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Praise for _S)parhi olc,riterty One of the most important lessons still to be learned from a study of the Cold War period concerns the ambiguities and dilemmas associated with our quasi-governmental efforts to break through the Soviet monopoly of propaganda and information. Gene Sosin, in Sparks of Liberty, has provided a useful resource for future studies of this problem. It is a prideful personal account of the achievements of Radio Liberty, but Sosin deals forthrightly with the problems of the clandestine initial support provided by U.S. intelligence agencies, as well as the efforts to define a proper voice for these broadcasts out of the variegated and sometimes conflicting passions of émigré script-writers, and the quest on of whether Radio Liberty has a role to play under present circumstances." —MARSHALL D. SHULMAN, ADLAI E. STEVENSON PROFESSOR EMERITUS OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY "Gene Sosin has produced an animated and readable history of Radio Liberty. He enlivens the story with many deftly written thumbnail sketches of staff members and contributors, providing a virtual wlo's who of American intellectual life and the Soviet dissident and émigre intelligentsia. It is fortunate for the historical record that Sosin has written this book." —ROBERT V. DANIELS, UNIVERSITY OF VERMONT "A valuable contribution to outr understanding of how the Cold War was won. Radio Liberty was an important instrument in that struggle, and Gene Sosin's memoir provides a detailed and informative account of how that struggle was waged." - ZBIGNIEW BRZEZINSKI, FORMER NATIONAL SECURITY ADVISOR "A well-documented, lively account of one of the most fascinating chapters in the history of the Cold War. Gene Sosin's story of Radio Liberty is a major contribution to the annals of the ideological war betweei the United States and the Soviet Union that was waged from Stalin's death ir 1953 to the dissolution of the Soviet Empire in 1991." - MAURICE FRIEDBERG, UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA -CHAMPAIGN THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY PRESS ISBN 0-271-01869-0 UNIVERSITY PARK, PENNSYLVANIA WWW.PSU.EDU/PSUPRESS II II IR II 9 780271 018690 DURING THE COLD WAR, years, Sosin and his associates saturated the one of America's most airwaves with the words of Sakharov, Solzhenitsyn, powerful weapons struck and others, while many dissidents who had amajor blow against emigrated from the Soviet Union ¡oined Radio tyranny every day over Liberty to help strengthen its credibility among the airwaves. Radio listeners. Radio Liberty ultimately became the Liberty became acritical source of information for most popular station from the West, its influence listeners within the Soviet Union, broadcasting in culminating with the crucial support of Gorbachev Russian and more than adozen other languages, and and Yeltsin during the attempted coup against covering all aspects of Soviet life. them in August 1991. Sparks of Liberty provides an insider's look As Radio Liberty entered the post-Soviet at the origins, development, and operation of era, it became amodel for the Russian media. It is Radio Liberty. Gene Sosin, akey executive with now avoice for democratic education in the post- the station for thirty-three years, combines vivid Soviet nations—broadcasting from Prague, with eyewitness reports with documents from his per- local bureaus in several major cities of the former sonal archives to offer the first complete account Soviet Union. Capturing the work and legacy of of Radio Liberty, tracing its evolution From Stalin's this enterprise with authority and exhilaration, death to the demise of the USSR to its current Sparks of Liberty is atestament to an enterprise role in the post-Soviet world. that saw its message realized and continues to Sosin describes Radio Liberty's early efforts broadcast amessage of hope. to cope with KGB terrorism and Soviet jamming, to minimize interference from the CIA, and to GENE SOSIN, former director of program planning survive pressure from J. William Fulbright, chair- for Radio Free Europe /Radio Liberty, is also a man of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, contributing author to Dissent in the Soviet who considered Radio Liberty adeterrent to Union (Johns Hopkins, 1975) and other books détente. The insider's perspective sheds important on Russia. light on world affairs as Sosin tells how, over the years, Radio Liberty took the advice of experts on Soviet politics to adapt the content and tone of its messages to changing times. The book is rich in anecdotes that bring home the realities of the Cold War. Sosin tells how famous Western political figures, educators, and writers broadcast messages about workers' rights, artistic freedom, and unfettered scholarly inquiry— and also how, beginning in the late 1960s, Radio Liberty beamed the writings of Soviet dissidents back into the country. During these tumultuous 1 . I k Sparks of Liberty -An iniicleA Memoir oielectelio l'iderly GENE- SOSII/V THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY PRESS UNIVERSITY PARK, PENNSYLVANIA Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Sosin, Gene. Sparks of liberty: an insider's memoir of Radio Liberty / Gene Sosin. p. CM. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-27I-01869-0 (alk. paper) i. Radio Liberty (Munich, Germany)—History. 2. Propaganda, Anti-communist—Soviet Union—History. I. Title. FiE8697.8.s67 1999 384.54'06'543364— dc2r 98-35718 CIP Copyright 1999 The Pennsylvania State University All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Published by The Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park, PA 16802-1003 It is the policy of The Pennsylvania State University Press to use acid-free paper for the first printing of all clothbound books. Publications on uncoated stock satisfy the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI 239.48-1992. • 4 • Sparks of Liberty r 9oria 51 HOMMO ilyAHOe mnioseHhe —113711num Iremember the wondrous moment .. —PUSH KIN ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 1X INTRODUCTION XII1 1 RADIO LIBERTY'S CONCEPTION AND BIRTH I Contents 2 WE ARE ON THE AIR! 13 3 THE SPARKS BEGIN TO KINDLE 27 4 A BRIDGE OF IDEAS BETWEEN WEST AND EAST 41 5 KHRUSHCHEV RELEASES THE ANTI-STALIN GENIE 55 6 LIBERATION TO LIBERTY 81 7 PROGRAMS AND CONFERENCES IN THE 1960S WI 8 THE MUNICH YEARS, 1966-1970 117 9 RADIO LIBERTY'S COVER IS BLOWN 131 10 THE TRANSITION PERIOD, 1971-1975 151 11 FROM STAGNATION TO GLASNOST AND PERESTROIKA, 1976-1985 169 12 THE SOVIET ERA DRAWS TO A CLOSE 195 13 FROM GORBACHEV TO YELTSIN 215 14 RADIO LIBERTY IN THE NEW ERA OF FREEDOM 237 APPENDIX 265 NOTES 275 BIBLIOGRAPHY 291 INDEX 297 Acknowledgments For their encouragement, advice, and support at various stages during the long gestation of this book, Iwould like to thank: In the former New York Programming Center of Radio Free Europe /Radio Liberty: Albert Arkus, Irene Dutikow, Sara Hassan, and Irina Klionsky. In Washington: at RFE/RL Jane Lester was continually cooper- ative in responding to my questions and requests; Paul Goble offered valu- able suggestions after reading the first draft of the manuscript; Larisa Silnicky shared her insights and concern about the current state of the Radio's Russian service; Mark Rhodes and Susan Gigli of InterMedia briefed me about current evaluations by focus groups inside the new nations of the former Soviet Union. Anatole Shub drew on his lifelong expertise in Russian affairs to give me incisive comments on the manuscript. Nicholas Scheetz and Lisette Matano of the Georgetown University Library's Special Collection Divi- sion made Jon Lodeesen's papers available to me. Dorothy Sargeant invited me to examine her late husband's files before sending them to the Truman Library Scott Shane of the Baltimore Sun contributed sound recommen- dations for revising the manuscript. Iam especially grateful to Kevin Klose for asking me to be aconsultant for Radio Liberty's fortieth anniversary and to join the elite contingent that celebrated in Moscow. After RFE /RL moved to its new headquarters in Prague, he endorsed my trip there for further research and interviews. Members of the Prague staff deserve mention: Margaret Rauch, Vaclava Kosikova, Lechoslaw Gawlikowski, Bonnie Mihalka, Robert Gillette, Don- IX ald Jensen, Goulnara Pataridze, Yuri Handler, Mario Corti, Lev Roitman, Wladimir Tolz, Tengis Gudava, Roman Kupchinsky, and Richard Cum- mings. Gene Parta shared with me awealth of background information about the audience research and program evaluation project he directed over the years. My thanks to Natasha Zuber in Munich, where she was assistant to the director of the Radio, and who was my secretary in New York in the early 1960s. In Moscow, Sonya Berezhkova of Radio Moscow (now Radio Voice of Russia) contributed her dissertation on Radio Liberty at Moscow State Uni- versity and kept me informed about post-Soviet reactions to the broad- casts. Nina Kreitner, the biographer of Aleksandr Galich, was helpful too. In Israel, Evgeny Lein was one of the most articulate of the many Jew- ish émigrés who stressed the importance of Radio Liberty's broadcasts in sustaining their morale and resistance to Soviet repression. Collective thanks to the Soviet émigrés of different ethnic origins, some of whom worked for the Radio, and to their courageous dissident compatriots in the homeland. They strengthened my conviction that we were on the right wavelength in more ways than one. In the American academic community, Iam most appreciative to my dear friends Robert V (Bill) Daniels and Maurice Friedberg. Throughout the turbulent history of Radio Liberty, both scholars lent their considerable authority to the defense of the Radio against our domestic opponents and contributed directly to raising the quality of the broadcasts in their reviews of programming and their interviews on the air. At Penn State Press, Icredit Editor-in-Chief Peter J.
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