Index Compiled by the Author

Abdul Hamid, Sultan of Turkey: I88, Admiralty, the: Churchill becomes First 3I7 Lord of (I911), I; his policy at, 2; Aboukir (British cruiser): torpedoed (22 conference (25 July I9I4) postponed, Sept I9I4), 8s-6; loss of, a cause of 4-5; communique about Fleet con­ criticism of Churchill, I43, I84-5, 532 centration issued from, 7; defensive Abruzzi, Duke of: commands Italian preparations of (27 July I914), 8; navy, 423 further preparations of (29July I9I4), Achi Baba (Gallipoli Peninsula): Hamil­ 11; Staff meeting at (30 July I9I4), ton decides to land south of, 393; 13; relations with War Office, 2I, 36, Hamilton's army fails to reach sum­ 226; visit ofF. E. Smith and Sir Max mit of (25-26 April I9I5), 407; Aitken to (I Aug I9I4), 24; urged by Hamilton confident that his forces Manchester Guardian to 'trust the will reach, in May, 4I I, 4I3; renewed people', 38; confident of ability to offensive towards (6--g May I9IS), prevent invasion, 57; purchases flying •4-14; remains in Turkish hands (May boats from United States (Nov 1914), I9IS), 4I5, 431; Churchill learns of 66; conference on aircraft production failure of ships' fire against, 687; at (I6 Sept I914), 8o; Courtoflnquiry MAPS, 403, 519 on sinking of Aboukir, Cressy and Hogue, Achnasheen (Ross and Cromarty): 85-6; rubber manufacturers sum­ mystery of a searchlight at, 82-3 moned to, 86; 'without a head', 1 17; Adamant (British submarine Depot Ship): tries to reassure War Office that a Fisher wants returned to home waters German invasion can be successfully from Dardanelles (28 March I9I5), challenged, I 39; special intelligence 378 branch set up at (8 Nov 1914), I 79; Adana (Turkey): possible area of post­ merchant shipping policy of criticized war Italian influence, 244; MAP, 838 by Bonar Law (Feb 19I5), 282-4; Addison, Dr Christopher: Churchill intercepts German messages about clashes with (Sept I9IS), 540; records shortage of ammunition at the Dar­ breakfast discussion between Lloyd danelfes, 337; Fisher in charge of, George, Churchill and Reading (I during Churchill's absence in France Aug I916), 797; becomes Minister of (6-10 May I915), 4I9; Churchill Munitions (Dec I9I6), 822 learns that he must leave (I 7 May Adeane, Henry Robert Augustus: killed I915), 447; Churchill appeals to in action, 228 Asquith to allow him to stay at (20 Aden: American consul at, drowned at May I915), 458; Churchill's last day sea, 688n at (26 May I9IS), 470; Churchill Admiral Farragut (British monitor): to go speech (5 June I9I5) defending his to Dardanelles (I2 May I9IS), 423; work at, 488-9I; and the origin of the at the Dardanelles (Nov I9IS), 687 tank, 536-8; Churchill sees possibility aa5 886 INDEX

Admiralty, the-continued Adrianople (Turkey)-continued of returning to (Dec 1915), 622; tion of peace with Turkey, 3I5; Churchill criticizes 'feeble pace ' of, Churchill proposes cutting of railway under Balfour (Feb 1916), 662; Chur­ between Constantinople and, 323, chill criticizes Balfour's administration 544; MAPS, 545, 838, 840 of (March 1916), 716-22; and the Adriatic Sea: approaches watched by proposed publication of the Dar­ British ships, 26; French blockade of, danelles documents (June I9I6), 784; 46; Hankey proposes Serbian port on, Churchill urges greater efforts in new 230; proposed British naval action in, naval construction upon (July I9I6), 252-3, 255; Austrian submarines in, 797; Carson becomes First Lord of 272; Italy wants control of Austrian (Dec I9I6), 823 coastline of, 395; Churchill suggests Admiralty Board: Churchill informs of submarine net across the mouth of, anti-aircraft and anti-airship needs, 471; MAPS, 29, 842 66; Captain Richmond critical of, Adventure (British light cruiser): takes I r o; Asquith not very trustful of, I I 7; Churchill to Dunkirk, 92 Churchill alleged to be overruling Advertiser, The (Dundee): on Churchill's advice of, I44; Asquith describes as 'highest good humour' ( r8 May I915), 'incapable of initiative' under Prince 454-5 Louis, I 51-2 ; Churchill urges Balfour Aegean Sea: Goeben reaches, 4I; Graeco­ to bring Fisher back to (March 19I6), Turkish rivalry in, I9I; Turkish 721-2 torpedo boat prevented from entering Admiralty War Group: composition (27 Sept I9I4), 2I2; British troops of (Nov 19I4), I85-6; summoned being assembled in, 304; fear of Ger­ to discuss possible attack on man submarines in, 390; MAPs, 29, 235, Dardanelles (3 Jan 19I5), 233; 545. 8g8, 840, 842 examines Churchill's plan for a North Afghanistan: probable effect of a British Sea offensive (4Jan I9I5), 236; plans victory at the Dardanelles on, 349; Dardanelles attack with battleships possibility of Turkish activity in, 686 surplus to J ellicoe's fleet, 249; discusses Mrica: Churchill wants greater use of (12 Jan 1915) Carden's proposals for troops from (May I9I6), 772-3, 794 attack on Dardanelles, 250; Dar­ Agadir (Morocco): crisis at (1911), r, danelles plans examined by, 255; dis­ 6g, 114, 462 cusses (II March I9I5) Sir H. Jack­ Agamemnon: Churchill seen as casting son's appeal for troops to participate himself in the heroic role of, I 32 in Dardanelles attack, 336-7; dis­ Agamemnon (British battleship): to go to cusses Hamilton-de Robeck decision Dardanelles, 249n, 266; at Dardanelles, to postpone second naval attack until goo, 331; needing repair, 379; Chur­ 14April I9I5, 364;Churchillholds back chill rejects Fisher's attempt to impose Dardanelles reinforcement proposals restrictions on de Robeck's use of, from,untilFishercanapprovethem,437 388; Fisher recalls that despatch of, to Adrianople (Turkey) : Churchill wants Dardanelles was his own idea, 394; Grey to offer, to Bulgaria, 2 Io-II; MAP (I8 March I9I5), 353 Turks sending troops against Russia Agincourt, battle of ( I4I5): Churchill from, 232; railway to (from Constan­ believes 'glories of' revived in 19I4, tinople), exposed to attack by sea, I4I 249; Lloyd George suggests joint Ahwaz (Persia): Government of India Anglo-Bulgarian attack on, 273; Chur­ occupies oilfields near (Nov I9I4), hill wants the surrender of, as a condi- 221. MAP, 839 INDEX

Air Board: see Air Department Aitken, Sir William Maxwell-continued Air Department (or Air Ministry, or Air Igr6), Boo; and Lloyd George's emer­ Board): Churchill proposes establish­ gence as Prime Minister (Dec r g I 6), ment of (June 1915), 501; Churchill 8Ig, 821-2 wishes he had been appointed to, 686; Aix-la-Chapelle (Aachen, Germany): Churchill tantalized by possibility of Churchill proposes air raid on (25 appointment to, 6go; the Observer Sept 1914), gi advocates Churchill's appointment to Akaba (Turkey): Admiral Slade advises (Feb 1916), 702-3; Curzon said to be naval action against (3 I Oct I9I4), the future head of (Feb 1916), 705; 215; Minerva sails to, 216; British Billing asserts need for, in House of naval bombardment of, 217, 219; MAP, Commons (March 1gr6), 744; Chur­ 838 chill speaks on, in House of Commons Albania: 230; Italy wants control over, (17May 1916), 763, 767-7o;Churchill 395; MAPS, 235, 545, 842 attends meeting of, 777; Lloyd George Albert Ballin (B. Huldermann): quoted, and the suggestion of Churchill as on Churchill and the coming of war, 5 head of (Dec 1916), 822 Albert, King of the Belgians: and the Aircraft Manufacturing Company: defence of Antwerp (Oct 1914), 104, Churchill buys American flying boats 106-7, II3, II6, 125, 65on from, 66n Albion (British battleship) : on way to Air Ministry (possibility of) : see Air Dardanelles, 265; at Dardanelles, 331, Department 361n; at Gallipoli landings (25 April Aisne, River (France): British troops to 1915), 405; MAP (18 March 1915), 353 move from (Sept 1914), 8r; MAP, 54 Aleppo (Turkey): 344; Kitchener advo­ Aitken, Allan Anderson: joins Royal cates annexation of (I6 March I9I5), Naval Division, 48 349; MAP, 839 Aitken, Sir William Maxwell: and pos­ Alexandretta (Turkey): possibility of sible Coalition on eve of war, 13; plays feints at, 200; Turkish gunboats Bridge at Admiralty (1 Aug 1914), 24- reported proceeding from (28 Oct 5; seeks place for brother in Royal 1914), 214; British sailors blow up Naval Division, 48; quotes Asquith railway trains and stores at (I8-21 letter critical of Churchill (22 Sept Dec I914), 222-3, 233, 279; Fisher I9I4), go; Churchill defends visits to wants feint at, 234; Fisher approves France to, 425n; recalls Churchill's capture of, 245; French desire for, mood of I 8 May I g I 5, 455; takes letter 266; French naval command extended from Churchill to Bonar Law (2I May to, 267; and possibility of British I9I5), 463n; and Churchill's departure seizure of, 267-8; Asquith and Kit­ for the front (Nov I9I5), 57 I; Chur­ chener favour annexation of, 332; chill moves into St Orner headquarters Lloyd George prepared, to give to of (Dec I9I5), 620, 627; Churchill France to avoid a quarrel, 333; urges his wife to keep in touch with Kitchener prefers to Palestine for Bonar Law through, 688, 750; Lloyd ultimate British control, 344; Hankey George, Bonar Law, F. E. Smith and critical of failure to have a feint at, ChurchillmeetatStOmerheadquarters during Dardanelles attack, 345; Kit­ of, 6g7; advises Churchill to stay in chener advocates annexation of (16 London and criticize the Government March I g I 5), 349; proposed extension (March 19I6), 734, 744; Churchill ofBritish sovereignty from Persian Gulf complains to, about Bonar Law's to, 509; Kitehener proposes an attack 'personal' attacks in Parliament (Aug on (Nov 1914), 6o2; MAPs, 235, 838 888 INDEX

Alexandria (Egypt): Turkish gunboats Antwerp (Belgium)-continued to be intercepted at, 2I5; Churchill I I4, 122-4; problems of the defence wants troop transports assembled at, of, 96-Io4; Churchill's mission to 220, 292; mistakes in loading of ships (4-6 Oct I9I4), 106-I9; final stages discovered at, 297; British troop of siege of, I 2o--2; surrender of, I 24; transports arriving at, 324, 346; Jack criticisms of Churchill's actions at, Churchill on way to, 37I; Kitchener I26-34, 137, 140, 143; Churchill threatens to withdraw Gallipoli troops recalls 'crack of their shells' at, 135; to, if Queen Elizabeth leaves the Dar­ little chance of recapturing, I 36; danelles, 423; Churchill wants Darda­ effect on Churchill of battle at, I6r; nelles troop reinforcements assembled expedition to, criticized in Parliament, at (June I9I5), 497; MAP, 838 I69-70, I 77; the fall of, 'a cause of Algeria: I7; MAP, 29 real sadness' to Churchill, I So; Fisher Alsace-Lorraine: Haldane cites German wants British troops landed at (9 Jan failure to crush nationality of, after I9I5), 245; Churchill warns Asquith I87I, as evidence of need to avoid a of similar disaster if help to Serbia punitive peace, 355 further delayed, 278; de Robeck Ameland (Dutch island): possible explains misleading analogy between British base, I9, 2I; Churchill pro­ Dardanelles forts and, 376; H. A. poses naval attack on, 37; MAP, 19 Gwynne claims Churchill's actions at, Amiens (France): British Expeditionary demonstrate 'same ignorance of stra­ Force reaches (I4 Aug I914), 47; The tegic and tactical principles' as at Times report from (30 Aug I9I4), 70; Dardanelles, 398-9; Churchill wants MAP, 54 Asquith to publish documents concern­ Amphion (British light cruiser): sunk (6 ing, 53 I-2, 533; Churchill defends his Aug 19I4), 38 policy at, in Sunday Pictorial (Nov Amrum Light (off Schleweig-Holstein): I9I6), 8I 7; MAP, 99 Fisher on need to lay mines at, I87 Anzac Cove (Gallipoli Peninsula): 407; Amsterdam (Holland): Fisher urges MAP, 403 massive British troop landings at (Jan Aquitania (British troopship): 'a serious I9I5), 245 risk' sending to Dardanelles, 262 Anafarta Hills (Gallipoli Peninsula): Arabia: Limpus suggests British action allied failure to reach (Aug I9I5), against Turkey in, 198; Grey favours 5I8, 520-I; :MAP, 5I9 setting up an independent Arab State Anatolia (Turkey): Djemal Pasha in, 355; MAP, 839 records fear of allied advance through, Arabic (British passenger liner): torpedoed 2 I 2; British keep watch for transfer of (I9 Aug 1915), 463n troops to Sinai from, 222; railway into Archangel (Russia): possibility of trans­ (from Haydarpasha), exposed to attack fer of Russian troops to Ostend from from the sea, 249; seen as only part (28 Aug 19I4), 58; possibility of of Turkish Empire likely to remain transfer of Russian troops to Gallipoli Turkish after the war, 344; Italy wants from, 205, 428; Russia increasingly control of southern coast of, 395; MAP, dependent upon, after closure of Dar­ 8g8-9 danelles, 2 I 3; Hankey suggests sending Ancona (Italian steamship): torpedoed Churchill on mission to (Oct 1915), (7 Nov I9I5), 463n s6o-1, 61 w Anglo-Portuguese Alliance (I s86) : 711 Archway House (London): Fisher Antwerp (Belgium): Royal Naval Air not to be found at (15 May 1915), Service base at (Sept I9I4), 89, 9I, 438 INDEX 88g

Arethusa (British light cruiser): damaged Asquith, Arthur Melland (Oc)-continued (28 Aug I9I4), 59 departs for Dardanelles, 305-6; Ari Burnu (Gallipoli Peninsula): mili­ wounded at the Dardanelles, 4I5 tary landings at (25 April I915), 402, Asquith, Emma Alice Margaret (Mar­ 404, 407; MAP, 403 got): records Lloyd George's recollec­ Ark Royal (British Seaplane Carrier): to tions of Churchill's mood at outbreak go to Dardanelles, 257 of war, 3 I ; on the attempt to keep the Armenia (Turkey): possible area of post­ loss of the Audacious secret, I42-3; on war Russian control, 344; MAP, 839 Prince Louis' failings as First Lord, Armentieres (France): Royal Naval Air I 48; Fisher dances with, I 55; reflects Service reconnaissance over (4 Sept on Churchill's career and qualities, I9I4), 65, 68; Norman Leslie killed in I 79-80; hopes Turks 'will be wiped action at (r8 Oct I9I4), I4o; Chur­ out of Europe', 2I9; discusses 'ambi­ chill and Sir Archibald Sinclair photo­ tion' with Churchill, 245-6; Asquith graphed in (II Feb Igi6), 664; describes quarrel between Churchill Churchill gives his battalion officers and Kitchener to, 289; her account a farewell lunch in (6 May I916), 76o; of the Blandford review (25 Feb MAPS, 75, 63I, 649 I915), 305-6; discusses Churchill's Armoured motor-cars: sent to France character with Asquith, 329-30; (Sept I9I4), 67, 74; Sir J. French reports Asquith's reaction to alleged sees little value in (Nov I9I4), I63; intrigue (2I March 19I5), 361; warns Churchill and Kitchener quarrel Lloyd George of Balfour's hostility, bitterly over use of (Feb I9I5), 189- 372; tells Fisher he has 'talked too 191 much' about his hostility to the Dar­ Armstrong, Whitworth: and arms for danelles (I3 May I9I5), 426; on Antwerp, wo; and building ofTurki11h Churchill and the new Coalition (24 dockyard facilities, 19o-r; instructed May I9I5), 466; and the concerted to prevent Turkish Admiral hoisting ministerial attack on Kitchener (Oct his flag on Sultan Osman, I92 I9I5), 556-7, 56o; and Churchill's Arras (France): battle at (9 May 1915), departure for the trenches (Nov I915), 523; Churchill visits French front line 571; Clementine Churchill has tea near (5 Dec I9I5), 597; Churchill with (7 Jan 1916), 68I; said to have urges Parliament (23 May 1916) not declared 'Nothing but God Almighty to repeat battle errors of, 774; MAP, 575 himself will drive Herbert out of Arthur, Sir George Compton Archibald: Downing Street', 699; and Churchill's Churchill clashes with, over role of advocacy of Fisher's return to the Kitchener at the time of the Dar­ Admiralty (March Igi6), 709, 7I2-13, danelles, 8I7-I9 729; begs F. E. Smith to urge Churchill Ashton-Gwatkin, Frank Trelawny to return to the trenches (March I9I6), Arthur: recalls story of Cabinet dis­ 736 cussion on .Japan, 43 Asquith, Herbert Henry: sends Churchill Askold (Russian light cruiser): at Dar­ to Admiralty (I 9 I I), I ; informs King danelles, 327 George V of European crisis (25 July Aspinall, Cecil Faber: at Suvla Bay (8 I9I4), 4, and of British intention to Aug I9I5), SIS; his reflections on the challenge German aggression, 7; failure at Suvla Bay, 522n approves Admiralty measures (27 Asquith, Arthur Melland (Oc): on his July I9I4), 8; approves sending Fleet way to Antwerp, 112, II6, II7; his to North Sea, 9; Churchill urges royal experiences at Antwerp, 130-I; conference upon, to; Secretary of 8go INDEX

Asquith, Herbert Henry-continued Asquith, Herbert Henry-continued State for War, 12; supports Churchill's Churchill's proposed sixth wartime preparations (go July 1914), 18; and visit to France (Dec 19I4), I64-7; plans for an offensive against Germany, answers Bonar Law's criticisms of 2o-1; lunches at Admiralty (g1 July Antwerp, 169; convenes first War 1914), 21-2; describes mood at Cabi­ Council (25 Nov 19I4), 176; describes net (1 Aug 1914), 2g; authorizes full faces of colleagues, 176n; told of all­ naval mobilization (1 Aug 1914), 25; important intercepted German naval authorizes military mobilization (2 Aug telegrams, 179; A. K. Wilson describes 1914), 26; approves Anglo-French himself as 'Fisher's slave' to, 186; and naval co-operation (g Aug 1914), 27; pre-war Turkish policy, 189; and and Kitchener's appointment as Turkish 'double game' (17 Aug I9I4), Secretary of State for War, 28; and 195; reports Cabinet decision to sink the chase of the Goeben, 29-go; critical Turkish ships coming out of Dar­ of Marine expedition to Ostend, 56; danelles, 204; on warning to Turks 'to and Churchill's conscription proposal keep quiet', 205; tells George V of (26 Aug 1914), 57; calls emergency Britain's need to take hostile measures meeting of Ministers (g1 Aug 1914), against Turks, 2 I 1 ; tells George V 6o; speaks at Guildhall (4 Sept Britain "viii not take initiative against 1914), 62; praises Churchill, 64; asks Turks, 2 I 5; believes Constantinople Churchill to draft Press communiques, should be ruled by Russia, 216; does 70-1; Churchill dines with, 72; puts not regard war with Turkey with forward Amending Bill on Home Rule, alarm, 2I9; 'altogether opposed' to 77-Bo; approves Churchill's visit to attack on Gallipoli and Dardanelles Sir J. French in France, 8o; does not (5 Dec I914), 22g; Churchill proposes wish publicity on cause of sinking of North Sea offensive to (29 Dec I914), Aboukir, Cressy and Hogue, 86; critical 225-6; describes the war as 'an enor­ of Churchill's absence in France (22 mous waste oflife and money' (29 Dec Sept 1914), go; relations with Chur­ I914), 228; receives plans for alternate chill referred to, by Clementine Chur­ war zone from Churchill and Lloyd chill, 92; advises Churchill to lay George, 228-9; Churchill asks for mines in North Sea, 9g; sees Churchill memorandum from, 231 ; dines at at work, 95; and defence of Antwerp, Admiralty House, 2g8; informs Vene­ 98,101-3,106,111-14, II6-I7, I20-2, tia Stanley of code-name for attack on 124; and criticisms of Churchill's German island of Borkum, 242; at actions at Antwerp, I27, Igo-I, Ig2, War Council (8 Jan 1915), 244; at 180; reports on Churchill-Kitchener Walmer Castle, 246; Churchill sends disagreement about invasion, I g8-9; Dardanelles plans to (I2 Jan 19I5), praises Churchill's attitude in Cabinet 250; and planning of Dardanelles (2g Oct 19I4), Ig9; and sinking of operation, 256; upholds Churchill's Audacious, I4I-2; sends Churchill to ministerial authority, 265; Fisher mediate between Lloyd George and protests to, 268-9; mediates between Kitchener, 14g; approves of replace­ Churchill and Fisher, 270; at War ment of Prince Louis as First Lord by Council (28 Jan 19I5), 27I-2, 275; Fisher, 147, I49; George V protests to Lloyd George critical of, 277; Chur­ about Fisher's appointment as First chill critical of, 278; explains impor­ Lord, 150-2; Churchill reports 'Fisher tance of success at Dardanelles (9 Feb is already a Court Favourite' to, I 53; I9I5), 28o; favours British troops at on battle off Coronel, 158-9; and Salonika, 282; Churchill proposes INDEX 8gi

Asquith, Herbert Henry-continued Asquith, Herbert Henry-continued wartime nationalization of British not call War Council to discuss the mercantile marine to (I3 Feb I9IS), need for a military landing on the 284; Churchill proposes tax on war Gallipoli Peninsula, g8I; tells France profits to (s March I9IS), 28s; informs and Russia that Dardanelles attack Venetia Stanley of secret telegram 'will be pressed to a decision' (3 April from Dardanelles, 286; at War Coun­ I9IS), 383; and decision to proceed cil (I6 Feb I9IS), 288; caught up in with military landings on the Gallipoli quarrel between Churchill and Kit­ Peninsula, g86; sets up Committee to chener (I7-I9 Feb I9IS), 28g-gi; examine British territorial needs in tells War Council (Ig Feb I9IS) Turkey, 39I; and Fisher's opposition Serbia could best be helped by 'a big to the Dardanelles, 394; worried about blow at the Dardanelles', 293; hopeful setback at Dardanelles influencing about outcome of naval bombard­ Italy's decision to join the Allies, ggs; ment (20 Feb I9IS), 300; asks whether receives news (IS April I9IS) of dis­ Anzac troops 'were good enough', sension among Young Turks in Con­ 303; asserts importance of forcing the stantinople, ggs-6; answers critics of Dardanelles, 304; Churchill urges Dardanelles operation in House of need for IIs,ooo troops at Dardanelles Commons (22 April I9IS), 398; and on, go6-7; supports Churchill's plea the Gallipoli landings (2S April I9IS), for a minimum of 8s,ooo troops at the 4IO; and Lord Charles Beresford's Dardanelles, 309; annoyed by Chur­ criticisms in House of Commons (4 chill's 'noisy, rhetorical, tactless' mood, May I9IS), 4I3; Hankey passes on 3 I o; describes Churchill as 'breast Fisher's resignation message to (I I high about the Dardanelles' (I March May I9IS), 420; agrees that no I9IS), 3I6; believes Sir Ian Hamilton 'separate naval action' will take place has 'too much feather in his brain', at Dardanelles without Fisher's appro­ 32S; describes Churchill ( 7 March val (I I May I9IS), 420, 423; Fisher I9IS) as 'the most disliked man in my sends his memorandum of dissent Cabinet', 329; describes Churchill as about the Dardanelles to (I2 May 'intolerable', 330; wants Britain to I9IS), 42I; Fisher sends further pro­ have 'a substantial share of the carcasc test about Dardanelles to (I3 May of the Turk', 332; ends digression at I9IS), 424; defends Churchill's ninth War Council (Io March I9IS), 334; visit to France in House of Commons unwilling 'to treat Tories as equals' (I2 May I9IS), 424-s; receives threat (Churchill in 1928), 33s; and Sir Ian of resignation from Fisher (I3 May Hamilton's departure for the Dar­ I9IS), 427; and Fisher's resignation danelles, 338; reports (I3 March I9IS) (IS May I9IS), 438-43; Churchill differing Cabinet views on Palestine visits at Sutton Courtenay (I6 May and the Jews, 343-4; asks at War I9IS), 444-s; unwilling to fight for Council (Ig March I9IS) whether the preservation of his Liberal admini­ plans exist for a military landing at stration (I7 May I9IS), 446; accepts Gallipoli, 3ss; believes War Council a Coalition with the Conservatives, would not be doing its 'duty' if it took 447; and Churchill's Cabinet post in no Turkish territory, gs6; and rumours the new Coalition, 448, 449, 4SD-I; of intrigues against him (end March and Fisher's six conditions under Igrs), g6I-g; supports Churchill's which he promises to 'guarantee the desire for a renewed naval attack at successful termination of the war' (Ig the Dardanelles, g66, 367, 370; does May I9IS), 4s2-3; Sir Arthur Wilson 892 INDEX

