraim Asculai If it Comes to Force: A Credible Cost-Benefit Analysis of the Military Option against Iran | Amos Yadlin, Emily B. Landau, and Avner Golov המכון למחקרי ביטחון לאומי THE INSTITUTE FOR NATIONAL SECURcITY STUDIES INCORPORATING THE JAFFEE bd CENTER FOR STRATEGIC STUDIES Strategic ASSESSMENT Volume 16 | No. 1 | April 2013 CONTENTS Abstracts | 3 Leading from Behind: The “Obama Doctrine” and US Policy in the Middle East | 7 Sanford Lakoff Eleven Years to the Arab Peace Initiative: Time for an Israeli Regional Strategy | 21 Ilai Alon and Gilead Sher The Emergence of the Sunni Axis in the Middle East | 37 Yoel Guzansky and Gallia Lindenstrauss Islam and Democracy: Can the Two Walk Together? | 49 Yoav Rosenberg The US and Israel on Iran: Whither the (Dis)Agreement? | 61 Ephraim Kam Walking a Fine Line: Israel, India, and Iran | 75 Yiftah S. Shapir Response Essays Civilian Casualties of a Military Strike in Iran | 87 Ephraim Asculai If it Comes to Force: A Credible Cost-Benefit Analysis of the Military Option against Iran | 95 Amos Yadlin, Emily B.
    [Show full text]
  • Periodicals and Recurring Documents
    PERIODICALS AND RECURRING DOCUMENTS May 2012 Legend A ANNUAL S-M SEMI-MONTHLY D DAILY BI-M BI-MONTHLY W WEEKLY Q QUARTERLY BI-W BI-WEEKLY TRI-A TRI-ANNUAL M MONTHLY IRR IRREGULAR S-A SEMI-ANNUAL A ACADEME. (BI-M) 1985-1989 ACADEMY OF POLITICAL SCIENCE. PROCEEDINGS. (IRR) 1960-1991 (MFILM 1975-1980) (MFICHE 1981-1982) ACQUISITION REVIEW QUARTERLY. (Q) 1994-2003 CONTINUED BY DEFENSE ACQUISITION REVIEW JOURNAL. AD ASTRA-TO THE STARS. (M) 1989-1992 ADA. (Q) 1991-1997 FORMERLY AIR DEFENSE ARTILLERY. ADF: AFRICA DEFENSE FORUM. (Q) 2008- ADVANCE. (A) 1986-1994 ADVANCED MANAGEMENT JOURNAL. SEE S.A.M. ADVANCED MANAGEMENT JOURNAL. ADVISOR. (Q) 1974-1978 FORMERLY JOURNAL OF NAVY CIVILIAN MANPOWER MANAGEMENT. ADVOCATE. (BI-M) 1982-1984 - 1 - AEI DEFENSE REVIEW. (BI-M) 1977-1978 CONTINUED BY AEI FOREIGN POLICY AND DEFENSE REVIEW. AEI FOREIGN POLICY AND DEFENSE REVIEW. (BI-M) 1979-1986 FORMERLY AEI DEFENSE REVIEW. AEROSPACE. (Q) 1963-1987 AEROSPACE AMERICA. (M) 1984-1998 FORMERLY ASTRONAUTICS & AERONAUTICS. AEROSPACE AND DEFENSE SCIENCE. (Q) 1990-1991 FORMERLY DEFENSE SCIENCE. AEROSPACE HISTORIAN. (Q) 1965-1988 FORMERLY AIRPOWER HISTORIAN. CONTINUED BY AIR POWER HISTORY. AEROSPACE INTERNATIONAL. (BI-M) 1967-1981 FORMERLY AIR FORCE SPACE DIGEST INTERNATIONAL. AEROSPACE MEDICINE. (M) 1973-1974 CONTINUED BY AVIATION SPACE AND EVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE. AEROSPACE POWER JOURNAL. (Q) 1999-2002 FORMERLY AIRPOWER JOURNAL. CONTINUED BY AIR & SPACE POWER JOURNAL. AEROSPACE SAFETY. (M) 1976-1980 AFRICA REPORT. (BI-M) 1967-1995 (MFICHE 1979-1994) AFRICA TODAY. (Q) 1963-1990; (MFICHE 1979-1990) 1999-2007 AFRICAN SECURITY. (Q) 2010- AGENDA. (M) 1978-1982 AGORA.
