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Britain's Transition from Rail to Road-Based Food Distribution, 1919-1975 Thomas James Spain MA
‘Food Miles’: Britain’s Transition from Rail to Road-based Food Distribution, 1919-1975 Thomas James Spain MA Doctor of Philosophy University of York Railway Studies September 2016 Abstract Britain’s railways were essential for the development of the British economy throughout the nineteenth century; however, by 1919 their seemingly unassailable position as goods carriers was about to be eroded by the lorry. The railway strike of September 1919 had presented traders with an opportunity to observe the capabilities of road haulage, but there is no study which focuses on the process of modal shift in goods distribution from the trader’s perspective. This thesis therefore marks an important departure from the existing literature by placing goods transport into its working context. The importance of food as an everyday essential commodity adds a further dimension to the status of goods transport within Britain’s supply chain, particularly when the fragility of food products means that minimising the impact of distance, time and spoilage before consumption is vital in ensuring effective and practical logistical solutions. These are considered in a series of four case studies on specific food commodities and retail distribution, which also hypothesise that the modal shift from rail to road reflected the changing character of transport demand between 1919 and 1975. Consequently, this thesis explores the notion that the centre of governance over the supply chain transferred between food producers, manufacturers, government and chain retailer, thereby driving changes in transport technology and practice. This thesis uses archival material to provide a qualitative study into the food industry’s relationship with transport where the case studies incorporate supply chain analyses to permit an exploration of how changes in structure might have influenced the modal shift from rail to road distribution. -
25897 Chapter 19 Cover 6Mm.Indd
Civil Aviation Act 2012 CIVIL AVIATION ACT 2012 AVIATION CIVIL CHAPTER 19 Explanatory Notes have been produced to assist in the understanding of this Act and are available separately Published by TSO (The Stationery Office) and available from: Online www.tsoshop.co.uk Mail, Telephone, Fax & E-mail TSO PO Box 29, Norwich, NR3 1GN Telephone orders/General enquiries: 0870 600 5522 Fax orders: 0870 600 5533 E-mail: [email protected] Textphone: 0870 240 3701 The Houses of Parliament Shop 12 Bridge Street, Parliament Square London SW1A 2JX £18.50 Telephone orders/General enquiries: 020 7219 3890 Fax orders: 020 7219 3866 Email: [email protected] Internet: http://www.shop.parliament.uk TSO@Blackwell and other Accredited Agents Civil Aviation Act 2012 CHAPTER 19 CONTENTS PART 1 AIRPORTS CHAPTER 1 REGULATION OF OPERATORS OF DOMINANT AIRPORTS General duties 1 CAA’s general duty 2 Secretary of State’s general duty Prohibition 3Prohibition 4 Prohibition: exemption Dominant airports 5 Dominant areas and dominant airports 6 Market power test 7 Market power determinations 8Publication of market power determinations 9 Operators of areas 10 Operator determinations 11 Publication of operator determinations 12 Advance determinations 13 Appeals against determinations Licences 14 Application for licence ii Civil Aviation Act 2012 (c. 19) 15 Granting licence 16 Refusing to grant licence 17 Content and effect of licence Licence conditions 18 Licence conditions 19 Price control conditions 20 Conditions relating to CAA charges 21 Content and effect -
Issue 185 Feb 2020 SPECIAL FEATURE on HOW the LATEST
Issue 185 ● Feb 2020 www.railfuture.org.uk/East+Anglia twitter.com/RailfutureEA Railfuture campaigns for better services over a bigger railway (passengers + freight) Join us for £20 per year www.railfuture.org.uk/join SPECIAL FEATURE ON HOW THE LATEST TRAIN TECHNOLOGY CAN BENEFIT PASSENGERS Image reproduced courtesy of Petards Rail Technology— www.petards.com Inside this edition of RAIL EAST... • East West Rail - Progress at last! • Station footfall for 2018/19 • Look back over last 10 years • Easy Stations — the winners • What we expect in the next 10 • A giant leap for train technology • Cambridge South consultation • Whittlesford audit improvements RAIL EAST 185 — FEBRUARY 2020 Railfuture East Anglia www.railfuture.org.uk TOPICS COVERED IN THIS ISSUE OF RAIL EAST In this issue’s 24 pages we have fewer (but longer) articles than last time and only five authors. Contributions are welcome from readers. Contact info on page 23. Chair’s thoughts – p.3 Easy Stations winners announced – plus how do our stations compare with Germany’s? And a snapshot of progress with platform development work at Stevenage East West Rail big announcement (1) – p.5 Preferred route for the central section is finally published – now the serious work begins East West Rail big announcement (2) – p.7 Progress on the western section, as Transport & Works Order is published and work on the ground is set to start Another critical consultation – Cambridge South – p.8 Momentum builds on this key item of passenger infrastructure – Railfuture’s wish- list for the new station -
