DOCSLIB.ORG

Community-Based Resource Building and Data Collection

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Community-Based Resource Building and Data Collection SLTU-2014, St. Petersburg, Russia, 14-16 May 2014 COMMUNITY-BASED RESOURCE BUILDING AND DATA COLLECTION Kristiina Jokinen1 and Graham Wilcock2 1Institute of Behavioural Sciences 2Department of Modern Languages University of Helsinki, Finland {firstname.lastname}@helsinki.fi The paper is structured as follows. Section 2 sets the starting point for the present study by introducing the ABSTRACT DigiSami project and the WikiTalk application. Section 3 The paper describes our work on participatory and briefly describes the Sami languages, and Section 4 reviews community-based resource collection for the Sami language. participatory community-based research methods. Section 5 This includes community events where participants wrote details the data collection events, participant recruitment, new Sami Wikipedia articles and took part in speech data and the three types of data collected: text, speech, and collection by reading aloud Sami Wikipedia articles and multimodal data. Finally, Section 6 provides discussion and discussing freely in group conversations. The aim was to concludes with future directions. increase the number of Sami Wikipedia articles and thereby 2. UNDER-RESOURCED LANGUAGES AND strengthen Wikipedia as a digital resource for the Sami LANGUAGE TECHNOLOGY language and to collect speech data to be used in developing Sami speech components. Such components are intended to Under-resourced languages typically do not have advanced be combined with the Sami Wikipedia in order to build a natural language processing tools such as part-of-speech spoken interactive knowledge access system. taggers and syntactic parsers, or sophisticated knowledge resources such as Wordnets and semantic web ontologies. A Index Terms — language resources development, serious consequence of this is that language technology Wikipedia, Sami language, community-based participatory applications that require such tools and resources cannot data collection offer much support for these languages. It is desirable to find ways to start developing the missing resources for as 1. INTRODUCTION many languages as possible, and many activities have been The new paradigms in communication technology affect initiated for this (e.g. the LRE Map [1] for sharing language language communities in various ways. Social media resources, or making speech corpora freely available for applications provide novel practices to bring people TTS development [18]). Suggestions for overcoming the together, and people’s information needs are being met from many challenges facing small languages include using the online collaboratively edited material such as Wikipedia. As same technology standards as big languages, using language is a means to provide information, its role in the crowdsourcing and connecting with other small language new situations is prominent, and it needs to adapt itself to communities [17]. digital changes. This includes the usual linguistic changes It is also important to consider what kinds of language such as lexicon, morphology and syntax, but has an effect technology applications can work successfully with minimal also on the level of interaction itself. As [8] notes, language NLP tools or without them. One sophisticated knowledge has become “a function that is performed digitally”. resource that does not depend on advanced NLP tools for a This paper discusses aspects of this development, and language is Wikipedia (http://www.wikipedia.org/). Many focuses on the data collection activities for the North Sami languages that are under-resourced in language technology language in the DigiSami project. The collection of speech tools have their own Wikipedia. The reason for this is that and multimodal video data contribute to building Sami Wikipedia pages can be written and edited by ordinary language resources for speech and language technology, people with no training in NLP, and the underlying software while supporting the planning and writing of new Sami running Wikipedia is made freely available for all languages Wikipedia articles strengthens the digital text resources for by the Wikimedia Foundation (http://www.wikimedia.org/). the Sami language. The speech data will be used to support This means that LT applications that use Wikipedia as a development of speech technology components that can be primary resource are potentially able to work successfully combined with the Sami Wikipedia to build a spoken even with languages for which sophisticated NLP tools are interactive knowledge access system. not available. 