Transport Act 1985
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Britain's Transition from Rail to Road-Based Food Distribution, 1919-1975 Thomas James Spain MA
‘Food Miles’: Britain’s Transition from Rail to Road-based Food Distribution, 1919-1975 Thomas James Spain MA Doctor of Philosophy University of York Railway Studies September 2016 Abstract Britain’s railways were essential for the development of the British economy throughout the nineteenth century; however, by 1919 their seemingly unassailable position as goods carriers was about to be eroded by the lorry. The railway strike of September 1919 had presented traders with an opportunity to observe the capabilities of road haulage, but there is no study which focuses on the process of modal shift in goods distribution from the trader’s perspective. This thesis therefore marks an important departure from the existing literature by placing goods transport into its working context. The importance of food as an everyday essential commodity adds a further dimension to the status of goods transport within Britain’s supply chain, particularly when the fragility of food products means that minimising the impact of distance, time and spoilage before consumption is vital in ensuring effective and practical logistical solutions. These are considered in a series of four case studies on specific food commodities and retail distribution, which also hypothesise that the modal shift from rail to road reflected the changing character of transport demand between 1919 and 1975. Consequently, this thesis explores the notion that the centre of governance over the supply chain transferred between food producers, manufacturers, government and chain retailer, thereby driving changes in transport technology and practice. This thesis uses archival material to provide a qualitative study into the food industry’s relationship with transport where the case studies incorporate supply chain analyses to permit an exploration of how changes in structure might have influenced the modal shift from rail to road distribution. -
Public Passenger Vehicles Act 1981
Status: Point in time view as at 03/01/1995. This version of this Act contains provisions that are not valid for this point in time. Changes to legislation: There are outstanding changes not yet made by the legislation.gov.uk editorial team to Public Passenger Vehicles Act 1981. Any changes that have already been made by the team appear in the content and are referenced with annotations. (See end of Document for details) Public Passenger Vehicles Act 1981 1981 CHAPTER 14 An Act to consolidate certain enactments relating to public passenger vehicles. [15th April 1981] Modifications etc. (not altering text) C1 Act modified in part by virtue of S.I. 1980/1460, regs. 4–6 (as amended by S.I. 1981/462, regs. 2–4) and Interpretation Act 1978 (c. 30, SIF 115:1), ss. 17(2)(a), 23(3) C2 Act modified by S.I. 1984/748, regs. 4(2), 5(2), 6(2), 7(2), 9(2), 10(2), 11(2), 12(2), Sch. 2 C3 Act excluded (E.W.) by London Regional Transport Act 1984 (c. 32, SIF 126), s. 44(1) C4 Act excluded (E.W.) by Transport Act 1985 (c. 67, SIF 126), s. 11(1)(a) C5 Act amended by S.I. 1986/1628, reg. 5(2)(3) C6 Act: definition applied (E.W.) by Water Industry Act 1991 (c. 56, SIF 130 ), ss. 76(5)(a), 223(2) (with ss. 82(3), 186(1), 222(1), Sch. 13 paras.1, 2, Sch. 14 para. 6) C7 Definition of "PSV testing station" applied (1.7.1992) by Road Traffic Act 1988 (c. -
ENGLISH for ENGINEERS
ENGLISH for ENGINEERS This is an example of an engineering essay. The student had been asked to: Suppose that you have been commissioned to review the organisation of public transport in Great Britain. For EITHER local bus services OR passenger rail services, make detailed recommendations on the appropriate levels of regulation and on the appropriate forms of competition and ownership. Ensure that your recommendations are fully justified with reference to theoretical and/or practical evidence, both from Great Britain and elsewhere. 1 A REVIEW OF THE DEREGULATION OF LOCAL BUS SERVICE IN GREAT BRITAIN Introduction Proposals of the deregulation of local bus services in Britain, outside London, were published in the 1984 buses White Paper. And then they were brought into effect by Part I of the Transport Act 1985. Department for Transport (2006) suggests that there are three distinct changes after bus deregulation: removal of the quantity controls established by the Road Traffic Act of 1930; privatisation; and subsidy decline. At approximately the same time, buses in London were governed by the London Regional Transport Act 1984, in which responsibility for the bus system of the Great London Council was transferred to London Regional Transport. London Transport was required to set up operating subsidiary companies to run bus and underground services and as a result London Buses Ltd was formed as a wholly-owned subsidiary in 1985. This essay will make a review of bus deregulation on approximate forms of regulation including fare regulation, quantity regulation and safety regulation which are often mixed together; as well as on genres of competition and ownership. -
