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United Nations A/HRC/17/44
United Nations A/HRC/17/44 General Assembly Distr.: General 12 January 2012 Original: English Human Rights Council Seventeenth session Agenda item 4 Human rights situation that require the Council’s attention Report of the International Commission of Inquiry to investigate all alleged violations of international human rights law in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya* Summary Pursuant to Human Rights Council resolution S-15/1 of 25 February 2011, entitled “Situation of human rights in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya”, the President of the Human Rights Council established the International Commission of Inquiry, and appointed M. Cherif Bassiouni as the Chairperson of the Commission, and Asma Khader and Philippe Kirsch as the two other members. In paragraph 11 of resolution S-15/1, the Human Rights Council requested the Commission to investigate all alleged violations of international human rights law in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, to establish the facts and circumstances of such violations and of the crimes perpetrated and, where possible, to identify those responsible, to make recommendations, in particular, on accountability measures, all with a view to ensuring that those individuals responsible are held accountable. The Commission decided to consider actions by all parties that might have constituted human rights violations throughout Libya. It also considered violations committed before, during and after the demonstrations witnessed in a number of cities in the country in February 2011. In the light of the armed conflict that developed in late February 2011 in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and continued during the Commission‟s operations, the Commission looked into both violations of international human rights law and relevant provisions of international humanitarian law, the lex specialis that applies during armed conflict. -
The Battle for Libya
THE BATTLE FOR LIBYA KILLINGS, DISAPPEARANCES AND TORTURE Amnesty International is a global movement of more than 3 million supporters, members and activists in more than 150 countries and territories who campaign to end grave abuses of human rights. Our vision is for every person to enjoy all the rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international human rights standards. We are independent of any government, political ideology, economic interest or religion and are funded mainly by our membership and public donations. First published in 2011 by Amnesty International Ltd Peter Benenson House 1 Easton Street London WC1X 0DW United Kingdom © Amnesty International 2011 Index: MDE 19/025/2011 English Original language: English Printed by Amnesty International, International Secretariat, United Kingdom All rights reserved. This publication is copyright, but may be reproduced by any method without fee for advocacy, campaigning and teaching purposes, but not for resale. The copyright holders request that all such use be registered with them for impact assessment purposes. For copying in any other circumstances, or for reuse in other publications, or for translation or adaptation, prior written permission must be obtained from the publishers, and a fee may be payable. To request permission, or for any other inquiries, please contact [email protected] Cover photo : Misratah, Libya, May 2011 © Amnesty International amnesty.org CONTENTS Abbreviations and glossary .............................................................................................5 Introduction .................................................................................................................7 1. From the “El-Fateh Revolution” to the “17 February Revolution”.................................13 2. International law and the situation in Libya ...............................................................23 3. Unlawful killings: From protests to armed conflict ......................................................34 4. -
LIBYA CONFLICT: SITUATION UPDATE May 2011
U.S. & Coalition Operations and Statements LIBYA CONFLICT: SITUATION UPDATE May 2011 MAY 27: Russia has shifted its position on Libya and now believes Qaddafi has lost the legitimacy to rule and should leave power. Russia has offered to mediate a ceasefire and negotiate his departure with senior members of Qaddafi’s inner-circle. The pivot in Russian policy comes after a meeting between President Obama and Russian President Dmitry Medvedev Russian at the G8 summit in France. Prime Minister Vladimir Putin has been highly critical of the NATO bombing campaign and Medvedev’s earlier decision to not veto the U.N Security Council resolution authorizing the allied action. After Medvedev’s decision, Deputy Foreign Minister Sergei Ryabkov said, “Colonel Gaddafi has deprived himself of legitimacy with his actions, we should help him leave.” New( York Times, Wall Street Journal, Washington Post, Reuters, Reuters, Al-Jazeera) MAY 27: The G8 nations announced in their joint summit communiqué that Qaddafi had no future role in a democratic Libya and the group demanded the regime’s forces cease their attacks against civilians. The communiqué stated that those behind the killing of civilians would be investigated and punished. (Reuters) MAY 27: British officials cleared the use of attack helicopters in Libya on Thursday. British officials have said that the addition of British Apaches and French Tiger helicopters into the battle will allow for low-level, precision attacks on urban targets, including Libyan officials. In a shift, the helicopters will be operated under NATO command instead of national command, NATO officials said that four Apache attack helicopters were available from the assault ship HMS Ocean as well as four Tigers aboard the French helicopter carrier Tonnerre. -