201 SLTU-2014, St. Petersburg, Russia, 14-16 May 2014 2.1. WikiTalk situated in the northern parts of Scandinavia, Finland and the Kola Peninsula in Russia. The languages are spread In earlier research [5, 20] we developed WikiTalk, a speech- among four countries: Norway, Sweden, Finland and based dialogue interface to Wikipedia, through which the Russia, and the speakers don’t necessarily understand each user can navigate around Wikipedia following links to any other. A few of the languages have died over the centuries, desired topics, and listen to chunks of interesting articles e.g. the last speaker of the Akkala Sami spoken in Russia being read out aloud on demand. One version of WikiTalk died in 2003. runs on a humanoid robot [2, 6], so that the robot can act as There are around 30,000 to 40,000 speakers of different a talkative conversational companion, able to talk in a very Sami languages, most of them in Norway. The languages well-informed manner about more or less any topic, while are: Southern Sami, Uume Sami, Pite Sami, Lule Sami, following the human partner's changing interests. Northern Sami, Inari Sami, Skolt Sami, Kildin Sami and Ter WikiTalk is intrinsically multilingual, as it can work Sami. Northern Sami is the biggest group with about 20,000 with any language if there is a Wikipedia in the language speakers and three main dialects: Torne Sami, Finnmark and if there are speech components for the language. Sami and Sea Sami. It is also a lingua franca, probably Sophisticated NLP tools such as part-of-speech taggers and because of the number of its speakers. Our project focuses syntactic parsers can be used if they are available, but they on Northern Sami, and in this paper, we often use “Sami are not required because the WikiTalk application can use language” to refer to Northern Sami. the actual sentences of the Wikipedia articles directly. It must be noted that there are more ethnic Sami people 2.2. The DigiSami Project than there are speakers of the languages. However, digital information technology has increased interest in the Sami The DigiSami project (http://www.helsinki.fi/digisami/) language, for example Wikitravel (http://wikitravel.org) aims to support digital content generation for the Sami offers Sami-English translations for tourist purposes. One of languages with the help of language technology and it the important goals of the DigiSami project is to encourage focuses especially on the Northern Sami language. It is one the Sami people to use their language in digital media, but of the projects in a joint research framework funded by the also to increase its visibility among the languages of the Academy of Finland and the Hungarian Academy of world. It is thus important to revitalize the language by Science. The goal of the research framework is to increase encouraging its use in digital contexts, but also to make it the visibility and use of small Finno-Ugric languages in the visible and available for those who are interested in the digital world, as well as to apply language technology tools language and culture of the Sami people. to develop and process digital material. Several of the Sami languages have some language At the time of writing, the grand total of articles in all technology tools. For instance, Northern Sami has a text Wikipedias (in all languages) is about 31 million. English analyzer, wordlists, and translation tools (more information Wikipedia is the biggest with 4.5 million articles. The Sami at http://giellatekno.uit.no/), and there is a Northern Sami Wikipedia (in Northern Sami) was started in 2004 and has Wikipedia created under the auspices of the Wikimedia between 7500 and 8000 articles. This places it in the middle Foundation. However, as mentioned above, many of the of all Wikipedias in terms of size, being ranked 134th by Sami Wikipedia articles are short compared with the English number of articles. For comparison, the Finnish Wikipedia or Finnish counterparts, and there are not so many links to has about 350,000 articles and is ranked 20th. other articles which are crucial for further navigation and Sami Wikipedia (http://se.wikipedia.org) contains about information search among the articles. 400,000 words in total. The average article length is about 500 characters (as Wikipedias grow, their average article 4. COMMUNITY-BASED RESOURCE BUILDING length tends to grow as well). No statistics are available The community effort supported by the DigiSami project to about how many articles were created by translating them create and write Wikipedia articles is intended to encourage from some other Wikipedia. people to develop the Northern Sami Wikipedia more. It is The extension of applications such as WikiTalk to also expected that this kind of community effort will give a include Northern Sami will require the necessary resources boost to the speakers of other Sami languages and other to be developed. In particular, there is a need for more under-resourced language communities to develop their own Wikipedia articles as well as for speech data. To address Wikipedia. Such activity will not only support the these needs, the project organized six community events at Wikipedia encyclopedia, but can be claimed to reap benefit which new Wikipedia articles were written and spoken also for language learning and language use. In fact, within language material was collected through video recordings. the context of multilingual language learning, it has been 3. SAMI LANGUAGE CHARACTERISTICS pointed out [14] how pedagogical methods emphasizing the speaker’s own activity and experience provide good results Sami is a Finno-Ugric language which is related to Finnish in children’s language learning.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Connections Between Sámi and Basque Peoples
