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CONCENTRATED SOLAR THERMAL POWER TECHNOLOGIES: a REVIEW Abdullahi Bello Uma1, Mukesh Kumar Gupta2, Dharam Buddhi3

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CONCENTRATED SOLAR THERMAL POWER TECHNOLOGIES: a REVIEW Abdullahi Bello Uma1, Mukesh Kumar Gupta2, Dharam Buddhi3 ISSN- 2394-5125 VOL 7, ISSUE 19, 2020 CONCENTRATED SOLAR THERMAL POWER TECHNOLOGIES: A REVIEW Abdullahi Bello Uma1, Mukesh Kumar Gupta2, Dharam Buddhi3 1Centre of Excellence-Renewable and Sustainable Energy Studies, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur India 2Department of Physics, Kebbi State University of Science and Technology, Aliero, Nigeria 3School of Mechanical Engineering, Lively Professional University Phagwara, India Email: [email protected] Received: 14 April 2020 Revised and Accepted: 8 August 2020 ABSTRACT: Supply of energy in sufficient quantity and quality while sustaining the environment is one of the key strategies of human development adopted by most countries and the United Nations at large. This makes solar energy a strong candidate in achieving the aim of sustainable development goals and thus many countries launched several researches towards harnessing and utilisation of solar energy in different forms. Electricity generation using photovoltaic systems have over the years becomes the most successful applications of solar energy and solar thermal systems are also gaining grounds in many countries especially Spain and United States. With their variable designs with at least a design suiting any environment at variable cost, the potential for concentrated solar power development globally is high especially in areas with high solar insolation. Similarly, solar energy storage was reviewed visa- vis the challenges associated with it giving much emphasis on the thermal storage component. This paper also reviews the developments in the field of solar energy technology applications with reference to some case studies of some plants. Finally, the various policies employed through international bodies such as United Nations and some adopted by individual countries were highlighted. It was concluded that concentrated solar power is one of the promising renewable energy technologies that will meet the needs of man. KEYWORDS: CSP, Solar Energy, thermal storage, efficiency and energy demands I. INTRODUCTION Due to increasing population and fast industrialization in many developing countries, the present world energy demand is expected to increase by about 60% in the year 2030, this will pose a threat in the form of energy supply imbalance to so many applications [1]. Globally, the twin issues of climate change and global warming have been of concern not only to individual countries but also to the body of a whole – the United Nations. Similarly, the geometrical increase in population especially in the developing and underdeveloped countries pushed up the demand for freshwater and energy which is not in phase with the current available supply rate makes it incontrovertible for humanity to turn to renewables [2]. It has been observed that utilisation of renewables is the cheapest and safest means of mitigating the above problems. This prompt many countries to drift towards utilisation of the various components of renewable energy in order to meet both their energy demands as well as safeguard the environment. Solar energy is the most abundant form of energy in terms of availability, though it variesin supply according to geographical location. It is much in tropical countries such as North African countries of Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Morocco and Algeria, South Asian countries such as India, Pakistan and Nepal are also in this category. In America and Europe, USA, Mexico and Germany are extensively utilising solar energy in both the photovoltaic and thermal components [3]. Solar thermal technology is gaining traction with the advancement of technology in renewable harnessing and utilisation. In recent years, attention has been shifted towards the various solar thermal energy technologies and systems due to their advantages especially in high thermal application for generation of electrical energy which is the highest demanding form of energy. According to IEA [4] statistics, industries consumes a large chunk of the energy generated for process heat and much of it fall within a temperature range of 0-300 0C. Ibrahim and Aggrey [5] had posited that the fact that it is easier to store heat than electricity in large scale makes many researchers, governments and industries to give more attention towards the various concentrated solar thermal technologies. Abbott [6] had explained (Table 1 below) that the current world power consumption of 15 TW is by far a less amount compared to the 85 PW available in the terrestrial region from the sun after absorption by clouds which constitutes about 19% and reflection back to the space which engulfs about 30% of the original amount from the sun. This indicates that the solar energy alone if harnessed efficiently and effectively, can provide far more than the energy needs of man and can substitute much of the contributions of other non-renewables within the energy mix in order to safeguard the