Asquith, Herbert Henry-continued Asquith, Herbert Henry-continued informs (I9 May I9I5) that he will to remove Kitchener from the Dar­ serve under no other First Lord but danelles Committee, 556-6o; Churchill Churchill, 45 7-8; Clementine Chur­ sends letter of resignation to (30 Oct chill appeals to (20 May I9I5), 459; I9I5), 56I-2; Churchill sends second asked not to make Churchill Colonial letter of resignation to (I I Nov I 9 I 5), Secretary (20 May I9I5), 46o; Chur­ 563-4; and possibility of Churchill chill's appeal to remain as First Lord commanding the forces in East Africa (2I May I9I5), 463-4; informs Chur­ (Nov I9I5), 565-6; replies to Chur­ chill that he cannot remain at chill's resignation speech (I5 Nov Admiralty, 464, 465; reported as I 9 I 5), 568; seems to Churchill like a saying (22 May I9I5) that Fisher mandarin 'of some remote province 'ought to be shot for leaving his post', of China' (27 Nov I9I5), 587; Clem­ 467; offers Churchill Chancellorship entine Churchill sees (3 Dec I 9 I 5), of the Duchy of Lancaster, 468; and 595; and Sir John French's dismissal the formation of the Coalition (May (Dec 19I5), 596; his sentiments I9I5), 469-70; and the political crisis 'always governed by his interests' of May I9I5, 475-SI; reports the (Churchill, 4 Dec I9I5), 597; tries to decision to reinforce Hamilton's army delay Kitchener's return to England at the Dardanelles (9June I9I5), 494; (Nov I9I5), 6oi-2; Churchill des­ seems well-disposed to Churchill (June cribes as 'odious', 6o7; Churchill I9I5), 495-6; does not agree to Chur­ believes the hour of his punishment chill's suggestion to set up an Air 'draws nearer', 6oS; Churchill sees Department (June I9I5), 50I, 769- himself as having 'to procure the 70; reports to George V (I .July I9I5) dismissal' of, 6 I I ; refuses to allow about Cabinet discussions on Bul­ Churchill to command a Brigade, garia, 506; Churchill protests to, 6I I-I4; Churchill's growing bitter­ about Fisher's appointment to the ness against, 6 I 6-I 7, 626-7; Clemen­ Board of Inventions and Research tine Churchill the guest of (I 3 Feb (July r9I5), 506-8; and Churchill's I9I6), 665-6; Lady Randolph Chur­ proposed VISit to the Gallipoli chill dines with (2 Feb I9I6), 668; Peninsula (mid-July I9I5), 510-I3; Churchill's criticisms of (Jan I9I6), Churchill seeks information about 679-80; reported to have asked after Gallipoli reinforcements from, 522; Churchill 'with compunction' (7 .Jan Churchill urges renewed naval attack I9I6), 68I; Churchill and his wife to (2I Aug I9I5), 524; at Calais Con­ disagree over, 682-4, 687-go, 699; ference (July I9I5), 526-7; and Churchill describes as 'stronger than Cabinet views on conscription (Sept ever' (25 Jan I9I6), 69I; his removal I9I5), 529; and Churchill's desire to discussed by Lloyd George, Bonar take up a military command (Sept Law, F. E. Smith and Churchill at St I9I5), 530; and Churchill's desire for Orner (3I Jan I9I6), 697-8; talks to publication of Admiralty documents, Fisher in the House of Commons (23 53I-3; and the origin ofthe tank, 533; Jan I9I6), 7oo; growing political dis­ and the setting up of a smaller war content with (Feb Igi6), 703-5, 708, policy committee (Sept-Nov I9I5), Churchill writes to, about the tank, 542, 559-62; Churchill urges new war 706; and Churchill's advocacy of policies on (Oct I9I5), 543-4; and Fisher's return to the Admiralty the future of the Gallipoli expedition, (March Igi6), 709-I4, 7I9, 722, 725, 547-5I; and the ministerial attempt 729, 730-I ; and Churchill's continuing INDEX

Asquith, Herbert Henry-continued Asquith, Violet-continued criticisms of his Government (March­ Greek military help at the Dardanelles April I9I6), 734-5, 736, 739, 74I, 750, (I March I9IS), 3IS-I6; and the 752-3; and the renewed conscription death of Rupert Brooke, 40I-2; and crisis (April I9I6), 755-8, 76I; Chur­ Churchill's resignation (Nov I9IS), chill speaks in House of Commons as 566, 570, 57 I; marries Maurice Bon­ principal opposition speaker to (23 ham Carter (30 Nov I9IS), 594, 595, May I9I6), no; and Churchill's 602 ; (see henciforth Bonham Carter, request to publish the documents about Violet) the Dardanelles (June I9I6), 777-9, Aston, Sir George Grey: and British 782-5; and Kitchener's successor at plans against Germany (I9I3-I4), the War Office (June I9I6), 78I; 20; commands Marine Brigade at Churchill protests to, against decision Ostend (Aug 1914), s6; falls ill (Sept not to publish Dardanelles documents, 1914), 73 785-6; Churchill describes as 'supine, Atatiirk, Kemal, see Kemal, Mustafa sodden and supreme' (IS July I9I6), Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway: 787; agrees only to set up Commission Churchill owns $10,000 bonds of, 51 In of Inquiry on Dardanelles, but not to Athens (Greece): 205; Churchill willing publication of documents, 78g-9o; to go on special mission to (July 1915), Churchill critical of his failure to give 5 I 2; MAPS, 838, 842 the House of Commons a full picture Aubers Ridge (France): Churchill of the war (July I9I6), 793; Lloyd watches unsuccessful attack on (9 May George, Churchill, Reading and Addi­ 1915), 416; Repington blames failure son discuss possible resignation of at, on shortage of high-explosive (Aug I9I6), 797; Churchill describes shells, 430; MAP, 575 his position as 'not at all good' (I3 Audacious (British battleship) : sunk by Aug I9I6), 798; and the Special German mine (27 Oct 1914), 141-2; Register Bill (Aug I9I6), 799-Boo; re­ sinking of, kept secret, 144, 214; loss fuses to allow Churchill full access to of, impairs British naval margin, 268 War Council notes (Aug I9I6), 8os; Augagneur, Victor: and French naval Churchill intends to show his Dar­ participation at the Dardanelles, 256- danelles statement to, in advance 7, 266-7; sends further battleship to the (Sept I9I6), 8o8; and Churchill's Dardanelles to replace the Bouvet, 354 attempt to stop the premature use of Austerlitz (battle of, I 8os): Napoleon the 'tank' (Sept I9I6), 810; informed defeats Russians at, 389n of alleged Lloyd George-Churchill­ Australia (Australian battle cruiser): 385 F. E. Smith-Sir J. French intrigue Australian and New Zealand Army against Sir Douglas Haig (Oct I9I6), Corps (ANZAC) : fears for safe transit 8I I; and Churchill's criticisins of of, 206; War Council agrees to send to Grey's evidence to the Dardanelles Dardanelles (16 Feb 1915), 288; Commission, 8I4; and his replace­ Kitchener wants at Dardanelles ment by Lloyd George (Dec I9I6), instead of 29th Division, 291 ; Churchill 8Ig-23; his changing attitude towards insists will, require 'a stiffening of Churchill, 825 regulars', 292; Kitchener considers Asquith, Raymond: Churchill visits in 'sufficient at first' for an attack on reserve billets (Nov I9IS), s8o, 6o7 Gallipoli, 293; preparations for send­ Asquith, Violet: recalls relations between ing to Gallipoli, 296; Kitchener Churchill and Fisher, 263; recalls believes good enough for 'a cruise in Churchill's 'joy' at the promise of the Sea of Marmora' (24 Feb 1915), INDEX

Australian and New Zealand Army Bacon, Reginald Hugh Spencer: 290, Corps (ANZAC)-continued 392; and the origin of the tank, 535 303; being assembled in readiness for Bad-Nauheim (Germany): Fisher's Dardanelles, 304, 316; at the Gallipoli daughter and son-in-law prisoners at landings (25 April 1915), 407; slight (Oct 1914), 146 advances of (to 29 April 1915), 412; Bagdad (Turkey): British forces fail to further slight gains (3 May 1915), 413; capture (Nov 1915), 590; Churchill joins renewed offensive at Belles (6--g forecasts (Dec 1915) disaster in future May 1915), 415; and evacuation of fighting at, 598, 6oo; Churchill advo­ Anzac area (Dec 1915), 6r9; Jack cates perseverance in attack on, 603, Churchill on headquarters staff of, 605; MAP, 839 in France (June 1916), 783 Bailey, Sir Abe: Mrs Churchill 'hob­ Austria-Hungary: and the crisis of July nobs' with (Jan 1916), 789; appeals to 1914, 2-3; ultimatum to Serbia, 4, 6; Lloyd George to give Churchill a Germany prepared to defend against place in his government (Dec 1916), Russia, 5; British warning to, 7; Bal­ 820 four about to visit on eve of war, 17; Bailey, Wilfred Russell: and Churchill's false news of war with Britain, 41; first day with the Grenadier Guards Britain declares war on (12 Aug 1914), (20 Nov 1915), 575-6 45; Churchill establishes blockade of, Bailleul (France): German armoured 46-7; possibility of uniting Balkan cars reported near (Sept 1914), 68; States against, 200-2, 210; occupies brewery vats of, used for delousing of Belgrade (r Dec 1914) but driven Churchill's battalion (Jan 1916), 640; from (14 Dec 1914), 224; Lloyd MAPS, 75, 631 George's repeated proposals for an Balaclava (battle of, Oct 1854): Chur­ attack on, 229, 243, 252; proposed chill compares losses of, with those of dismemberment of, 230; Kitchener battle of Leos (Sept 1915), 642 deprecates attack on, 244; War Coun­ Balcarres, roth Earl of (David Alexander cil discuss defence of Serbia against, Edward Lindsay): a possible Viceroy 2 73-4; imminence of attack on Serbia ofindia (1916), 683 by (Feb 1915), 278, 28o; Mark Sykes Balfour, Alice Blanche: 72 on need to mobilize Balkan States Balfour, Arthur James: learns of naval against, 317-18; Hankey favours offen­ situation from Fisher (July 1914), r6; sive against by means of British naval enthuses to Fisher about Churchill, attack up the Danube (r March 17; at Guildhall (Sept 1914), 62, 63; 1915), 318; Churchill sees capture of impressed by Churchill's military Constantinople as prelude to defeat prediction of 191 r, 64; reports on of, 331; hardship in (June-July 1915), Churchill's military reflections, 72; 504; attacks Rumania (r Sept 1916), defends Churchill in House of Com­ 797; Churchill asserts importance of mons against charges of responsibility concentrating on the destruction of for sinking of Aboukir, Cressy and Hogue, (Aug 1916), 799; MAPS, 29, 545 86; and Churchill's regulations about Avonmouth (Gloucestershire): 402 promotion to Admiral of the Fleet, 87; at War Council (25 Nov 1914), 176; Babington, John Tremayne: in air raid questions offensive naval policy in on Friedrichshafen (21 Nov 1914), 172 North Sea, r8r; asks about Britain's Bacchantes (class of British cruiser) : sea defences, r8r-2; Fisher writes to, patrolling Dogger Bank (Sept 1914), of importance of attack on Turkey 85-6 (4Jan 1915), 237; at War Council (7 INDEX

Balfour, Arthur James-continued Balfour, Arthur James--continued Jan 1915), 242; at War Council (13 relieved to be succeeded by, 468; Jan 1915), 251; outlines benefits to be Churchill sends seven points to, on gained by victory at the Dardanelles, future of Dardanelles operation (26 272; agrees on need for military help May 1915), 47o-1; Churchill des­ to Serbia, 273-4; comments on value cribes his 'cool quiet courage', 484; of armoured car squadrons, 2gon; asks Churchill seeks to influence, over sup­ War Council about political effects of plies for the Dardanelles, 485, 502; occupation of Gallipoli Peninsula, Churchill proposes Bulair landing to, 296; wants as many troops as possible 494; explains shortage of troop escort sent to Dardanelles (24 Feb 1915), vessels for Dardanelles, 497; appoints 305; Churchill urges need for u5,ooo Fisher Chairman of the Board of troops at Dardanelles on, so6; favours Inventions and Research (4July 1915), purely naval attack at Dardanelles, 506-7; approves Churchill's proposed in contrast to his opinion two days visit to Gallipoli Peninsula (mid-July earlier, (26 Feb 1915), 308, 310; 1915), 510; Churchill urges need for approves giving Russia a privileged greater aerial activity at the Dardan­ position at Dardanelles in any post­ elles on (22 July 1915), 514; Churchill war settlement, 321; and the protec­ worried about lethargy of (3 Aug tion of the Europeans in Constanti­ 1915), 516; Churchill urges renewed nople, 322; asks about naval advance naval attack to (21 Aug 1915), 524; up Danube, 323-4; favours post-war opposes renewed naval attack, 525; neutralization of Kiel Canal, 334; Churchill angered by (5 Sept 1915), argues at War Council (19 March 526; at Calais Conference (July 1915), 1915) in favour ofpartitioning Turkey, 526-7; and the origin of the tank, 356; Asquith describes as a man with 537; agrees (Sept 1915) to winter a 'futile feminine brain', 361, and of campaign at Gallipoli, 539; and the 'superficial charm', 362; on the prob­ use of Monitors at the Dardanelles lems of a renewed naval attack at the (Sept 1915), 541-2; Churchill pro­ Dardanelles, 370; Margot Asquith poses renewed naval attack to (Oct warns Lloyd George of the hostility 1915), 548; Margot Asquith seeks to of, 372; critical (8 April 1915) of a alert, against an alleged Lloyd military landing on the Gallipoli George-Curzon-Churchill plot, 556, Peninsula, 389; Churchill's reply to, 557; believes Kitchener unsuitable to 390; Fisher protests at Churchill talk­ be Secretary of State for War (Oct ing to, 426; Sir J. French puts his 1915), 559. 560; and Churchill's grievances to (May 1915), 430; tells defence of his air policy (Oct 1915), War Council (14 May 1915) Gallipoli 561; and speculation on Churchill's positions should not be evacuated, future career (Nov 1915), 563; Lady 432-3; Churchill appeals to, as an Randolph Churchill plans to dine intermediary with the Conservatives with (Nov 1915), 594; and the Galli­ (17 May 1915), 445, 455; Churchill poli evacuation (Nov 1915), 601; suggests, as his successor as First Lord, Lady Randolph Churchill reports 448; Churchill suggests, as Secretary 'they say he has gone to sleep' (Dec of State for War, 449, 451; Fisher 1915), 618; and Fisher's attempt to refuses to serve under, as First Lord, return to the Admiralty (Jan-March 452, 467; most senior Admiralty 1916), 702-3; Churchill's criticisms of officials favour, as First Lord, 457; to Admiralty administration of (Feb­ become First Lord, 465; Churchill March 1916), 707-u, 716-36, 749, 8g6 INDEX

Balfour, Arthur James-continued Basra (Turkey)-continued 755; Mrs Churchill describes as 'wan Alexandretta to, 509; British Force and white, but still purring away' advances towards Bagdad from, 59on; (April 1916), 756; Churchill criticizes MAP, 8g9 air policy of (May 1916), 76g-4, 767; Battenberg, Prince Louis Alexander of: his sneers echoed by a lesser man, 774; Churchill discusses European crisis Churchill describes (g1 May 1916) with (25July 1914), s; and the halting 'cowardice, inertia, futility and inso­ of the dispersal of the Fleet (26 July lence' of Admiralty regime under, I914), 6-7; and decision to send Fleet 776; asks Churchill to draft Jutland to North Sea, 8-9; and replacement of communique (2 June 1916), 777; Callaghan by Jellicoe, 14, r6; Fisher's Churchill writes that he 'dozes placidly opinion of, I 7; at Anglo-French naval upon the Admiralty throne' (Aug discussion (go July I9J4), r8-r9; and I9I6), 798; and the emergence of the Goeben, 26, go, 4I; and the British Lloyd George as Prime Minister (Dec Expeditionary Force, 34; Churchill r9I6), 822 sends strategic thoughts to, 3 7; Chur­ Ballin, Albert: Churchill dines with (24 chill confers with, after fall of Namur, July I9I4), 5 55; willing to share responsibility for Baltic Sea: Churchill wants Japanese Admiralty prevention of invasion, 58; help to secure naval command of (29 Churchill expresses danger of aerial Aug I9I4), 44, 202; Churchill suggests attack to, 72; and orders to discon­ joint Anglo-Russian action in, 52-g; tinue Dogger Bank patrol, 85; enthu­ 84; Churchill wants British naval siastic about air attack on German action in (22 Dec I9I4), 225-6, 228, Zeppelin sheds, 89; and defence of 2gi, 2g7, 246; Fisher wants British Antwerp, 103, 104; arranges departure naval plans concentrated on (20 Jan of troops for Antwerp, I09, IIS, 262; 19I5), 259, 265; Churchill describes perturbed by Churchill's absence, 'ultimate object' of Navy as access to I I I ; Asquith not very trustful of, r I 7; (28Jan 1915), 272; Churchill repeats, critical of Churchill's Antwerp mission, action in, is Britain's 'proper line of r I 9-20; his work supervised by As­ strategy' (g March I9I5), g24; Fisher quith, I3I; Churchill dissatisfied with, insists, it is 'the decisive theatre' (I 6 I45; his resignation as First Lord March I9I5), g48; rumours of a (October I914), 147-53, 157, 72I; planned British naval offensive in, contrasted with Fisher, r85; discusses 400; MAPS, 53, 842 possibility ofGallipoli landings (2 Sept Barclay, Sir George: reports fears of a I914), 203; his nephew killed in Turkish attack on Russia, I 98 action, 228; and revivied criticism of Basra (Turkey): British consul at Churchill's Admiralty administration arrested (Oct 19I4), 217, 2I9; occu­ (Aug 19I5), 53 I; receives an account pied by Government of India troops of Churchill's advocacy of Fisher's (Nov I9I4), 221, 22g; Hankey wants return to the Admiralty (March 1916), troops at withdrawn, and sent to Dar­ 708-9 danelles (24 Feb I9I6), 301; the India Batum (Russia): Russian army corps at, Office declare that it 'must form part 3I6, 322; MAP, 839 of the British Empire' after the war, Bautzen (Saxony) (battle of, r8I3): I 7I g55; Hamilton believes Turks unable Bax-Ironside, Sir Henry George Out­ to recapture because of the military ram: reports (6 Feb 1915) Austrian pressure at Gallipoli, 499; proposed policy is to crush Serbia, 277-8; extension of British control from reports (6 Feb I915) Bulgarians INDEX

Bax-Ironside, Sir Henry George Out­ Belgium-continued ram-continued about, 27; German invasion of (3 Aug borrowing money from Germany, 280; 1914), 31, 53-5; and the British desire reports (10 March rgrs) possibility of to defend Antwerp (October 1914), Bulgarian co-operation with the Allies, g6-I 34; Churchill believes has become 335 'a mere succession of fortified lines' Bayly, Sir Lewis: Clementine Churchill's (by Dec 1914), 226; British pilots advice on, r 5; studies possible offen­ attack Zeppelins which refuel in, 240; sive action against Germany, 19-20; anxious to use British armoured car angered by Churchill's phrase 'rats in squadron, 290n a hole', 84; ordered to haul down his Belgrade (Serbia): Austrians occupy (I flag, r8s; described as a fool by Fisher, Dec 1914), but driven out of (14 Dec 268 1914), 224; Austrians reoccupy (9 Beauchamp, 7th Earl (William Oct 1915), 549; MAPs, 545, 842 Lygon Beauchamp) : 245; reports Bellairs, Carlyon: opposes Churchill's Liberal Ministers' belief that Churchill return to political influence (March 'primary cause of trouble' in crisis of xgx6), 723, 725 May 1915, 454 Benckendorff, Alexander Count de: and Beatty, Sir David: opposes replacement Russian fears of an Austrian naval of Callaghan by Jellicoe, 14; Clemen­ attack, 193 tine Churchill's advice to her husband Bengal, Bay of: British ships search for about, zs; critical of Churchill's Emden in, I 39 actions at the siege of Antwerp, 134; Bentham, John Henry: at Antwerp (Oct approves Fisher's return to Admiralty, 1914), I 19 154; worried about Churchill and Berard, Edouard: Governor of Calais, Fisher quarrelling, 155, 187 52 Beatty, Lady (Ethel Field): 133, 154, 155 Berehaven (Co. Cork): Invincible and Beaverbrook, zst Baron, Jee both Aitken, Inflexible ordered to sail to, I 92 Sir William Maxwell and Politicians Beresford, Lord Charles William de la and the War Poer: at Other Club meeting (6 Aug Beckenham, Henry Anstead: Churchill's 1914), 35; Fisher willing to co­ personal shorthand writer, 485 operate with, so; and formation of Beerbohm, Max: on Asquith's premier­ Royal Naval Division, 51; rebuked by ship, 699n Churchill for calling Prince Louis 'a Beirut (Turkey): Captain Richmond German', 148; asks for details ofRoyal wants British troops landed at, instead Naval Division activities at Antwerp, of at Gallipoli, 389; MAP' 838 I 70; criticizes conduct of the war at Beith, John Hay (Ian Hay): serves with sea (27 Nov 1914), I 77; questions with the Argyll and Sutherland High­ Dardanelles operation in House of landers, 630; at Churchill's battalion Commons (22 April 1915), 398, and sports day, 641 again (4 May 1915), 413; believed to Belfort (France): British aviators attack be about to combine with Churchill Friedrichshafen from (21 Nov 1914), and Carson (Dec 1915), 590; criticizes 172; MAP, 173 Churchill's 'wicked statement' (March Belgian Congo: Churchill distrustful of 1916), 729; appeals for compulsory Belgian policy in, I o military service (April 1916), 755 Belgium: independence of, I; neutrality Berkeley Hotel (London): Lord Esher of, 7, 9-10, 12, 22-4; German inten­ lunches with Mrs Churchill at (Dec tion to invade, 26; Cabinet decision 1915), 6o8-9 8g8 INDEX

Berlin: Fisher believes 'spy postman' has Bethune (France): 760; MAP, 75 sent letter to, 49; Churchill proposes Betteshanger (Kent): Naval Brigade Russian advance on (I9 Aug I9I4), leaves for Antwerp from, I I2 52; Sir J. French confident of reaching, Bieberstein, Marschall von: establishes if he can be reinforced, 6 I ; consterna­ German influence at Alexandretta tion reported in, after British air raid (before I9I4), 234-5 on DUsseldorf and Cologne (9 Oct Bignold, Sir Arthur: mistaken for a I9I4), I23; Royal Naval Division German spy, 82; innocent, 83 prisoners of war near, I25; secret Billing, Noel Pemberton: commands instructions for Admiral Souchon air raid on Friedrichshafen (2I Nov from, I 93; Churchill resurrects (Dec I9I4), I72; fails to be elected at Mile I9I4) British naval plan to help Rus­ End by-election (25 Jan I9I6), 7I4n; sians advance on, 225-6, 228; Churchill elected at East Hertfordshire by­ wants Sir J. French to land at Emden election (Io March I9I6), 733-4, and advance on, 244, 245; Churchill 736; attacks the Government's air revives (25 March I9I5) plan for policy, 744, 749 attack on, 373; Fisher asserts Dar­ Bingham, Ralph Charles: recalls Chur­ danelles troops should have been sent chill's training with the Grenadier to, 426; MAPS, 53, 842 Guards (Nov I9I5), 577 Bermuda: troops cross Atlantic from, 37 Birdwood, Sir William Riddell: acting Bernau, William Henry: and Churchill's commander of troops assembling at proposed visit to the Gallipoli Penin­ the Dardanelles, 305, 322; sceptical sula (mid-July I9I5), 5I I; and Chur­ (6 March I9I5) of a naval success at chill's proposed visit to the war zone in Dardanelles without military support, France (Sept I9I5), 530 33I; at conference on board Queen Bertie, Sir Francis Leveson: Grey in­ Elizabeth (22 March I9I5), 363-4; forms, of need for French help at wants to land the Anzac troops be­ Antwerp, I02; reports Antwerp posi­ tween Enos and Gulf of Xeros, avoid­ tion not hopeless, Io5; Grey informs, ing Gallipoli Peninsula, 392; wants of British role at Antwerp, I24; Grey to withdraw from Anzac area on first informs, of 'promises of I9o8' to day of Gallipoli landings (25 April Russia about the future of Constanti­ I9I5), 407; temporarily replaces nople, 320; sends Grey report of Hamilton at the Dardanelles (I7-28 Russian refusal to allow Greeks to Oct I9I5), 554; and the evacuation join in the attack at the Dardanelles, of the Anzac area (Dec I9I5), 6I9; 328; asks Northcliffe what Lord takes Jack Churchill on to his Staff, Esher's status is in France, 589n 6g6 Besika Bay (Turkey): British ships at Birmingham: Churchill agrees to speak (2 Sept I9I4), 205; Fisher wants at, but then declines (Sept I9I4), 77 British military landing at (Jan 19I5), Birrell, Augustine: 583, 689 234-5; French Government want Bir Saba (Turkey): Turkish troops retire military landing at (Aug I9I5), 526; to, 279 MAPS, 235, 840 Black Sea: Russian fears of Austrian Bessarabia (Russia): Kitchener believes Fleet in, I93; British fears that Goeben Russia should restore to Rumania, 2 I I and Breslau will sail into, I97; Goeben Bethell, Sir Alexander Edward: 85, 374 and Breslau bombard Russian ports Bethlehem (Turkey): Lloyd George does in (29 Oct I9I4), 2I5, 2I6, 2I9; need not wish to see, under French control, to restore access to, 230, 237; Russia 343 regrets cannot take naval initiative in, INDEX 8gg

Black Sea-continued Bonham Carter, Violet-continued 266; Fisher insists on military occu­ 722, 723, 73I-2, 733; recalls Chur­ pation of Dardanelles in order to chill's thoughts about the Dardanelles ensure opening of, 287; Balfour on Commission (Aug Igi6), 798 importance of obtaining wheat from, Booth, Frederick Handel: asks in Parlia­ go8; Allied shipping locked up in, ment if naval aviators have violated 350; MAPS, 235 Swiss neutrality (Nov I9I4), I73-4; Blandford, Marquis of (John Albert votes against the Government in the Edward William Spencer-Churchill) : Nigeria debate (Nov I9I6), 8I5n visits Churchill at Admiralty (Aug Boothby, Evelyn LeonardBeridge: Turks I9I4), g6 do not allow to return to his ship (I I Blandford (Dorset): Royal Naval Divi­ Aug I9I4), I93 sion reviewed at, 305-6; Rupert Bordeaux (France): French Govern­ Brooke at, 402 ment moves from Paris to, 105, 106 Blenheim, battle of (I704): 'glories of', Borkum (German island) : possible revived in I9I4, I4I British base, I 9, 2 I ; Konigen Luise Blenheim Palace (Oxfordshire): Chur­ sails from, 38; Churchill resurrects chill refuses to spend Christmas at, plan for seizure of (Dec I9I4), 225, 36; Churchill plans to paint at, 759; 228, 2g6, 237. 24I-2, 245, 246-7, 265; Northcliffe sends bust of Napoleon Richmond determined to undermine to Churchill at, 782; Churchill tries Churchill's plan for an attack on, to calm his mind by painting at, 258; Fisher wants naval action at, 787 346, 348; Churchill drafts (24 March Blenheim (British depot ship): Fisher I9I5) lengthy scheme for the capture wants in home waters, not at Dar­ of, 373; Fisher asserts Dardanelles danelles, 260 troops should have been landed at, Blequin (France): 572; MAP, 575 426; Churchill recalls (Dec I9I5) Blonde!, Jean Camille: I98 plans for landing at, 6oo; MAPS, I9, BlUcher (German battle cruiser): sunk 842 in Dogger Bank action (24Jan I9I5), Born Deep (Holland) : possible British 26I; 625 base, 2I Boer War (I89g-Igo2): Liberal criticisms Bosnia (and Herzegovina): 230; MAP, during, 79 842 Bombay (British India): troops trans­ Bosphorus (Turkey): German merchant ported to France from (Aug I9I4), ships being armed in (27 Aug I9I4), 37; Churchill's shoulder dislocated at I99; forts manned by German officers, (I896), 635n 206; Hankey sees no insuperable B6ne (Algeria): bombarded by Breslau, obstacle in capture of (Dec I9I4), 29; MAP, 29 230; Russia cannot hope to destroy Bonham Carter, Maurice: 87, 426, 438, guns at entrance to, 266; Russians 445, 456, 737; marries Violet Asquith believe substantial number of troops (go Nov I9I5), 594 needed to capture, 292; Balfour Bonham Carter, Violet (for earlier believes naval operations alone suffi­ references, see Asquith, Violet): at the cient to open (26 Feb I9I5), go8; opening of Clementine Churchill's Churchill wishes Admiral Carden to Ponders End canteen (3 Feb I9I6), attack, following his entry into the Sea 698-g; and Churchill's advocacy of of Marmara, 3I5, 323, 326-7; Russian Fisher's return to the Admiralty plan to attack forts at the mouth of, (March I9I6), 709, 7I3, 7I8, 72I, 344; Russians bombard forts at mouth goo INDEX