    [Show full text]
  • Satellite Characterization, Classification, and Operational Assessment Via the Exploitation of Remote Photoacoustic Signatures
    Satellite Characterization, Classification, and Operational Assessment Via the Exploitation of Remote Photoacoustic Signatures Justin Spurbeck1 The University of Texas at Austin Moriba K. Jah, Ph.D.2 The University of Texas at Austin Daniel Kucharski, Ph.D.3 Space Environment Research Centre & The University of Texas at Austin James C. S. Bennett, Ph.D.4 EOS Space Systems & Space Environment Research Centre James G. Webb, Ph.D.5 EOS Space Systems ABSTRACT Current active satellite maneuver detection techniques have the ability to detect maneuvers as quickly as fifteen minutes post maneuver for large delta-v when using angles only optical tracking. Medium to small magnitude burn detection times range from 6-24 hours or more. Small magnitude burns may be indistinguishable from natural perturbative effects if passive techniques are employed. Utilizing a photoacoustic signature detection scheme would allow for near real time maneuver detection and spacecraft parameter estimation. We define the acquisition of high rate photometry data as photoacoustic sensing because the data can be played back as an acoustic signal. Studying the operational frequency spectra, profile, and aural perception of an active satellite event such as a thruster fire or any on-board component activation will provide unique signature identifiers that support Resident Space Object (RSO) characterization efforts. A thruster fire induces vibrations in a satellite body which then modulate incident rays of light. If the reflected photon flux is sampled at a sufficient rate, the change in light intensity due to the propulsive event can be detected. Sensing vibrational mode changes allows for a direct timestamp of thruster fire events and thus makes possible the near real time estimation of spacecraft delta-v and maneuver type if coupled with active observations immediately post maneuver.
    [Show full text]
  • Improving the Total Force Using National Guard and Reserves
    IMPROVING THE TOTAL FORCE USING THE NATIONAL GUARD AND RESERVES A Report for the transition to the new administration by The Reserve Forces Policy Board RFPB Report FY17-01 This report, Report FY17-01, is a product of the Reserve Forces Policy Board. The Reserve Forces Policy Board is, by law, a federal advisory committee within the Office of the Secretary of Defense. As mandated by Congress, it serves as an independent adviser to provide advice and recommendations directly to the Secretary of Defense on strategies, policies, and practices designed to improve and enhance the capabilities, efficiency, and effectiveness of the reserve components. The content and recommendations contained herein do not necessarily represent the official position of the Department of Defense. As required by the Federal Advisory Committee Act of 1972, Title 5, and the Code of Federal Regulations, Title 41, Section 102-3 (Federal Advisory Committee Management), this report and its contents were deliberated and approved in several open, public sessions. IMPROVING THE TOTAL FORCE USING THE NATIONAL GUARD AND RESERVES A Report for the transition to the new administration by The Reserve Forces Policy Board RFPB Report FY17-01 4 5 6 Chairman Punaro introduces the Secretary of Defense, the Honorable Ashton B. Carter, during the June 9, 2015 Board Meeting. “The presence, skill and readiness of Citizen Warriors across the country give us the agility and flexibility to handle unexpected demands, both at home and abroad. It is an essential component of our total force, and a linchpin of our readiness.” 1 - Secretary of Defense Ash Carter 1 As Delivered by Secretary of Defense Ash Carter, Pentagon Auditorium, Aug.
    [Show full text]
  • Tennessee State Library and Archives WASHINGTON FAMILY PAPERS
    State of Tennessee Department of State Tennessee State Library and Archives 403 Seventh Avenue North Nashville, Tennessee 37243-0312 WASHINGTON FAMILY PAPERS, 1796-1962 Processed by Harry A. Stokes Accession numbers: 83-001; 84-001; 89-131 Microfilm accession number: Mf. 961 Dates completed: Jan. 24, 1983; Mar. 16, 1984 Locations: XVII-F-K-1; VI-C-1v; oversize flat storage - top of map cases The Washington Family Papers, 1796-1962, are centered around “Wessyngton,” the Washington family home built in 1818 by Joseph Washington, tobacco planter, near Cedar Hill in Robertson County, Tennessee. The papers contain records of the plantation as well as the correspondence of four generations: Joseph Washington (1770-1848), tobacco planter; George Augustine Washington (1815-1892), tobacco planter, railroad executive, and capitalist; Joseph Edwin Washington (1851-1915), Congressman and tobacco farmer; and George Augustine Washington (1879- 1964), attorney, tobacco farmer, and genealogist. The papers were gifts of Mrs. Mary Kinsolving, Baltimore, Md.; Hickman Price, Jr., Palm Beach, Fla.; and Mrs. Anne K. Talbott, Cookeville, Tenn. Linear feet of shelf space occupied: 64 Approximate number of items: ca. 11,200 Single photocopies of unpublished writings in the Washington Family Papers may be made for purposes of scholarly research. WASHINGTON FAMILY PAPERS , 1796-1962 7/if. 91/ Microf1lm Container List Reel No . : 1. Box 1, folder 1 to Box 2, folder 10 2. Box 2, folder 11 to Box 5 , folder 9 3. Box 5, folder 10 to Box 8 , folder 8 4. Box 8. folder 9 to Box 10, folder 16 5. Box 10, folder 17 to Box 13, folder 18 6.