Buses: Deregulation in the 1980S
Buses: deregulation in the 1980s Standard Note: SN/BT/1534 Last updated: 18 June 2010 Author: Louise Butcher Section Business and Transport This note briefly summarises the bus policy of the Conservative Government in the 1980s, during which time bus services were deregulated (except in London) and bus companies were privatised. It covers services in England, Wales and Scotland. Information on other areas of bus policy such as concessionary fares, funding and grants and the policies of successive governments since 1997, can be found on the Buses Topical Page of the Parliament website. Contents 1 Background 2 2 England and Wales 2 2.1 Transport Act 1980 3 2.2 Transport Act 1985: deregulation 4 2.3 Transport Act 1985: privatisation 5 3 London 5 4 Scotland 6 5 After deregulation 6 This information is provided to Members of Parliament in support of their parliamentary duties and is not intended to address the specific circumstances of any particular individual. It should not be relied upon as being up to date; the law or policies may have changed since it was last updated; and it should not be relied upon as legal or professional advice or as a substitute for it. A suitably qualified professional should be consulted if specific advice or information is required. This information is provided subject to our general terms and conditions which are available online or may be provided on request in hard copy. Authors are available to discuss the content of this briefing with Members and their staff, but not with the general public. 1 Background The regulation of passenger-carrying motor vehicles was introduced by the Road Traffic Act 1930. -
THE BILL of REASONABLE RIGHTS: SOLVING a CONUNDRUM and STRENGTHENING an ENACTMENT Geeti Faramarzi* Introduction
THE BILL OF REASONABLE RIGHTS: SOLVING A CONUNDRUM AND STRENGTHENING AN ENACTMENT Geeti Faramarzi* Introduction Those trained in the common law tradition are generally uncomfortable with statute. It is the creature of a politically partisan institution. Ironically, in a parliamentary system its word in statute is considered the highest form of law. New Zealand’s Westminster constitution is grounded in the notion of parliamentary sovereignty. Diceyan absolutism posits that Parliament has the power to make or unmake any law whatever.1 The role of the judiciary is to interpret and apply that law. This is a deceptively simple proposition. It suggests the judicial branch of government is subservient to the will of Parliament. In reality, parliamentary sovereignty is a label depicting a legal order. Discussion on its scope and meaning is increasing, particularly in the context of human rights and freedoms.2 The question that emerges is, essentially, whether the concept of fundamental rights ought in principle to affect the reach and exercise of democratic power.3 In 1985, the then Minister of Justice, Geoffrey Palmer, introduced a White Paper on a Bill of Rights4 purporting to elevate and expand on traditionally recognised rights and freedoms, and preserve them in a supreme law statute. The resulting legislation did not achieve that status. The New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990 (NZBORA) was passed as an ordinary statute with the dual purpose of affirming and promoting fundamental rights and freedoms in New Zealand, and affirming New Zealand’s international human rights commitments under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR).5 The NZBORA has been described as an interpretive instrument.6 However, its operative provisions, ss 4-6, do not sit comfortably together. -
The Treachery of Strategic Decisions
The treachery of strategic decisions. An Actor-Network Theory perspective on the strategic decisions that produce new trains in the UK. Thesis submitted in accordance with the requirements of the University of Liverpool for the degree of Doctor in Philosophy by Michael John King. May 2021 Abstract The production of new passenger trains can be characterised as a strategic decision, followed by a manufacturing stage. Typically, competing proposals are developed and refined, often over several years, until one emerges as the winner. The winning proposition will be manufactured and delivered into service some years later to carry passengers for 30 years or more. However, there is a problem: evidence shows UK passenger trains getting heavier over time. Heavy trains increase fuel consumption and emissions, increase track damage and maintenance costs, and these impacts could last for the train’s life and beyond. To address global challenges, like climate change, strategic decisions that produce outcomes like this need to be understood and improved. To understand this phenomenon, I apply Actor-Network Theory (ANT) to Strategic Decision-Making. Using ANT, sometimes described as the sociology of translation, I theorise that different propositions of trains are articulated until one, typically, is selected as the winner to be translated and become a realised train. In this translation process I focus upon the development and articulation of propositions up to the point where a winner is selected. I propose that this occurs within a valuable ‘place’ that I describe as a ‘decision-laboratory’ – a site of active development where various actors can interact, experiment, model, measure, and speculate about the desired new trains. -