Transport Act 1985
Transport Act 1985 CHAPTER 67 ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS PART I GENERAL PROVISIONS RELATING TO ROAD PASSENGER TRANSPORT Abolition of road service licensing Section 1. Abolition of road service licensing. Meaning of " local service " 2. Local services. Traffic commissioners 3. Traffic commissioners. 4. Inquiries held by traffic commissioners. 5. Assistance for traffic commissioners in considering financial questions. Registration of local services 6. Registration of local services. 7. Application of traffic regulation conditions to local services subject to registration under section 6. 8. Enforcement of traffic regulation conditions, etc. 9. Appeals against traffic regulation conditions. Taxis and hire cars 10. Immediate hiring of taxis at separate fares. 11. Advance booking of taxis and hire cars at separate fares. 12. Use of taxis in providing local services. A ii c. 67 Transport Act 1985 Section 13. Provisions supplementary to sections 10 to 12. 14. Operation of taxis and private hire cars in Scotland for the carriage of passengers at separate fares. 15. Extension of taxi licensing in England and Wales. 16. Taxi licensing: control of numbers. 17. London taxi and taxi driver licensing: appeals. Modification of PSV requirements in relation to vehicles used for certain purposes 18. Exemption from PSV operator and driver licensing requirements of vehicles used under permits. 19. Permits in relation to use of buses by educational and other bodies. 20. Further provision with respect to permits under section 19. 21. Permits under section 19: regulations. 22. Community bus permits. 23. Further provision with respect to community bus permits. Further amendments with respect to PSV operators' licences 24. Limit on number of vehicles to be used under a restricted licence. -
DIRECTIONS and GUIDANCE to the Strategic Rail Authority
DIRECTIONS AND GUIDANCE to the Strategic Rail Authority ESTABLISHMENT OF THE STRATEGIC RAIL AUTHORITY 1. The Strategic Rail Authority (“the Authority”) has been established under section 201(1) of the Transport Act 2000 (“the Act”) as a body corporate. PURPOSES OF THE STRATEGIC RAIL AUTHORITY 2.1. The Authority is to provide leadership for the rail industry and ensure that the industry works co-operatively towards common goals. This objective should underpin the whole range of the Authority’s activities. The Authority will set priorities for the successful operation and development of the railway. It will work with other industry parties to secure continuing private investment in the railway, and to deploy public funding to best effect. To this end, the Authority has been given a wide range of statutory powers and duties. 2.2. Section 205 of the Act sets out the Authority’s purposes as: • to promote the use of the railway network for the carriage of passengers and goods; • to secure the development of the railway network; and • to contribute to the development of an integrated system of transport for passengers and goods. 2.3. Section 207 of the Act requires the Authority to exercise its functions with a view to furthering its purposes and it must do so in accordance with any strategies that it has formulated with respect to them. In so doing the Authority must act in the way best calculated: • to protect the interests of users of railway services; • to contribute to the achievement of sustainable development; 1 • to promote efficiency and economy on the part of persons providing railway services; • to promote measures designed to facilitate passenger journeys involving more than one operator (including, in particular, arrangements for the issue and use of through tickets); • to impose on operators of railway services the minimum restrictions consistent with the performance of its functions; and • to enable providers of rail services to plan their businesses with a reasonable degree of assurance. -
Serial Asset Type Active Designation Or Undertaking?