    Connections between Sámi and Basque Peoples Kent Randell 2012 Siidastallan Outside of Minneapolis, Minneapolis Kent Randell (c) 2012 --- 2012 Siidastallan, Linwood Township, Minnesota Kent Randell (c) 2012 --- 2012 Siidastallan, Linwood Township, Minnesota “D----- it Jim, I’m a librarian and an armchair anthropologist??” Kent Randell (c) 2012 --- 2012 Siidastallan, Linwood Township, Minnesota Connections between Sámi and Basque Peoples Hard evidence: - mtDNA - Uniqueness of language Other things may be surprising…. or not. It is fun to imagine other connections, understanding it is not scientific Kent Randell (c) 2012 --- 2012 Siidastallan, Linwood Township, Minnesota Documentary: Suddenly Sámi by Norway’s Ellen-Astri Lundby She receives her mtDNA test, and express surprise when her results state that she is connected to Spain. This also surprised me, and spurned my interest….. Then I ended up living in Boise, Idaho, the city with the largest concentration of Basque outside of Basque Country Kent Randell (c) 2012 --- 2012 Siidastallan, Linwood Township, Minnesota What is mtDNA genealogy? The DNA of the Mitochondria in your cells. Cell energy, cell growth, cell signaling, etc. mtDNA – At Conception • The Egg cell Mitochondria’s DNA remains the same after conception. • Male does not contribute to the mtDNA • Therefore Mitochondrial mtDNA is the same as one’s mother. Kent Randell (c) 2012 --- 2012 Siidastallan, Linwood Township, Minnesota Kent Randell (c) 2012 --- 2012 Siidastallan, Linwood Township, Minnesota Kent Randell (c) 2012 --- 2012 Siidastallan, Linwood Township, Minnesota Four generation mtDNA line Sisters – Mother – Maternal Grandmother – Great-grandmother Jennie Mary Karjalainen b. Kent21 Randell March (c) 2012 1886, --- 2012 Siidastallan,parents from Kuusamo, Finland Linwood Township, Minnesota Isaac Abramson and Jennie Karjalainen wedding picture Isaac is from Northern Norway, Kvaen father and Saami mother from Haetta Kent Randell (c) 2012 --- 2012 Siidastallan, village.
    [Show full text]
  • Adult Education and Indigenous Peoples in Norway. International Survey on Adult Education for Indigenous Peoples
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 458 367 CE 082 168 AUTHOR Lund, Svein TITLE Adult Education and Indigenous Peoples in Norway. International Survey on Adult Education for Indigenous Peoples. Country Study: Norway. INSTITUTION Nordic Sami Inst., Guovdageaidnu, Norway.; United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, Hamburg (Germany). Inst. for Education. PUB DATE 2000-00-00 NOTE 103p.; For other country studies, see CE 082 166-170. Research supported by the Government of Norway and DANIDA. AVAILABLE FROM For full text: http://www.unesco.org/education/uie/pdf/Norway.pdf. PUB TYPE Reports Research (143) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC05 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Access to Education; Acculturation; *Adult Education; Adult Learning; Adult Students; Colleges; Computers; Cultural Differences; Culturally Relevant Education; Delivery Systems; Dropouts; Educational Administration; Educational Attainment; *Educational Environment; Educational History; Educational Needs; Educational Opportunities; Educational Planning; *Educational Policy; *Educational Trends; Equal Education; Foreign Countries; Government School Relationship; Inclusive Schools; *Indigenous Populations; Language Minorities; Language of Instruction; Needs Assessment; Postsecondary Education; Professional Associations; Program Administration; Public Policy; Rural Areas; Secondary Education; Self Determination; Social Integration; Social Isolation; State of the Art Reviews; Student Characteristics; Trend Analysis; Universities; Vocational Education; Womens Education IDENTIFIERS Finland; Folk
    [Show full text]
  • On Transfer of Sámi Traditional Knowledge: Scientification, Traditionalization, Secrecy, and Equality*