Libya | Freedom House
Libya | Freedom House http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2012/libya About Us DONATE Blog Contact Us REGIONS ISSUES Reports Programs Initiatives News Experts Events Donate FREEDOM OF THE PRESS - View another year - Libya Libya Freedom of the Press 2012 2012 ﻋﺮﺑﻲ Status change explanation: Libya improved from Not Free to Partly Free due to SCORES significant improvements in media freedom and access to information as Mu’ammar al-Qadhafi’s control over the country progressively crumbled during PRESS STATUS 2011. The draft constitution contains provisions for expanded freedom of expression and of the press, and access to officials is far greater than under the Partly Qadhafi regime. There has also been a boom of media outlets, particularly in the east, with a diversity of viewpoints. Journalists are able to cover the news more Free freely than before, and with less threat of violence and intimidation. PRESS FREEDOM SCORE Prior to the 2011 uprising that led to the overthrow of longtime leader Mu’ammar al-Qadhafi, the Libyan media were among the most tightly controlled 60 in the world. However, following al-Qadhafi’s downfall, the media environment in LEGAL Libya experienced a transformation. The revolution began in February, when ENVIRONMENT citizens in several Libyan cities—inspired by early 2011 uprisings in Tunisia and Egypt—took to the streets to protest al-Qadhafi’s 42-year rule, sparking a brutal 16 crackdown by the regime. Libyan civilians and army defectors took up arms in response to the regime’s attacks, and in March, a NATO-led campaign of POLITICAL ENVIRONMENT airstrikes was launched to protect civilians. -
Informe-Anual-2011-RSF.Pdf
INFORME ANUAL 2011 LA LIBERTAD DE PRENSA EN EL MUNDO 2011 Coordinación y maquetación: Lucía Campoamor Con la colaboración de: Joaquín Calvente Todos datos de este informe proceden de la información elaborada por Reporteros Sin Fronteras en sus notas de prensa, informes, y visitas sobre el terreno a diferentes países. Los datos estadísticos relativos a los países (superficie y población) proceden del Atlas Eco 2011 (Nouvel Observateur). © Reporteros Sin Fronteras 2011 María de Molina, 50– 28006 Madrid Tel: + 34 91 523 37 00 – Fax: + 34 91 522 93 83 E-mail: [email protected] Informe Anual 2011 pág. 2 BARÓMETRO DE LA LIBERTAD DE PRENSA 2011 Periodistas asesinados..............66 Colaboradores asesinados...........2 Periodistas encarcelados.........171 Colaboradores encarcelados.......9 Internautas encarcelados........129 Informe Anual 2011 pág. 3 ÍNDICE Introducción General pág. 5 Uganda pág. 51 Birmania pág. 111 Grecia pág. 162 Zambia pág. 54 Camboya pág. 113 Hungría pág. 163 África Zimbabue pág. 55 China pág. 114 Italia pág. 164 Introducción pág. 8 Corea del Norte pág. 121 Letonia pág. 165 Angola pág. 11 América Filipinas pág. 122 Moldavia pág. 166 Benín pág. 12 Introducción pág. 57 India pág. 123 Portugal pág. 167 Burundi pág. 13 Argentina pág. 60 Indonesia pág. 125 República Checa pág. 168 Camerún pág. 14 Bolivia pág. 62 Malasia pág. 127 Rusia pág. 169 Comores pág. 15 Brasil pág. 64 Nepal pág. 129 Turquía pág. 172 Costa de Marfil pág. 16 Chile pág. 66 Pakistán pág. 130 Ucrania pág. 174 Djibouti pág. 19 Colombia pág. 68 Sri Lanka pág. 131 Eritrea pág. 20 Cuba pág. 71 Tailandia pág. -
Libya in Conflict: Mapping the Libyan Conflict
Preface The purpose of this legal memo and research project is to identify and analyze the various war crimes, crimes against humanity, and Libyan domestic crimes perpetrated during the Libyan armed conflict between February and October of 2011. This project was conducted by Syracuse University College of Law graduate students, René Moya and Mikala Steenholdt, with the assistance of Professors David M. Crane and Corri Zoli, for the Institute for National Security and Counterterrorism (INSCT), a joint research center at the College of Law and the Maxwell School of Citizenship & Public Affairs, Syracuse University. Readers should view the project in the following sequence: (1) consult, first, the slideshow in the compact disc in Appendix D; (2) then, turn to the legal memorandum; and (3) finally, examine the war crime matrix. In this fashion, readers may visually and conceptually “map” the conflict holistically, become familiar with the detailed documented evidence of violations of international and domestic norms, and finally situate those violations within the context of the unfolding crisis. Although this memorandum reviews all allegations of war crimes and crimes against humanity1 on all sides, including Libyan national forces, Libyan rebels, mercenaries, and NATO forces, it generally focuses on the crimes perpetrated by the Libyan national armed forces as the facts revealed that they were responsible for the majority of alleged violations. Report Review Slideshow Memorandum Crime Matrix 1 We have analyzed the crimes based on the Rome Statute; however, the crime matrix also includes the analysis of crimes under the Libyan Penal Code. i | P a g e CONTENTS I. -