Bosphorus (Turkey)-continued Brett, Maurice Vyner Baliol: critical of of (3 May I9I5), 4I 7; Churchill's Churchill's visit to France (6-10 May brother-in-law believes, can still be 1915). 425 forced (Sept 19I5), 548; MAPs, 8g8, Bridgeman, Sir Charles Francis: suc­ 841 ceeded by Prince Louis as First Sea Botha, Louis: 490 Lord (19I2), 15n; warns Haig against Boulogne (France): 572, 625; MAPS, 575, Churchill (I9I6), 6son 649 Bridgeman, Lady: her 'power to do mis­ Bout Deville (France): Churchill in chief', 15 reserve billets at, 580 Bridges, George Tom Molesworth: Bouvet (French battleship): sunk at the liaison officer with Belgian army, 136; Dardanelles (I8 March I9I5), 35I, Clementine Churchill talks about her 354, 397n; MAP (I8 March I9I5), husband's military future to (Dec 353 I915), 595; shows Churchill coastal Bowles, Thomas Gibson: accuses Chur­ trenches (Dec I 9 I 5), 6oo; Churchill chill of responsibility for sinking of expects to serve under, 6o6; Churchill Aboukir, Cressy and Hogue, 86 lunches with, 624 Brabazon, Sir John Palmer: on Chur­ Briggs, Edward Featherstone: in air chill's dismissal from the Admiralty, raid on Friedrichshafen (Nov I9I4), 482-3 I72 Brade, Sir Reginald Herbert: and con­ Brindisi (Italy): Goeben refused coal at, scription (Aug I9I5), 528; Bonar 26; MAP, 29 Law wants Asquith to consult, about British Campaign in France and Flanders, sending Churchill to command in The (A. Conan Doyle): 81011 East Africa (Nov I9I5), 565; at the British East Africa: Churchill's possible War Office, 6 I 6 military command in (Nov 1915) 563, Braithwaite, Walter Pipon: asks Kit­ 565-6, 598; Churchill wants greater chener for a good air service at the use of native troops from 'for war or Dardanelles, 339 for labour' (July 19I6), 794 Breslau (German light cruiser): British British Expeditionary Force: and the ships keep watch on (2 Aug I9I4), 28; Admiralty, I I; Cabinet refuses to bombards Bone (4 Aug I914), 29; send to France (I Aug 19I4), 24; escapes British search, 40-2; escape Navy ready to send to France, 34; of, a cause of criticism of Churchill, crosses to France, 37, 39, 40; reaches I43, I70i reaches Constantinople Amiens, 4 7; at l\!Ions, 53; retreats from (10 Aug 19I4), 193; sold to Turks, Mons, 54; Churchill sees need for 194-5; renamed Midilli, 194n; Britain continual reinforcement of, 56-57; in insist3 on German crew leaving, 196; retreat for thirteen days, 62, 69-70; action against Russia feared (26 Aug advances across l\!Iarne, 71-2; Kit­ 19I4), 198; Troubridge instructed chener fears its position endangered (8 Sept 19I4) to sink, 206; Carden (Oct I9I4), 103; Churchill wants instructed ( 2 I Sept I 9 I 4) to sink, advance of, along Belgian coast (Jan 209; Turkish Government warned 19I5), 241; Sir J. French unwilling about (28 Oct I9I4), 2I4i bombards to send troops to south-east Europe Russian Black Sea ports (29 Oct I914), from, 277 2 I 5; defeat of envisaged, 249; Fisher Brooke, Rupert: at Antwerp (Oct willing to offer one million pounds for 19I4), I I6, I go; departs for Dar­ (March 19I5), 359; known to be out danelles, 305; quite certain he will be ofaction (Aug I9I5), 525 killed (25 Feb 19I5), go6; dies (24 INDEX go I

Brooke, Rupert-continued Bulair (Turkey)-continued April 1915), 401; Churchill's obituary Carden instructed (5 March I915) to of (26 April 1915), 401-2 prevent movement of Turkish troops Brookes, Warwick: defeats Pemberton across, 327; Fisher worried by Chur­ Billing at Mile End by-election (25 chill's obsession with, 348; the prob­ Jan I9I6), 7I4n able effect of British ships either side Browne, William Denis: at Antwerp of, 368; the French to attack with (Oct I9I4), I30 aircraft, 369; de Robeck does not Brownlow, D'Arcy Charles: appointed believe that a landing at would cause MilitaryGovernorofBasra (Nov I9I4), Turks to abandon Gallipoli Penin­ 22I sula, 377; Turkish troop movements Bruges (Belgium): Marine reconnais­ at, visible from the air, 397; Chur­ sance to, 56; problem of refugees chill proposes (I I June I 9 I 5) landing from, 97-8; Churchill expected at at, 494; Sir Ian Hamilton opposed (3 Oct I9I4), 106; General Rawlinson to landing at, 495; Churchill con­ reaches (6 Oct I9I4), II5; British tinues to be attracted by idea of forces to be reorganized at, I I 8; landing at (I9 June I9I5), soo; Rawlinson establishes HQ at, I2o; Churchill's plan to cut Turks off MAP,99 from (Oct I9I5), 544; MAPs, 545, Brusilov, Alexei Alexeievich: his success­ 840 ful Russian offensive (June-Aug I9I6), Bulgaria: possibility of action against 793. 799 Austria by (Aug-Sept I9I4), 200-2; Brussels (Belgium): German troops promises Greece to remain neutral in reach, 75, IOI; MAPS, 54, 99 event of Graeco-Turkish war, 206; Buchan, Alastair Ebenezer: wounded Greeks want simultaneous attack on (Feb I9I6), 677 Turkey by, 209; Churchill wants as an Buchanan, Sir George William: at ally (Sept I9I4), 210, 2I I; hostile to Petrograd, 2I7, 232, 280, 320, 328, Greece, 221 ; Asquith reports Chur­ 400 chill's mind 'set on' (5 Dec I914), 223; Bucharest (Rumania): 2I3; MAPS, 545, not disposed to join Allies (Dec 1914), 842 224; importance of in British plans to Buckle, Archie Stewart: shows Churchill defeat Turkey, 230, 235, 244, 249, British trenches at Neuve Chapelle 273-5, 323; Austrian aim to attract, (Dec I9I5), 624 277, 279-80; Churchill asserts possi­ Buckmaster, Sir Stanley Owen: un­ bility of joint action with, 302, 307, willing to suppress press criticism of 308; Churchill intends British troops Churchill's actions at Antwerp (Oct will capture Adrianople for, 3 r 5; has I9I4), I29; becomes Lord Chancellor no reason to join Allies before some (May I9I5), 470 sign of their success, 317; Churchill Bulair (Turkey): Churchill wants suffi­ stresses need for alliance with, 329; cient troops to hold the lines of (20 German submarines said to be on their Feb I9I5), 300, 307, 308; Hankey on way to Turkey via, 338; possibility possible need for troops at, 309; pro­ reported of an attack on Turkey by posed cutting of Turkish communi­ (March 19I5), 348, 349; German cations at, 323; Churchill names ammunition reported in transit for I8 March I9I5 as possible day for Turkey through, 372; Hankey recalls landing troops at, 324; Churchill (Aug 1916) effect of naval attack at says 20,000 troops ready to land at, Dardanelles on, 380; Fisher wants as by 20 March I9I5, 326; Admiral an ally in attack on Turkey, and also INDEX

Bulgaria-continued Cabinet, the British-continued on Greece, 382 ; Balfour wants an (27 July 1914), 7-8; Churchill fears 'arrangement' with, 389; reported to consult, 9; meeting (29July 1914), Turkish fears of attack from, 396; 10, 12; Churchill reads F. E. Smith's Churchill on importance of alliance letter to, 22; rejects full naval mobiliza­ with (30 April 1915), 412; Asquith tion (1 Aug 1914), 23, 462; opposes recalls (March 1917) beneficial effect sending Expeditionary Force to of Dardanelles operation on, 480; France, 24; ratifies full naval mobiliza­ Cabinet divided over policy towards tion (2 Aug 1914), 25; and German (June 1915), 505-6; Churchill fears ultimatum to Belgium, 27; not con­ German armies will seduce (Aug sulted about Anglo-French naval co­ 1915), 524; Churchill's plan for mili­ operation, 27-8; refuses Churchill's tary action against (Oct 1915), 544-5; request to fight Goeben before outbreak mobilizes against Serbia (Oct 1915), of war, 30; report of discussion on 549; Grey proposes hostilities against Japan in, 43; rumour of opposition (Oct 1915), 553; Churchill against to formation of Royal Naval Division, wasting men in fighting Bulgaria (Dec 51; approves Churchill's Marine ex­ 1915), 597, and (May 1916), 772; pedition to Ostend, 56; rejects Chur­ attacks Rumania (1 Sept 1916), chill's arguments for compulsory ser­ 797; MAPS, 235, 545, 838, 840, vice (26 Aug 1914), 57; alarmed by 842 Sir John French's decision to fall back Bulgarian Horrors and the Question of the behind Paris (31 Aug 1914), 5g-6o; East, The (W. E. Gladstone): quoted, not informed of Churchill's visit to 188n France (10 Sept 1914), 72; learns of Buller, Sir Redvers Henry: Fisher naval problem during one of Chur· describes as 'seized with mental chill's visits to France (22 Sept 1914), paralysis', 268 8g-9o; discusses defence of Antwerp Burgas (Bulgaria): MAP, 842 (30 Sept 1914), 101-2; approves send· Burn, Henry Pelham: Churchill dines ing Naval Brigades to Antwerp, 109; with (Jan 1916), 643-4; Churchill Churchill offers to resign from (5 sends to see Lloyd George (June Oct 1914), 111-12; meeting at which 1916), 782-3 Antwerp discussed (5 Oct 1914), 113; Burns, John Elliot: on Churchill's Churchill reports on Antwerp to ( 7 character (May 1915), 477-8 Oct 1914), 120; Kitchener warns of Bush, Eric: serving at sea on fifteenth possibility of invasion (mid-Oct 1914), birthday, 170n 138; Asquith reports Grey and Hal­ Buxton, Charles Roden: departs on dane 'fussy & jumpy' (23 Oct 1914), mission for the Balkans (Aug 1914), 139; discusses need to keep Audacious 201; sees Asquith on return from sinking secret (28 Oct 1914), 142; mission (Jan 1915), 255 bewildered by British naval defeat off Buxton, Edward Noel: departs on Coronel, 158; regards Coronel defeat mission to the Balkans, 201-2; reports as, in Asquith's words, 'not creditable on his mission, 213-14; sees Asquith to the officers of the Navy', 159; on return from mission, 255 sanctions joint military and naval Buxton, 1st Viscount (Sydney Charles attack along Belgian Coast towards Buxton): 454, 477 Ostend (end Nov 1914), 163; seizure of Turkish battleships approved at Cabinet, the British: meeting (24 July (31 July 1914), 192; discusses sale of 1914), 3-4; records of, 3n; meeting Goeben and Breslau to Turkey ( 12 INDEX 903

Cabinet, the British~continued Cabinet Ministers, conclaves of: on I Aug I9I4), I94; Asquith describes Aug I9I4, 25; on 2 Aug I914, 26; on Churchill as 'violently anti-Turk' at 3 Aug I914, 27-8; on 3I Aug I914, (2I Aug I9I4), Ig6; agrees to financial 6o; on 5 Nov I9I4, I76n; see subse­ aid for Rumania and Serbia (2 Sept quently index entries for War Council I9I4), 204; attempts to avert a Tur­ and Dardanelles Committee kish attack by holding Indian troops Cabinet War Committee, the: successor in Egypt (3 Sept I9I4), 205; to the Dardanelles Committee, 563; discusses Turkish policy (23 Sept Churchill excluded from, 563-4; Fisher I9I4), 2IO-I I; imminent Turkish attends, 730-I invasion discussed at (23 Oct I9I4), Cadiz (Spain): Napoleon sends Ville­ 2I4; Grey uncompromising towards neuve to sea from (r8o5), I45 Turkey at (28 Oct I9I4), 2I4; decides Gaillard, Sir Vincent Henry Penalver: not to take warlike acts against Turkey sent to Constantinople (I913), I90 (30 Oct I9I4), 2I5; insists on need Cairo (Egypt): MAP, 838 for formal declaration of war against Calais (France): Churchill declines to Turkey (4 Nov I9I4), 2I9; reported send Royal Naval Division to, 52, Io8; by Montagu to be entirely loyal to German threat to (Sept I9I4), 72; Asquith (March I9I5), 362; dis­ Churchill crosses to (r6 Sept 1914), cusses (23 March I9I5) the possibility 8o; fear of German advance to (Oct of a renewed naval attack at the 1914), I03, I35, I36; Anglo-French Dardanelles, 366; Churchill and Kit­ conference at (July I915), 506, 526-7, chener in dispute at (7 April 1915), 546; MAP, 575, 649 387; Churchill defends his policy for Callaghan, Sir George Astley: given order dealing with mines at the Dardanelles not to disperse Fleet, 6; given order in a memorandum for (24 April 1915), to send Fleet to North Sea, 9; re­ 399; Churchill circulates defence of placed by Jellicoe (4 Aug I914), his policy as First Lord to (30 May I4-I6 1915), 486; Asquith informs (7 June Callaghan, Lady: her 'power to do 1915), of decision to reinforce Dar­ mischief', 15 danelles army, 494; discusses possi­ Callwell, Charles Edward: reports (3 bility of alliance with Bulgaria (30 Sept 1914) on possibility of seizure of June 1915), 506; meets (r9July 1915), Gallipoli Peninsula, 203; critical of 513; War Policy Committee of (Aug­ Kitchener's indecision, 257; attends Sept 1915), 527-g; Carson angered War Council Sub-Committee (28 by 'waste of time' at (Sept 1915), 529- Jan I9I5), 273; registers Jack Chur­ 30, 532-3; meets (6 Oct 1915), 548; chill's name for service at Gallipoli, meets (12 Oct 1915), 558-9; Churchill 340; serves on Committee to examine speaks of resignation in (Nov 1915), British territorial needs in Turkey, 39I; s6o; unanimous that Kitchener should informs H. A. Gwynne of the May leave War Office (r Nov 1915), 562; crisis (22 May I9I5), 458-g; and decides to evacuate Gallipoli Penin­ Dardanelles ammunition supplies, 5 I 6; sula (23 Nov 1915), 581; discussion and conscription (July-Aug I9I5), about Gallipoli evacuation in, 6or-2, 527-8; and Guy Dawnay's visit to 617; F. E. Smith enters (3 Nov 1915), London (Sept I9I5), 540; examines 6 I 5n; Churchill describes as 'weak merits of western and Gallipoli fronts, and foolish', 624; F. E. Smith sends 548n; Bonar Law wants Asquith to Churchill news of discussions in consult about appointment of Chur­ (Jan 1916), 688 chill to East African military command INDEX

Callwell, Charles Edward-continued Carden, Sackville Hamilton-continued (Nov 1915), 565; explains the reason Sept 19I4), 2I2; instructed to 'com­ for Asquith deciding not to publish mence hostilities at once against the Dardanelles documents (June Turkey' (3I Oct I9I4), 2I6; bombards 1916), 785; his post-war criticisms of outer forts ofDardanelles (3 Nov I9I4), politicians controlling war strategy, 2I8, 2I9; asked about possibility of 787n forcing Dardanelles (3 Jan I915), Calshot (Kent): anti-aircraft flights 233-4; his reply reaches Admiralty based on, 66 (5 Jan I9I5), 237-8; his detailed Calza Bedolo, Gino: at Antwerp, I 15; proposals awaited, 242; his detailed Churchill's interview with, on the proposals discussed in London (I 2 minorities question, 202 Jan I9I5), 248-52; his plan authorized Cambrai (France): Royal Naval Air (I4 Jan 19I5), 254; and preparations Service reconnaissance over, 65 ;MAP, 75 for naval action, 255-7, 259-60, 266, Cambon, Paul: 24, 26I, 278; his scathing 272, 276-7, 279, 286-7; bombards remark about Italy reported, 426n outer forts (I9 Feb I915), 300-I; Cameron, John Ewen: takes Sir Ian instructions to (24 Feb I9I5), 304-5; Hamilton to the Dardanelles, 342; at resumes bombardment (25 Feb I9I5), the Dardanelles, 352 305; destroys outer forts (25-6 Feb Cameron of Lochiel, Donald Walter: I9I5), 3I4; destroys further forts, 32I; his bravery at the battle of Laos, 642 believes he can enter Sea of Marmara Campbell, Henry Hervey: placed on after fourteen more days' bombard­ halfpay, 86 ment (4 March I9I5), 324; reports on Campbell, William Pitcairn: offers Chur­ landing of sailors to demolish forts chill command of a battalion (12 (4 March I9I5), 326; receives in­ June 1915), 495 structions (5 March I9I5) on what to Canada: army volunteers from trans­ do once his ships reach Sea of Mar­ ported across Atlantic, 37; troops mara, 326-7; reports on slow progress from, in the first trench 'raids', 636-7; of bombardment at the Dardanelles, ratio of troops to inhabitants, 794n 33I, 332; asks for more destroyers, Canadian Cavalry Division: J. E. B. 336; Fisher offers (II March 1915) to Seely in command of, 83 replace him as commander-in-chief, Canopus (British battleship): off South 337; new instructions to (II March America, 156-60, I82; to go to I9I5) urging him to 'press the attack Dardanelles, 249n, 265; at Dardanelles, vigorously', 337; Fisher wants him 'to 331 press on!', 338; reports minesweeping Cape Helles (Turkey): Allied ships difficulties (I 3 March I 9 I 5), 342; assemble off (Feb 1915), 282; Fisher Churchill urges him to take greater urges need for a military base at (20 risks, 343; instructed (15 March I9I5) March 1915), 360; Hamilton decides to concert with Sir Ian Hamilton 'in on military landing at, 393; military any military operations which you landings at (25 April 1915), 402-10; consider necessary', 34 7; forced by further offensive at (6--g May 1915), illness to give up his command (x6 4I4-I6; MAPS, 403, 5I9 March 19I5), 348; Fisher believes de Cape St Vincent (Portugal) : 265 Robeck better than, 354; Churchill's Carden, Sackville Hamilton: appointed orders to (5 Feb I9I5) about mines, 399 to command at Dardanelles (2I Sept Cardiff (Glamorgan): Asquith visits (2 I9I4), 209; prevents Turkish tor­ Oct I9I4), I02; Asquith unable to pedo boat leaving Dardanelles (27 return in time from, I03 INDEX 905

Caribbean Sea: Karlsruhe sinks British Carson, Sir Edward Henry-continued merchant ships in, 264n (April 1916), 756-7; and the intro­ Carnarvon (British cruiser): and prepara­ duction of the Military Service Bill tions for battle of Falkland Islands, (April 1916), 758; Churchill's political !82 hopes centre on, 759; protests against Carrying On (Ian Hay): 63011 exclusion of Irish soldiers from the Carson, Sir Edward Henry: and possible Military Service Bill (May 1916), Coalition on eve of war, 13; writes 761-2; Churchill seeks to stimulate encouragingly to Churchill (5 Aug to further criticism of the War Office, 1914), 32-3; Churchill sends defence 775; presses Asquith to publish of his naval policy to, 159; becomes Dardanelles documents (June 1916), Attorney-General (May 1915), 470; 783, 785; organizes the first serious and Churchill's Irish policies, 476; parliamentary challenge to Asquith warns Churchill not to miscalculate (8 Nov 1916), 815-16; and the fall of difficulties at the Dardanelles (21 Asquith (Nov-Dec 1916), 816-17, June 1915), 504-5; opposes further 820; becomes First Lord of the Gallipoli offensive (19 Aug 1915), 523; Admiralty (Dec 1916), 823 angered by Cabinet procedure (Sept Cassel, Sir Ernest Joseph: Churchill 1915), 529-30, 532-3; agrees (Sept dines with (24 July 1914). 5; holds 1915) to winter campaign at Gallipoli, $2o,ooo of American stocks for Chur­ 539; discusses Gallipoli with Guy chill, 51 I ; Lady Randolph Churchill Dawnay (Sept 1915), 540; against dines with (2 Feb 1916), 668; Mrs remaining at Gallipoli (Oct 1915), Churchill to dine with (Jan 1916), 689; 549; and Gallipoli reinforcements, Mrs Churchill reports on 'red-hot 551; his resignation from the Cabinet patriotism' of, 693; at a bridge even­ (12 Oct 1915), 558, 559; believed to ing with Asquith, 708 be about to combine with Churchill Cassel (France): armoured car skirmish and Beresford (Dec 1915), 590; near, 68; armoured cars in region of, Milner wants Churchill to join (Dec 93, 135; Royal Marines and armoured 1915), 591; succeeded as Attorney­ cars forced to return to Dunkirk from, General by F. E. Smith, 615n; rejects 103, 105; MAP, 75 compromise over conscription, 618; Cattaro (Austria-Hungary): Grey wants Garvin sees as a 'fighting-quartette' British attack on, 252-3; German with Lloyd George, Fisher and Chur­ submarine known to have reached, on chill (Dec 1915), 621-2; and the way to Dardanelles (21 May 1915), Marconi affair (1912), 623n; and the 463; MAP, 842 final withdrawal from Gallipoli (Jan Caucasus (Russia): possibility of Turkish 1916), 685; Churchill asks his wife to action against Russia in, 200; Lloyd keep in touch with (Jan 1916), 688; George wants to attack Turkey in Churchill sees as a future Cabinet order to relieve pressure on Russia colleague, 697; Fisher compares Chur­ in, 229; Russians appeal for help to chill's 'courage' with, 701; his opposi­ reduce Turkish pressure on, 231, 232; tion to Asquith (1916), 704, 711, 713; Turks routed in, 396 and Churchill's opposition to Asquith, Cavan, 1oth Earl of (Frederick Rudolph 736, 738---9, 741, 743, 745-6, 747, 750, Lambart): agrees that Churchill can 751-2, 753; seeks to mediate between train with the Grenadier Guards Churchill and Milner (April 1916), (Nov 1915), 573-4; suggests Churchill 756; seen as a leader with Lloyd leaves the trenches until appointed to George of an opposition to Asquith command a Brigade, 588; Churchill go6 INDEX

Cavan, I oth Earl of-continued Chamberlain, Joseph Austen: in dispute hopes to serve under, 6o6-7; tells with Churchill over Irish Home Rule Haig of Churchill's 'excellent work' in (Sept I9I4), 77-8o; Bonar Law the trenches, 6 I 5 shows Churchill's appeal to (May Cawley, Sir Frederick: Churchill sets I9I5), 464; becomes Secretary of out his criticism of Balfour's naval State for India (May I9IS), 470; administration in letter to (II March and Churchill's Irish policies, 476; I9I6), 735; Churchill asks his wife to and the War Policy Committee of the keep in touch with, 739; Churchill asks Cabinet (Aug I9IS), 527, 529; and C. P. Scott to keep in touch with, 753 the emergence of Lloyd George as Cawley, Harold Thomas: killed in Prime Minister (Dec I 9 I 6), 820; vetoes action at Gallipoli (Sept I9IS), 73511 Churchill's inclusion in Lloyd George's Cawley, John Stephen: killed in action Cabinet (7 Dec I9I6), 823 during the retreat from ]\;fons (Aug Champagne (France): French military I9I4), 73sn offensive in, 540, 774 Cawley, Oswald: killed in action in Chanak (Turkey): Turkish defences at, France (Aug I9I8), 735n 2I8; Carden's plan to advance ships Cecil, Lord Edgar Algernon Robert: on to (I2 Jan I9IS), 248, 276; Churchill Conservative support for Liberal stresses to Carden importance of policy, 22-3; Churchill informs about 'turning of the corner' at (I I March war crisis, 24, 25; Churchill explains I9IS), 337; British ships ready to need for Home Rule proposals to (8 attempt the advance to (I8 March Sept I!)I4), 77; criticizes Churchill's I9I5), 35I, 352; Churchill wants IS­ ninth wartime visit to France in House inch howitzer to bombard from the of Commons (I2 May I9I5), 424; Kilid Bahr plateau, 39 I ; Birdwood becomes Under-Secretary to Grey at suggests overland attack across plain of the Foreign Office, 4 70; wants to Troy on (April I9IS), 392; combined persevere with Gallipoli attack (June­ naval and military plan to drive the July I9IS), 504; Churchill advises Turks from, 393; fires started in by (26 June I9I5), not to threaten Bul­ naval bombardment, 4I 2; Churchill garia, so6; suggested as deputy to wants 'a dash on' (Sept I9IS), Asquith at War Office (Nov I9IS), 540; Churchill proposes as military s6o; Mrs Churchill describes, as objective (Oct 1915), 544; MAPS, 'enamoured of the Government' (Jan 29, 353. 403, 5I9, 545. 8s8, 840, I 9 I 6), 693 ; and the emergence of 842 Lloyd George as Prime Minister Channing of \Vellingborough, Baron (Dec I 9 I 6), 820; becomes Minister (Francis Alston Channing) : praises of Blockade (Dec I9I6), 822; vetoes Churchill's Dundee speech (5 June Churchill's inclusion in Lloyd George's I915), 49I Cabinet (7 Dec I9I6), 823 Charlemagne (French battleship): at the Cecil, Evelyn: says Churchill's com­ Dardanelles (18 March 1915), MAP, mand of a battalion would be 'a 353 grave scandal' (I6 Dec I9IS), 6I4 Charleroi (Belgium): French troops Cecil, Lord Hugh Richard Heathcote south of, 53; MAP, 54 Gascoyne: advocates neutral policy Chatalja Lines (Turkey): 249. so8, 3 I 7; for Britain, 22; accuses Churchill of MAP, 841 responsibility for war, 27; threatens Chatham (British cruiser): Churchill strong Conservative opposition over willing to recall from Dardanelles (I 4 Irish Home Rule (I I Sept I9I4), 77 May I915), 435 INDEX