    On Transfer of Sámi Traditional Knowledge: Scientification, Traditionalization, Secrecy, and Equality* Elina Helander-Renvall and Inkeri Markkula Introduction The aim of this chapter is to elaborate how Sámi traditional knowledge is ar- ticulated and transferred, especially as part of research activities. As a starting point, we will discuss traditional knowledge and its various understandings. Further on, we will trace and address some of the concerns that Sámi have in relation to how their reality is researched and described. Special attention will be paid to the secrecy surrounding some Sámi traditions and some knowl- edge in the context of conducting research on such issues; the scientifijication of Sámi knowledge; the traditionalization (actualization) of various traditions; and the need for equality between scientifijic and traditional knowledge. Traditional knowledge ( TK) has many defijinitions. Traditional knowledge may be defijined as knowledge that has a long historical and cultural continu- ity, having been passed down through generations, as Berkes has noted.1 In the book on traditional knowledge by Porsanger and Guttorm2 the concept árbediehtu (inherited knowledge, a Northern Sámi word) is used to refer to Sámi knowledge. They state that árbediehtu is ‘the collective wisdom and skills of the Sámi people used to enhance their livelihood for centuries. It has been * We would like to thank Regional Council of Lapland, European Regional Development Fund, and University of Lapland for the fijinancial support for the project Traditional Eco- logical Knowledge in the Sami Homeland Region of Finland which was conducted at the Arctic Centre, Rovaniemi during 1.1.2014-30.4.2015. The general aim of this project was to promote the status of Sami traditional ecological knowledge through support to the Sami craftswomen.
    [Show full text]
  • 000 Euralex 2010 03 Plenary
    > State of the Art of the Lexicography of European Lesser Used or Non- State Languages anne tjerk popkema ‘The people who chronicle the life of our language (…) are called lexicographers’ (Martin Hardee, blogger in Cyberspace, 2006) 0 Introductory remarks 1 Language codification and language elaboration (‘Ausbau’) are key ingredients for raising a lesser used language to a level that is adequate for modern use.2 In dictionaries (as well as in grammars) a language’s written standard may be laid down, ‘codified’. 3 At the same time dictionaries make clear what lexical gaps remain or arise in a language. The filling of such gaps – part of language elaboration – will only gain wide acceptance when, in turn, it is codified in a dictionary itself. Thus, both prime categories of language development – codification and elaboration – are hats worn by the same head: the lexicographer’s. Bo Svensén begins the opening chapter of his recent handbook on lexicography by stating that ‘dictionaries are a cultural phenomenon. It is a commonplace to say that a dictionary is a product of the culture in which it has come into being; it is less so to say that it plays an important part in the development of that culture.’ 4 In the case of lesser used languages, language development may lead to (increased) use in domains that were formerly out of reach because of the dominance – for any number of reasons – of another language. In such instances, language development equals language emancipation. An emancipating language takes on new functions, enters new domains of society and is therefore in need of new terminology.
    [Show full text]
  • Études Finno-Ougriennes, 46 | 2014 Introduction À L’Histoire Des Sames Du Sud 2
    Études finno-ougriennes 46 | 2014 Littératures & varia Introduction à l’histoire des Sames du sud Introduction to South Saamis’ history Inledning till sydsamernas historia Guillaume Lestringant Édition électronique URL : https://journals.openedition.org/efo/3794 DOI : 10.4000/efo.3794 ISSN : 2275-1947 Éditeur INALCO Édition imprimée Date de publication : 1 janvier 2014 ISBN : 978-2-343-05394-3 ISSN : 0071-2051 Référence électronique Guillaume Lestringant, « Introduction à l’histoire des Sames du sud », Études finno-ougriennes [En ligne], 46 | 2014, mis en ligne le 13 octobre 2015, consulté le 08 juillet 2021. URL : http:// journals.openedition.org/efo/3794 ; DOI : https://doi.org/10.4000/efo.3794 Ce document a été généré automatiquement le 8 juillet 2021. Études finno-ougriennes est mis à disposition selon les termes de la Licence Creative Commons Attribution - Pas d’Utilisation Commerciale 4.0 International. Introduction à l’histoire des Sames du sud 1 Introduction à l’histoire des Sames du sud Introduction to South Saamis’ history Inledning till sydsamernas historia Guillaume Lestringant Introduction 1 Avant de se lancer1 dans une histoire des Sames du Sud, il faut prendre le temps de déterminer de qui on parle. Donner une définition précise aux Sames du Sud est évidemment une tâche ardue, aussi ne me risquerai-je pas à décider ce qui caractérise l’appartenance au peuple same du Sud et ce qui n’est pas pertinent. Le Conseil Same, sorte de fédération de toutes les associations sames créée en 1956, a donné en 1986 sa propre définition des Sames : We, Saami, are one people, united in our own culture, language and history, living in areas which, since time immemorial and up to historical times, we alone inhabited and utilised.
