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Britain's Transition from Rail to Road-Based Food Distribution, 1919-1975 Thomas James Spain MA
‘Food Miles’: Britain’s Transition from Rail to Road-based Food Distribution, 1919-1975 Thomas James Spain MA Doctor of Philosophy University of York Railway Studies September 2016 Abstract Britain’s railways were essential for the development of the British economy throughout the nineteenth century; however, by 1919 their seemingly unassailable position as goods carriers was about to be eroded by the lorry. The railway strike of September 1919 had presented traders with an opportunity to observe the capabilities of road haulage, but there is no study which focuses on the process of modal shift in goods distribution from the trader’s perspective. This thesis therefore marks an important departure from the existing literature by placing goods transport into its working context. The importance of food as an everyday essential commodity adds a further dimension to the status of goods transport within Britain’s supply chain, particularly when the fragility of food products means that minimising the impact of distance, time and spoilage before consumption is vital in ensuring effective and practical logistical solutions. These are considered in a series of four case studies on specific food commodities and retail distribution, which also hypothesise that the modal shift from rail to road reflected the changing character of transport demand between 1919 and 1975. Consequently, this thesis explores the notion that the centre of governance over the supply chain transferred between food producers, manufacturers, government and chain retailer, thereby driving changes in transport technology and practice. This thesis uses archival material to provide a qualitative study into the food industry’s relationship with transport where the case studies incorporate supply chain analyses to permit an exploration of how changes in structure might have influenced the modal shift from rail to road distribution. -
Great Western Railway Ships - Wikipedi… Great Western Railway Ships from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
5/20/2011 Great Western Railway ships - Wikipedi… Great Western Railway ships From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Great Western Railway’s ships operated in Great Western Railway connection with the company's trains to provide services to (shipping services) Ireland, the Channel Islands and France.[1] Powers were granted by Act of Parliament for the Great Western Railway (GWR) to operate ships in 1871. The following year the company took over the ships operated by Ford and Jackson on the route between Wales and Ireland. Services were operated between Weymouth, the Channel Islands and France on the former Weymouth and Channel Islands Steam Packet Company routes. Smaller GWR vessels were also used as tenders at Plymouth and on ferry routes on the River Severn and River Dart. The railway also operated tugs and other craft at their docks in Wales and South West England. The Great Western Railway’s principal routes and docks Contents Predecessor Ford and Jackson Successor British Railways 1 History 2 Sea-going ships Founded 1871 2.1 A to G Defunct 1948 2.2 H to O Headquarters Milford/Fishguard, Wales 2.3 P to R 2.4 S Parent Great Western Railway 2.5 T to Z 3 River ferries 4 Tugs and work boats 4.1 A to M 4.2 N to Z 5 Colours 6 References History Isambard Kingdom Brunel, the GWR’s chief engineer, envisaged the railway linking London with the United States of America. He was responsible for designing three large ships, the SS Great Western (1837), SS Great Britain (1843; now preserved at Bristol), and SS Great Eastern (1858). -
Appendix: Statistical Information
Appendix: Statistical Information Table A.1 Order in which the main works were built. Table A.2 Railway companies and trade unions who were parties to Industrial Court Award No. 728 of 8 July 1922 Table A.3 Railway companies amalgamated to form the four main-line companies in 1923 Table A.4 London Midland and Scottish Railway Company statistics, 1924 Table A.5 London and North-Eastern Railway Company statistics, 1930 Table A.6 Total expenditure by the four main-line companies on locomotive repairs and partial renewals, total mileage and cost per mile, 1928-47 Table A.7 Total expenditure on carriage and wagon repairs and partial renewals by each of the four main-line companies, 1928 and 1947 Table A.8 Locomotive output, 1947 Table A.9 Repair output of subsidiary locomotive works, 1947 Table A. 10 Carriage and wagon output, 1949 Table A.ll Passenger journeys originating, 1948 Table A.12 Freight train traffic originating, 1948 TableA.13 Design offices involved in post-nationalisation BR Standard locomotive design Table A.14 Building of the first BR Standard locomotives, 1954 Table A.15 BR stock levels, 1948-M Table A.16 BREL statistics, 1979 Table A. 17 Total output of BREL workshops, year ending 31 December 1981 Table A. 18 Unit cost of BREL new builds, 1977 and 1981 Table A.19 Maintenance costs per unit, 1981 Table A.20 Staff employed in BR Engineering and in BREL, 1982 Table A.21 BR traffic, 1980 Table A.22 BR financial results, 1980 Table A.23 Changes in method of BR freight movement, 1970-81 Table A.24 Analysis of BR freight carryings, -