IEA Danger Rereg Bk.Indb
The Dangers of Bus Re-regulation and Other Perspectives on Markets in Transport IIEAEA DDangeranger ReregRereg bk.indbbk.indb 1 111/10/051/10/05 10:43:2310:43:23 The Dangers of Bus Re-regulation and Other Perspectives on Markets in Transport JOHN HIBBS with contributions from eamonn butler graham parkhurst oliver knipping paul kevill The Institute of Economic Affairs IIEAEA DDangeranger RReregereg bk.indbbk.indb 2-32-3 111/10/051/10/05 110:43:230:43:23 CONTENTS First published in Great Britain in 2005 by The author 8 The Institute of Economic Affairs 9 2 Lord North Street Foreword Westminster Summary 12 London SW1P 3LB List of tables, fi gures and boxes 14 in association with Profi le Books Ltd The mission of the Institute of Economic Affairs is to improve public understanding of PART 1: THE DANGERS OF BUS RE-REGULATION the fundamental institutions of a free society, with particular reference to the role of markets in solving economic and social problems. 1 The story of government meddling, Copyright © The Institute of Economic Affairs 2005 part one 19 The moral right of the authors has been asserted. The politics of intervention 19 The state moves in 22 All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part 27 of this publication may be reproduced, stored or introduced into a retrieval system, The consequences of regulation or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, Summary – freedom or franchise? 29 recording or otherwise), without the prior written permission of both the copyright owner and the publisher of this book. -
The Transport Act 2000 (Commencement No. 3) Order 2001
Document Generated: 2019-05-07 Status: This is the original version (as it was originally made). This item of legislation is currently only available in its original format. SCHEDULE 1 Article 2 PROVISIONS COMING INTO FORCE ON 30TH JANUARY 2001 Section 211 (and accordingly Schedule 15). Section 216, in so far as it relates to Part III of Schedule 17. Section 218 (and accordingly Schedule 19). Section 254. Section 270. SCHEDULE 2 Article 3 PART I PROVISIONS COMING INTO FORCE ON 1ST FEBRUARY 2001 Sections 1 and 2. Sections 4 to 35 (and accordingly Schedules 1 to 3). Sections 38 to 40. Sections 41 to 65 (and accordingly Schedules 6 and 7). Sections 66 to 72. Sections 73 to 84. Sections 85 to 96. Section 97, in so far as it relates to paragraphs 1, 2, 11 to 17 and 19 of Schedule 8. Sections 98 to 107 (and accordingly Schedule 9). Sections 212 to 215. Section 216, in so far as it is not already in force (and accordingly Parts I and II of Schedule 17). Section 217 (and accordingly Schedule 18). Sections 219 to 221 (and accordingly Schedules 20 and 21). Sections 224 to 227 (and accordingly Schedule 22). Sections 229 and 230 (and accordingly Schedule 23). Sections 232 to 240. Sections 242 to 244. Section 245, in so far as it is not already in force. Sections 246 and 247. Section 249. Section 251. Section 252, except in so far as it relates to paragraphs 16 and 50 of Schedule 27. Section 253. Sections 255 to 262 (and accordingly Schedules 29 and 30). -
Fourteenth Report: Draft Statute Law Repeals Bill
The Law Commission and The Scottish Law Commission (LAW COM. No. 211) (SCOT. LAW COM. No. 140) STATUTE LAW REVISION: FOURTEENTH REPORT DRAFT STATUTE LAW (REPEALS) BILL Presented to Parliament by the Lord High Chancellor and the Lord Advocate by Command of Her Majesty April 1993 LONDON: HMSO E17.85 net Cm 2176 The Law Commission and the Scottish Law Commission were set up by the Law Commissions Act 1965 for the purpose of promoting the reform of the Law. The Law Commissioners are- The Honourable Mr. Justice Brooke, Chairman Mr Trevor M. Aldridge, Q.C. Mr Jack Beatson Mr Richard Buxton, Q.C. Professor Brenda Hoggett, Q.C. The Secretary of the Law Commission is Mr Michael Collon. Its offices are at Conquest House, 37-38 John Street, Theobalds Road, London WClN 2BQ. The Scottish Law Commissioners are- The Honourable Lord Davidson, Chairman .. Dr E.M. Clive Professor P.N. Love, C.B.E. Sheriff I.D.Macphail, Q.C. Mr W.A. Nimmo Smith, Q.C. The Secretary of the Scottish Law Commission is Mr K.F. Barclay. Its offices are at 140 Causewayside, Edinburgh EH9 1PR. .. 11 THE LAW COMMISSION AND THE SCOTTISH LAW COMMISSION STATUTE LAW REVISION: FOURTEENTH REPORT Draft Statute Law (Repeals) Bill To the Right Honourable the Lord Mackay of Clashfern, Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain, and the Right Honourable the Lord Rodger of Earlsferry, Q.C., Her Majesty's Advocate. In pursuance of section 3(l)(d) of the Law Commissions Act 1965, we have prepared the draft Bill which is Appendix 1 and recommend that effect be given to the proposals contained in it. -
Strategic Change in the UK Railway Network Through Reorganization and Major Projects
CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by University of Birmingham Research Archive, E-theses Repository Strategic Change in the UK Railway Network through Reorganization and Major Projects by AGATA SUROWIEC A thesis submitted to The University of Birmingham for the degree of MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY Mechanical Engineering School of Mechanical Engineering The University of Birmingham, UK November 2010 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. ABSTRACT Immense effort is expended by the likes of the Office for Rail Regulation, Transport Statistics Great Britain and the Office of National Statistics in generating extensive time series data for the various measures of passenger numbers, freight activity, performance and much more. Unfortunately, the sheer volume and complexity of the data are such as to confound ready analysis but a combination of normalization with the use of Simplex diagrams has the potential to reveal some key correlations and trends in a highly visual manner. This will be used to assess the impact of the key strategic initiatives of recent times – Nationalization (1947), the Beeching Axe (1963), Privatization (1993) – and also the effects of various major projects – e.g. -
Statutory Duties of Passenger Focus
NOTE ON DERIVATION OF STATUTORY DUTIES OF TRANSPORT FOCUS Transport Focus has been adopted as an operating name by the Passengers Council, but this title has no formal status in law. Accordingly, its legal name is used in this note. This note deals only with the primary representational and investigative role of the Council and omits all reference to its more specific duties vis-à-vis closures. For the sake of clarity, what are now the Council, the Office of Rail Regulation (ORR) and the Secretary of State (SoS) are so described throughout, and references to their predecessor bodies in statutes predating their creation have been amended accordingly. References to regional committees which (apart from the London Transport Users Committee, operating as London TravelWatch) no longer exist have been omitted, as have references to the ORR/Franchising Director/ Strategic Rail Authority (SRA) where these have been subsequently repealed. Extensions to the Council’s jurisdiction contained in legislation authorising construction of the Channel Tunnel are disregarded. Subsequent amendments (including those referred to in the chronological summary below) are incorporated in the text of the measures to which they were applied, without specific identification. Passages not relevant to the Council’s duties (e.g. relating to its composition and administration) are omitted, in consequence of which the numbering of sections and sub- sections may be discontinuous. 1 CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY Transport Act 1962 This Act abolished the British Transport Commission and transferred its functions to a number of Boards, of which two now survive : the British Railways Board (BRB) (in name only) and the British Waterways Board (BWB). -
Financial Report British Railways Board 29 September 2013
FINANCIAL REPORT BRITISH RAILWAYS BOARD 29 SEPTEMBER 2013 Registered Office One Kemble Street London United Kingdom WC2B 4AN Financial Report British Railways Board (For the period ended 29 September 2013) Presented to the House of Commons pursuant to Section 6(4) of the Government Resources and Accounts Act 2000 Ordered by the House of Commons to be printed on 14 May 2014 HC 1238 © Crown copyright 2014 You may re-use this information (excluding logos) free of charge in any format or medium, under the terms of the Open Government Licence v.2. To view this licence visit www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/2/ or email [email protected] Where third party material has been identified, permission from the respective copyright holder must be sought. This publication is available at www.gov.uk/government/publications Any enquiries regarding this publication, please call 0300 330 3000 Print ISBN 9781474102575 Web ISBN 9781474102582 Printed in the UK by the Williams Lea Group on behalf of the Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office ID 2640819 05/14 Printed on paper containing 75% recycled fibre content minimum FINANCIAL REPORT BRITISH RAILWAYS BOARD 29 SEPTEMBER 2013 Registered Office One Kemble Street London United Kingdom WC2B 4AN British Railways Board is a statutory corporation created by the Transport Act 1962. British Railways Board - Financial Report- 29 September 2013 CONTENTS MEMBERS………...………………………………………………………………… 3 CHAIRMAN'S STATEMENT………...……………………………………………. 4 INTRODUCTION TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS ................................... 5 STATEMENT OF BOARD MEMBERS’ RESPONSIBILITIES ......................... 6 MEMBERS’ REPORT ...................................................................................... 7 OPERATING REVIEW ..................................................................................... 7 FINANCIAL REVIEW ..................................................................................... 11 STATEMENT ON INTERNAL CONTROL .....................................................