Chatham (Kent): Churchill goes with Churchill, Clementine-continued Heligoland Bight victors to, 59 intervenes to provide Royal Naval Cheetham, Milne: learns Britain does Division with adequate medical facili­ not mean to issue immediate declara­ ties, 306; at Admiralty when news of tion of war on Turkey (4 Nov 1914), possible Greek military help at Dar­ 218 danelles arrives, 315-16; recalls her Chelmsford, 3rd Baron (Frederick John distrust of Sir Ian Hamilton's staying Napier Thesiger): to be Viceroy of power, 325; recalls the strain on India (1916), 683 Fisher during Churchill's absence in Cherbourg (France): British Admirals France (6-10 May 1915), 419; appeals urge defence of, 55; MAP, 54 to Asquith to allow Churchill to Chicago Tribune: 638n remain at Admiralty (20 May 1915), Chile: von Spee's squadron makes for 459; Edwin Montagu visits (26 May coast of (Oct 1914), 156 1915), 472; recalls effect of Dar­ China: Churchill said to have offered, to danelles on her husband, 473; blames Japan (Aug 1914), 43 Lloyd George's 'Welsh trickiness' for Christian, Arthur Henry: placed on her husband's demotion in May 1915, halfpay, 86 4 76; her one remaining ambition in Chocolate Hill (Gallipoli Peninsula): May 1915, to dance on Asquith's 521; MAP, 519 grave, 479; refuses to be dependent on Chunuk Bair (Gallipoli Peninsula): Asquith's charity, 493; moves with Allied troops fail to reach summit of her family into 41 Cromwell Road, (6-10 Aug 1915), 520; Churchill 493; Churchill's letter to (17 July willing to allow Hamilton to make 1915), to be opened in the event of his further attack on, 523; MAPs, 403, 519 death, 511-12; helps to organize Churchill, Clementine: Churchill's let­ canteens for munitions workers, 533-4; ters to (1914-15), 4-5, IO-II, 21, 25, and Churchill's departure for France 31, 39, 161, 228; at Cromer (July (Nov 1915), 571; Sir John French 1914), 407; Churchill sends im­ writes to, 574; writes to Churchill pressions of European crisis to, 10-11; while he is on the western front her advice about the replacement of (Nov 1915-May 1916), 583, 593, 594, Callaghan by Jellicoe, rs-r6; on 599, 6os, 6o6, 62o, 622, 623, 626, 644, Churchill's mood (August 1914), 18; 647,6s4,66o,663,666,669,676,681, believes it would be 'a wicked war', 682, 683, 684, 687, 689, 69o, 691, 25; on Conservative approval of her 693, 698, 703, 707, 741, 742, 743, 744, husband (Aug 1914), 33; uses Blen­ 748, 749, 753, 756, 758, 759; writes heim Palace notepaper to write to encouraging letter to Curzon (Dec Lloyd George, 36; asks about Ex­ 1915), 6o4; telephoned by her hus­ peditionary Force, 39; worried about band from St Orner, 6os; lunches Churchill's tiredness, 39-40; returns with Lord Esher, 6o8-9; lunches with ring to wealthy shipowner, 40; reports Lloyd George, 622-3; takes one of her news of German spies, 44-5; returns to husband's young officers to the Music London, 58; welcomes Commodore Hall, 669; dines with F. E. Smitlr Keyes after Heligoland Bight action, (27 Jan 1916), 693; critical of Reginald 59; warns Churchill of danger of his McKenna (28Jan 1916), 693; critical repeated visits to France, 92; Grey of Lloyd George (2 Feb 1916), 698; praises Churchill to, 121; appre­ and the opening of her canteen at hensive of Fisher's influence over her Ponders End (3 Feb 1916), 698-9; husband, 187; at Walmer Castle, 245; opposes reunion of Churchill and go8 INDEX

Churchill, Clementine-continued Churchill, John-George Spencer­ Fisher (Feb-March 1916), 701, 709, continued 711-12; entertains Asquith to a train at Nellie Rozier's wedding (Dec bridge evening (Feb 1916), 707-8; 1915), 595 Asquith tells C. P. Scott of hostility Churchill, John Strange Spencer (Jack): of, 73o-1; urges her husband to sus­ at Cromer (Aug 1914), 18; dines at pend his criticisms of Asquith, 736-7; Admiralty House, 30; Churchill in­ visits Carson (13 March 1916), 738; forms, of retreat from Mons, 55; opposes her husband's precipitant about to leave for France with Oxford­ return to London, 741-2, 743, 749, shire Hussars, 58, 74; reaches Dunkirk, 753; urges her husband not to send 135; under fire near Ypres, 16o-1; letter to Northcliffe, 748; dines at Churchill expresses his frustrations 10 Downing Street (April 1916), 756; about the Dardanelles to, 310-11; encourages her husband to return from to join Sir Ian Hamilton's staff at the trenches to Parliament (April Dardanelles, 339, 340, 341 ; reports I 9 I 6), 758-g; not afraid of telling her (25 March 1915) on difficulties facing husband of his faults, 824-5 any renewed naval attack at Dar­ Churchill, Diana: at Cromer (July danelles, 371; reports (11 April 1915) 1914), 4-6; returns to London, 58; on naval preparations at the Dar­ s8I; to carry train at Nellie Rozier's danelles, 393; Churchill impresses wedding (Dec 1915), 595; 647 need to persevere on, 396; sends Churchill, Lady Gwendeline: at Cromer, Churchill an account of the Gallipoli 40, 44; 'vy good and brave', 161; at landings, 405-6, 407-8; Churchill Blandford review of Royal Naval informs (26 April 1915) of 20,000 Division (25 Feb 1915), 306; Churchill extra men in Egypt available for family join forces with, 493; rouses Gallipoli landings if Sir Ian Hamilton Churchill's interest in painting (June asks for them, 410; worried about the 1g 15), 502; Churchill expresses desire prospects of the Army on the Gallipoli to fight Turks to, sos; and Churchill's Peninsula (5 May 1915), 414; des­ departure for the trenches (Nov 1915), cribes renewed Relies offensive (6-g 57 I ; Churchill paints, 582; and Sir May 1915), 415-16; Hamilton des­ John French's dismissal, 616; her cribes (15 May 1915), as 'invaluable concern for Churchill's safety and asset', 437; Churchill telegraphs news future, 644-5; dines with one of of his leaving the Admiralty to (18 Churchill's battalion officers, 669; May 1915), 451; Churchill telegraphs Mrs Churchill's safety valve, 684; at a to (23 May 1915), 'the policy goes bridge evening with Asquith (Feb on', 468; Churchill telegraphs to, 19 16), 708; Churchill asks her to look that Kitchener 'vy friendly to the after Sir Archibald Sinclair, 740 Dardanelles' (26 May 1915), 471; Churchill, Henry Winston Spencer Churchill decides to move into house (Peregrine): at Hoe Farm (June 1915), of, 493; Churchill writes to ( 12 June 501 1915), 496, and (19June 1915), 500-1; Churchill, Lord Ivor Spencer-: visits sends Churchill an account of the Churchill at Admiralty (Aug 1914), 36 continued fighting on the Relies Churchill, John, 1st Duke of Marl­ front (26 June 1915), 504; does not borough: 136, 573, 578, s89, 727 approve Churchill's desire to join Churchill, John-George Spencer: at Hamilton's army, sos; Churchill Cromer (Aug 1914), 18, 416; at writes to (3 Aug 1915), 516; sends Hoe Farm (June 1915), 501; to carry Churchill an account of the renewed INDEX

Churchill, John Strange Spencer Churchill, Lord Randolph Henry (Jack )-continued Spencer--continued attack at Gallipoli (6-II Aug I9I5), wd think of it all' (Jan I916), 647; 5I8, 52o-I; Churchill sends complaint Asquith begs Churchill not to repeat about Sir Ian Hamilton to (Sept I9I4), the 'one impulsive action' of, 733; 542; believed to be at Salonika (Nov he and his son believed by Lord Derby I9I5), 582; reports on evacuation of to be 'absolutely untrustworthy', 8oi Anzac area (Dec I9I5), 6I9; Churchill Churchill, Sarah Millicent Hermione: writes to from France, while in reserve, 120, 228, 594, 647; 'that golden 636; on the 'jealous fools' who keep Sarah', 581 his brother in the trenches (April Churchill, Winston Leonard Spencer I9I6), 758; Churchill writes to (2I ATTITUDES TO THE WAR: June I9I6), 783; Churchill writes to 'I 'I am interested, geared up & happy' am learning to hate' (I5 July I9I6), (28 July I914), 3I; 'the terrible 787-8, 790; Churchill asks Seely to march of events' (I3 Aug I9I4), 46; 'look after', 79I 'We have not entered this business Churchill, Randolph Frederick Edward without resolve to see it through' (24 Spencer: at Cromer (July I9I4), 4--6, Aug 19I4), 55; 'The war will be long I 8; returns to London, 58; 'will carry and sombre' (II Sept I9I4), 76; on the lamp' should Churchill die, 'We sit still in the steady cold blooded 5 I I ; wants to buy a spade to help game & can I think keep it up in­ Churchill protect himself in the definitely' (20 Sept 1914), 83; has trenches, 583; and his father's achieve­ 'tasted blood' and is 'beginning like a ments, 587; a page at Violet Asquith's tiger to raven for more' (reported by wedding (30 Nov I9I5), 594; to Asquith, 7 Oct 1914), I22; 'this war carry train at Nellie Rozier's wedding •.. will devour us all' (16 Oct I9I4), (4 Dec I9I5), 595; Churchill sends 135; 'This is no ordinary war ... it his first letter to (Jan I9I6), 647 raises passions between races of the Churchill, Lady Randolph: dines at most terrible kind' (29 Oct I9I4), 152; Admiralty House (4 Aug I9I4), 30; on the battle of Coronel 'a most pain­ Fisher unable to dine with (Dec ful disaster, relieved only by its I914), 186; and Churchill's departure daring and gallantry' (Sept 1915), for the front (Nov 1915), 571; I6o; 'I expect I shd bevy frightened Churchill writes to, from the front, but I wd dissemble' (9 Nov I9I4), 581, 595, 682, 694, 750; writes to r6I; 'our situation is ... of waiting Churchill while he is at the front, to be kicked, & wondering when & 582, 594, 617-18, 647, 668, 68I; where' (2I Dec I914), 181; 'you know arranges dinner for C. P. Scott, Garvin, what military necessity compels in F. E. Smith, Hopwood and others on war' (I9 Aug I9I4), I96; 'Sooner or Churchill's return from the trenches later, Germany will be starved and (3 March 19I6), 708-9; Violet Bon­ beaten' (3I Aug 19I4), 20I; 'Are ham Carter meets Churchill at house there not other alternatives than of (8 March I916), 73I ;Jack Churchill sending our armies to chew barbed writes to, 758 wire in Flanders?' (29 Dec I9I4), Churchill, Lord Randolph Henry Spen­ 226; 'Germany is the foe, & it is bad cer-: Churchill urged not to repeat war to seek cheaper victories & easier resignation mistake of, 560; Churchill antagonists' (4 Jan I9I4), 235; 'long said to have forgotten political legacy vistas of pain & struggle lie ahead' of, 589; Churchill wonders 'what he (26 Feb 1915), 310; 'Half~hearted 910 INDEX

Churchill, Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill, Winston Leonard Spencer ATTITUDES TO THE WAR-continued ATTITUDES TO THE WAR----continued measures will ruin all-& a million measure of your foe, you have only to men will die through the prolongation go forward with confidence' (5 June of the war' (6 March I9I5), 328; I9I5), 489; 'Trust the people. They 'This is a vy hard war to win' (20 have never failed you yet' (5 June March I9I5), 36I; 'There is no need 1915), 490; 'The times are harsh, the for action now--only the most minute need is dire, the agony of Europe is preparations' (26 March I9I5), 374; infinite, but the might of Britain 'Don't run short of stuffing behind hurled into the conflict will be irresis­ your attack-even if you never need tible' (5 June I9I5), 49I; 'our whole it' (26 April I9I5), 4Io; 'every minute nation must be organised, must be of this is history: and every attack socialised ...' (5 June I9I5), 492; requires backing' (26 April I9I5), 'The war is terrible.••• The youth 4Io; 'Whether it is my fault for trying of Europe-almost a whole genera­ or my misfortune for not having the tion-will be shorn away' (r9 June power to carry through is immaterial. I9I5), 50 I; 'honour for all who have We are now committed .•.' (II May never flinched and never wavered' I9I5), 42I; 'he objected strongly to (7 July 1915), 509; 'Death is only an despondency' (War Council notes, 14 incident, & not the most important May 1915), 432; 'someone has to take wh happens to us in this state of the responsibility' (r4 May 1915), being' (r7 July r9r5), 5rr; 'The ten­ 434; 'I am the one who gets the blame dency to the negative is vy pronounced' for anything that goes wrong' (r5 (3 Aug 1915), 5r6; 'the profitless May I9r5), 440; 'one difficulty after slaughter pit of Ypres' (3 Aug 1915), another has been surmounted' (r6 5r6; 'slaughter is commonplace' (2 May I9I5), 442; 'I will not take any Aug 1915), 517; 'may be very un­ office except a military department' popular' (24 Aug 1915), 528; 'this (r7 May I9IS), 448; 'the naval situa­ period of darkness and peril' (r8 Sept tion is in every respect assured' (r8 1915), 534; 'what a weary toil for May I915), 451; 'The rule to follow the millions' (14 Jan 1916), 636; on is what is best calculated to beat the the battle of Loos 'hopeless failure ... enemy, and not what is most likely to sublime heroism utterly wasted' ( r 7 please the newspapers' (20 May 1915), Jan 1916), 641; 'a game that is 460; 'by waging successful war we played with a smile .... If you can't shall dominate public opinion' (20 smile grin' (26 Jan 1916), 65r; 'one May 1915), 460: 'Let me stand or fall long holiday for me' (6 Feb r9r6), 66r; by the Dardanelles, but do not take it 'It will all come right in the end, from my hands' (21 May 1915), 464; though not by the shortest or least 'Punishment must be doggedly borne' costly method' (6 Jan 19I6), 68o; (26 May 1915), 471; 'the last thing 'we have only to persevere to conquer' he would pray for is Peace' (reported (29 Jan 19I6), 694; 'War is action, by Asquith, 14 Sept 1914), 480; energy & hazard. These sheep only 'We should be ill-advised to squander want to browse among the daisies' our new armies in frantic and sterile (22 Feb 1916), 707; 'To lose momen­ efforts to pierce the German lines' tum is not merely to stop, but to fall' (r June 1915), 486; 'No where has (7 March 1916), 7r8; 'At a hideous there been design or decision' (2 June cost in life and treasure we have 1915), 488; 'You have taken the regained control' (7 March 1916), INDEX 9II

Churchill, Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill, Winston Leonard Spencer ATTITUDES TO THE WAR-continued OPINIONS-continued 7I8; 'One wondered whether the Admirals for losing ships is to make nations were getting their money's sure of losing wars' (rr Jan 1915), worth out of the brooding armies' 185; 'Nothing appeals to the Turkish (I7 March I9I6), 740; 'Do not my Govt but force' (II Sept 19I4), darling one underrate the contribution 208; 'Kitchener does not work far I have made to the public cause' afield or far ahead' (31 Dec 1914), (22 March I9I6), 742; 'I greatly fear 231; 'It is not until all the Northern the general result' (I4 April I9I6), possibilities are exhausted that I wd 755; 'All the more condemnation to look to the S of Europe for the profit­ you ... for losing so much valuable able employment of our expanding time' (17 May I9I6), 767; 'Nothing milty forces' (II Jan 1915), 247; stands in the way of our obtaining 'Unless we are prepared to run a risk aerial supremacy •.. but yourselves' & play a stake the Balkan situation is (I7 May I9I6), 769; 'bundles of finished fatally for us' (7 Feb 19I6), bloody rags' (23 May I9I6), 773; 278; of Lloyd George, 'LG has more 'Nothing counts but winning the war' true insight & courage than anyone (3I May I9I6), 776; 'But for the war, else' (26 Feb I915), 31 I; 'the settle­ I wd not dream of acting with these ment of all territorial questions should people' (2I June I9I6), 783; 'excite­ be left until the end of the war' (3 ment is bankrupt, death is familiar, March 1915), 321; 'Half-hearted andsorrownumb'(July I9I6), 79I; 'the measures will ruin all' (6 March 19I5), accumulation of extortionate profits 328; 'excuse frankness-but friends in the hands of private individuals' (22 have this right, and to colleagues it is Aug I9I6), 8oi; of the tank 'In that a duty' (II April 1915), 395; 'every idea resided one real victory' (I 6 minute of this is history' (26 April Sept I9I6), 8Io 1915), 410; 'the imperious need to go forward to victory' (29 May I9I5), OPIJ'><10NS: 484; 'without decision & design a 'Balkan quarrels are no vital concern very terrible catastrophe may ensue' of ours' (3I July I9I4), 2I; 'the world (2 June 19I5), 488; 'The soldiers who is gone mad-& we must look to our­ are ordered to their deaths have a right selves-& our friends' (2 Aug I9I4), to a plan, as well as a cause' (I 5 Oct 26; 'We have not entered this business 1915), 554; 'Time will vindicate my without resolve to see it through' (23 administration of the Admiralty' (I 1 Aug I9I4), 54; 'You have only to Nov I9I5), 564; 'Without winning any endure to conquer' (4 Sept I9I4), sensational victories, we may win this 63; 'The war will be long and sombre. war' (15 Nov I915), 567; 'It is all It will have many reverses of fortune chance and our wayward footsteps ...' (II Sept I9I4), 76; 'Victory is a are best planted without too much better boon than life and without it calculation' (27 Nov I915), 585; 'If life will be unendurable' (23 Oct my destiny has not already been 1914), 14I; 'the ignoble position of accomplished I shall be guarded surely' one who merely cheers from the bank (27 Nov 1915), 587; 'energy & effi­ the gallant efforts of the rowers' (9 ciency in execution are as important as Nov 1914), r6r; 'it is no time for good decisions in principle' (8 Dec hedging neutrals to give themselves 1915), 602; 'The Balkans must be left airs' (27 Nov 1914), 174; 'to terrorize to stew in their own bitter juice', (8 912 INDEX

Churchill, Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill, Winston Leonard Spencer OPINIONS-continued OPINIONs-continued Dec I9I5), 6o5; 'That odious Asquith the Dardanelles, 'only the facts can & his pack of incompetents & in­ tell the tale: and the public ought now triguers ruin everything' (I 2 Dec to have them' (8June I9I6), 782; 'the I9I5), 6o7; 'My conviction that the Nation & the Dominions whose greatest of my work is still to be done blood has been poured out vainly have is strong within me' (I5 Dec I9I5), a right to know the truth' (7July I9I6), 6I I; 'Asquith will throw anyone to the 787; 'Asquith reigns supine, sodden wolves to keep himself in office' (I 9 and supreme' (I5 July I9I6), 787; Dec I9I5), 6I 7; 'It is not hard for me 'Asquith in particular seems to be on to give orders, as you know' ( 7 Jan the road to pay his debts' (3I July I9I6), 632; 'I wd much rather go back Igi6), 79I; 'stagnation, apathy & to the trenches tonight, than go home playing for safety are the orders of the in any position of mediocre authority' day' (30 Aug I9I6), 8o6; 'there are (28 Jan I9I6), 656; 'By God I wd plenty of good ideas if only they can make them skip if I had the power­ be backed with power and brought even for a month' (9 Feb I9I6), into reality' (I Oct I9I6), 8Io 662; 'God for a month of power & a good shorthand writer' (3 Jan I9I6), CHARACTERISTICS OF, AS SEEN BY HIS 68o; 'I shd have made nothing if I CONTEMPORARIES: had not made mistakes' (7 Jan I9I6), 'tingling with life to the tips of your 68I; 'It is better to be gagged than give fingers' (Clementine Churchill, I unheeded counsel' (I9 Jan I9I6), Aug I9I4), I8; 'very bellicose and 688; 'the power which I cd use better demanding immediate mobilization' than any other living Englishman to (Asquith, I Aug I9I4), 23; 'longing determine the war policy of Britain' for a sea fight in the early hours of the (28 Jan Igi6), 6g3, 823; 'Are they morning' (Asquith, 4 Aug I914), 30; not fools not to use my mind--or his 'grasp of the situation •.. above knaves to wait for its destruction by all praise' (The Times, 4 Aug 1914), some flying splinter' (I6 Feb I9I6), 31; 'a really happy man' (Lloyd 705; 'if my life cd materially aid our George, recalling 4 Aug I9I4), 3I; fortunes I would not grudge it' (I 7 'a statesman who well understands March I9I6), 740; 'Nothing cd I the nature of war' (Observer, 9 Aug think deprive me of my hold on the I9I4), 39; 'Public Enemy No x' (John public attention' (28 March I9I6), Cordingley, recalling Aug I9I4), 50; 745; sees his death as 'an impoverish­ 'not sane' (Captain Richmond, 20 ment of the war-making power of Aug I9I4), 51; 'stupid and boring' Britain wh no one wd ever know or (Lord Emmott, 26 Aug I9I4), 57; measure or mourn' (26 March I9I6), 'hardly one war was enough for him' 745-6; 'The numbing hand of Asquith (Lord Birkenhead, recalling I9I4), 58; is over everything, and all initiative 'the equivalent of a large force in the & energy seem paralysed' (Io April field' (Asquith, reported by Haldane I9I6), 753; 'the unwisdom with 3 Sept I9I4), 64; his boasting and wh our affairs are conducted makes me bombast (Sir Lewis Bayly, 2 Oct 19I4), almost despair at times of a victorious 84; his frankness and calm (Manchester issue' (I4 April I9I6), 755; 'Whatever Guardian, 2 Oct 1914), 84-5; no longer is done must be done in the cold light believed to be 'a gentleman' (George of science' (23 May I9I6), 774; on V, June 1915), 87; 'the only young INDEX

Churchill, Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill, Winston Leonard Spencer CHARACTERISTICS OF, AS SEEN BY HIS CHARACTERISTICS OF, AS SEEN BY HIS CONTEMPORARIES-continued CONTEMPORARIES-continued vital person in the Cabinet' (Clemen­ (recalled by Violet Bonham Carter, tine Churchill, 26 Sept I 9 I 4), 92 ; I965), 263; 'intolerable ... devoured 'intrepid' (Asquith, 3 Oct I9I4), by vanity' (Asquith, reported by Mar­ ro6; 'energetic and imperative' (Henry got Asquith, 17 Feb 19I5), 289; 'far Stevens, recalling Oct I9I4), Io9; his the most disliked man in my Cabinet' 'lunatic hands' (Captain Richmond, (Asquith, reported by Margot Asquith, 4 Oct I9I4), I Io; 'tranquilly smoking 7 March I915), 329; 'longwinded ... a large cigar . . . under a rain of full of perorations' (ibid), 330; 'a shrapnel' (Calza Bedolo, Oct I9I4), Tory ... knows nothing of the British rr 5; 'quite off his head' (Lord workman' (Margot Asquith, 7 March Stamfordham, 5 Oct I9I4), I20; I9I5), ggo; 'does not inspire trust' 'genius for war' (Sir Edward Grey, (Asquith, 24 March 19I5), 362; 7 Oct I9I4), I2I; his 'incompetence' 'really loyal' (Asquith, go March as First Lord (H. A. Gwynne, I6 I915), 363; turns conversation into Oct I9I4), I27; 'initiative, energy, 'a monologue' (Lloyd George, 5 enterprise' (Observer, I8 Oct I9I4), April I 9 I 5)' 385; 'ignorance of strate­ I28; 'not ... a Napoleon' (Morning gic and tactical principles' (H. A. Post, I9 Oct I9I4), I29; 'an utterly Gwynne, 22 April I915), 398; 'per­ unbalanced mind' (Bonar Law, I4 severance and energy' (ibid), 399; Oct I9I4), I32; 'unconsciously playing 'ignorant' (Captain Richmond, 22 a part-an heroic part' (A. G. April 19I5), 399; 'a determined mad Gardiner, I9I3), I32; 'unique and Gambler' (Lord Fisher, I4 May I915), invaluable ... full of courage and 429; saw in the war 'the chance of resource' (Haldane, I90ct I9I4), I33; glory for himself' (Lloyd George 'must be mad' (Sir David Beatty, I8 reported by Frances Stevenson, I5 Oct I9I4), I34; 'autocratic' (Lord May I9I5), 440; 'The joy of his life Fisher, mid-Oct I9I4), I37; 'cannot is to be 50 yards fi·om a German trench' be expected to have any grasp of the (Lord Fisher, I6 May I9I5), 442; principles and practice of naval 'overriding his expert advisers' (The warfare' (Morning Post, 2I Oct I9I4), Times, I8 May I9I5), 450; 'his folly' I44; 'busy trying to get a flashy suc­ (General Callwell, 22 May I9I5), cess' (Frances Stevenson, 5 Nov 458; 'the power, the imagination, the I9I4), I59; his judgement 'highly deadliness to fight Germany' (Clemen­ erratic' (Sir John French, 20 Dec tine Churchill, 20 May I9I5), 459; I9I4), I67; 'intrepid, valorous ... neither 'the temperament or the dreaming of war . . . a born soldier manners' to be Colonial S~;:cretary ... quite unsensitive' (Margot As­ (Lord Emmott, 20 May I9I5), 46o; quith, 30 Nov I9I4), I79-8o; 'mono­ 'He is young. He has lion-hearted polized all initiative in the Admiralty' courage. No number of enemies can (Lord Fisher, 20 Dec I9I4), I86; fight down his ability and force' 'young, self-assertive, with a great (Observer, 23 May 19I5), 469; 'far too self-satisfaction, but unstable' (Beatty, great to be more than pulled up for a 4 Dec I9I4), I87; his 'volatile mind' period' (Edwin Montagu, 26 May (Asquith, 5 Dec I9I4), 223; 'a good I9I5), 472; his conversation apt 'to deal of rugged fluency' (Asquith, I3 degenerate into a monologue' (As­ Jan I9I5), 253; 'a dialectician' quith, 4 Feb I9I5), 476; 'borne along 914 INDEX