TIME in Memory of Photographers We Lost in 2011
galleryluisotti at Bergamot Station 2525 Michigan Ave. number a2 Santa Monica California 90404 tel. 310 453 0043 fax 310 264 4888 [email protected] In Memory of Photographers We Lost In 2011 by Nate Rawlings December 20, 2011 They went by several different names. James Atherton was a “news photographer” while Tim Hetherington preferred “image maker.” We just call them photographers. They make images, yes, often connected with the news. But they actually record the world–in all of its beauty, horror, pain and confusion–at a particular time and place. For three of the photographers who were killed covering the civil war in Libya this year, the uprising to oust Muammar Gaddafi was far from their first experience in combat. Anton Hammerl, a South African who lived in London, documented violence in South African townships before the 1994 election. After years far from the sound of the guns, Hammerl traveled to Libya and went missing in Brega on April 5, along with two other journalists. Only when the other two were released by Gaddafi forces did Hammerl’s family learn that he had been killed. The news would come more quickly for the families of Tim Hetherington and Chris Hondros. On April 20, a mortar round crashed in the middle of a group of photographers covering the fighting in the city of Misrata. Hetherington and Hondros both died of their wounds. Hondros had covered Liberia and Iraq, among other conflicts, including the 2003 photo of a Liberian militia commander jumping elatedly in the air after firing a rocket-propelled grenade at rebels holding a key bridge in Monrovia. -
Attacks on the Press in 2011 a Worldwide Survey by the Committee to Protect Journalists
Attacks on the Press in 2011 A Worldwide Survey by the Committee to Protect Journalists Preface by Sandra Mims Rowe Committee to Protect Journalists Attacks on the Press in 2011 A Worldwide Survey by the Committee to Protect Journalists Committee to Protect Journalists (212) 465-1004 330 Seventh Avenue, 11th Fl. www.cpj.org New York, NY 10001 [email protected] Twitter: @pressfreedom Facebook: @committeetoprotectjournalists Founded in 1981, the Committee to Protect Journalists responds to attacks on the press worldwide. CPJ documents hundreds of cases every year and takes action on behalf of journalists and news organizations without regard to political ideology. To maintain its independence, CPJ accepts no government funding. CPJ is funded entirely by private contributions from individuals, foundations, and corporations. !omson Reuters, Agence France-Presse, and !e Associated Press provided news and photo services for Attacks on the Press in 2011. Editorial Director: Bill Sweeney Senior Editor: Elana Beiser Deputy Editors: Kamal Singh Masuta, Shazdeh Omari Designer: John Emerson Chief Copy Editor: Lew Serviss Copy Editor: Lisa Flam Proofreader: Naomi Serviss : Journalists run for cover during a bombing raid in Ras Lanuf, Libya. (Reuters/Paul Conroy) © 2012 Committee to Protect Journalists, New York All rights reserved Printed by United Book Press in the United States of America Attacks on the Press in 2011: A Worldwide Survey by the Committee to Protect Journalists : 978-0-944823-31-6 Board of Directors Sandra Mims Rowe Terry Anderson Joel Simon Andrew Alexander Rebecca MacKinnon Franz Allina Kati Marton Christiane Amanpour Michael Massing Dean Baquet Geraldine Fabrikant Metz John S. Carroll Victor Navasky Kathleen Carroll Andres Oppenheimer Rajiv Chandrasekaran Burl Osborne Sheila Coronel Clarence Page Josh Friedman Norman Pearlstine Anne Garrels Ahmed Rashid James C. -
Advance Unedited Version Distr.: General 1 June 2011
A/HRC/17/44 Advance Unedited Version Distr.: General 1 June 2011 Original: English Human Rights Council Seventeenth session Agenda item 4 Human rights situation that require the Council’s attention Report of the International Commission of Inquiry to investigate all alleged violations of international human rights law in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya* * Late submission. GE.11- A/HRC/17/44 Summary Mandate and methods of work of the international commission of inquiry Pursuant to Human Rights Council resolution S-15/1 of 25 February 2011, entitled “Situation of human rights in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya”, the President of the Human Rights Council established the international commission of inquiry, and appointed M. Cherif Bassiouni as the Chairperson of the commission, and Asma Khader and Philippe Kirsch as the two other members. In paragraph 11 of resolution S-15/1, the Human Rights Council requested the commission to investigate all alleged violations of international human rights law in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, to establish the facts and circumstances of such violations and of the crimes perpetrated and, where possible, to identify those responsible, to make recommendations, in particular, on accountability measures, all with a view to ensuring that those individuals responsible are held accountable. The commission decided to consider actions by all parties that might have constituted human rights violations throughout the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. It also considered violations committed before, during and after the demonstrations witnessed -