    [Show full text]
  • Palestinian Forces
    Center for Strategic and International Studies Arleigh A. Burke Chair in Strategy 1800 K Street, N.W. • Suite 400 • Washington, DC 20006 Phone: 1 (202) 775 -3270 • Fax : 1 (202) 457 -8746 Email: [email protected] Palestinian Forces Palestinian Authority and Militant Forces Anthony H. Cordesman Center for Strategic and International Studies [email protected] Rough Working Draft: Revised February 9, 2006 Copyright, Anthony H. Cordesman, all rights reserved. May not be reproduced, referenced, quote d, or excerpted without the written permission of the author. Cordesman: Palestinian Forces 2/9/06 Page 2 ROUGH WORKING DRAFT: REVISED FEBRUARY 9, 2006 ................................ ................................ ............ 1 THE MILITARY FORCES OF PALESTINE ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 2 THE OSLO ACCORDS AND THE NEW ISRAELI -PALESTINIAN WAR ................................ ................................ .............. 3 THE DEATH OF ARAFAT AND THE VICTORY OF HAMAS : REDEFINING PALESTINIAN POLITICS AND THE ARAB - ISRAELI MILITARY BALANCE ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 4 THE CHANGING STRUCTURE OF PALESTINIAN AUTHORITY FORC ES ................................ ................................ .......... 5 Palestinian Authority Forces During the Peace Process ................................ ................................ ..................... 6 The
    [Show full text]
  • When Are Foreign Volunteers Useful? Israel's Transnational Soldiers in the War of 1948 Re-Examined
    This is a repository copy of When are Foreign Volunteers Useful? Israel's Transnational Soldiers in the War of 1948 Re-examined. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/79021/ Version: WRRO with coversheet Article: Arielli, N (2014) When are Foreign Volunteers Useful? Israel's Transnational Soldiers in the War of 1948 Re-examined. Journal of Military History, 78 (2). pp. 703-724. ISSN 0899- 3718 Reuse Items deposited in White Rose Research Online are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved unless indicated otherwise. They may be downloaded and/or printed for private study, or other acts as permitted by national copyright laws. The publisher or other rights holders may allow further reproduction and re-use of the full text version. This is indicated by the licence information on the White Rose Research Online record for the item. Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ promoting access to White Rose research papers Universities of Leeds, Sheffield and York http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/79021/ Paper: Arielli, N (2014) When are foreign volunteers useful? Israel's transnational soldiers in the war of 1948 re-examined. Journal of Military History, 78 (2). 703 - 724. White Rose Research Online [email protected] When are Foreign Volunteers Useful? Israel’s Transnational Soldiers in the War of 1948 Re-examined Nir Arielli Abstract The literature on foreign, or “transnational,” war volunteering has fo- cused overwhelmingly on the motivations and experiences of the vol- unteers.