Churchill, Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill, Winston Leonard Spencer CHARACTERISTICS OF, AS SEEN BY HIS CHARACTERISTICS OF, AS SEEN BY HIS CONTEMPORARIES-continued CONTEMPORARIES-continued on the flood of his all too copious 8oo; 'absolutely untrustworthy' (ibid), tongue' (Asquith, I6 April I9I5), 8oi; 'Celerity, Courage, Audacity, Imagi­ 476; 'dictatorial' (John Burns, 24 nation' (Lord Fisher, 15 Aug I9I6), May I9I5), 478; 'so anxious not to 8o3; 'a megalomaniac ... sacrificed give any offence' (I7 June I9I5), 498; thousands oflives to no purpose' (Daily 'I remain under the shadow of utterly Mail, I3 Oct I9I6), 8I r; 'anathema false aspersions' (I5 Sept I9I5), 532; in the Army' (David Davies, 22 Nov Carson reported 'so impressed by his I916), 8I7; 'full ofideas, & good ones ability' (12 Nov I9I5), 565; 'England too' (Sir Abe Bailey, 2 Dec 1916), trusts and needs you' (Violet Asquith, 820; 'I would rather have him against I3 Nov I9I5), 566; 'a wise counsellor, us every time' (Bonar Law, Dec Igi6), a brilliant colleague and a faithful 822 friend' (Asquith, I5 Nov I9I5), 568; 'one of the foremost men in our coun­ HIS EVIDENCE TO THE DARDANELLES try' (Bonar Law, I5 Nov 19I5), 56g; COMMISSION: 'great cheerfulness ... strictly amen­ on the idea of an attack at Gallipoli, able to discipline' (Edward Grigg, 200; on the possibility of forcing the 2 Dec I9I5), 589; 'his brilliant con­ Dardanelles, 220; on Turkish military versational powers' (Lord Esher, I capabilities, 222; on Admiral Car­ Dec I9I5), 589; 'selfish' (Captain den's suggestions for reaching the Sea Spiers, I5 Dec I9I5), 6ro; 'an in­ of Marmara, 248; on Fisher's decision quiring mind of rare quality' (recalled to send the Queen Elizabeth to the by Spears, I97o), 625; 'he overlooked Dardanelles, 250; justifies the taking nothing' (recalled by McDavid, I967), of risks in war, 262; and Fisher's 635; 'you are unique in your genera­ support for the Dardanelles operation, tion' (Lady Gwendeline Churchill, 273; and the argument against a 21 Jan I9I6), 644; 'I must wait in military landing at Gallipoli, 274, 332; silence the sombre movement of on the relation between the Serbian events' (Ig Jan I9I6), 688; his 'cour­ danger and the Dardanelles, 280; on age' (Lord Fisher, I4 Feb Igi6), Kitchener's authority at the War 70I; 'quite spiteful sometimes' ( 16 Council, 3 I 2-I 3 ; and the decision Feb Igi6), 706; 'stronger and saner' to take greater risks at the Dardanelles (C. P. Scott, 6 March I9I6), 7I2; (ri March 19I5), 337; on the naval 'deranged' (recalled by Violet Bon­ losses of r8 March I9I5, 354; on ham Carter, I965), 72I; 'a hound of Fisher's decision to oppose a renewed the lowest sense of political honour, naval attack (23 March I9I5), 364; a fool of the lowest judgement & con­ and the Turkish shortage of ammuni­ temptible' (Margot Asquith, 8 March tion at the Dardanelles, 365; on the I9I6), 729; 'I am not going to give in need for 'an absolute decision one or tire at all' (26 March I9I6), 745; way or the other', 377 'The man who makes no mistakes never makes anything' (Sir Arthur INTRIGUES ALLEGED AGAINST: Markham, I April Igi6), 750; his to replace Grey by Balfour at the lack of modesty (Bonar Law, I6 Aug Foreign Office (March I9I5), 36I-2; Igi6), 8oo; 'will never allow that he is to replace Asquith by Lloyd George down' (Lord Derby, Ig Aug I9I6), (March I9I5), 362-3; to remove INDEX

Churchill, Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill, Winston Leonard Spencer INTRIGUES ALLEGED AGAINST-continued MEMORANDA AND MINUTES BY-Continued Kitchener (May I9I5), 454; to need to 'press on' with development remove Kitchener and Grey (May of the tank (8 March I915), 537; on I9I5), 454, 477; to disclose the details urgency of tank construction (20 of the shell shortage (May I9I5), March I915), 537; on importance of 460; 'to try & wreck the Gov' (Oct capturing the German island of Bor­ I9I5), 556-7, s6o; to provide an kum (24 March I915), 373; on the alternate Government (Dec I9I5), possible German invasion of Holland 590; to remove Haig from Command (27 March I9I5), 378; on the mine of the British forces in France (Oct danger at the Dardanelles (24 April I9I6), 8I I 1915), 399; on increase of British naval strength since outbreak of war MEMORANDA AND MINUTES BY (30 May I915), 485-6; on the futility (in chronological order): of renewed offensives on the western On forcing the Dardanelles (I 5 March front (I June I915), 486-7; advises I 9 I I), 220; on the nature of a German military landing on the Bulair Isth­ attack on France (I3 Aug I9II), 63; mus, Turkey (I I .June 1915), 494; on blockade of Germany and Austria on the need to concentrate British (I6 Aug I9I4), 46; on the establish­ military effort against Constantinople ment of the Royal Naval Division (r8June 19I5), 498-9; on the need to (I7 Aug I9I4), so; on Turkish in­ set up an Air Department and create tentions (26 Aug 19I4), I97; on the a powerful 'British Air Service' (during escape of the Goeben and Breslau (27 June I915), 50 I; on the need for Aug I9I4), 4I; on aerial strategy conscription (7 Sept I9I5), 530; on (5 Sept 19I4), 66; on need to repress the need for Bulgarian support against 'all tendencies to panic' (23 Sept Turkey and Austria (6 Oct I9I5), I9I4), I39; on the need for a trench­ 544-6; on the prospects at Gallipoli spanning vehicle (23 Sept I9i4), 534; (6 Oct 1915), 546, 547; on the need on the surrender of German troop­ for a decision on the evacuation of ships (22 Oct I914), 93-4; on ordering Gallipoli (I5 Oct I9I5), 554-5; ad­ flying boats from the United States vocates use of gas against the Turks at (3I Oct 19I4), 66; on the advantages Gallipoli (2o Oct I9I5), 555-6; on of an invasion of the German island of the danger of failure at the Dardanelles Sylt (2 Dec I9I4), I8I; 'any white (25 Oct I9I5), 56 I; on his air flag hoisted by a German ship is to policy while First Lord (end October be fired on as a matter of principle' I9I5), s6o; urges a renewed Franco­ (23 Dec I9J4), 94; on the use of Russo-British attack on Turkey (27 British naval power (26 Jan I9I5), Oct I9I5), 56o; on the need for 264-5; urges tank development for­ mechanical devices to break the trench ward 'with all despatch' (24 Feb I9I5), stalemate on the western front (3 536; on need for a substantial number Dec I9I5), 59I-3, 6I5; on the danger of troops at the Dardanelles (25 Feb of a new offensive on the western front I9I5), 306-7; on inadequacy of (I Aug Igi6), 790-I existing troops allocated to Gallipoli (27 Feb I9I5), 3II; advocates so% MILITARY AMBITIONS OF: tax on all war profits (5 March I9I5), writes to his brother 'I shall try to 285; on the effect of the North Sea come out too, if there is any use for me' blockade (5 March I9I5), 46; on (Aug 19I4), 58; telegraphs to Asquith gx6 INDEX

Churchill, Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill, Winston Leonard Spencer MILITARY AMBITIONS OF-continued VISITS ABROAD OF: from Antwerp 'I am willing to ..• his first wartime visit to France (10 undertake command' (Oct I9I4), I 10; Sept I914), 72-3; his second (16 asks Asquith for 'some kind of military Sept 1914), 8o; his third (22 Sept command' (Oct 19I4), I2I; 'I am 1914), 88, 89; his fourth (26 Sept willing when the time comes to pay 19I4), 92; his fifth (6 Dec I914), I63; the price' (Oct I9I4), 135; tells George his sixth (29 Jan 1915), 277; his V he wants to be a soldier (Oct 1914), seventh (I6 March 1915), 348; his I 5o; writes to Asquith about 'employ­ eighth (5-10 May I915), 414, 4I6-17, ment in the field' (May 1915), 449; 418, 424, 425; at the siege of Antwerp, wishes he were atGallipoli (June 1915), (4-6 Oct 1914), 106-19 496; wants 'an escape' from the Govern­ ment (Sept 1915), 530; seeks com­ HOPED-FOR MISSIONS ABROAD OF; mand of British forces in East Africa to the Calais Conference (July 191 5), (Nov 1915), 566-7; writes to so6; to the Dardanelles (July 1915), Seely: 'it is painful being here idle, 510-14; to the Balkan capitals (July but I must just wait' (13 Aug I916), I915), 512; to Russia (Oct 1915), 561, 799 61 w; to East Africa (Nov 1915), 563, s6s-6, s68 MILITARY SERVICE OF: with the Grenadier Guards (Nov­ MOODS OF: Dec 1915), chapter 18, 572-94, 6os-8; 'geared up & happy' (20 July 1914), in command of the 6th Royal 31 ; seeks reassurance from Lloyd Scots Fusiliers, in reserve (Jan George (23 Aug 1914), 55; 'Unless 19I6), chapter 20, 628-47; in the we win, I do not want to live any front line (Jan-May 1916), chapter more. But win we will' (24 Aug I914), 21, 648-78, 694-8, 737, 744-s. 7s8- 55; 'gloomy & dissatisfied' (Clemen­ 6o tine Churchill, 26 Sept 1914), 92; 'very depressed' (Asquith, 8 Oct 1914), MILITARY EXPERIENCES DRAWN ON BY: 122; cast down by criticisms of his to devise new methods of mechanical action at Antwerp (Oct 1914), 130-3; warfare (Dec 1915), 590-3; to assert 'It is vain to look backwards', 133; importance of extending conscription 'I have not seen him so despondent to Ireland (9 May 19I6), 762; to before' (Captain Richmond, 24 Oct stress need for British air supremacy 1914), I40; 'a rather sombre mood' (17 May 1916), 763, 769; to advocate (Asquith, 27 Oct 1914), 141; 'vexed proper use of conscripts (23 May by trifles' (28 Dec 1914), 168; dis­ 1916), 770-1; to compare the trench appointed by lack of public en­ population with the non-trench popu­ thusiasm for the Friedrichshafen air lation (23 May 1916), 77I; to allege raid (Nov 1914), 174-5; elated by 'gross and grave misuse' of military Falkland Islands victory (Dec 1914), manpower (23 May 19I6), 772--3; to 184; 'his most bellicose' (Asquith, oppose the Somme offensive, 773-4, 17 Aug I914), I95; 'violently anti­ 791-2, 793-4; to criticize the Govern­ Turk' (Asquith, 2I Aug 19I4), I96; ment's military policy (24 July 'I would not be out of this glorious 1916), 794-6; to advise against pre­ delicious war for anything' (reported mature use of the tank (Sept 1916), by Margot Asquith, IO Jan I915), 810 246; disappointed by limited results INDEX

Churchill, Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill, Winston Leonard Spencer MOODS OF-continued MOODS OF-COntinued of Dogger Bank action (24 Jan I9I5), 560-1 and (ll Nov 1915), 563-4; 'I 260-I ; impatient with Asquith, Grey have made up my mind not to return and Kitchener (7 Feb I9I5), 278; 'the to any Govt during the war except stresses and strains' of the war (IS with plenary & effective executive Feb I9IS), 28s; 'I wish you had heard power' (19 Nov 1915), 573; 'I have what I had to say before assuming lost all interest in the outer world' that I was in the wrong' (I7 Feb (22 Nov 19rs), s8o; 'I am quite I915), 290; disappointed at failure young again' (24 Nov I915), 581; to obtain troops for the Dardanelles 'how vain it is to worry about things' (24 Feb I9IS), 304; 'immense and (27 Nov 19I5), 585; 'distressed and unconcealed dudgeon' (Asquith, 26 unsettled' (3 Dec I9IS), S93; 'I am Feb I9IS), 310; 'breast high about thank God only a spectator now' (I the Dardanelles' (Asquith, I March Dec 1915), 595; 'distressing thoughts' I9I5), 316; determined to renew the (7 Dec 19I5), 602; 'worries great & naval attack at the Dardanelles after small recede to remote & shadowy the setback of 18 March I915, 354; distances' (8 Dec I9IS), 6o3; 'quite frustrated not to be at the centre of cut off from information and ... planning (March-April I9I5), 381; content to be' (I2 Dec I9IS), 6o7; 'I 'It was I who was churlish & difficult' feel a gt assurance of my power: & (5 April I9I5), 384; 'eaten up with now-naked-nothing can assail me' the Dardanelles' (Lord Fisher, 5 (IS Dec I9I5), 6u; 'I was depressed' April I9I5), 385-6; 'a vy anxious (I6 Dec 1915), 612; 'my own energies time' (7 April I915), 387; 'his stout & capacities ... wasted' (20 Dec attitude' (recorded by Hankey, 1961), 1915), 621; 'I do not think my pulse 432; glad that Fisher 'lived to endure quickened' (Io Feb I9I6), 664; 'the his pangs' ( 1928), 452n; 'in the highest complete absence of worry or strain' good humour' (Advertiser, I8 May (I? Feb 1916), 670; 'disturbing 1915), 454; 'worn out and harassed' combinations for my mind' (7 Jan (Riddell, 20 May I9I5), 457; 'I did I9I6), 681; 'try not to brood too not believe it was possible to endure much' (Clementine Churchill, 12 such anxiety' (21 May 1915), 463; Jan I916), 684; 'I am impotent to 'I thought he would die of grief' give what there is to be given-of (Clementine Churchill, I969), 472; truth & value & urgency' (19 Jan 'master of myself & at peace' (7 June I9I6), 688; 'I sorrow only for real 1915), 490; 'I find it vy painful to be things' (28 Jan I9I6), 6g3; 'it riles deprived of direct means of action' me to see how ungrateful they are' (19 June I9I5), 501; finds a distrac­ (14 Feb 19I6), 7os; 'hesitations & tion and sedative in painting (June perplexity' (13 March I9I6), 738; 1915), 502; 'anxious about the D'lles' 'my disturbing moods' (I9 March (2 Aug 1915), 517; 'the truth must be I9I6), 740-I; 'the longing for rest published' (15 Sept 1915), 532; finds & peace' (26 March I9I6), 744; 'I it 'odious ... watching sloth & folly' am powerless even to utter my warn­ (20 Sept I9IS), 538; finds it 'damnable' ings' (14 April 19I6), 755; 'chewing without political influence (2 Oct black charcoal' (I5 April I9IS), 756; I9IS), 542; wants to resign from the 'Not a day passes without my being Cabinet (22 Oct 19rs), 558; resigns the object of unjust reproach' (8 from the Cabinet (30 Oct I9IS), June I9I6), 782; 'I am learning to gi8 INDEX

Churchill, Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill, Winston Leonard Spencer MOODS OF-continued UNPUBLISHED NOTES OF-continued hate' (I5 July I9I6), 788; 'It is vy marine attack, I3; on the intolerable painful to me to be impotent & in­ suspense (I Aug I914), 24; on the active' (3I July I9r6), 79I; 'They only need to make Kitchener Secretary of want to keep me out' (Aug 19I6, State for War, 28; on Kitchener's recalled by Violet Bonham Carter), precipitant cancellation of day-time 798; 'It is painful being here idle' troop crossings of the Channel, 34-5; (I3 Aug 19I6), 799; 'suffering acutely on his anxiety about troop move­ from his enforced inactivity' (C. P. ments at sea, 37; critical of Milne's Scott, 20 Nov I9I6), 816; 'almost respect for Italian neutrality, 42; wistfully eager for news' (Dec I9I6, on the role of Lord Fisher before 1914, recalled by Lord Beaverbrook), 8I9; I45; on his relationship with Fisher 'righteous anger' (5 Dec I9I6, re­ (Oct I9I4-May I9I5), I56; on called by Lord Beaverbrook), 822 Fisher's opposition to renewing the naval attack at the Dardanelles (II SPEECHES BY : May I9I5), 4I8-I9 At the Guildhall, London (4 Sept Churchill, Winston Spencer (I 940- ) : I9I4), 62-3; at the Opera House, 79In London (II Sept I9I4), 75-7; at Churchill his paintings (compiled by David Liverpool (21 Sept I914), 84-5; in Coombs): 503n, 659n the House of Commons (27 Nov I9I4), 'Churchill's Innocent Victims': a nick­ I77-8; in the House of Commons ( I5 name for the Royal Naval Division, 48 Feb 19I5), 283-6; at Dundee (5June 'Churchill's Pets': a nickname for the I9I5), 488-9I, 492; at Enfield (I8 Royal Naval Division, 48 Sept I915), 534; in the House of Clark, Ian Hew Waldegrave Dalrymple: Commons (I5 Nov I9I5), 566-8; drops bomb on Germans near Cambrai in the House of Commons ( 7 March (3 Sept I9I4), 65; reconnaissance Igi6), 7I6-22; in the House of Com­ flight beyond Bailleul, 68 mons (8 March I9I6), 728; in the Clauson, John Eugene: 299 House of Commons (9 May I9I6), Clyde, James Avon: a member of Dar­ ;6I-2; in the House of Commons danelles Commission, 789 (17 l\1ay I916), 763-9; in the House Coalition: discussed on eve of war, I2, of Commons (23 May I9I6), 770-4; in 22; Churchill fails to advance the the House of Commons (31 l\hy I9I6), cause of, although suggesting presence 775; in the House of Commons (24 of Bonar Law and Lansdowne at July Igi6), 793-7; in the House of War Council (ro March I9I5), 335n; Commons (I6 Aug 19I6), 799-8oo; Bonar Law presses for and Asquith in the House of Commons (22 Aug accepts (I7 May I9I5), 446; Chur­ I9I6), 8oi-2 chill's Constituency Chairman critical UNPUBLISHED NOTES OF: of (20 May I9I5), 46I; Margot As­ on the effect on the Kaiser of not dis­ quith on Churchill and (24 May persing the Fleet, 7; the Cabinet I9r5), 466; completed (25 May I915), 'absolutely against war' (27 July 469-70; Churchill's potential strength I9I4), 8; on Belgian policy before in, 479; Churchill believes it was I9I4 and Belgian heroism in I9I4, 'forced on' by Lloyd George in l\fay ro; on Kitchener's forebodings about I9I5, 54I; many Generals disillu­ German high-explosive shells, I I ; on sioned by (April Igi6), 756 his fear of a surprise German sub- Coke, Sir Charles: 569 INDEX

Colenso, battle of (IS Dec I8gg): 268 Conscription-continued Collet, Charles Herbert: bombs German growing pressure for (June Igrs), Zeppelin shed at Dusseldorf (22 Sept 492; Kitchener attacked for his op­ I9I4), 8g posrtlon to (Oct I9I5), 556-6o; Cologne (Germany): British air raid on Curzon appeals to Churchill for sup­ Zeppelin sheds at (22 Sept I914), 8g; port over (Nov rgr5), 602; its advo­ second air raid on (g Oct I9I4), cates gain in strength (Dec I9I5), I 22-3, I 36; Churchill refers to air raids 6 I 8-r g; the growing crisis over (Jan on, 72I, 764; MAP, 88 rgr6), 679-82; the renewed crisis Colombo (Ceylon): 265 over (April Igi6), 750-2, 755-8; Colonial Office: Grey protests to about Churchill on the need to make proper Churchill's actions, 298-g; Lloyd use of, 770-2 George suggests sending Churchill to Conservative Party: and the coming of (May I9I5), 448; Churchill willing to war, 22-3; attitude to Churchill, go to, 450; Cabinet Ministers reported 32-3; and Home Rule, 77-80; critical reluctant that Churchill should go to, of Churchill's visits to France, go, 454; Asquith implored not to send 424-5; critical of Churchill's actions Churchill to, 460 at Antwerp, I 32; Churchill describes Colville, John Rupert: records a con­ certain members of as 'swine', I64; versation with Churchill about 'a very believes Asquith did not reconvene unhappy time of my life', 793 Parliament (Oct I9I4) in order to Committee of Imperial Defence: Kit­ avoid questions on Antwerp, I6g; chener a member of, gn; its plans for critical of Churchill's policy on the national emergency, I I ; General collier question, 284; finds it difficult Wilson's demonstration to (Igii), 28; to attack War Office while Kitchener discusses Dutch neutrality, g6; Chur­ is Secretary of State, 3 r 2; and criti­ chill a member of, I 14; recommends cism of Gallipoli landings, 4 I 3 ; military landing at Haifa (Igog), denied equal part in prosecution of the 220; examination of possible joint war, 469-70; and Churchill's hopes of military and naval attack on Dar­ support from during the political danelles (I go6), 294; Fisher insists crisis of May I9I5, 476-7; the growing on Sir Arthur Wilson being dismissed call for conscription, 492; Churchill from, 452; Churchill wants special believes its 'dream and intention' a sub-committee of, to report on future Conservative Government, 6g2; As­ ofGallipoli (Oct 19I5), 547 quith waiting for a change in the hos­ Compulsion, see Conscription tile attitude to Churchill of (March Conan Doyle, Arthur: Churchill writes rgi6), 733; said by Churchill to to about the 'tank' (Sept Igr6), 810 'despise' Asquith (Aug rgi6), 798; Concerning Winston Spencer Churchill (Sir hostility towards Churchill unabated George Arthur): 8I 7n (Aug Igi6), 8oo; Derby believes, 'will Congleton, 5th Baron (Henry Bligh not work' with Churchill, 8oi Fortescue Parnell) : killed in action Constance, Lake of: 172, I73; MAP, at Ypres (I8 Nov I9I4), 6o7n I73 Conqueror (British battleship): collision Constantine, King of Greece: refuses with Monarch (27 Dec I9I4) impairs to support Britain against Turkey, naval margin, 268 22 I ; refuses to allow British troops Conscription: pre-I9I4 campaign for, to land at Salonika, 287; said to favour 47; Churchill argues in favour of, at helping Britain against Turkey, 3I6; Cabinet (26 Aug I9I4), 57; the rejects pro-Allied policy of his Prime 920 INDEX

Constantine, King of Greece-continued Constantinople (Turkey)-continued Minister, 329; talks of benevolent 332, 334-5; report of dissension in, neutrality for Greece, 336; his in­ 395-6; Churchill on the importance fluence weakened by prospect of a of the capture of, 4I I ; Churchill British victory at Gallipoli, 412 asserts (I8June I9I5) that Britain has Constantinople (Turkey): Goeben and the power to capture, 498-9; British Breslau anchor off (ro Aug 1914), 40; proposal for eventual Russian annexa­ Admiral Limpus at, 188; Churchill tion of, 509; Curzon willing to allow v1s1ts (1910), 189; dockyard in­ Turks to keep, in return for peace (Oct adequacies of, 190; dockyard con­ I9I5), 550j 'take it, and take it soon, struction in to be under British control, and take it while time remains' I9I; reaction in to the seizure of (Churchill, I5 Nov I9I5), 567; Turkish ships, I92-3; Churchill be­ Churchill wants troops used to threaten lieves vulnerable to attack from the (May I916), 772; MAPS, 29, 545, 838, sea, 20I; Russia anxious to extend 841, 842 control at, 2I I; Asquith believes Contemporary Personalities (Lord Birken­ Russian rule of 'its proper destiny', head): quoted, on Churchill, 58 2 I 5; Grey supports Russian claims for, Cordingley, John Walter: recalls hostile 2 I 7; Churchill sees possibility of opinions of Churchill, 50 Britain dictating peace terms at, 220; Corfu: 395 Russia wants reports spread of threat Cornwall (British cruiser): and prepara­ to, 233; Fisher believes possession of tions for battle of Falkland Islands, imperative (4 Jan I9I5), 237; F. E. 182 Smith wants Indian troops to advance Cornwallis (British battleship): to go to from Smyrna to, 238; Turkish war­ Dardanelles, 249n; at Gallipoli land­ making power at, 249; Richmond ings, 405 sees, as 'open' to British naval power, Cornwallis-West, George Frederick Myd­ 258; Balfour sees Dardanelles victory delton: commands a battalion in the as putting 'under our control', 272; Royal Naval Division, 49; at siege of means of effecting morale of Turks Antwerp, 12211, 130 in, 276; Grey's hopes of 'creating a Coronel (Chile): prelude to battle off, scare' at, 277; Churchill wants 50,000 156; British squadron defeated at, troops to occupy in event of revolution 157-8; Cabinet bewildered by news at, 288-9; Russians estimate 50,000 of, 158-9; Churchill defends Ad­ troops needed to capture, 292; miralty's policy at time of, I59-6o; Churchill believes capture of possible criticisms of Churchill for British with 'a comparatively small number defeat at, 177, 531; the search to of troops', 30I; Asquith asserts im­ avenge, 182-4; Churchill sends Bonar portance of occupation of, 304; Law documents concerning (19 May Churchill wants I I5,000 troops for I915), 455; Churchill wants Asquith capture of, 307; Churchill insists cap­ to publish documents concerning, ture of is 'only a means to an end', 532, 533; Churchill recounts (Dec 3 I 5, 33 I ; apparently promised to 1915) defeat of, 620 Russia by Grey as early as I908, 320; Costeker, John Henry Dives: killed at War Council discusses future of (3 Gallipoli landings (25 April 1915), March I9I5), 32I; Admiral Carden's 409 instructions (5 March I9I5) for the Council of War: meets on 5 Aug I914, surrender of, 327; War Council 33-4 discusses the future of(Io March I9I5), Coventry Ordnance Works, 535 INDEX 921