Serial Asset Type Active Description of Record or Artefact Registered Disposal to / Date of Designation, Designation or Number Current Designation Class Designation Undertaking? Responsible Meeting or Undertaking Organisation 1 Record YES Brunel Drawings: structural drawings 1995/01 Network Rail 22/09/1995 Designation produced for Great Western Rly Co or its Infrastructure Ltd associated Companies between 1833 and 1859 [operational property] 2 Disposed NO The Gooch Centrepiece 1995/02 National Railway 22/09/1995 Disposal Museum 3 Replaced NO Classes of Record: Memorandum and Articles 1995/03 N/A 24/11/1995 Designation of Association; Annual Reports; Minutes and working papers of main board; principal subsidiaries and any sub-committees whether standing or ad hoc; Organisation charts; Staff newsletters/papers and magazines; Files relating to preparation of principal legislation where company was in lead in introducing legislation 4 Disposed NO Railtrack Group PLC Archive 1995/03 National Railway 24/11/1995 Disposal Museum 5 YES Class 08 Locomotive no. 08616 (formerly D 1996/01 London & 22/03/1996 Designation 3783) (last locomotive to be rebuilt at Birmingham Swindon Works) Railway Ltd 6 Record YES Brunel Drawings: structural drawings 1996/02 BRB (Residuary) 22/03/1996 Designation produced for Great Western Rly Co or its Ltd associated Companies between 1833 and 1859 [Non-operational property] 7 Record YES Brunel Drawings: structural drawings 1996/02 Network Rail 22/03/1996 Designation produced for Great Western Rly Co or its Infrastructure -
Memorandum to the Transport Select Committee Post-Legislative Assessment of the Railways Act 2005 Cm 7660
Memorandum to the Transport Select Committee Post-Legislative Assessment of the Railways Act 2005 Cm 7660 £5.50 Memorandum to the Transport Select Committee Post-Legislative Assessment of the Railways Act 2005 Presented to Parliament by the Secretary of State for Transport by Command of Her Majesty June 2009 Cm 7660 £5.50 © Crown copyright 2009 The text in this document (excluding the Royal Arms and other departmental or agency logos) may be reproduced free of charge in any format or medium providing it is reproduced accurately and not used in a misleading context. The material must be acknowledged as Crown copyright and the title of the document specified. Where we have identified any third party copyright material you will need to obtain permission from the copyright holders concerned. For any other use of this material please write to Office of Public Sector Information, Information Policy Team, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 4DU or e-mail: [email protected] ISBN: 9780101766029 MEMORANDUM TO THE TRANSPORT SELECT COMMITTEE Post-Legislative Assessment of the Railways Act 2005 Introduction 1. This memorandum provides a preliminary assessment of the Railways Act 2005 (2005 Ch. 14) and has been prepared by the Department for Transport for submission to the Transport Select Committee. It will be published as part of the process set out in the document Post Legislative Scrutiny – The Government’s Approach (Cm 7320). The paragraphs below follow the order of the provisions in the Act. Objectives of the Railways Act 2005 (“the Act”) 2. The Railways Act 2005 received Royal Assent on 7 April 2005. -
Railway Operations and the Environment Guidance
RAILWAY OPERATIONS AND THE ENVIRONMENT GUIDANCE A CONSULTATION DOCUMENT Published by the Office of the Rail Regulator July 1994 Environmental guidance Contents 1. The Regulator’s Environmental Guidance................................................................1 Introduction....................................................................................................................1 The Regulator's environmental guidance .......................................................................2 The environmental policy...............................................................................................2 The policy statement ......................................................................................................2 Objectives.......................................................................................................................3 Management arrangements and systems........................................................................3 Monitoring......................................................................................................................4 Other sources of advice on environmental policy..........................................................4 Updating the guidance....................................................................................................5 Appendix 1: Summary of Issues, Current Best Practice and Options for Improvement........................................................................................................................7 Enclosure -
Competitive Tendering of Rail Services EUROPEAN CONFERENCE of MINISTERS of TRANSPORT (ECMT)