environment, drives economy and ensure synergy security. Other renewable sources combined don’t supply more than 1% of the amount supplied by solar, but the unequal distribution of 8162 ISSN- 2394-5125 VOL 7, ISSUE 19, 2020 solar energy as well as the effect of other climatic variables such as topography and wind makes them (other renewables) good candidates for stand-alone systems, back-up systems and low power temporary supply systems in case of natural disasters of special needs. Table 1: Global Available Power from Renewable Sources as of 2009 [6]. S/no Energy Source Maximum Power (TW) 1. Total Surface Solar 85,000 2 Desert Solar 7650 3 Ocean Thermal 100 4 Wind 72 5 Geothermal 44 6 River Hydroelectric 7 7 Biomass 7 8 Open Ocean Wave 7 9 Tidal Wave 4 10 Coastal Wave 3 POTENTIALS OF POWER Energy production plays an important role in the industrial development of all nations. All development variables indicates a strong correlation between energy resources and economic growth and development [7]. Solar energy is the most abundant form of energy and plays a role of mother of all other renewables and non- renewables (excluding nuclear and geothermal energies) by influencing their production directly or indirectly. Zhao and Ma [8] had explained that globally, solar radiation is distributed into four (4) major belts as follows: 1. Most Favourable Belt: These region falls between 15° and 35° and it consist of most of the arid regions with about 3000 hours of sunshine per year and the rainfall is very low only around 250mm per year. The region also has very low cloud cover which makes most of the radiation to reach the Earth directly with very little or no absorption or reflection by clouds. Countries in this region include India, China, Sri Lank, Pakistan and most of North Africa. 2. Moderately Favourable Belt: This region lies between latitudes 0° (Equator) and latitude 15°. It has higher rainfall that the first region and also has higher humidity and about 2500 hours of sunshine. The seasonal variation is quite low thus making the average radiation over the area to be relatively constant, though most of it is scattered due to higher cloud cover than the first region. Countries in this category include many South America, Australia and Indonesia. 3. Less Favourable Belt: This region ranges from latitude 35° and latitude 45° immediately following the second region. It is characterized by clear seasonal variations and daily sunshine hours. Solar radiation intensity is higher in summer and less in winter. In this category, we find countries such as Southern Europe and some parts of South Africa. 4. Least Favourable Belt: This region starts from latitude 45° and continues to the pole in both the northern and the southern hemisphere. This region is characterized by higher cloud cover which results in diffusion of much of the radiation. Thus more radiation is there in winter than in summer due to the diffusion. Most parts of USSR, northern Europe and North America falls into this group. These are all indicated in the figure 1 below: 8163 ISSN- 2394-5125 VOL 7, ISSUE 19, 2020 Most Favourable Moderately Favourable Less Favourable Least Favourable Fig.1 Global Distribution of Solar Energy Resource [8] SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEMS Solar energy from the Sun can basically be harnessed in two forms: 1. Photovoltaic Technology 2. Thermal Technology Photovoltaic energy utilises the light segment of the radiation and it converts the radiation from the sun directly to electricity using Photoelectric effect. It is already an advanced technology. However, it faces a drawback in its efficiency which is still below 30% and it starts to drop as soon as the temperature rises above 25°. For energy storage, the most common and mature technology used is the battery system Thermal Technology on the other hand, has many applications ranging from low, medium to high temperature applications [9]. For the purpose of electricity generation, only medium and high temperature applications are required. They utilised the concentration of solar radiation on a focal point in order to generate high temperatures which will be used to heat a fluid and ultimately feed the turbine for generation of electricity. They include parabolic trough collector, parabolic dish, linear Fresnel reflector, solar tower and solar chimney. Figure 2: Solar energy Power System SOLAR THERMAL TECHNOLOGY FOR POWER GENERATION Solar thermal technology for power generation is also referred to as the solar thermal power plant. It involves tracking, concentrating and conversion of solar radiation from the sun unto a focal or receiving point. The temperature ranges from medium of 300-400 0C in the case of parabolic trough to the high temperature of 800- 1200 0C in the case of heliostats [10]. This heat is use to heat a Heat Transfer Fluid (HTF) which in turn is used to generate steam for driving turbine in order to generate electricity. Four major systems are in existence which have reached commercial applications with two referred to as line focus systems (Parabolic trough collector and linear Fresnel reflector) and point focusing systems (Parabolic dish and heliostat fields or central receivers).
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