Cox and Company (bankers): 51 I Crewe, rst Marquess of-continued Cradock, Sir Christopher: his instruc­ 355-6; opposes abandoning Gallipoli tions, I56; defeated by von Spee attack (r4 May I9I5) because of 'its off Coronel, and drowned (I Nov effect in India', 432; becomes Lord I9I4), I57; Asquith critical of, 158; President of the Council (May I9I5), Churchill's criticisms of, regarded as 470; at Dardanelles Committee (r2 suspect, I 59; Churchill sends criti­ June 1915), 494; doubts possibility of cisms of, to leading Conservatives, r6o; obtaining Bulgaria as an ally (end his death avenged, 182-3; Fisher June I9I5), 505; at Calais Conference believes there was 'inexplicable folly' (July I915), 526-7; and the War in defeat of, 184; Churchill sends Policy Committee of the Cabinet (Aug Bonar Law documents concerning I9I5), 527-g; agrees (Sept I9I5) to defeat of, 455; Churchill wants Asquith winter campaign at Gallipoli, 539; to publish documents concerning, and the growing anti-Kitchener feeling 533; Churchill shows C. P. Scott (Oct 1915), 557, 559; opposes Galli­ documents concerning, 541; Churchill poli evacuation, 6oi; a possible recounts (Dec I9I5) his 'insisting on Viceroy of India (I916), 683 fighting', 620 Cromarty (Ross and Cromarty): 282 Crease, Thomas Evans: 250, 394; and Cromer, Earl (Evelyn Baring): Churchill the crisis of May 1915, 435, 436, 438, recalls (Oct 1916) his attitude to­ 441, 452, 467; and Fisher's prepara­ wards a military landing on the Galli­ tion of evidence for the Dardanelles poli Peninsula to, 381; Churchill Commission (Aug 1916), 803 writes to, about procedures to be Creedy, HerbertJames: 515, 604 adopted by the Dardanelles Com­ Cressy (British cruiser): torpedoed (22 mission (12 Aug 1916), 8o4; his reply Sept 1914), 85-6; loss of a cause of (19 Sept 1916), 8o8-9; Churchill criticism, I43, 159, 184-5, 532 protests about Daily Mail accusations Crete: Indomitable diverted to Dardanelles to (17 Oct 1916), 812 from, 209 Cromer (Norfolk): Mrs Churchill staying Crewe, Ist Marquess of (Robert Offiey at, 4, 6, 39, 44-5 Ashburton Crewe-Milnes): at 10 Cromwell, Oliver; Churchill unable to Downing Street (r Aug rgi4), 25; name battleship after (I912), 87 and Churchill's mission to Antwerp, Crooks, William: speaks at London r I 9; Lord Hardinge complains to, Opera House (r 1 Sept 1914), 75 I39; questions Churchill about em­ Crow, Francis Edward: arrested by ployment at sea of naval cadets, 171; Turks, 217, 219 opposed to taking initiative against Crowe, Sir Eyre: 69, I9I-2 Turkey (I7 Aug 1914), 195; his son­ Crystal Palace (London): Royal Naval in-law killed in action, 228; Hankey's Division Depot at, 169 proposal for attack on Turkey cir­ Ctesiphon (Turkey): British Force de­ culated to, 229; at ·war Council (7 feated at (24 Nov 1915), 590n Jan I915), 242; Asquith's praise of, Cumine, George J. G. G.: Churchill 330; at War Council (ro March I9I5), describes as 'a vy good soldier', but 334; informs Hardinge of territorial takes risks, 665 discussions in London about the Cunliffe, Walter: on City attitude to future of Turkey, 344; learns of bene­ coming of war, 23 fits to be gained by India after a Cunliffe-Owen, Frederick: proposals of British victory at the Dardanelles, (17 Aug 1914), for British action 349; at War Council (r9 March 1915), against Turkey, 19g-2oo 922 INDEX

Cunningham, Andrew Browne: com­ Cushing (American steamship): attacked mands Scorpion off Smyrna, 217n by a German aeroplane ( 28 April Curragh Mutiny (March 1914): J. E. B. 1915), 463n Seely resigns after, 83 Cust, Sir Charles Leopold: critical of Curtiss Company: Churchill buys Ameri­ Royal Naval Division, go6 can flying boats from, 66n Cuxhaven (Germany): Fisher wants Curzon ofKedleston, rst Earl of (George British naval attack on, 258, 346; Nathaniel Curzon): Kitchener drives Churchill refers to naval air raid on, to resignation (1905), 3I2; becomes 721, 764 Lord Privy Seal (May 1915), 470; Cyprus: 298-9, goon; MAP, 8g8 Churchill proposes Bulair landing to, 494; at Dardanelles Committee ( 17 Daily Chronicle: reports on anti-Asquith June I915), 497; wants a further intrigues (March 1915), 363; 688, division sent to the Dardanelles (5 71 In, 750 July 1915), 5o8; opposes Churchill's Daily Express: bought by Sir Max Aitken, visit to the Gallipoli Peninsula (mid­ rgn July 19I5), 513; and the War Policy Daily• Mail: critical of Churchill's Committee of the Cabinet (Aug actions at Antwerp, I 26; said to have 1915), 527-9; discusses conduct of given important information to Ger­ war with Churchill and Lloyd George mans, 270; demands Kitchener's dis­ (Sept 1915), 530-1; agrees (Sept missal (l\Iay 1915), 466; and the 1915) to winter campaign at Gallipoli, Marconi affair (1912), 62gn; and an 539; and Churchill's views on Bul­ American schoolboy howler (Feb garia, 545; wishes to send British help I 9 I 6), 702; not sympathetic to to Serbia (Oct 1915), 556; believed by Churchill (March 1916), 748; des­ Margot Asquith to be part of a Lloyd cribes Churchill as 'a megalomaniac' George-Churchill plot (Oct 1915), (Oct 1916), 811-12; Churchill seeks 556-7; Lady Randolph Churchill to defend himself against, 8 I 7 invites to dine (Nov 1915), 482; Daily Mirror: 55~2n Lady Randolph Churchill dines with Daily News: publishes defence of Chur­ (Nov 1915), 594; informs Churchill chill's actions at Antwerp, 128 of Cabinet crisis (Nov 1915), 6or-4; Dallas, Alister Grant: sent by Kit­ opposed to the evacuation ofGallipoli, chener to Antwerp, IOI, 103, I07, 108, 617; rejects compromise over con­ 109 scription (Dec 1915), 618; Churchill Dalmatia (Austria-Hungary): Lloyd shows front-line trenches to (6 Feb George favours British attack on, 237; 1916), 661-2; Churchill asks his lv!AP 842 wife to keep in touch with (Jan 1916), Dalziel, James Henry: and Churchill's 688; Churchill sees as a future Cabinet criticisms of Asquith (March 1916), colleague, 697; and talk of an Air 711, 713, 736-7, 739; a member of the l'viinistry, 705; and the renewed Liberal \,Yar Committee, 735n; presses conscription crisis (April 1916), 750-I; Asquith to publish Dardanelles docu­ becomes President of the Air Board ments (June I916), 783, 784, 785 (May 19I6), 763, 767, 777; and Damascus (Turkey): Captain Rich­ the emergence of Lloyd George mond wants British troops to capture, as Prime Minister (Dec rgi6), instead of landing at Gallipoli, 389; 820; vetoes Churchill's inclusion in MAP, 838 Lloyd George's Cabinet (7 Dec 1916), Danube, River: Lloyd George antici­ 823 pates British naval action on, 252-3; INDEX 923

Danube, River-continued Dardanelles (Turkey) -continued Balfour believes victory at Dardanelles (28 Jan 1915) discusses importance of will open passage to, 272; Fisher to victory at, 271-2; Admiralty work out design gunboats for, 275; Churchill plans for attack on, 276-7, 279-81; suggests allied force might advance set-back at, 286; criticism of naval up, 302, go8; Hankey sees British plans for, 286-7; the search for troops flotilla on, as centre of an allied attack to be used in attack on, 288-g, 291-8; on Austria-Hungary, gr8; Austrian bombardment of outer forts of (19 forces cross (Oct 1915), 549; MAP, 842 Feb 1915), goo; further bombard­ 'Danzig': used as code name for attack ment delayed, 301; the search for on Borkum, 242 troops continues, 302-5; the bombard­ Dardanelles (Turkey): Goeben and Bres­ ment resumed (25 Feb 1915), 305; lau pass through (ro Aug 1914), 40, War Council discusses need for troops I 93-4; Admiral Limpus to escort at (26 Feb 1915), 307-1 I; outer forts Sultan Osman I through, 191; Limpus bombarded (25-6 Feb 1915), 314-15; refers (26 Aug 1914) to possibility of Churchill wants Greek naval help at, landing near, 198; Cunliffe-Owen 316; speculation about the territorial reports (27 Aug 1914) military force future of, 324; Churchill informs needed to command properly, 199- Grey of Admiralty confidence to force, 200; Churchill suggests plan for joint without military assistance, 325; diffi­ Anglo-Greek action against, 204-5; culties of naval progress at, 330-1; Goeben and Breslau to be sunk if they shortage of ammunition in forts at emerge from, 206; forts manned by (11 March 1915), 337; the naval attack German officers, 206; Enver refuses on (18 March 1915), 351-4; the German request to close, 207; Grey aftermath of the naval attack (March­ refuses to allow Limpus to command April 1915), 355-Bo; Fisher declares British forces at, 208; Greek plan to (2 April 1915) 'entire[)' exhausts my capture reported to be ready (9 time', 382; Churchill's desire for a Sept 1914), 209; British prevent renewed attack on (April 1915), Turkish torpedo boat from leaving, 382-6; and the mine danger at, 387, 212; minefield laid across (29 Sept 390-1, 399-4oo; and Fisher's resigna­ 1914), 213; Admiral Slade advises tion (April-May 1915), 394-6, and 'target practice' against forts of, 2 r 5; chapter 13,411-47, 474-5; Churchill's outer forts bombarded (3 Nov 1914), responsibility for, 463-4, 488; pos­ 2r8; Asquith reports Churchill as sible further attacks at Uune-Oct wanting 'heroic adventure against' 1915), 496, 498, soo, 516; Churchill's (5 Dec 1914), 223; Hankey discusses proposed visit to Uuly 1915), 510-14; territorial future of, 230; Kitchener Hankey at (Aug 1915), 518; Churchill favours 'demonstration' at (2 Jan wants publication of documents con­ 1915), 233; Carden asked about cerning (Sept-Nov 1915), 532-3; possibility of forcing (3 Jan 1915), Churchill refers to attack on as a 233-4; Carden believes in possibility legitimate gamble (15 Nov 1915), 569; of forcing, 237-8; Kitchener describes Churchill seeks vindication over as 'the most suitable objective' (8 (1916), 682; Asquith agrees to publish Jan 1915), 244; preparations for documents concerning, 778-g, 782-4; naval attack on, 248-60, 267; Chur­ Asquith decides not to publish docu­ chill recalls need to take risks at, 262; ments concerning, but to set up a com­ Fisher's growing opposition to an mittee of inquiry into (20 July 1916), attack on, 263-5, 268-71; War Council 789; MAPS, 235. 353· 519, 838, 840 INDEX

Dardanelles, The (Sir Charles Callwell) : Davies, Richard Bell: commands air­ quoted, 786n craft squadron in France, 67 Dardanelles Commission: Churchill's Dawnay, Guy Payan: sees Majestic evidence to, 200, 220, 222, 248, 250, sink at Dardanelles (May I9I5), 472; 262, 273. 274. 280, 3I2, 332, 337. 354. his visit to London (Sept I9I5), 539-4I 364, 365, 377; Fisher's evidence to, Dawnay, Hugh: Churchill dines with, 273; Sir Ian Hamilton's evidence to, at GHQ (I6 Sept I9I4), 8I; killed in 347; Hankey's memorandum for (I action, 228 Sept Igi6), 294, 349-50; Hankey's Dawson, MargaretJane: 24 memorandum for (3I Aug Igi6), de Bartolome, Charles Martin: assists 379-80; Graeme Thomson's evidence Admiralty War Group, I85--6, 250, to, 297; Asquith agrees to the estab­ 254; angered by criticism of Royal lishment of, 78g-go; Churchill pre­ Naval Division, 306; wants de Robeck pares his evidence for, 790-I, 798, to make a second attempt to force the 802-8; Churchill appears before (28 Narrows by ships alone, 366; and Sept Igi6), 8og; Churchill protests Fisher's opposition to the Dardanelles, about Daily Mail allegations to (I 7 394, 429; his expertise cited by Chur­ Oct Igi6), 8I2; Churchill's reaction chill in defence of the Dardanelles to the evidence of others to (Oct operation, 8 I 3 Igi6), 8I4; Churchill's hopes of de Broqueville, Charles Marie Pierre vindication from, 8 I 6; Churchill pro­ Albert: appeals to Allies for help in tests to about allegations concerning defence of Antwerp, IOI-2, I04-8, Kitchener's role over the Dardanelles, IIO 8I7-I9 de Bunsen, Sir Maurice William Ernest: Dardanelles Committee, the: successor 39I to the War Council (q.v.), 485; meets Dedeagatch (Bulgaria): 327, 544, 553; (7 June I9I5), 494; meets (I2 June MAPS, 545, 840 I9I5), 494-5; meets (I7 June I9I5), Deedes, Wyndham Henry: tells Kit­ 497; meets (25 June I9I5), 502; chener purely naval attack at Dar­ Churchill tired of bickering in, 505; danelles is bound to fail, 288 meets (5 July I9I5), 508; meets (24 Difence (British light cruiser): ordered to July I9I5), 5I4-I5; meets (Ig Aug South America, I57-8, 182 I9I5), 522-3; meets (20 Aug I9I5), de Forest, Maurice Arnold: summoned to 523; meets (27 Aug Igrs), 525; Dover, I I; one of Churchill's Austrian meets (3 Sept I915), 526; meets friends, 45; commands armoured car (23 Sept I9I5), 538; meets (24 Sept squadron in France, 68 I9I5) 539; meets (II Oct I9I5), 549- de Graaff, Heinrich: says Fisher is 5I; meets (I4 Oct I9I5), 552-4; thought to be 'of consequence' in Ger­ Churchill circulates memorandum to many, I46 (20 Oct I9I5) advocating use of gas Deguise, Victor: at Antwerp, Iog-I6 at Dardanelles, 555; Kitchener's posi­ Delcasse, Theophile: in London (8 Feb tion on, 557, 559; Asquith decides to I9IS), 278; agrees to send French bring to an end (Nov I9I5), 56o; final troops to Dardanelles, 28I; informs meeting of (6 Nov I9IS), 563; re­ Grey of Russian refusal to allow Greek placed by Cabinet War Committee troops to participate in attack on the (q.v.), 563 Dardanelles, 328 Davies, David: doubts Churchill's Delennelle Farm (Ploegsteert, Belgium): chances of office after Asquith's fall, company billets at, 65o; shelled, 66o; 8I6-I7 MAP, 649 INDEX de Mole, L. E.: the true inventor of the de Robeck, John Michael-continued tank, 537n learns ofTurkish shortage of ammuni­ Denmark: independence of, I ; tion (22 April I9I5), 400-1; wants a Churchill's hope of winning to allied dawn landing at Gallipoli, 402; cause, 225-6, 228, 246; MAP 19 reports to Churchill on Gallipoli Derby, 17th Earl of (Edward George landings, 406-7; said to be willing Villiers Stanley): appointed Director to try to penetrate to Sea of Marmara of Recruiting (5 Oct 1915), 558, 6x8, within two weeks of Gallipoli landings, 752; supports Milner's appeal for 408; reports (29 April I915) on compulsory military service (April military activity at Helles and Anzac, 1916), 755; writes to Lloyd George to 412-13; contemplates the renewal of protest about Churchill (19 Aug a purely naval attack on the Narrows, xgx6), 8oo-1; becomes Secretary of 417-I8; Churchill informs of with­ State for War (Dec xgx6), 822 drawal of Queen Elizabeth from the de Robeck, John Michael: second-in­ Dardanelles (12 May 1915), 423; command of British naval forces at Fisher reluctant to allow him to take Dardanelles, 254, 266; becomes Com­ any further naval initiative (I3 May mander-in-Chief of naval forces at (1915), 425-6, 428; informed (I3 Dardanelles, 348; and the naval attack May I915) that 'the moment for an of 18 March 1915, 351-2, 354-7; independent naval attempt to force urged not to appear to be suspending the narrows has passed', 429; Fisher operations (20 March 1915), 358; agrees (14 May 1915) to send some opposes Hamilton's plan to move reinforcements to, 435; Churchill troops from Mudros to Egypt (20 decides (14 May I9I5) to send two March 1915), 36o; and the decision further submarines to, 536; Churchill's to delay a second naval attack until final telegram to (26 May 1915), at least 14 April 1915, 363-6; and 471; Churchill presses Balfour (29 Churchill's desire to influence to May 1915) to send extra submarines renew the attack, 367-70; Hamilton to, 485; Dardanelles Committee de­ believes to be 'a very sound pusher', cides (7 June I9I5) to send reinforce­ 371; Hamilton encourages to renew ments to, 4·94; and the use of Monitors naval attack, 372-3; informs Ad­ (Sept I915), 54I-2; and the possibility miralty (26 and 27 March 1915), of a renewed naval attack (Oct 1915), that only a combined naval and mili­ 548 tary attack can lead to victory at the Deterding, Henri Wilhelm August: Dardanelles, 375-7, 379; reports (3 Fisher advises Churchill to give him a April 1915) on preparations for a com­ knighthood, 16-17; on German pre­ bined attack, 382-3; Churchill ad­ parations to invade Holland, 375 vises on the problem of floating­ Dieppe (France): Clementine Churchill mines (6 April 1915), 387; Churchill tries to devise scheme to meet her supports naval requirements of, 388; husband at (Jan Igi6), 644 reports on his preparations against Dixmude (Belgium) : Marine recon­ mines, 390; his plans to penetrate naissance to, 56 into the Sea of Marmara, 39I; op­ Djavid, Mehmed: Churchill meets posed to further delay at Dardanelles (19Io), I89; proposes Anglo-Turkish (10 April 1915), 392; will attack forts Alliance (I 9 II), I go; angered by at the Narrows in conjunction with seizure of Turkish ships (Aug 1914), army, 393; completes plans for landing I93; said to know that 'anything but army on Gallipoli Peninsula, 397; neutrality means ruin', I98; argues INDEX

Djavid, Mehmed-continued Dover (Kent)-continued merits of neutrality and intervention, merchant ships are afraid to leave, 2I3 338 Djemal, Ahmed: his day of glory, I9I; Dover Strait: Fleet sails secretly through, Churchill's message to, I96; his 9; sealed against German ships, 34, 36 reported pro-French leanings, I98; Dresden (German light cruiser): I 56; reported reluctant to see Turkey at battle of Falkland Islands, I83-4; committed to Germany, 206; Churchill in hiding, 264 seeks to influence, 107-8; records Drummond, James Eric: against keeping fears of sudden attack by Entente loss of Audacious secret, I42; his views powers, 2 I 2; argues merits of neutrality on the ministerial crisis (Oct-Nov and intervention, 2 I 3; leads Turkish I9I5), 560 military forces against Suez Canal, 279 Dublin: Easter uprising in (April I9I6), Dogger Bank: loss of three cruisers from 76I patrol of, 85; naval action in, 26I-2 Dublin (British light cruiser): attempts to Donald, Robert: 688, 703, 750 thwart escape of Goeben, 4I Doris (British light cruiser): at Alexan­ Duchy of Lancaster: Churchill appointed dretta (I8-22 Dec I9I4), 222, 233n; Chancellor of (May I9I5), 468; report of action circulated to Cabinet Churchill handed seals of, 4 72; (8 Feb I9I5), 279; Churchill cites Churchill's first weeks at (May-June psychological effect of the exploits of, I 9 I 5)' 482-5; Churchill frustrated at in defence of the Dardanelles opera­ (Sept I9I5), 530; Lloyd George sug­ tion, 8I3 gested for (Nov I9I5), 56o; Churchill Douai (France): Royal Naval Air Ser­ resigns from, 563; Edward Marsh vice reconnaissance over, 65; Marine seeks missing key of, 595 Brigade units at, 73, 75; aircraft and Dundee (Angus): Churchill's speech at armoured cars based on, 88; Churchill (5 June I9I5) defending his work as looks across plain of, 624-5; MAPS, 75, First Lord, 488-9 I 88, 575 Dunkirk (France): Royal Naval Air Ser­ Douglas, Sir Charles Wittingham Hors­ vice base established at, 65, 67-9, 240; ley: receives orders from Kitchener, German threat to, 72; Churchill's first 34; Churchill asks to examine plan to wartime visit to (Io Sept I9I4), 72-3; seize Gallipoli Peninsula, 202 Chm;chill's second wartime visit to (22 Douglas, James: publishes defence of Sept I9I4), 88-90; Churchill's third Churchill's actions at Antwerp, I28; wartime visit to (26 Sept I9I4), 92; foresees Churchill-Beresford-Carson Joffre asked to send troops to, 102 ; combination (Dec I9I5), 590 Royal Marines forced to return to, Dover (Kent): Kitchener intercepted 103, 105; Churchill expected at (3 Oct at, 28; anti-aircraft defence line starts I9I4), 106; Royal Naval Division to at, 66; Churchill's train recalled to be sent to Antwerp via, I07, I I2; London while on way to (3 Oct I9I4), General Rawlinson on way to Antwerp 103; Churchill's train returns to, from (5 Oct I9I4), I I4-I5i British 105; Arthur Asquith telegraphs from, forces disembarking at (6 Oct I9I4), I I 2; Churchill returns to from An­ II 6; Churchill's visits to described as twerp (6 Oct I9I4), I2o; Zeppelin 'useless', I I9i French fear of German drops bomb on (24 Dec I9I4), 238-9; advance to, I35i 'damnable' if Ger­ anti-Zeppelin force of sixty aeroplanes mans reach, I 36; Churchill maintains assembled between London and, 240; air base at, I62; Churchill proposes to Fisher's reaction to report that British visit (I 7Dec I9I4), I64-5; MAPS, 75,575 INDEX

Durham: miners from, in Royal Naval Egypt-continued Division, soo Churchill on Britain's position in, 333; DUsseldorf (Germany): British air raid Hamilton leaves for Lemnos from, 392 ; on Zeppelin sheds at (22 Sept I9I4), Kitchener raises spectre of Muslim 89; second air raid on (9 Oct I9I4), rising in, 423; Churchill wants troops I22-3, I36, I46; Churchill refers to air from to reinforce Gallipoli offensive, raids on, 72I, 764; MAP, 88 522; Kitchener sees danger to if Galli­ poli evacuated (Oct 1915), 549; Eady, Griffin: negotiating with the Kitchener sees danger to, if Gallipoli Turks, 359 not evacuated (Dec 1915), 602; Eastchurch (Kent): Churchill learns to Churchill wants troops at used else­ fly at (I9I2-I4), 65; anti-aircraft where (Jan-May I916), 686,692, 772; flights based on, 66 Churchill wants African troops trained Easter Island (Pacific Ocean) : reached in (May 1916), 772-3; MAPS, 235, 838 by von Spee, I56 Ekersund (Norwegian fiord) : possible East Hertfordshire: by-election at (10 British base, 21; MAP, 19 March I9I6), 733, 736 Elbe, River (Germany): British plan for Ebenezer Farm: Battalion HQ when raid up, 20; Churchill wants to control Churchill serving with Grenadier approaches of, 37, 52; Churchill fears Guards (Nov-Dec I9I5), 576, 579; submarines will sail from, 72; Dutch MAP, 577 neutrality a barrier to control of, 98; Eberhardt, Andrei Avgustovich: his in­ Churchill's suggestion to send old structions, 344 battleships up (24 Oct 1914), I4o; Edgar (British cruiser): at the Dardan­ Churchill wishes to blockade German elles, 686-7 bases at mouth of, 180; MAPS, I 9, 53 Edwards, John Hugh: asks for details Elles, Hugh]amieson: summons Church­ about escape of Goeben and Breslau, 170 ill to St Orner (Jan 1916), 679n Egypt: and defence of Suez Canal, 9; Elliot, Sir Francis Edmund Hugh: re­ Kitchener anxious to return to, I 2; ports Greeks not afraid of attack by number of Muslims in, 189n; fear of Turkey, 205-6; reports Greek king in Turkish threat to (I7 Aug 1914), 195; favour ofjoining the Allies, 3I6; passes possibility of putting pressure on on Churchill's appeal for Greek naval Turkey from, 200; Indian troops to be participation at Dardanelles, 316; re­ halted at to impress Turks, 205; im­ ports Greek king's refusal to accept a minent Turkish invasion reported (23 pro-allied policy, 329; reports Greek Oct 1914), 214; Cabinet expresses reaction to Dardanelles bombard­ fears for (30 Oct 1914), 215; Margot ment, 335, 336; reports renewed Asquith not worried about Turkish Greek interest in giving military sup­ threat to (5 Nov 1914), 219; Turkish port at Gallipoli, 412 threats renewed (end Nov 1914), 220, Elliot, Maxine: Churchill visits (7 Dec 222; danger to if Russia defeated, 233; 19I5), 6oo Turkish attack towards (Feb I915), Ellis, Charles Edward: Lloyd George de­ 279; Asquith believes troops for scribes as 'a first class 2nd rate man', Dardanelles force could be found in, 623 286; Kitchener says Australian and Emden (Germany): German fleet secure New Zealand troops no longer needed at, I4o; Churchill wants British land­ for defence of, 29I-3; Churchill wants ing at, 244, 246; MAP, 842 troops for Dardanelles assembled in, Emden (German light cruiser): sinking 300; troops being held ready in, 304; merchant ships in Indian Ocean, 137, INDEX

Emden-continued Epoca: 1I6n 139, 143-4; the Russian light cruiser Erzerum (Turkey): Djemal Pasha re­ Askold among the ships searching for, cords fears of Russian attack on, 2 I 2; 327n battle of (I877), 3I7; MAP, 839 Emmott, 1st Baron (Alfred Emmott): Esbjerg (Denmark) : possible British reports Churchill's Cabinet proposal base: 20, 2I; MAP, 19 of 26 Aug 19I4, 57; strongly opposes Esher, 2nd Viscount (Reginald Baliol Churchill being made Colonial Secre­ Brett): informs Churchill of impact of tary, 460 his Guildhall remarks, 63 ; George V Empty Spaces, The (Sarah Churchill) : I 2011 describes Churchill's 'monstrous' be­ Enchantress (Admiralty yacht): Fisher haviour to, 87; Stamfordham informs joins Churchill on, I45 of disagreement between Churchill Enfield Lock (Middlesex) : Churchill and George V, 88; and Fisher's return speaks at (I8 Sept 19I5), 534 to Admiralty, I54-5; reports Kit­ Enos (Turkey): Birdwood wants troops chener's words to Churchill about landed between head of Gulf of Xeros Dardanelles 'You get through! I will and, 392; Churchill proposes despatch fmd the men', 288; Hankey tells of his of Russian troops from Black Sea via scepticism of success at the Dardan­ Archangel to (May I9I5), 428; elles without 'a biggish army' at hand, Churchill wants as possible British 33I; describes attack on Dardanelles base against Bulgaria (Oct I9I5), 544; as 'the finest stroke of the war' (early British military landing at proposed March I9I5), 345; informs Stamford­ (Oct I9I5), 553; MAPS, 545, 840 ham of criticism of Churchill's visit to Enos-Midia line (Turkey): Churchill France (6-Io May I9I5), 425; and proposes inviting Bulgarians to ad­ Churchill's proposed visit to the Galli­ vance to, 302, 307, 3I5; MAP, 84o-I poli Peninsula (mid-July I915), 5I4; Enver Pasha: Churchill attracted to J. A. Spender writes to, about Church­ (I909), I88; Churchill meets in ill's resignation speech (Nov I 9 I 5), London (I 9 I o), I 89; his pro-German 569; at St Orner with Churchill (Dec policy strengthened, I93; Churchill's 1915), 589-go; critical of Churchill personal appeals to, I94, I95-6; said accepting command of a Brigade, to welcome increasing German in­ 6o8-g, 6x6; and Churchill's appeal for fluence, I98; his dominance over Fisher's return to the Admiralty Turkish navy resented by Djemal, 206; (March I9I6), 729 refuses German request to close Dar­ Essen (Germany): Churchill plans air danelles, 207; impressed by German raid against, 175; Churchill wants power, 2 I 2; argues merits of neutrality military advance from Dutch coast to­ and intervention, 2I3; Churchill wards, 245; MAP, 53 hopes, will abandon German cause Euphrates, River (Turkey): British con­ when British force Dardanelles, 249; trol mouth of (Dec 1914), 222-3; pro­ said to want 'a fight to the bitter end', posed extension of British control over 395; appoints Liman von Sanders to whole valley of, 509 command Turkish Fifth Army at Europe: Churchill describes Italy as the Dardanelles (March I9I5), 40on; ad­ 'harlot' of, 426n mits (Jan I9I6) that Turkey was on Evening News: 552n verge of defeat in March I9I5, 693 Ewing, Sir James Alfred: in charge of Ephesus (Turkey): F. E. Smith favours Room 40 at Admiralty, I 79 landing at, 237; MAPS, 838, 842 Exmouth (British battleship): to sail to Epirus (Albania): 230 Dardanelles (12 May 1915), 422, 423 INDEX