Chapter 23 the Railways Through the Parishes
Chapter 23 The Railways Through the Parishes Part I: The London & Birmingham Railway The first known reference to a railway in the Peterborough area was in 1825, when the poet John Clare encountered surveyors in woods at Helpston. They were preparing for a speculative London and Manchester railroad. Clare viewed them with disapproval and suspicion. Plans for a Branch to Peterborough On 17th September 1838, the London & Birmingham Railway Company opened its 112-mile main line, linking the country’s two largest cities. It was engineered by George Stephenson’s son, Robert. The 1 journey took 5 /2 hours, at a stately average of 20mph – still twice the speed of a competing stagecoach. The final cost of the line was £5.5m, as against an estimate of £2.5m. Magnificent achievement as the L&BR was, it did not really benefit Northampton, since the line passed five miles to the West of the Fig 23a. Castor: Station Master’s House. town. The first positive steps to put Northampton and the Nene valley in touch with the new mode of travel were taken in Autumn 1842, after local influential people approached the L&BR Board with plans for a branch railway from Blisworth to Peterborough. Traffic on the L&BR was healthy. On 16th January 1843, a meeting of shareholders was called at the Euston Hotel. They were told that the company had now done its own research and was able to recommend a line to Peterborough. There was some opposition from landed interests along the Nene valley. On 26th January 1843 at the White Hart Inn, Thrapston a meeting, chaired by Earl Fitzwilliam, expressed implacable opposition to the whole scheme on six main counts, from increased flooding to the danger of 26 road crossings, rather than bridges. -
The Commercial & Technical Evolution of the Ferry
THE COMMERCIAL & TECHNICAL EVOLUTION OF THE FERRY INDUSTRY 1948-1987 By William (Bill) Moses M.B.E. A thesis presented to the University of Greenwich in fulfilment of the thesis requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy October 2010 DECLARATION “I certify that this work has not been accepted in substance for any degree, and is not concurrently being submitted for any degree other than that of Doctor of Philosophy being studied at the University of Greenwich. I also declare that this work is the result of my own investigations except where otherwise identified by references and that I have not plagiarised another’s work”. ……………………………………………. William Trevor Moses Date: ………………………………. ……………………………………………… Professor Sarah Palmer Date: ………………………………. ……………………………………………… Professor Alastair Couper Date:……………………………. ii Acknowledgements There are a number of individuals that I am indebted to for their support and encouragement, but before mentioning some by name I would like to acknowledge and indeed dedicate this thesis to my late Mother and Father. Coming from a seafaring tradition it was perhaps no wonder that I would follow but not without hardship on the part of my parents as they struggled to raise the necessary funds for my books and officer cadet uniform. Their confidence and encouragement has since allowed me to achieve a great deal and I am only saddened by the fact that they are not here to share this latest and arguably most prestigious attainment. It is also appropriate to mention the ferry industry, made up on an intrepid band of individuals that I have been proud and privileged to work alongside for as many decades as covered by this thesis. -
Part 3 of the Bibliography Catalogue
Bibliography - L&NWR Society Periodicals Part 3 - Railway Magazine Registered Charity - L&NWRSociety No. 1110210 Copyright LNWR Society 2012 Title Year Volume Page Railway Magazine Photos. Junction at Craven Arms Photos. Tyne-Mersey Power. Lime Street, Diggle 138 Why and Wherefore. Soho Road station 465 Recent Work by British Express Locomotives Inc. Photo. 2-4-0 No.419 Zillah 1897 01/07 20 Some Racing Runs and Trial Trips. 1. The Race to Edinburgh 1888 - The Last Day 1897 01/07 39 What Our Railways are Doing. Presentation to F.Harrison from Guards 1897 01/07 90 What Our Railways are Doing. Trains over 50 mph 1897 01/07 90 Pertinent Paragraphs. Jubilee of 'Cornwall' 1897 01/07 94 Engine Drivers and their Duties by C.J.Bowen Cooke. Describes Rugby with photos at the 1897 01/08 113 Photo.shed. 'Queen Empress' on corridor dining train 1897 01/08 133 Some Railway Myths. Inc The Bloomers, with photo and Precedent 1897 01/08 160 Petroleum Fuel for Locomotives. Inc 0-4-0WT photo. 1897 01/08 170 What The Railways are Doing. Services to Greenore. 1897 01/08 183 Pertinent Paragraphs. 'Jubilee' class 1897 01/08 187 Pertinent Paragraphs. List of 100 mile runs without a stop 1897 01/08 190 Interview Sir F.Harrison. Gen.Manager .Inc photos F.Harrison, Lord Stalbridge,F.Ree, 1897 01/09 193 TheR.Turnbull Euston Audit Office. J.Partington Chief of Audit Dept.LNW. Inc photos. 1897 01/09 245 24 Hours at a Railway Junction. Willesden (V.L.Whitchurch) 1897 01/09 263 What The Railways are Doing. -
Transport Act 1985