    [Show full text]
  • The Southern Sami Drum (Gievrie)- Discovery, Recovery and Recontextualising
    The Southern Sami Drum (Gievrie)- discovery, recovery and recontextualising Martin Callanan∗1 1Dept of Historical Studies, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology { Dept of Historical Studies, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway., Norv`ege R´esum´e Sami frame drums, consisting of a wooden frame covered by a decorated membrane are the most common type of ceremonial drum from the Southern Sami region in central Scandi- navia. Well-preserved examples have complex decorations and offerings in the form of cords, rings and metal ornaments. Pointers and hammers were used together with the drums during certain ceremonies. Gievrie is Southern Sami language term for these drums. Around 44 examples of the Southern Sami Gievrie exist today. They allow us valuable glimpses into the materiality of past ceremonies and ritual life. They also have enormous symbolic power. Not least in relation to historical and political negotiations in the recent past, when Southern Sami minorities were subject to christianization and nationalization processes by Church and State. During certain periods, Church officials confiscated Sami drum they were seen as pagan objects. Sometimes, the drums' owners hid their Gievrie in the mountains rather than hand them over to State authorities. In recent years, a number of Gievrie that remained hidden in the mountains have been dis- covered and brought into regional museums. Furthermore, in 2017 a famous well-preserved Gievrie from Freavnantjahke that today belongs to a German museum, was loaned out temporarily to form the centerpiece of a museum exhibition during the Tr˚aante2017 Sami centenary celebrations in Trondheim.
    [Show full text]
  • Pathways to the International Market for Indigenous Screen Content: Success Stories, Lessons Learned from Selected Jurisdic- Tions and a Strategy for Growth
    Pathways to the International Market for Indigenous Screen Content: Success Stories, Lessons Learned From Selected Jurisdic- tions and a Strategy For Growth PREPARED FOR SUBMITTED BY imagineNATIVE Maria De Rosa 401 Richmond St. West, Suite 446 Marilyn Burgess Toronto, Ontario M5V 3A8 Communications MDR 503 Victoria Avenue Westmount, Québec H3Y 2R3 www.communicationsmdr.com December 5, 2018 1 Pathways to the International Market for Indigenous Screen Content Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... 2 FOREWORD ................................................................................................................... 3 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 4 I. THE NEW CONTEXT: A RISING TIDE OF INDIGENOUS PRODUCTION ................. 6 II. SUCCESS STORIES: CASE STUDIES OF CANADIAN AND INTERNATIONAL FILMS, TELEVISION PROGRAMS AND DIGITAL MEDIA .......................................... 14 III. LESSONS LEARNED FROM THE SUCCESS OF INTERNATIONAL INDIGENOUS SCREEN CONTENT ..................................................................................................... 43 IV. PATHWAYS TO THE INTERNATIONAL MARKET FOR CONSIDERATION BY THE INDIGENOUS SCREEN SECTOR IN CANADA ................................................... 57 ANNEX 1: SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY ..................................................................... 71 ANNEX 2: SUMMARY OF RESULTS OF ON-LINE QUESTIONNAIRE
    [Show full text]
  • Herders' Congress
    Herders' Congress The oldest industry with the widest tracks We are now joining together in Inari for the 2ndWorld Another equally important part ofthis congress is the p- Reindeer Herders' Congress in the period of June 18-23, sibility of meeting each other. People living in a \zst area 200 1. Reindeer husbandry is one of the industries, which and working in a scattered industry need to learn to bow have survived longest and has made the widest tracks in each other. There is a possibility for us now to meet each the North. other and get acquainted, and in the congress pqyam rime The reindeer peoples are now gathering for the third time has been reserved for that purpose. We have been rrying and it is the second time that we are having a worldwide to arrange the program so that there will be a possibility reindeer congress. The first meeting was in 1993 in Trom- for each one of us to get acquainted with the 6eM of rese- so, Norway, with participants from 15 different reindeer arch in different reindeer regions as weU as aih the aut- peoples. It was then that the decision was made for estab- horities working with matters that concern reindeer hw- lishing the Association of World Reindeer Herders (WFU-I). bandry. The reindeer husbandry does not exis alone in its The second meeting took place in Nadym, in the central area, and it is necessary to cooperate with the adminima- reindeer herding area of Nenets in Yamal and it was there tion. that WRH officially was established in 1997.