More Arrests and Disappearances in Libya and Syria, Threats in Jordan and UAE 8 April 2011
Middle East & North Africa - Syria Blind repression More arrests and disappearances in Libya and Syria, threats in Jordan and UAE 8 April 2011 LIBYA It turns out that the four journalists Reporters Without Borders reported as missing yesterday were captured near Brega on 5 April by pro-Gaddafi forces, who are presumed to be still holding them. Their current location is not known. The four journalists are: Clare Morgana Gillis, a US freelancer who is covering events in the east of the country for The Atlantic magazine’s website and other US media. James Foley, a US reporter working for GlobalPost.com, Stars and Stripes and Al- Jazeera. Manu Brabo, a Spanish freelance photographer. Anton Hammerl, a South African freelance photographer. According to The Atlantic’s website, rebels saw pro-Gaddafi troops destroy their vehicle, release their driver and take them away. Their arrests bring the number of journalists currently held in Libya to nine. Reporters Without Borders calls for the immediate and unconditional release of all of them. Two Komsomolskaya Pravda reporters, Dmitry Steshin and Aleksandr Kots, were abducted today near Adjabiya. They managed to phone their newspaper at 11:10 a.m. (Paris time) to report that gunmen had intercepted their vehicle and were taking them in an unknown direction. Komsomolskaya Pravda deputy editor Andrei Dyatlov told Reporters Without Borders: “Steshin and Kots are experienced journalists who have covered a lot of wars, including Chechnya and Abkhazia (...) This is their third trip to Libya since the start of the war there. Nonetheless, we are very worried. This concerns not just our newspaper but all the international media, as abductions are becoming more frequent. -
1210124* A/Hrc/17/44
Nations Unies A/HRC/17/44 Assemblée générale Distr. générale 12 janvier 2012 Français Original: anglais Conseil des droits de l’homme Dix-septième session Point 4 de l’ordre du jour Situation des droits de l’homme qui requièrent l’attention du Conseil Rapport de la Commission internationale chargée d’enquêter sur toutes les violations présumées du droit international des droits de l’homme commises en Jamahiriya arabe libyenne* Résumé En application de la résolution S-15/1 du Conseil des droits de l’homme en date du 25 février 2011, intitulée «Situation des droits de l’homme en Jamahiriya arabe libyenne», le Conseil des droits de l’homme a créé la Commission internationale d’enquête et a désigné M. Cherif Bassiouni comme Président de la Commission et nommé Mme Asma Khader et M. Philippe Kirsch aux deux autres sièges de membre. Au paragraphe 11 de la résolution S-15/1, le Conseil des droits de l’homme a prié la Commission d’enquêter sur toutes les violations présumées du droit international des droits de l’homme commises en Jamahiriya arabe libyenne, d’établir les faits et les circonstances de ces violations ainsi que des crimes perpétrés et, dans la mesure du possible, d’en identifier les responsables, afin de formuler des recommandations, en particulier sur les mesures à prendre pour établir les responsabilités, de manière à garantir que les personnes responsables soient amenées à répondre de leurs actes. La Commission a décidé d’examiner les actes de toutes les parties qui auraient pu constituer des violations des droits de l’homme, sur tout le territoire libyen. -
Groundtruth: a FIELD GUIDE for CORRESPONDENTS
I GROUNDTRUTH: A FIELD GUIDE FOR CORRESPONDENTS ground truth (n.) A term coined by NASA referring to the calibration process used in satellite imagery. NASA states that ground truth is “one part of the calibration process, where a person on the ground makes a measurement of the same thing a satellite is trying to measure at the same time the satellite is measuring it.” The two answers are then compared to help evaluate how well the satellite instrument is performing. Usually, the ground truth is trusted more than the satellite. At The GroundTruth Project, we believe NASA’s technical definition of ‘ground truth’ serves as an apt metaphor for the goals of our organization, to calibrate truth in the digital age by being there to witness events as they are unfolding and to measure their impact on human lives. Amid the overload of information and often confusing data we face every day online, we seek to pursue ‘ground truth’ as a way to calibrate the information that is out there. Our goal is to teach the next generation of journalists the value of on-the-ground reporting based on a human reading of events. And, like NASA’s definition of ground truth, we trust the human reading more than a technological ordering of pixels via satellite. We believe the human reading from the ground is what we need more of in order for the technology around us to bring complex issues into focus. II TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 A CALL FOR GLOBAL SAFETY PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES 4 GROUNDTRUTH’S REPORTING GUIDELINES 7 ONE: BE THERE.