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Poustie2014.Pdf (1.590Mb) This thesis has been submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for a postgraduate degree (e.g. PhD, MPhil, DClinPsychol) at the University of Edinburgh. Please note the following terms and conditions of use: • This work is protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights, which are retained by the thesis author, unless otherwise stated. • A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. • This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author. • The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author. • When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. Letters and Networks: Analysing Olive Schreiner‟s Epistolary Networks. Sarah Poustie PhD (Sociology) University of Edinburgh 2014 1 Abstract This thesis analyses letters and other archival material associated with Olive Schreiner (1855-1920) and her network(s) to conceptualise and theorise aspects of „letterness‟ and networks. Its premise is that such qualitative micro-level analysis of letters and other historical documents can contribute effectively to contemporary thinking about both epistolarity and social networks and their analysis. Using the existing literatures on Schreiner, epistolarity and social network analysis as a starting point, the analysis of letters and other relevant archival material is used to inform the setting of analytical boundaries. Then five examples of Schreiner-related networks – the Lytton to Carpenter letters, the Great War letters to Aletta Jacobs, letters of the Men and Women‟s Club, women‟s letters to Jan Smuts, and letters in the Schreiner-Hemming family collection - are analysed to demonstrate the validity of the premise and to contribute in an innovative and in-depth way to conceptual and theoretical ideas in the field. In doing so, the thesis offers an in-depth analysis of letters and networks in a variety of historical social contexts, identifying key features within each network and exploring whether these are case-specific or generalizable in theoretical terms. This thesis argues that many existing concepts such as those of reciprocity, brokering, bridging, gatekeeping and dyads can be teased out in an analytically helpful way by using letters to reveal the variations and nuances of these concepts in micro-levels interactions. It also considers network size, arguing that existing assessments of this based on frequency of contact, emotional intensity and time since last contact are not in fact particularly important in relation to the analysis of these networks and their epistolary communications. Rather, it is what happens in networks and the letters associated with them, with network members using and deploying their letter-writing in strategic and instrumentally ways. The key arguments made by the thesis concerning letters and networks are: that the size of a network is important but not deterministic; that the balance of reciprocity in letter exchanges and correspondence is highly complex, with this emergent through letter-exchanges, letter content and also enclosures of different kinds; that the purpose of a network and the existence of central figures within it creates propulsions and constraints; that brokering is neither necessarily positive nor always proactive action; that the complex nature of interpersonal ties and how these change over time affects both letters and networks; that letters and their writers can be future-orientated rather than retrospectively focused; and, that this orientation towards the future can influence decisions concerning the retention and archivisation of letters - a fundamental issue in epistolary research - and subsequently what can be gleaned from them concerning networks. 2 Declaration: I, the undersigned, confirm that the following thesis is my own work and of my own composition and that this work has not been submitted for any other degree or qualification. ………………………………… Sarah Poustie 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT 2 DECLARATION 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS 4 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 5 Letterwriters and Addressees 5 Symbols and Signs 6 INTRODUCTION 7 CHAPTER ONE: THINKING ABOUT LETTERNESS & NETWORKS 10 Olive Schreiner and Her Networks 10 Letters and Letterness: Rethinking the Boundaries of Epistolarity 18 Epistolary and Social Networks: Using Archival Sources 24 Epistemology: Thinking About Archival Sources 36 CHAPTER TWO: DOES SIZE MATTER?: USING LETTERS QUALITATIVELY TO 44 DISCUSS NETWORK SIZE “Correspondences with a stranger can also help establish a connection”: Constance 48 Lytton‟s Letters to Edward Carpenter Lytton and Carpenter: Confined by and Escaping From Convention 