    [Show full text]
  • Researching Less-Resourced Languages – the Digisami Corpus
    Researching Less-Resourced Languages – the DigiSami Corpus Kristiina Jokinen University of Helsinki, Finland and AIRC, AIST Tokyo Waterfront, Japan [email protected] Abstract Increased use of digital devices and data repositories has enabled a digital revolution in data collection and language research, and has also led to important activities supporting speech and language technology research for less-resourced languages. This paper describes the DigiSami project and its research results, focussing on spoken corpus collection and speech technology for the Fenno-Ugric language North Sami. The paper also discusses multifaceted questions on ethics and privacy related to data collection for less-resourced languages and indigenous communities. Keywords: corpus collection, under-resourced languages, North Sami with new technology applications. The main motivation 1. Introduction was to improve digital visibility and viability of the target languages, and to explore different choices for encouraging Several projects and events have increased research and maintaining the use of less-resourced languages in the activities for under-resourced languages during the past digitalized world. The goals of the DigiSami project are years. For instance, the DLDP-project (Digital Language discussed in Jokinen (2014) and Jokinen et al. (2017). Diversity Project) is to advance the sustainability of Europe’s regional and minority languages, while the Flare- The DigiSami project deals with the North Sami language net network and the LRE Map (Calzolari et al. 2012) have (Davvisámegiela) which belongs to the Fenno-Ugric had a big impact on sharing language resources and making language family and is one of the nine Sami languages speech corpora freely available.
    [Show full text]
  • Kuávsui Já Peeivičuovâ. 'Sarastus Ja Päivänvalo'. Inarinsaamen
    (Nid.) 82-0 (Verkkojulkaisu) KUÁVSUI JÁ PEEIVIČUOVÂ. ’SARASTUS JA PÄIVÄNVALO’. INARINSAAMEN KIELEN REVITALISAATIO UUH9_VALMIS.inddH9_VALMIS.indd 1 117.5.20157.5.2015 221:44:231:44:23 Annika Pasanen: Kuávsui já peeivičuovâ. ’Sarastus ja päivänvalo’ . Inarinsaamen kielen revitalisaatio Uralica Helsingiensia 9. Layout, cover Alexandra Kellner, Niko Partanen Cover photograph Paadar Images Woman standing at the door of the church at Pielpajärvi ISBN 978-952-5667-70-7 Orders • Tilaukset ISSN 1797-3945 Tiedekirja <www.tiedekirja.fi> Unigrafi a Oy Snellmaninkatu 13 <[email protected]> Helsinki 2015 FI-00170 Helsinki Uralica Helsingiensia Uralica Helsingiensia is a series published jointly by the University of Helsinki Finno-Ugrian Studies Programme and the Finno-Ugrian Society. It features monographs and thematic col- lections of articles with a research focus on Uralic languages, and it also covers the linguistic and cultural aspects of Estonian, Hungarian and Saami studies at the University of Helsinki. The series has a peer review system, i.e. the manuscripts of all articles and monographs submitted for publication will be refereed by two anonymous reviewers before binding decisions are made concerning the publication of the material. Uralica Helsingiensia on Helsingin yliopiston suomalais-ugrilaiset kielet ja kulttuurit -oppi- aineryhmän yhdessä Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran kanssa julkaisema sarja, jossa ilmestyy monografi oita ja temaattisia artikkelikokoelmia. Niiden aihepiiri liittyy uralilaisten kielten tut- kimukseen ja kattaa myös Helsingin