F alaba (British steamship) : torpedoed Fisher, John Arbuthnot-continucd (28 March 1915), 463n and formation of Royal Naval Divi­ Falkland Islands, battle of: preparations sion, 49, 51; praises Churchill's mili­ for, 182, 262; von Spee defeated at, tary forecast of 191 r, 64; critical of 183; Churchill elated by, 184; a per­ Churchill's 'Dunkirk Circus' and Ad­ sonal triumph for Fisher, r8s; releases miralty 'sycophants', 137; Haldane British ships for service elsewhere, 250; advises Churchill to bring back to Churchill sends Bonar Law docu­ Admiralty, 144; Churchill's admira­ ments concerning, 455; Churchill re­ tion for, 145; his return as First Sea counts victory of, 620 Lord, I47-s6, 157, 159; Kitchener Fao (Turkey): Government oflndia land suggests as First Lord, r66; at War military force at (7 Nov 1914), 221; Council (25 Nov 1914), 176; Asquith MAP, 839 describes face of, r 76n; receives copy of Far East: British squadron reinforced, 8; intercepted German naval telegrams, British interests in, 42 I 79; wants vigorous coastal offensive Fayolle, Marie Emile: visited by Church­ towards Ostend, r8o; urges import­ ill on the western front, 598 ance of offensive naval action to War Feilding, Geoffrey Percy Thynne: 573 Council (r Dec 1914), r8r; and Battle Ferdinand, King of Bulgaria: reported to of the Falkland Islands, r82-4; as be upset by prospect of British victory First Sea Lord, 185-7; and plans for at the Dardanelles (March 1915), 335; bombardment at Dardanelles, 215, pro-German, 348 216, 220; wants Greece to attack Galli­ Fergusson, Charles: praises the improve­ poli, 22 r ; Churchill urges need for ment in Churchill's battalion, 646; Baltic offensive on (22 Dec 1914), 225; Churchill obtains leave to return to Hankey proposal for an attack on England from, 759-60 Turkey circulated to, 229; Churchill Fermanagh (Irish county): boundary informs of plan for North Sea offensive dispute of, 4 (3 Jan 1915), 234; enthusiastic for Festubert (France): battle at (9 May attack on Dardanelles (3 Jan 1915), 1915), 523; MAP, 575 234-6, and (4 Jan 1915), 237; Fighting Line, The (Winston S. Church­ threatens to resign (4 Jan 1915), ill): penny pamphlet (published 13 238-40; tells War Council of navy's July rgr6), 776 readiness for a North Sea offensive (7 First Fleet (Grand Fleet): at Spithead Jan 1915), 242; enthusiastic for mas­ (r9July 1914), 3; sails through Dover sive troop landings in Holland (9 Jan StraitintoNorthSea (29July 1914),9; 1915), 245; believes capture of Con­ Jellicoe becomes Commander-in-Chief stantinople possible if Greek troops act of (2 Aug 1914), 26; Churchill visits in concert with British naval attack, at Loch Ewe (17 Sept 1914), 8r, 24 7; his part in the planning of the 85 naval attack at the Dardanelles, 253-7, First Hundred Thousand, The (Ian Hay): 266, 275; wants British troops landed 63on in Holland (r8 Jan 1915), 258; his Fisher, Cecil: 49 growing unease about Dardanelles Fisher, John Arbuthnot, First Baron: operation, 25g-6o, 262-5, 268-70; at arrives at Admiralty (30 July 1914), War Council (28 Jan 1915), 27o-3; 13; favours Jellicoe to command First wants greater French naval participa­ Fleet, 14; enthuses to Balfour about tion at Dardanelles, 276; approves Churchill's courage, r6; gives Church­ Richmond's appeal for troops at ill advice and encouragement, r6-r7; Dardanelles (15 Feb 1915), 287; 930 INDEX

Fisher, John Arbuthnot-continued Fisher, John Arbuthnot-continued favours annexation of Lemnos, 299- Sea Lords about the Dardanelles, 388; 300, 322; stresses need for victory at with Churchill, urges Kitchener to Dardanelles before arrival of Austrian despatch 15-inch howitzer to Dardan­ submarines, 323; sceptical of victory at elles (8 April r9I5), 392; his growing the Dardanelles (4 March I9I5), 326; opposition to further reinforcements critical of Keyes' appointment as Chief for de Robeck (r I-I2 April I9I5), of Staff at Dardanelles, 326; on need to 393-4; approves (20 April I9I5) prevent Germany building a fleet after despatch of Goliath to Dardanelles, the war, 334; approves (I I March 397; Richmond describes as 'useless', 1915) pressing forward with the naval 399; writes toJellicoe (22 April I9I5) attack at the Dardanelles, 336-7; his on prospects of victory at the Dardan­ reaction to reports of German sub­ elles, 400; Churchill seeks to en­ marines passing through Rumania and courage (3 J\!Iay I9I5) about outcome Bulgaria on way to Turkey, 338; and of the Gallipoli battle, 4II-I2; de­ the problem of mines at the Dardan­ clines to encourage rumours of his dis­ elles, 345; wants military co-operation, agreements with Churchill, 4I3-I4; greater activity and greater speed at opposed to further independent naval the Dardanelles ( r 5 March I 9 I 5), 346; action at the Dardanelles (I I May insists that the 'decisive theatre' re­ 1915), 4I8-2o; Churchill withdraws mains in the North Sea and the Baltic Queen Elizabeth from Dardanelles in (I6 March 1915), 347-8; orders attempt to placate (I2 l\1ay 1915), further battleships to the Dardanelles 422-3; protests to Asquith about the after the naval setback of r8 March Dardanelles (r3 May 1915), 424; his 1915, 354; at War Council (I9 March criticism of the Dardanelles effective in I9I5), 355; learns ofTurkish ammuni­ preventing Churchill from allowing de tion deficiencies, 35 7-8; learns of Robeck to take any further naval secret negotiations with Turkey, 358- initiative, 425-9; tells War Council 9; wants greater French participa­ (I4 May I9I5) he was against Dardan­ tion at Dardanelles, and British de­ elles 'from the beginning', 43 I ; stroyers sent back to home waters (20 Churchill protests to Asquith about March I915), 36o; unwilling (23 (I4 May 19I5), 434; Churchill seeks March I915) to agree to Churchill's compromise with, about Dardanelles proposal to insist upon an immediate reinforcements (I4 May I9I5), 435; renewed naval attack at Dardanelles, his resignation (I5 May I9I5), 437-8; 364-70; worried about German am­ Churchill's appeal to (r5 May r9I5), munition on way to Turkey (end­ 4.39-40; his refusal to remain as First J\!Iarch 1915), 371; discusses with Sea Lord, 44I-4; his attempts to win Churchill (25 March I9I5) plan for a Conservative support (15 May I9I5), British offensive in the North Sea, 373; 444; Churchill informs his brother of and the danger of a German invasion the resignation of (I 8 ]\:lay I 9 I 5), 45 I ; of Holland, 375, 378-g; unwilling to sends Asquith six conditions under send further reinforcements to de which he will 'guarantee the successful Robeck (2 April 191 5), 382, 383; termination of the war' (r9 l\1ay complains to Jellicoe about the Dar­ I9r5), 452-3; informs Bonar Law (r9 danelles (4 April 1915), 384-5; com­ May I9I5) of Churchill's offer of 'a plains to Churchill about the Dar­ seat in the Cabinet', 456; continues to danelles (5 April 1915), 385-6; refuse to serve under Balfour (22 l\1ay answers criticisms of 2nd, 3rd and 4th 1915), 467; leaves for Scotland (22 INDEX 931

Fisher, John Arbuthnot-continued Flying boats: Churchill purchases from May I9IS), 467; 'does not return' (23 the United States (Nov I9I4), May I9IS), 468; and the crisis of May 66 I9IS, 474-5, 483-4; appointed by Formidable (British battleship): torpedoed Balfour (July I9IS) as Chairman of the off Devon coast, I84-5; loss of impairs Board of Inventions and Research, British naval margin, 268 so6-8; Churchill criticizes former lack Fosters, Messrs (of Lincoln): and the of guidance and support given by (I 5 origin of the tank, 536-7 Nov I9I5), 566-7; Churchill's resigna­ Foudre (French seaplane carrier): 257 tion speech described as unfair to, 569; Foule, Mathilde Desiree: a refugee fi·om Garvin seeks to act as a mediator be­ France, 648n tween Churchill and (Dec I9I5), 62I; Four And A Half Years (Dr C. Addison): Garvin wants alliance between Lloyd quoted, 797 George, Churchill Carson and, 622; Fox, Robert: recalls Churchill's attitude active in London as centre of an anti­ to discipline, 638; and to delousing, Asquith movement (Jan-Feb I916), 640; and to artillery retaliation against 699-705, 7o8-I3; and Churchill's the German trenches, 671 demand for his return to the Ad­ France: Churchill proposes alliance with miralty, chapter 23, 7I6-36; Churchill in I9I I, I; and the crisis of July I9I4, asks his wife to keep in touch with, 739; 2-3, 6-ro, I2; the threat to her troop­ no political advantage for Churchill in ships, I 7; Kitchener fears a German an alliance with (May I9I6), 76I; attack on, 21-2; and Britain's obliga­ Churchill writes to 'destiny has not tion to, 23-4; British naval co­ done with you yet' (Io May I9I6), operation with, 26, 29, 30, 3 I ; Sir 762; Churchill writes to 'You must not John French unwilling to co-operate be downhearted' (3I May I9I6), 776; further with army of, 59; Churchill's and Asquith's promised publication of first wartime visit to (Io Sept I9I4), Dardanelles documents (June I9I6), 72-3; Churchill's second wartime visit 778-g, 783; and the preparation of to (I6 Sept I9I4), So; Churchill's evidence for the Dardanelles Com­ third wartime visit to (22 Sept I9I4), misswn (July-Aug I9I6), 802-8; 88, 89; Churchill's fourth wartime Churchill writes to about the pre­ visit to (26 Sept I9I4), 92; Churchill mature use of the tank on the Somme en route to, 103; Churchill's fifth war­ (Sept Igi6), 8Io time visit to (6 Dec I9I4), 163; navy of Fitzgerald, John Hamilton Brinsley: Sir has control of Mediterranean, I 78; J. French's emissary in London (May and war with Turkey, 216, 230; I9I5), 430 Churchill's sixth wartime visit to (29 FitzGerald, Oswald Arthur Gerald: 232, Jan I9I5), 277; Lloyd George does not 3I3, 394, 4IO wish to see in control of Palestine, 343; Fiume (Austria-Hungary): Kitchener Churchill's seventh wartime visit to rules out landing at, 244 (16 March 19I5), 348; Hankey recalls Flannery, Sir John Fortescue: criticizes the need to defeat Turkey in order to Churchill's eighth wartime visit to prevent a collapse of morale in, 350; France (I2 May I9I5), 424 Churchill's eighth wartime visit to Fleming, Valentine: sends Churchill de­ (5-10 May 1915), 414, 416-17, 418, scription of western front (Nov I9I4), 424-5; Churchill emphasizes weakness 227-8; dines with Churchill at St of (June 1915), 498; Kitchener's fears . Orner (2 Dec I9I5), 593 of a collapse of military morale in Flushing (Holland): 374 (Aug 1915), 523; Churchill leaves for 932 INDEX

France--continued French, Sir John--continued service at the front in (Nov I9IS), after Dogger Bank action, 262 ; 57 I Churchill's visit to, at request of War Frankfurt (Germany): I46 Council (29 Jan I9IS), 277; reported Frankland, Thomas Hugh Colville: willing to send troops to help Serbia, killed at Gallipoli landing, 404n 278; doubts whether British troops Franz Ferdinand, Archduke: assassi­ could fight well in Serbia, 28I; Asquith nated (28 June I9I4), 2, 4n, I88 believes Dardanelles troops can come Fraser, Lovat: wants Churchill to return from other forces than those of, 286; to London from the trenches (Dec caught up in quarrel between Church­ I9IS), 6I8 ill and Kitchener over use of armoured French, Sir John Denton Pinkstone: cars on western front, 289-9I; and the reaches Amiens (I4 Aug I9I4), 47; German threat to Holland (end­ reports fall ofNamur, 54-5; learns of March I9IS), 374; reluctant to send reinforcements, 57; quarrels with Kit­ IS-inch howitzer to the Dardanelles, chener, 5g-62; sends Churchill ac­ 39I; Churchill's visit to (g May I9I5) count of battle of Marne, 7I-2; criticized in the House of Commons, Churchill visits at his HQ (I6-I7 Sept 424-5; angered by Asquith's claim I9I4), 8o-I; naval guns proposed for, that he had sufficient ammunition, 9o-I; Clementine Churchill worried 430; George V believes Churchill is by her husband's repeated visits to, 92; intriguing with to remove Kitchener, his reported orders to fire on German 454; asks Churchill to visit him (Aug white flags, 94; 7th Division not to go I9IS), 530; Churchill suggests as to, I02; Churchill wishes to consult, Commander of the British forces I03; and defence of Antwerp, 109-10, against Turkey (Oct I9IS), 543; asked I24; encourages Churchill after Ant­ to send troops to Gallipoli (Oct I9IS), werp, I 33; Churchill explains plans for 554; and Churchill's arrival on the naval activity along German-held western front (Nov 1915), 572-4; Channel coast to, I36; Churchill re­ Churchill stays at St Orner as guest of ports on invasion dispute with Kit­ (I-I8 Dec I9I5), 588; and Churchill's chener to, I 39; sends Oxfordshire proposed promotion to Brigadier­ Hussars into action, I6o; takes Jack General, 596, 6Io-I I, 6I2; soon likely Churchill on to his HQStaff, I6I; dis­ to be dismissed (5 Dec I9I5), 598; dis­ pute with Churchill about Royal cusses Churchill's future military staff, Naval Air Service, I62; dispute with 599; his own uncertain future, 6o I ; Churchill over armoured cars, 163; decides to give Churchill command of Churchill keeps informed of British a Brigade (9 Dec I9I5), 6os-6; re­ Government policy, I64; Churchill's moved from command of the British proposed visit to (Dec I9I4), I64-7; Expeditionary Force (Dec I9IS), 6o9- his visit to London (20 Dec I9I4), 6I7; Churchill sees 'a good deal of' I67-8; Churchill tries to soothe, I69; (Aug 1916), 798; alleged to be part of favours sending troops to help Monte­ a Lloyd George-Churchill-F. E. Smith negro, 237; Churchill wants reinforce­ intrigue against Sir Douglas Haig (Oct ments for coastal offensive sent to (7 19I6), 81 I Jan I9IS), 240-I; denies that German Friedrichshafen (Germany): British air trench line cannot be broken, 243-4; raid on (21 Nov 19I4), 172-6, 72I, Churchill explains his northern plans 764; MAP, 173 to, 246-7; at War Council (I3 Jan Frimley (Surrey): internment camp for I9I5), 25I, 252; Churchill writes to enemy aliens, I43 INDEX 933

Fulton, Robert: recalls musical interlude Gallipoli Peninsula-continued on the western front, 659 organize 'a heroic adventure' against, Furse, ·william Thomas: commands 223; Fisher wants 'Greeks to go for', Ninth Division (Jan 1916), 628, 635, 235; Kitchener favours attack on, 237, 637, 646-7; visits Churchill's forward 244; and need for landing of troops at, trenches (2 Feb 19I6), 659; Churchill 260; Churchill recalls his opposition to lunches with (6 Feb Igi6), 66I; wants troop landings at, 274; Richmond gth Division to take the initiative, 666; describes 'inferior Turkish troops at' in favour of Churchill commanding a (9 Feb 19I5), 279; possibility of troops Brigade, 676; urges Churchill to take designated for Salonika being sent to his place in Parliament as a critic of (15 Feb I915), 288-9; Kitchener be­ Asquith's war policies, 738-9, 743, lieves Australian and New Zealand 746; orders Churchill to return from troops 'sufficient at first' for attack on, Parliament to the trenches (April 293; discussions at the Committee of I916), 758; urges Churchill to join Imperial Defence (28 Feb I907) about Lloyd George and to break the 'futile possibility of an attack on, 294; Turk­ Govt' (May 1916), 760 ish communications too vulnerable to submarine attack, 295; War Council Gaba Tepe (Gallipoli Peninsula): 382; (19 Feb 19I5) discusses political effects Hamilton decides on military landing of occupation of, 296; Kitchener on at, 393; military landings to the north probable Turkish evacuation of, 307; of, at Ari Burnu (25 April 1915), Churchill welcomes possibility of 402-4, 407, 408, 413; Churchill ad­ Greek military participation in attack Yocates (I3 I\1ay 19I5) semi-permanent on, 316; and territorial future of, 321- landing stages at, 428; German sub­ 2; Churchill states that with naval marine reported (21 lVIay 1915) on action alone, Turks can be forced to way to attack British battleships at, evacuate, 325; Greek participation in 463; Triumph torpedoed off (25 May attack on vetoed by Russia, 328-9; Sir I9I5), 4.71; MAP, 403 H. Jackson urges (II March I915) Galicia (Austria-Hungary): Russian de­ need for military action on, in con­ feat in, 431 junction with naval attack, 336; Kit­ Gallipoli (Turkey): Liman yon Sanders chenerworried (r3 March 19I5) about sets up his he::tdquarters in, 40on; Turkish military strength on, 341; MAPS, 235, 840 Fisher wants troops despatched to Gallipoli Peninsula: Admiral Limpus 'both extremities' of (I5 :rviarch 19I5), suggests (26 April 1914) 'cutting off 346; Churchill hopes to cut off, by and starving', 198; Churchill recalls ships at both sides of Bulair Isthmus, belief in immediate seizure of (Nov 368; de Robeck insists must be oc­ I914), 200-1, 231; Churchill instructs cupied by army before any naval War Office to examine possibility of attack could succeed, 376; Kitchener seizure of, 202-3; Greek troops con­ supervises plans for military landing sidered essential for attack on, 204; on, 38I; finally emerges as most Churchill contemplates usc of Russian favoured landing place, 392-3; mili­ troops against, 205; Greeks believe tary landings on (25 April 1915), they have sufficient forces to capture, 402-20. Churchill advocates (13 May 209; Churchill believes attack on, to 1915), linking Imbros witl1 anti­ be best means of defending Egypt, 220; submarine nets to, 428; Lloyd George Fisher wants Greeks to attack, 221; sceptical (r4 May 1915) of a British Asquith reports Churchill wants to victory at, 432; War Council (14 May 934 INDEX

Gallipoli Peninsula-continued Garvin, James Louis-continued I9I5) discusses possible evacuation of, wife to keep in touch with (Nov 1915), 432-3; Fisher intends transporting 587; Lady Randolph Churchill dines Hamilton's army to Haifa from, 452; with (Nov 1915), 594; encouraged by Churchill suggests a submarine net Churchill to keep in touch with C. P. 'around the top of', 47I; Churchill Scott (Dec 19I5), 596, 6os; Churchill memorandum (I June I9I5) on danger sends survey of war situation to (8 of prolonged fighting on, 486-7; Dec I9I5), 604-5; sends Churchill a Churchill's belief in the possibility of a description of Lloyd George's position decisive victory on, 489; British pro­ (20 Dec 19I5), 6I8-I9; Churchill posal for eventual Russian occupation talks to in London (end Dec 19I5), of, 509; Churchill's proposed visit to 62 I ; sees Lloyd George, Churchill, (mid-July I9I5), 5IO-I4; and the Carson and Fisher as a 'fighting renewed attack on (6-10 Aug I9I5), quartette' (end Dec 1915), 621-2; 5I8-22; and the renewed attack on Churchill asks his wife to keep in touch (2I-28 Aug I9I5), 524; Churchill's with (Jan 1916), 688; Fisher's at­ confidence in eventual victory at, 534, tempt to return to the Admiralty sup­ 546; Churchill sees use for tank on (23 ported by (Jan-Feb 1916), 700, Sept I9I5), 538; Dardanelles Commit­ 702-4, 708, 709, 73 r, 733, 736; and tee discusses possible evacuation of (I 1 Churchill's criticisms of Asquith's war Oct I915), 549-51; Monro advocates policies, 739, 741 ; and Churchill's re­ evacuation of (3I Oct I9I5), 562-3; turn to London, 747, 749, 759; advises Cabinet decides to evacuate (23 Nov Fisher in preparation of evidence for 1915), 581; Churchill infuriated by the Dardanelles Commission (Sept idea of evacuation of (Dec I9I5), 589; I916), 8o8 Churchill reflects (Dec I915) on failure Garvin, Roland Gerard: commissioned, at, 597-8; Cabinet disagreement over 49 evacuation of, 6or-2; Churchill be­ Gas: Churchill advocates use of on Galli- lieves 'the tale has yet to be told to its poli Peninsula, 4 70 conclusion' (15 Dec 1915), 610; Gaulois (French battleship): badly dam­ evacuation of Helles (Jan 1916), 685- aged at the Dardanelles (r8 March 6; Asquith's proposed publication of 1915), 353; refloated (20 March 1915), documents concerning, 778; MAPS, 353, 360: MAP, 353 403,5I9,840 George V, King: at naval review (July Gardiner, Alfred George: publishes de­ I914), 3; learns Asquith's view of fence of Churchill's actions at Ant­ European crisis, 4; Churchill informs, werp, I28; pre-war criticisms of about naval measures, ro; and re­ Churchill, I32 placement of Callaghan by Jellicoe, Garvin, James Louis: an opponent of 14-15; Asquith reports on Marine Churchill, 38; seeks commission for his expedition to Ostend to, 56; does not son, 49; defends Churchill's actions at like Churchill's 'rats in a hole' remark, Antwerp, 127; Churchill describes his 86-8; Asquith reports on Churchill's feelings after Antwerp to, I 33; pub­ Antwerp visit to, II2-I3; Asquith re­ lishes defence of Churchill's wartime ports on fall of Antwerp to, 122, I3I; Admiralty administration (23 May and the replacement of Prince Louis as 1915), 468-9; Churchill writes to First Lord by Fisher, I48-54, 440, 44I; about effect of his Dundee speech, 491; Asquith reports on Turkish policy to, to dine with Lady Randolph Churchill 2I I, 2I5, 219; Churchill informs, of (Nov I915), 583; Churchill urges his Dogger Bank action, 261 ; Churchill INDEX 935

George V, King--continued Germany-continued informs, of plan of attack on Dardan­ I9I4), 210; checks Russian advance at elles, 28o-I; reviews Royal Naval Tannenberg (26-30 Aug I9I4), 224; Division at Blandford, 305-6; Church­ Churchill resurrects plans for naval ill refuses to be influenced by wartime offensive against, 225, 228, 236; fear of abstinence of, 384; informed (8 April Russia making a negotiated peace I9I5) of encouraging prospects at the with, 260, 32 I ; ready to strike at Dardanelles, 39 I ; Fisher ordered to Serbia, 273, 278; Kitchener on the return to his post in the name of (I5 need to establish goodwill with, once May I9I5), 438; Fisher intimates to the war is over, 333; War Council (10 Bonar Law (I5 May I9I5) that he has March I9I5) discusses war aims to­ had an audience with, i.e. resigned, wards, 334; sends reinforcements to 444; Asquith informs, of his belief that Turkey via Rumania (end March Fisher's mind 'is somewhat unhinged' I9I5), 37I; said to be about to invade (I9 May I9I5), 453; glad to 'get rid of Holland (end March I9I5), 373-5; Churchill' from Admiralty, 454; Clementine Churchill Insists that Churchill received in audience by (27 Churchill is one of the few Cabinet May I9I5), 472; Asquith informs (7 Ministers to possess 'the power, the June I9I5), of decision to reinforce imagination, the deadliness' to fight, Hamilton's army at the Dardanelles, 459; attacks Rumania (I Sept I9I6), 494; Asquith informs (I July I9I5), of 797 Cabinet discussion on Bulgaria, 506; Gerrard, Eugene Louis: commands air- and Churchill's proposed mission to craft squadron in France, 67, 69; plans the Gallipoli Peninsula (July I9I5), air raid on Zeppelin sheds inside 5 I 2; and the political crisis of Decem­ Germany, 88--g ber I9I6, 820, 822 Ghent (Belgium): problem of refugees George Louis Victor Henry Sergius of from, 97-8; difficulty of defending Battenberg, Prince: I52-3 Antwerp from, 99; Belgian army said Gerard, James W.: and the release of to be about to withdraw to, w6; Fisher's daughter from internment in British forces to be organized at, I I 8; Germany, I46n French Marine Fusiliers not to pro­ German East Africa: War Council (10 ceed beyond, I2I; Rawlinson to meet March I9I5) discusses territorial future Belgians at, I22; MAP, 99 of, 333 Gibb, Andrew Dewar: records 'mutinous Germany: Churchill seeks naval agree­ spirit' at news of Churchill's command ment with, I-2; and willingness to of 6th Royal Scots Fusiliers (Jan I9I6), defend Austria against Russian attack, 630; and Churchill's first day as bat­ 6; British warning to, 7; and move­ talion commander, 63I-2; persuades ment of British Fleet to North Sea, 9; Churchill to give a correct infantry intentions towards Belgium, 9-10; at­ order, 632; critical of Churchill's atti­ titude to Austria, 2 I ; declares war on tude to discipline, 638; records Russia, 25; British ultimatum to, 30-I; Churchill's attack upon lice, 639; and Japan declares war on, 43; army of, Churchill's battalion route march, advances through Belgium, 54; High 642; and Churchill's attitude to the Command disturbed by rumours of battalion Medical Officers, 655»; de­ British troops at Ostend, 56; and scribes first week in trenches in bat­ Turkish policy (before I9I4), I89; talion war diary, 656-7; records Churchill envisages Rumanian-Greek­ Churchill's 'dissertation on the laying Bulgarian-Serb attack on (22 Sept of sandbags', 674; and Churchill's INDEX