Transport Act 1985 CHAPTER 67 ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS PART I GENERAL PROVISIONS RELATING TO ROAD PASSENGER TRANSPORT Abolition of road service licensing Section 1. Abolition of road service licensing. Meaning of " local service " 2. Local services. Traffic commissioners 3. Traffic commissioners. 4. Inquiries held by traffic commissioners. 5. Assistance for traffic commissioners in considering financial questions. Registration of local services 6. Registration of local services. 7. Application of traffic regulation conditions to local services subject to registration under section 6. 8. Enforcement of traffic regulation conditions, etc. 9. Appeals against traffic regulation conditions. Taxis and hire cars 10. Immediate hiring of taxis at separate fares. 11. Advance booking of taxis and hire cars at separate fares. 12. Use of taxis in providing local services. A ii c. 67 Transport Act 1985 Section 13. Provisions supplementary to sections 10 to 12. 14. Operation of taxis and private hire cars in Scotland for the carriage of passengers at separate fares. 15. Extension of taxi licensing in England and Wales. 16. Taxi licensing: control of numbers. 17. London taxi and taxi driver licensing: appeals. Modification of PSV requirements in relation to vehicles used for certain purposes 18. Exemption from PSV operator and driver licensing requirements of vehicles used under permits. 19. Permits in relation to use of buses by educational and other bodies. 20. Further provision with respect to permits under section 19. 21. Permits under section 19: regulations. 22. Community bus permits. 23. Further provision with respect to community bus permits. Further amendments with respect to PSV operators' licences 24. Limit on number of vehicles to be used under a restricted licence. -
Railway Services for Rural Areas
S Rural Railways pecial Feature Railway Services for Rural Areas John Welsby Railways in Britain were nationalised in ous 50 years or more, with steam trains, Early Days 1948, and the British Transport Commis- full signalling and even the smallest sta- sion was established to plan and coordi- tions being staffed, often with four or more The railway network in Britain was at its nate transport by rail, road, sea and ca- men. Timetables reflected pre-war travel most extensive in 1912 when 23,440 nal. At this stage, the only problem with patterns and services tended to be slow miles of route (37,504 route km) were the rail network was perceived to be un- and infrequent. open and every city, town and most vil- der-investment, and a major moderniza- The Great Western Railway had intro- lages were served by train. At this stage, tion programme was drawn up in 1955 duced a small fleet of diesel railcars in the railways were the dominant mode of for electrification of key routes, new sig- 1934 and British Railways introduced the transport in the country, with little com- nalling at major stations and replacement first of its DMUs in 1954, initially on the petition from road or the canals, which of steam locomotives. Carlisle-Silloth branch (now closed). The they had superseded. The railway was a With relatively few cars on the roads, and modernization programme, was imple- general purpose “common carrier” and, limited availability of new cars in post- mented before any decisions were made as well as passengers, the country station war Britain, the competitive threat from about the future of rural railways, or of would have handled the freight traffic of the explosion in car ownership in the the overall size of the rail network. -
Oxford, 1984); H
Notes Notes to the Introduction I. K. O. Morgan, Labour in Power, 194~1951 (Oxford, 1984); H. Pelling, The Labour Governments, 194~51 (London, 1984); A. Cairncross, Years of Recovery: British Economic Policy, 194~51 (London, 1985); P. Hen nessy, Never Again: Britain, 194~1951 (London, 1992). 2. J. Saville, The Labour Movement in Britain (London, 1988); J. Fyrth (ed.), Labour's High Noon: The Government and the Economy, 194~51 (London, 1993). 3. C. Barnett, The Audit oj War: The Illusion and Reality of Britain as a Great Nation (London, 1986); The Lost Victory: British Dreams, British Realities, 194~1950 (London, 1995). 4. Symposium, 'Britain's Postwar Industrial Decline', Contemporary Record, 1: 2 (1987), pp. 11-19; N. Tiratsoo (ed.), The Altlee Years (London, 1991). 5. J. Tomlinson, 'Welfare and the Economy: The Economic Impact of the Welfare State, 1945-1951', Twentieth-Century British History, 6: 2 (1995), pp. 194--219. 6. Hennessy, Never Again, p. 453. See also M. Francis, 'Economics and Ethics: the Nature of Labour's Socialism, 1945-1951', Twentieth Century British History, 6: 2 (1995), pp. 220--43. 7. S. Fielding, P. Thompson and N. Tiratsoo, 'England Arise!' The Labour Party and Popular Politics in 1940s Britain (Manchester, 1995), pp. 209- 18. 8. P. Kellner, 'It Wasn't All Right,Jack', Sunday Times, 4 April 1993. See also The Guardian, 9 September 1993. 9. For a summary of the claims made by the political parties, see J. Barnes and A. Seldon, '1951-64: 13 W asted Years?', Contemporary Record, 1: 2 (1987). 10. V. Bogdanor and R. -
THE BILL of REASONABLE RIGHTS: SOLVING a CONUNDRUM and STRENGTHENING an ENACTMENT Geeti Faramarzi* Introduction