49 The Strategic Use of Connections: “most of all… Olive Schreiner” 52 Gifts Within Gifts: Reciprocity and Subjective Values 56 Events, Letters and Networks 59 An “intermediary in the matter of letters”: Aletta Jacobs, a “Suspicious Looking Name” and 65 Others “I Know You Will Be Willing”: Jacobs‟s Compliance in “Forwarding Letters to and From” 69 “[T]aking up your thoughts & time”: Jacobs‟s Evolving “Kind Rôle” 75 Events, Networks and Building Epistolary Bridges 80 The Men and Women‟s Club: Expand or Die. The Limiting Effects of Recruiting the “right 83 sort” Revelations, “Evils” and “Victorian Taboo”: Events, Purpose and Constraint 86 “Suitable member[s]/unsympathetic outsiders”: Letters Connecting the „right sort‟ 91 “I… write to you personally” &“enclose a letter to” you: Multiple Roles within Networks 93 “just received this letter… It decides the question”: Epistolary Conversations 95 The “Extinction” of the M&WC: The Demise of a Network 96 Carrying Ideas About Letters, Network and Network Size Forward 101 CHAPTER THREE: “[H]OPES, FEARS, EXPECTATIONS, AND SUCH A NETWORK OF 107 TIES”: LETTERS AND THE CLOSENESS AND NATURE OF RELATIONSHIPS Introduction 107 “Do be the one”: “Super Oom…We want you” 117 “I know him better than the lot of you!”: An „intricate pattern‟ of „exclusive relationship[s]‟ 134 “Just for yourself and your husband”: Letters to „Nephew Jan‟ 143 Smuts and the Closeness and „Vision‟ of his “women friends” 152 CHAPTER FOUR: LETTERS, NETWORKS AND THE FUTURE: ROLES AND 158 SUCCESSION IN A FAMILY ARCHIVE The Schreiner-Hemming (and Brown) Families: Their Construction in Paper(s) 162 “she does not treat Olive as a kind sister should do”: Becoming “little Mother” 174 “I am a better hand at doing than writing”: The role of “Dadda” and Family Benefactor 181 Having “the drive and interest”: The Role of „Family Glue‟ 185 The Future-Orientated Role of Family Archivist 190 “I hope none of my young friends will read it”: From „black sheep‟ to a “strange growing 194 understanding” of Olive Schreiner Letters and Networks: The Construction and Context of a Family Archive 198 CONCLUSION: ON LETTERS AND NETWORKS 202 REFERENCES 214 4 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS CLRU Cory Library, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa. CRO Carlisle Record Office, UK. ESRC Economic and Social Research Council. FSAD Free State Archives Depot, Bloemfontein, South Africa. H&VdP Hancock and Van der Poel IIAV Aletta: Internationaal Informatiecentrum en Archief Voor de Vrouwenbeweging, Amsterdam. IWSA International Women‟s Suffrage Association (IWSA). M&WC Men and Women‟s Club NAR National Archives Repository, Pretoria, South Africa. NELM National English Literary Museum, Grahamstown, South Africa. NLS National Library of Scotland, Edinburgh, UK. NLSA National Library of South Africa, Cape Town. NUWSS National Union of Women‟s Suffrage Societies. OSLO Olive Scheiner Letters Online. OSLP Olive Schreiner Letters Project. SA Sheffield Archives, UK. SNA Social Network Analysis. UCL University College London Special Collections. UCT University of Cape Town, Manuscripts and Archives. UESC University of Edinburgh Special Collections, UK. WCL William Cullen Library, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. WSPU Women‟s Social and Political Union. VVVK Vereeniging voor Vrouwenkiesrecht. ZAR South African Republic LETTERWRITERS AND ADDRESSEES (continues overleaf) AB Arthur Brown ABG Arthur Bevington Gillett AC Alice Clark AE Annie Eastty AF Abraham Fischer AH Alice Hemming (nee Schreiner) AJ Aletta Jacobs BB Barbara Brown BM Betty Molteno CL Constance Lytton DB Di Brown DVM Dorothy Von Moltke EB Effie (Ethelwyn) Brown (nee Schreiner) EC Edward Carpenter EH Emily Hobhouse EM Eleanor Marx (Aveling) FE Friedrich Engels FS Fred Schreiner GH Guy Hemming HBD Horatio Bryan Donkin HE Havelock Ellis HSL Henrietta Stakesby Lewis (nee Schreiner) IS Isie Smuts JamesRI James Rose Innes JB John Brown 5 LETTERWRITERS AND ADDRESSEES (continued) JeanB Jean Brown JCS Jan Christian Smuts JessieRI Jessie Rose Innes JG Jill Gribble JXM John Xavier Merriman KM Kate Mills KP Karl Pearson KS Katie Schreiner KStuart Kate Stuart LB Lyndall Brown LH Leonard Hobhouse MCG Margaret Clark Gillet MH May Hobbs MRI M. Rose Innes MS Maria Sharpe NL Nellie Leach OS Olive Schreiner RD Ray Dick RH Robert Hemming RJP Robert John Parker RS Rebecca Schreiner RT Ralph Thicknesse SGM Sarah Gertrude Millin TB Theo Brown TS Theo Schreiner US Ursula Scott WH Winnie Hemming WPS Willian Philip Schreiner SIGNS AND SYMBOLS ^ When used in citations, this symbol indicates where a letterwriter has edited their own letter and made an insertion. 6 Introduction “Step by step advancing knowledge has
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