Competitive EUROPEAN CONFERENCE OF MINISTERS OF TRANSPORT Tendering of Rail Competitive tendering Services provides a way to introduce Competitive competition to railways whilst preserving an integrated network of services. It has been used for freight Tendering railways in some countries but is particularly attractive for passenger networks when subsidised services make competition of Rail between trains serving the same routes difficult or impossible to organise. Services Governments promote competition in railways to Competitive Tendering reduce costs, not least to the tax payer, and to improve levels of service to customers. Concessions are also designed to bring much needed private capital into the rail industry. The success of competitive tendering in achieving these outcomes depends critically on the way risks are assigned between the government and private train operators. It also depends on the transparency and durability of the regulatory framework established to protect both the public interest and the interests of concession holders, and on the incentives created by franchise agreements. This report examines experience to date from around the world in competitively tendering rail services. It seeks to draw lessons for effective design of concessions and regulation from both of the successful and less successful cases examined. The work RailServices is based on detailed examinations by leading experts of the experience of passenger rail concessions in the United Kingdom, Australia, Germany, Sweden and the Netherlands. It also -
Class 150/2 Diesel Multiple Unit
Class 150/2 Diesel Multiple Unit Contents How to install ................................................................................................................................................................................. 2 Technical information ................................................................................................................................................................. 3 Liveries .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 4 Cab guide ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 15 Keyboard controls ...................................................................................................................................................................... 16 Features .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 17 Global System for Mobile Communication-Railway (GSM-R) ............................................................................. 18 Registering .......................................................................................................................................................................... 18 Deregistering - Method 1 ............................................................................................................................................ -
Railways Act 2005 Statement of Funds Available Control Period 6 (2019-2024)
RAILWAYS ACT 2005 STATEMENT OF FUNDS AVAILABLE CONTROL PERIOD 6 (2019-2024) Background 1. This Statement of Funds Available fulfils the requirements of paragraph 1D(2)(b) of Schedule 4A of the Railways Act 1993, as amended by the Railways Act 2005. 2. It sets out to the independent regulator, the Office of Rail and Road (ORR), such information as it is reasonable to provide about the public financial resources that are or are likely to become available to be applied during Control Period 6 for purposes that contribute (directly or indirectly) towards the achievement of the outcomes contained within the Scottish Ministers High Level Output Specification, published in July 2017. 3. The SoFA covers funding available for Network Rail operations, maintenance and renewal activities and the completion of projects which carry over from Control Period 5. It also includes some provision for railway improvement projects, which will be subject to the governance and decision making processes to be outlined in the Rail Enhancements and Capital Investment Strategy, due for publication in coming weeks.1 4. The Scottish Ministers have not defined a profile of spend in this SoFA, which will be subject to the outcome of the ORR’s periodic review process. We will also continue to work with Department for Transport and HM Treasury to ensure that governance and budgetary oversight is consistent with the funding arrangements for Control Period 6, including the requirement for greater Scottish Government budgetary flexibilities to manage volatility, secure value for money and improve planning. 5. Through the periodic review process, the Scottish Ministers will expect the ORR to work closely with Transport Scotland to ensure strong and robust challenge on cost and deliverability, including transparency and contestability on central costs. -
Journal of the Scottish Parliament Volume 2: 2Nd Parliamentary Year
Journal of the Scottish Parliament Volume 2: 2nd Parliamentary Year, Session 3 (9 May 2008 – 8 May 2009) SPJ 3.2 © Parliamentary copyright. Scottish Parliamentary Corporate Body Information on the Scottish Parliament’s copyright policy can be found on the website - www.scottish.parliament.uk or by contacting Public Information on 0131 348 5000. Foreword The Journal is the central, long-term, authoritative record of what the Parliament has done. The Minutes of Proceedings, which are produced for each meeting of the Parliament, do that in an immediate way, while the Journal presents essentially the same material but has the benefit of hindsight to allow any errors and infelicities of presentation to be corrected. Unlike the Official Report, which primarily records what is said, the Minutes of Proceedings, and in the longer term the Journal, provide the authoritative record of what was done. The Journal is required under Rule 16.3 of Standing Orders and contains, in addition to the Minutes of Proceedings themselves, notice of any Bill introduced*, notice of any instrument or draft instrument or any other document laid before the Parliament; notice of any report of a committee, and any other matter that the Parliament, on a motion of the Parliamentary Bureau, considers should be included. (* The requirement to include notice of Bills introduced was only added to Rule 16.3 in January 2003. However, such notices have in practice been recorded in the Annex to the Minutes of Proceedings from the outset.) Note: (DT), which appears throughout the Journal, signifies a decision taken at Decision Time.