    [Show full text]
  • Heroics & Ros Index
    MBW - ARMOURED RAIL CAR Page 6 Error! Reference source not found. Page 3 HEROICS & ROS WINTER 2009 CATALOGUE Napoleonic American Civil War Page 11 Page 12 INDEX Land , Naval & Aerial Wargames Rules 1 Books 1 Trafalgar 1/300 transfers 1 HEROICS & ROS 1/300TH SCALE W.W.1 Aircraft 1 W.W.1 Figures and Vehicles 4 W.W.2 Aircraft 2 W.W.2. Tanks &Figures 4 W.W.2 Trains 6 Attack & Landing Craft 6 SAMURAI Page11 Modern Aircraft 3 Modern Tanks & Figures 7 NEW KINGDOM EGYPTIANS, Napoleonic, Ancient Figures 11 HITTITES AND Dark Ages, Medieval, Wars of the Roses, SEA PEOPLES Renaissance, Samurai, Marlburian, Page 11 English Civil War, Seven Years War, A.C.W, Franco-Prussian War and Colonial Figures 12 th Revo 1/300 full colour Flags 12 VIJAYANTA MBT Page 7 SWA103 SAAB J 21 Page 4 World War 2 Page 4 PRICE Mk 1 MOTHER Page 4 £1.00 Heroics and Ros 3, CASTLE WAY, FELTHAM, MIDDLESEX TW13 7NW www.heroicsandros.co.uk Welcome to the new home of Heroics and Ros models. Over the next few weeks we will be aiming to consolidate our position using the familiar listings and web site. However, during 2010 we will be bringing forward some exciting new developments both in the form of our web site and a modest expansion in our range of 1/300 scale vehicles. For those wargamers who have in the past purchased their Heroics and Ros models along with their Navwar 1/300 ships, and Naismith and Roundway 15mm figures, these ranges are of course still available direct from Navwar www.navwar.co.uk as before, though they will no longer be carrying the Heroics range.
    [Show full text]
  • The Case for Larger Ground Forces Stanley Foundation
    Bridging the Foreign Policy Divide The The Case for Larger Ground Forces Stanley Foundation By Frederick Kagan and Michael O’Hanlon April 2007 Frederick W. Kagan is a resident scholar at the American Enterprise Institute, specializing in defense transformation, the defense budget, and defense strategy and warfare. Previously he spent ten years as a professor of military history at the United States Military Academy (West Point). Kagan’s 2006 book, Finding the Target: The Transformation of American Military Policy (Encounter Books), exam- ines the post-Vietnam development of US armed forces, particularly in structure and fundamental approach. Kagan was coauthor of an influential January 2007 report, Choosing Victory: A Plan for Success in Iraq, advocating an increased deployment. Michael O’Hanlon is senior fellow and Sydney Stein Jr. Chair in foreign policy studies at the Brookings Institution, where he spe- cializes in U S defense strategy, the use of military force, and homeland security. O’Hanlon is coauthor most recently of Hard Power: the New Politics of National Security (Basic Books), a look at the sources of Democrats’ political vulnerability on national security in recent decades and an agenda to correct it. He previously was an analyst with the Congressional Budget Office. Brookings’ Iraq Index project, which he leads, is a regular feature on The New York Times Op-Ed page. e live at a time when wars not only rage national inspections. What will happen if the in nearly every region but threaten to US—or Israeli—government becomes convinced Werupt in many places where the current that Tehran is on the verge of fielding a nuclear relative calm is tenuous.
    [Show full text]
  • The Israeli Experience in Lebanon, 1982-1985
    THE ISRAELI EXPERIENCE IN LEBANON, 1982-1985 Major George C. Solley Marine Corps Command and Staff College Marine Corps Development and Education Command Quantico, Virginia 10 May 1987 ABSTRACT Author: Solley, George C., Major, USMC Title: Israel's Lebanon War, 1982-1985 Date: 16 February 1987 On 6 June 1982, the armed forces of Israel invaded Lebanon in a campaign which, although initially perceived as limited in purpose, scope, and duration, would become the longest and most controversial military action in Israel's history. Operation Peace for Galilee was launched to meet five national strategy goals: (1) eliminate the PLO threat to Israel's northern border; (2) destroy the PLO infrastructure in Lebanon; (3) remove Syrian military presence in the Bekaa Valley and reduce its influence in Lebanon; (4) create a stable Lebanese government; and (5) therefore strengthen Israel's position in the West Bank. This study examines Israel's experience in Lebanon from the growth of a significant PLO threat during the 1970's to the present, concentrating on the events from the initial Israeli invasion in June 1982 to the completion of the withdrawal in June 1985. In doing so, the study pays particular attention to three aspects of the war: military operations, strategic goals, and overall results. The examination of the Lebanon War lends itself to division into three parts. Part One recounts the background necessary for an understanding of the war's context -- the growth of PLO power in Lebanon, the internal power struggle in Lebanon during the long and continuing civil war, and Israeli involvement in Lebanon prior to 1982.
    [Show full text]