    [Show full text]
  • Kusmenko: Einführung
    BERLINER BEITRÄGE ZUR SKANDINAVISTIK Titel/ Der samische Einfluss auf die skandinavischen Sprachen. title: Ein Beitrag zur skandinavischen Sprachgeschichte Autor(in)/ Jurij K. Kusmenko author: Kapitel/ »Einführung« chapter: In: Kusmenko, Jurij K.: Der samische Einfluss auf die skandinavischen Sprachen. Berlin: Nordeuropa-Institut, 2. durchgesehene Ausg., 2011 ISBN: 3-932406-25-7 978-3-932406-25-6 Reihe/ Berliner Beiträge zur Skandinavistik Bd. 10 series: ISSN: 0933-4009 Seiten/ 13–31 pages: Feste URL: [http://edoc.hu-berlin.de/....] © Copyright: Nordeuropa-Institut Berlin sowie der Autor. © Copyright: Department for Northern European Studies Berlin and the author. Einführung Nach dem Zerfall des Gemeingermanischen haben die daraus hervorge- gangenen Sprachen eine Reihe gemeinsamer phonologischer und gram- matischer Merkmale herausgebildet. In der Phonologie handelt es sich dabei um eine gleichartige prosodische und phonematische Hervorhe- bung des Wurzelmorphems, in Morphologie und Syntax um die Heraus- bildung einer festen Wortfolge, die Reduzierung des Kasus- und Genus- systems sowie die Entwicklung der neuen grammatischen Kategorien Bestimmtheit, Perfekt und Passiv. Die gesamte Geschichte der germani- schen Sprachen ist durch eine Entwicklung hin zum Analytismus geprägt. Wie die anderen germanischen Sprachen weisen auch die skandinavi- schen dafür mehrere Beispiele auf. Jene analytischen Merkmale, deren Verbreitungsrichtung wir verfolgen können – so z. B. die Hervorhebung des Wurzelmorphems (Quantitätsverschiebung) oder die Vereinfachung
    [Show full text]
  • DOMINANT ETHNIC GROUPS in EUROPE, 1850-1940 · Ethnic Groups and Language Rights Volume III
    COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON GOVERNMENTS AND NON­ 1/ .f:( - DOMINANT ETHNIC GROUPS IN EUROPE, 1850-1940 · Ethnic Groups and Language Rights Volume III ~., i . 1 . Edited by { SERGIJ VILFAN in collaboration with 1 GUDMUND SANDVIK and LODE WILS 1. f' 1 ~... ,' Non-existent Sami Language Rights in Norway, 1850--1940 GUDMUND SANDVIK European Science Foundation NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESS DARTMOUTH 128 .., 13 Non-existent Sami Language Rights in Norway, 1850-1940 GUDMUND SANDVIK Background The Samis are an ethnic minority in the Nordic countries and in Russia. According to more or less reliable censuses, they number today about 40 000 in Norway (1 per cent of the total population), 20000 in Sweden (0.25 per cent), 4500 in Finland (0.1 per cent) and 2000 on the Kola peninsula in Russia. Only Finland has had a regular ethnic census. The Samis call themselves sapmi or sabmi. It is only recently (after 1950) that this name has been generally accepted in the Nordic countries (singular same, plural samer). Tacitus wrote about fenni;1 Old English had finnas;2 Historia NorvegitE (History of Norway) written about P80 had finni,3 and the Norse word was {imzar. 4 In medieval Icelandic and Norwegian literature, Finnmork was the region in northern Scandinavia where the Samis lived. The northern­ most Norwegian fylke (county) of today, Finnmark, takes jts name from the huge medieval Finnmork. But Samis of today still use the name S4pnzi for the entire region where they live (See Map 13.1, ;].. which "shows S4pmiwith state frontiers and some Sami centres). 'Finner' is accordingly an authentic Norwegian name.
    [Show full text]