THE BILL OF REASONABLE RIGHTS: SOLVING A CONUNDRUM AND STRENGTHENING AN ENACTMENT Geeti Faramarzi* Introduction Those trained in the common law tradition are generally uncomfortable with statute. It is the creature of a politically partisan institution. Ironically, in a parliamentary system its word in statute is considered the highest form of law. New Zealand’s Westminster constitution is grounded in the notion of parliamentary sovereignty. Diceyan absolutism posits that Parliament has the power to make or unmake any law whatever.1 The role of the judiciary is to interpret and apply that law. This is a deceptively simple proposition. It suggests the judicial branch of government is subservient to the will of Parliament. In reality, parliamentary sovereignty is a label depicting a legal order. Discussion on its scope and meaning is increasing, particularly in the context of human rights and freedoms.2 The question that emerges is, essentially, whether the concept of fundamental rights ought in principle to affect the reach and exercise of democratic power.3 In 1985, the then Minister of Justice, Geoffrey Palmer, introduced a White Paper on a Bill of Rights4 purporting to elevate and expand on traditionally recognised rights and freedoms, and preserve them in a supreme law statute. The resulting legislation did not achieve that status. The New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990 (NZBORA) was passed as an ordinary statute with the dual purpose of affirming and promoting fundamental rights and freedoms in New Zealand, and affirming New Zealand’s international human rights commitments under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR).5 The NZBORA has been described as an interpretive instrument.6 However, its operative provisions, ss 4-6, do not sit comfortably together. -
Interurban Bus | Time to Raise the Profile V 1.0 | Introduction
Interurban Bus Time to raise the profile March 2018 Contents Acknowledgements Foreword 1.0 Introduction . 1 2.0 The evolution of Interurban Bus services . 3 3.0 Single route Interurban services (case studies) . 19 4.0 Interurban Bus networks . 35 5.0 Future development: digital and related technologies . 65 6.0 Conclusions and recommendations. 79 Annex A: TrawsCymru network development history and prospects. .A1 Annex B: The development history of Fife’s Express City Connect interurban bus network . A4 Annex C: Short history of Lincolnshire's interurban bus network . A6 www.greengauge21.net © March 2018, Greengauge 21, Some Rights Reserved: We actively encourage people to use our work, and simply request that the use of any of our material is credited to Greengauge 21 in the following way: Greengauge 21, Title, Date Acknowledgements Foreword The authors (Dylan Luke, Jim Steer and Professor Peter White) are grateful to members of the The importance of connectivity in shaping local economic prosperity is much discussed, both in Omnibus Society, who facilitated researching historic records at its Walsall Library. terms of digital (broadband speeds) and personal travel – for instance to access job markets or to reach increasingly ‘regionalised’ key services. Today’s policy makers are even considering re-opening We are also grateful to a number of individuals and organisations whose kind assistance has long closed branch railways to reach places that seem remote or cut off from jobs and opportunity. been very useful in compiling this report. Particular thanks go to David Hall (Network Manager) in respect of the TrawsCymru case study; Sarah Elliott (Marketing Manager) of Stagecoach East Here we examine a mode of transport that is little understood and often over-looked. -
Inventing the Communications Revolution in Post-War Britain
Information and Control: Inventing the Communications Revolution in Post-War Britain Jacob William Ward UCL PhD History of Science and Technology 1 I, Jacob William Ward, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. 2 Abstract This thesis undertakes the first history of the post-war British telephone system, and addresses it through the lens of both actors’ and analysts’ emphases on the importance of ‘information’ and ‘control’. I explore both through a range of chapters on organisational history, laboratories, telephone exchanges, transmission technologies, futurology, transatlantic communications, and privatisation. The ideal of an ‘information network’ or an ‘information age’ is present to varying extents in all these chapters, as are deployments of different forms of control. The most pervasive, and controversial, form of control throughout this history is computer control, but I show that other forms of control, including environmental, spatial, and temporal, are all also important. I make three arguments: first, that the technological characteristics of the telephone system meant that its liberalisation and privatisation were much more ambiguous for competition and monopoly than expected; second, that information has been more important to the telephone system as an ideal to strive for, rather than the telephone system’s contribution to creating an apparent information age; third, that control is a more useful concept than information for analysing the history of the telephone system, but more work is needed to study the discursive significance of ‘control’ itself. 3 Acknowledgements There are many people to whom I owe thanks for making this thesis possible, and here I can only name some of them.