Gibb, Andrew Dewar-continued Goeben-continued final days with the 6th Royal Scots Sept I9I4), Igg; Troubridge in­ Fusiliers (May I9I6), 760 structed (8 Sept I914) to sink, 206; Gibbon, Edward: 3I8 'flagrant breach of neutrality' by, Gibraltar: Churchill offers French Ad­ 207-8; Carden instructed (21 Sept miralty facilities at, 3I; Sir P. Scott I9I4) to sink, 209; Turkish Govern­ travels on QJleen Elizabeth as far as, 25g; ment warned about (28 Oct Igq), Admiral de Robeck at, 266 214; bombards Russian Black Sea Gillespie, Mrs: protests to Churchill ports (29 Oct I9I4), 2IS; defeat of about the 'scandal' of wounded men envisaged, 249, 252; Fisher willing to being sent back to the trenches (June offer two million pounds for (March rgi6), 776 I 9 I 5), 359; known to be in dilapidated Ginncll, Laurence: cries out in the House condition (Aug I9I5), 525 of Commons 'W'hat about the Dardan­ Goliath (British battleship) : needed at elles?' (9 May Igi6), 762 Dardanelles, 397; sunk at Dardanelles Giornale d' Italia: war correspondent of, at (r2 May I9I5), 425 Antwerp, I I 5; Churchill's interview Good Hope (British cruiser): sunk at battle with, on the minorities question, 202 off Coronel (I Nov I9I4), I57-8, 182 Girouard, Sir Edouard Percy Cranwill: Gordon, General Charles George (r83g- sent by Kitchener to Antwerp, I03 85): g27n Gladstone, William Ewart: and Turkish Gordon, Edward Ian Drumearn: to atrocities, I88 command amalgamated 6(7 Royal Glasgow (British light cruiser): oiT South Scots Fusiliers, 758-g America, IS6-6o, I82 Gosford, 4th Earl of (Archibald Brab­ Gloucester (British light cruiser): attempts azon Sparrow Acheson): shocked to to thwart escape of Goeben, 4I learn Churchill not yet a Brigadier Glyn, Ralph George Campbell: 5I6 (Feb I9r6), 676 Gneisenau (German cruiser); I 56, I 58, Goulding, Sir Edward Alfred: urges I 82; sunk at battle of Falkland Islands, Churchill not to resign from Cabinet I8g (Oct I9IS), 560; Churchill asks his Godalming (Surrey): and Hoe Farm, wife to keep in touch with (Jan rgr6), 493 688; acts as an intermediary between Goeben (German battle cruiser): about to Churchill and Fisher (Feb Igi6), 709; leave Austrian port of Pola (go July Churchill seeks advice of (March I9I4), I7-I8; refused coal at Brindisi Igr6), 745; Northcliffe informs of his and Taranto, 26; followed by British hostile attitude to Churchill (April ships, 28; bombards Philippeville, 29; Igi6), 75I; Fisher and Garvin discuss Cabinet refuses Churchill's request to Dardanelles Commission evidence at fight before outbreak of war, go; home of (Sept Igr6), 8o8 Churchill anxious to learn fate of, 36; Grand Fleet, see First Fleet escapes British search, 40-2; escape of Granet, Edward John: suggests British a cause for criticism of Churchill, 143, air raid on Friedrichshafen, I 72 I 59, I 70, I 77, I 84; reaches Con­ Grant Duff, EYclyn Mountstuart: wants stantinople (Io Aug I~JI4), I93; sold to Britain to apologize for alleged viola­ Turks, I94-5; renamed Jawuz Sultan tion of Swiss neutrality by naval Selim, I94n; Britain insists on German aYiators, I 74-5 crew leaving, I 96; action against Great Contemporaries (Winston S. Church­ Russia feared (26 Aug I9I4), Ig8; ex­ ill) : quoted, on sending of Fleet to pected to be ready to put to sea (2 North Sea, g; on Asquith's letters to INDEX 937

Great Contemporaries-continued Greene, Sir William Graham: I6; in­ Venetia Stanley, 2In; on Asquith's forms Foreign Office that Admiralty behaviour in the political crisis of May have ordered hostilities to begin against I9I5, 479; on Balfour during the Turkey (3I Oct I9I4), 2I6; learns political crisis of December I9I6, 822 from Foreign Office that Britain and Greece: naval rivalry with Turkey, I9I; Turkey are at war (5 Nov I9I4), 2Ig; possible British ally against Turkey, opposed to appointment of Graeme Ig8, 2Io; possibility of action against Thomson as Director of Transports Austria, 200; provision of troops to (Dec I9I4), 298; advises Churchill to fight Turkey from, 20I; Churchill sees moderate criticisms ofKitchener in his 'brilliant but fleeting opportunity' for Dardanelles evidence (Sept Igr6), (3I Aug I9I4), 202; troops from con­ 807 sidered essential in Gallipoli landings, Greenhill-Gardyne, Alan David: takes 203-4; Churchill wants pro-British Churchill around front-line trenches policy towards, 208; Asquith expects (12 Feb Igr6), 665 (3I Oct I9I4), to join Allies shortly, Grenadier Guards: Churchill serves with 2I6, 2Ig; Fisher wants as Allies' mili­ 2nd Battalion of on the western front tary arm against Gallipoli, 22I; lack of (Nov-Dec I9I5), 573-89, 6os-8; troops from, ends British discussions Churchill expects to serve as a com­ for seizing Gallipoli, 223; Lloyd pany officer with, 6I3 George wants as ally against Austria, Grenfell, Francis: killed in action, 228n 229; importance of in British plans for Grenfell, Riversdale: killed in action, 228 the defeat of Turkey, 230, 235, 244, Gretton, John: writes encouragingly to 249; little disposed to help Serbia, 2 73; Churchill, 33 Churchill believes could be persuaded Grey, Sir Edward: and Churchill's pro­ to join Allies, 274; Austrian aim to posed meeting with Tirpitz, I-2; and overawe, 277; possibility oftroops of to the European crisis of July 19I4, 3-4, help Serbia, 28 I -2; Balfour on induce­ 6-7, I8; attitude to France on eve of ments to, 305; Churchill appeals for war, 24; at 10 Downing Street on I immediate naval help from (I March Aug I9I4, 25; and military mobiliza­ I9I5), 3I6; Kitchener wants Gallipoli tion, 26; speech in House of Commons Peninsula handed over to after the (3 Aug 1914), 27; and the Goeben, 29; war, 32I; Churchill wants military policy towards Japan, 42-4; learns of support from (4 March 1915), 325-6; Heligoland Bight action, 59; opposes Russians refuse to allow as an ally bombing of military objectives in against Turkey, 328-g; Churchill German towns, gi-2; mentioned, 95; angered by loss of assistance from, 335, and the defence of Antwerp, g6-108, 336; Fisher wants Britain to seize the II2, u6, ug, 121, I3o; Asquith finds Fleet of, 338; Churchill seeks in vain to 'fussy & jumpy' in Cabinet (23 Oct overcome Russian veto on help from, 1914), 139-40; Churchill reports 344-5; forced to buy wheat from the 'Fisher is already a Court Favourite' United States because of Turkish to, I 53; and alleged violation of Swiss closure of the Straits, 350; will not get neutrality by naval aviators (21 Nov Smyrna after the war unless they join 1914), 173-6; at War Council (25 Nov the Allies (April I915), 383; and effect 1915), 176; Asquith describes face of, of the Gallipoli landings on, 412; and 176n; sometimes told of intercepted the Austrian attack on Serbia (Oct German naval telegrams, I79; and 1915), 549; MAPS, 235, 545, 838, 842 pre-war Turkish policy, r8g-go; and Greene, Conyngham: 42 seizure of Turkish battles..~ips, 191-2; INDEX

Grey, Sir Edward-continued Grey, Sir Edward-continued approves Churchill's appeal to Enver, poses leaflet warfare, 322; pressed by I94-5; and German sailors on Goeben Churchill about help from Greece, and Breslau, I97-8; sceptical of Buxton 325--6; pressed by Churchill to en­ mission to Balkans, 20 I ; asks Russians courage Italian participation in the about possibility of joint allied action war, 327; asked by Churchill to hasten against Turkey, 205; Churchill clashes Russian military co-operation against over Turkish policy with, 207-I I; the Turks, 328; warned by Churchill Buxton urges pro-Bulgarian policy on, 'you must be bold and violent', 328-g; 2I3; warns Turkish Government to Asquith describes (7 March 19I5), as observe neutrality (28 Oct I9I4), 2I4; 'tired out and hysterical', 330; his and coming of war with Turkey ( 29 views on the post-war territorial settle­ Oct-5 Nov I9I4), 2I5-22I; Hankey's ment, 333-5; on 'possibility ofbribery' proposal for an attack on Turkey cir­ of Balkan officials, 354; favours estab­ culated to, 229; receives Russian ap­ lishment of independent Arab States, peal for demonstration against Turks, 355; Churchill favours Balfour as 232; difficulties of finding Balkan Foreign Secretary during absence of, allies, 235; at War Council (7 Jan 36I; Churchill protests to, about I9I5), 242; favours Zeebrugge oper­ German ammunition for Turkey being ation, 25 I ; wants British naval action allowed through Rumania, 3 7 I -2 ; and in Adriatic, 252, 255; and British com­ the threat of a German invasion of mand of naval forces at Dardanelles, Holland, 374; receives news of dissen­ 256-7, 266--7; believes victory at sion among Young Turks in Con­ Dardanelles will determine attitude of stantinople, 395; Churchill advises all Balkan powers, 272; wants British against responding to Greek offer of troops sent to Salonika, 274; and assistance (30 April I9I5), 4I2; ill means of shaking Turkish morale, 276; (May I9I5), 4I4; Churchill and Lloyd gives Churchill his opinion of Dardan­ George alleged (10 June 1915) to be elles operation, 277; gives lunch to seeking removal of, 454; Churchill Delcasse, 278; circulates War Council seeks support from (I9 May I9I5), with Balkan telegrams, 280; sees secret 456; remains Foreign Secretary, 469; telegram from Dardanelles, 286; at ill (end-June I9I5), 505; and Church­ War Council (I6 Feb 1915), 288; be­ ill's proposed visit to Gallipoli (mid­ lieves success at Dardanelles 'worth July I9I5), 5I2, 5I3; critical of Sir Ian taking some risk' for, 293; says Chris­ Hamilton, 522; critical of Carson's tians at Constantinople will 'have to suggested peace terms with Turkey (I9 take their chance', 296; in dispute with Aug I9I5), 523; opposes conscription Churchill over use of Lemnos, 298- (Aug I9I5), 527; agrees (Sept I9I5) to 300; emphasizes moral effect of gunfire winter campaign at Gallipoli, 539; ad­ on Turks, 303; supports Kitchener's vocates evacuation of Gallipoli Penin­ view that troops are not needed to sula (II Oct I9I5), 549; in favour of force the Dardanelles, 310; receives beginning hostilities against Bulgaria Churchill's list of conditions for the (I4 Oct I9I5), 553; writes to Churchill surrender of Turkey, 315; passes on to after his resignation (Nov 19I5), 570; Greece Churchill's appeal for naval Mrs Churchill describes as 'terribly assistance at Dardanelles, 3I6; ap­ aged and worn-looking' (April I9I6), proached by Churchill about Turkish 756; Lloyd George and Churchill post-war settlement, 320; and the critical of Balkan diplomacy of (Sept future of Constantinople, 320-1; op- I9I6), 797; allows Churchill to use the INDEX 939

Grey, Sir Edward-continued Gwynne, Howell Arthur: sends Churchill Foreign Office printer for his Dardan­ plan to destroy Zeppelins, 33; critical elles evidence (Sept 1916), 8o6; of Churchill's actions at Antwerp, Churchill critical of his evidence to the I 25-7; his criticisms rejected by other Dardanelles Commission (Oct 1916), newspapers, I28; Press Bureau un­ 814 willing to censor his criticisins, I 29; Grey, Spenser Douglas Adair: com­ Asquith describes as a 'lunatic', 144; mands aircraft squadron in France, 67; British loan to Turkey explained to, leads bombing raid to Cologne (22 191; advises Asquith (22 April 1915) Sept 1914), 89; leads second raid (9 to remove Churchill from Admiralty, Oct 1914), 123-4, 136; and the pos­ 398-g; informed by Callwell of the sibility of Churchill commanding the May crisis (22 May 1915), 458-g; in­ forces in East Africa (Nov 1915), formed by Callwell of the conscription 565-6 crisis (July 1915), 527-8; informed by Grigg, Edward William Macleay: Callwell why Asquith decided not to Churchill in dugout with (21-22 Nov publish the Dardanelles documents 1915), 57g-8o; Churchill lunching (June 1916), 785; believes he has un­ with (26 Nov 1915), 584; Churchill in covered an intrigue against Sir Doug­ front line with (28-30 Nov 1915), las Haig (Oct 1916), 8I I 588-g; Churchill spends evening with (12 Dec 1915), 6o7; Churchill writes Hadji-Mischef, Pantcho: Grey protests to (6Jan 1916), 68o to, 372 Grigg, Mrs (Elizabeth Deas Thomson): Haifa (Turkey): Churchill suggests as 588 point of attack, 220; Fisher suggests Grosvenor, Lord Hugh William: killed feint at, 234; Hankey critical that in action, 228 there was no feint at during Dardan­ Guepratte, Emile-Paul-Aimable: the elles attack, 345; Richmond wants senior French officer at the Dardan­ landing of 8o,ooo British troops at, to elles, 351-3 replace Gallipoli landings, 389; Fisher Guest, Frederick Edward: sends Church­ intends to transport Hamilton's army ill account of battle of Marne, 71; tells from Gallipoli to, 452 ; MAPs, 235, 838 Churchill ofYpres battle, z6o; acts as Haig, Sir Douglas: Churchill suggests as link between Churchill and Sir J. Chief of the Imperial General Staff French, r61-2, 167; Churchill tells of (Oct 1915), 544; succeeds Sir John his desire for an army command, r8o; French as commander of the British dines at Admiralty House, 238; Expeditionary Force (Dec 1915), Churchill consults with Kitchener 612-26, 618, 619; agrees to let Sir about his going to Dardanelles, 290; Archibald Sinclair join Churchill's one of Sir J. French's emissaries in battalion Staff (Jan 1916), 629; London (May 1915), 430; urges Churchill meets, on the road to St Churchill to leave the Government Orner (19 Jan 1916), 643; his HQ (July, Oct 1915), 551-2 twenty-eight miles from the front line, Guildhall (London): Asquith, Bonar 650; has no plans to give Churchill Law and Churchill speak at (4 Sept command of a Brigade (Feb I916), I914), 62-3 668; and F. E. Smith's arrest while Gulfiight (American steamship): tor­ visiting Churchill on the western front pedoed (r May I915), 463n (Jan 1916), 696-7; and Churchill's Gwynn, Stephen Lucius: on Dardanelles appeal for Fisher's return to the Ad­ Commission, 789 miralty (March I9I6), 729; does not 940 INDEX

Haig, Sir Douglas-continued Haldane, rst Viscount-continued object to Churchill taking up his Asquith's praise of his 'untiring Parliamentary duties again (April energy', 330; favours post-war re­ rgr6), 757, 759; and Churchill's criti­ strictions of armaments, 334; warns cisms of the Somme offensive, 792; War Council (19 March 1915) against alleged intrigue against (Oct rgr6), a punitive peace, 355; at War Council 811-12 (14 May 1915), 433; at Violet As­ Hakewill Smith, Edmund: recalls wide­ quith's wedding (go Nov 1915), 595; spread 'horror' at Churchill's impend­ Garvin believes would join a Lloyd ing command of the 6th Royal Scots George-Churchill-Carson-Fisher al­ Fusiliers, 62g; and conditions in Yprcs liance (Dec 1915), 622; intervenes Salient (Nov 1915), 6gr; and Church­ with Churchill to prevent sacking of ill's first day in command, 632; and George Lambert, 775n; approves Churchill's bomb-throwing, 634; and Churchill's Sunday Pictorial article on Churchill's excursions into no-man's­ the coming ofwar (July 1916), 790 land, 658; and Churchill's painting Hall, William Reginald: takes Churchill efforts while on the western front, and Fisher message about Turkish 658-g; and Churchill's advocacy of a ammunition deficiencies (19 March 'trench digger', 672; and various in­ 1915), 357-8; tells Churchill and cidents ofF. E. Smith's visit to Church­ Fisher about course of secret negotia­ ill on the western front (29-30 Jan tions with Turkey, 358-g; passes on to rgr6), 694-7; and Haig's advice to Lord Reading a message from Sir Churchill about returning to Parlia­ Frederick Hamilton that both Fisher ment (April rgr6), 759 and Churchill should leave Admiralty Raking, Richard Cyril Byrne: summons (17 May rgrs), 457,458 Churchill from the front line (26 Nov Hamilton, Sir Frederick Tower: 47, 84; 1915), 584-5; Churchill might serve not on Admiralty War Group, 185; under, 6o6 expresses doubts about the Dardan­ Haldane, rst Viscount (Richard Burdon elles, g88; and the crisis of May 1915, Haldane): at 10 Downing Street (1 441-2, 444, 448, 449; Fisher proposes Aug 1914), 25; and military mobiliza­ dismissal of, from Admiralty Board, tion, 26; sends Churchill congratula­ 453; believes that both Fisher and tions on Heligoland Bight action, 59; Churchill should leave the Admiralty enthusiastic about Churchill's military (17 May 1915), 457; a pioneer of predictions, 64; praises Churchill on the use of shields by infantrymen, return from Antwerp, 121; urges 59 Ill Churchill not to resign from Ad­ Hamilton, Sir Ian Standish Monteith: miralty, 133; Asquith describes as praises Churchill's military forecast of 'fussy & jumpy' in Cabinet (23 Oct rgu, 64; appointed to command 1914), rgg; at War Council (7 Jan Mediterranean Expeditionary Force, 1915), 242; congratulates Churchill on 325; Churchill seeks to hasten de­ Dogger Bank action, 261-2; at ·war parture of, to Dardanelles, 338-g; Council (28 Jan 1915), 272; belief (28 Churchill wants him to attack Turks Feb 1907) that Gallipoli landing would on arrival, 340; leaves London, 341-2, be 'highly dangerous', 294; at War 343; on way to Dardanelles, 346-7; Council (24 Feb 1915), 301; approves watches naval battle at the Dardan­ giving Russia a privileged position at elles (r8 March 1915), 352-4; War the Dardanelles in any post-war settle­ Office cannot help in devising plan to ment, 321; reports to Churchill on land on Gallipoli Peninsula, 355; re- INDEX 941

Hamilton, Sir Ian-continued Hamilton, Sir Ian-continued ports (19 March 1915) on need for a 508-9; and Churchill's proposed visit 'deliberate and progressive military to the Gallipoli Peninsula (mid-July operation' at Dardanelles, 357; wishes 1915), 510; Churchill seeks to en­ to move troops from Mudros to Egypt courage to ask for more ammunition, (20 March 1915), 360; wishes to delay 515; and the renewed attack on the naval attack until arrival of 29th Gallipoli Peninsula (6-ro Aug 1915), Division, 263, 264; considers de 516-17, 518-22; and further attacks Robeck 'a very sound pusher', 371; (21-28 Aug 1915), 524; reinforce­ encourages de Robeck (30 March ments to (Aug 1915), 525, 526, 546; 1915) to renew the naval attack, 372; his recall from Gallipoli (Oct 1915), defends himself against accusation that 553-4; and the Government's pro­ he had persuaded de Robeck not to mised publication of Gallipoli docu­ renew the naval attack, 373; unwilling ments (June 1916), 779-81, 783 to send small parties of men ashore to Hamilton, Duchess of (Nina Mary cover naval action at the Narrows, Benita Poore): and Fisher's prepara­ 376; de Robeck waits for return of, tion of evidence for the Dardanelles from Egypt (end-March 1915), 377; Commission (Aug 1916), 803 Fisher wonders whether he has suffi­ Hammersley, Frederick: 'apathetic', 520; cient troops to take Gallipoli Penin­ to be replaced, 522 sula, 379; and preparations for a Hampshire (British cruiser): tracking combined attack, 382-3; returns to down Emden in Bay of Bengal (Sept Lemnos from Egypt, 392; decides (10 1914), 139; sinks, with Kitchener on April 1915) on points of attack at board (June 1915), 780 Gallipoli Peninsula, 393; completes Hanbury-Williams, Sir John: reports (20 April 1915) plans for Gallipoli Turkish troops threatening Russia in landing five days later, 397; asks Caucasus (30 Dec 1914), 231-2 Rupert Brooke to join his Staff, 401; Hankey, Maurice Pascal Alers: opens rejects Birdwood's request to withdraw 'War Book' (29 July 1914), 1 I; de­ from Anzac position on first day of scribes popular lack of enthusiasm for Gallipoli landings (25 April 1915), war, 23; and defence of Antwerp, 124; 407; Churchill's concern (26 April at War Council (25 Nov 1914) as 1915) for the reinforcement of, 409-10; Secretary, 176, 220; at War Council believes he can reach his objectives (1 Dec 1914), 180-1; suggests British when attack is renewed, 411, 413; military action elsewhere than on launches new offensive at Relies (6 western front, 229-31, 234, 237; at May 1915), 414; telegraphs to Kit­ War Council (7 Jan 1915), 242; cbener 'the result has been failure' (9 explains to War Council importance of May 1915), 415; to be asked what victory at Dardanelles (8 Jan 1915), force he needs 'to ensure success', 433; 244; at War Council (13 Jan 1915), Churchill sends telegram of encourage­ 252; Fisher pours out criticisms of ment to (11 May 1915), 437; opposes Churchill to (19Jan 1915), 259; Fisher use of gas on Gallipoli Peninsula, 470n; passes protest to Asquith through, 268; his army to be reinforced (7 June at War Council (18 Jan 1915), 271; 1915), 494; opposes landing at Bulair, tells Asquith Dardanelles attack needs 495; sends Churchill account of Galli­ support of 'a fairly strong military poli prospects (18 June 1915), 499- force' (13 Feb 1915), 286; approves 500; informed by Churchill that he is Richmond's appeal for use of army at to receive reinforcements (7 July 1915), Dardanelles (14 Feb 1915), 287; com- 942 INDEX

Hankey, Maurice Pascal Alers-continued Hankey, Maurice Pascal Alers-continued pares conditions for attack on Galli­ I9I5), 4I9-20; advises Fisher on need poli of I907 with new conditions of 'to bring Churchill to his bearings' (I2 I9I5, 294-5; wants troop action con­ May I9I5), 42I; encourages Fisher to centrated at Dardanelles, 30I; at War protest to Asquith (I3 May I9I5), 426; Council supports Churchill's plea for Fisher protests about Churchill to (I4 use of troops at the Dardanelles (26 May I9I5), 429; at War Council (I4 Feb I9I5), 309; on impact of Dardan­ May I9I5), 43I; angered by the elles bombardments on the Near East 'bickering & intrigue' between Fisher (I March I9I5), 3I6; his memoran­ and Churchill, 434; believes 'Lord dum 'After the Dardanelles. The Next Fisher madder than ever' (I9 May Step' (I March I9I5), 3I8-I9; re­ I9I5), 453, 8os; on Churchill's offer to cords Lloyd George's criticisms of Fisher of'any terms he liked' (I9 May Grey's Balkan diplomacy, 328; scep­ I9I5), 456; reports (20 May I9I5) 'a tical (9 March I9I5) of naval success consensus of opinion' that both at Dardanelles without 'a biggish Churchill and Fisher should leave the army' at hand, 33I; reports Church­ .Admiralty, 457; believes Masterton­ ill's keenness that Sir Ian Hamilton Smith 'still hankers after Churchill' should attack Turks as soon as he (2I May I9I5), 468; Churchill writes reaches the Dardanelles, 340; and the (2 June I9I5) about the 'lost oppor­ problem of minesweeping at the Dar­ tunities of the war' to, 488; not present danelles, 345; highly critical of conduct at first meeting of Dardanelles Com­ of operations at the Dardanelles (I5 mittee (7 June I9I5), 494; chosen by March I9I5); recalls (I Sept I9I6) Kitchener to accompany Churchill to economic arguments in favour of an Gallipoli, 5 I 2 ; goes to Dardanelles by attack at the Dardanelles in March himself, SIS; at Suvla Bay (8 Aug I9I5, 349-50; finds Churchill 'very I9I5), 5I8, 52 I; reports (30 Aug I9I5) depressed' about Dardanelles, 377; on hopes for success at Anzac, 525; and suggests measures needed to challenge the origin of the tank, 535, 8Io; a possible German invasion of Hol­ Churchill wants as Secretary to a land, 377-8; recalls (Aug I9I6) posi­ special committee to decide future of tive effects of the naval attack of I8 Gallipoli (Oct 19I5), 547; and the March I9I5, 37g-8o; warns (6 April ministerial attacks on Kitchener (Oct I 9 I 5) of difficulty oflanding troops on I9I5), 556-7; suggests sending the Gallipoli Peninsula, 386; reported Churchill on mission to Russia (22 'very anxious about the Dardanelles' Oct 19I5), s6o; reports Cabinet (7 April I915), 387-8; seeks to create unanimous that Kitchener should effective opposition against the Dar­ leave War Office (I Nov I9I5), 562; danelles, 389; secretary to Committee and speculation on Churchill's future to examine British territorial needs in career (Nov I9I5), 563; and effect of Turkey, 39I; reports (I9 April I9I5) Churchill's departure from the Cabi­ that Churchill 'extremely optimistic' net, 58I, 6os; Fisher writes to about about Dardanelles, 396; learns that anti-Asquith feeling (Jan I9I6), 6gg- Fisher (20 April) is 'more depressed 70I, 704; and Churchill's appeal for than ever' about Dardanelles, 397; Fisher's return to the Admiralty and the Gallipoli landings (25 April (March 19I6), 729, 73I, 734; and the I9I5), 4I I; helps Fisher to draw up proposed publication of Dardanelles reasons against a renewed naval documents (June I9I6), 778, 783-4; attack at the Dardanelles (I I May and Churchill's criticisms (Aug I9I6) INDEX 943

Hankey, Maurice Pascal Alers-continued Hazebrouck (France): 339; Churchill of the Somme offensive, 792 ; and attends lectures at, 641, 642; Churchill Churchill's evidence to the Dardan­ entertains his officers at, 647; Churchill elles Commission, 802, 8I4 meets Lloyd George and Bonar Law at, Harcourt, Lewis: wants to annex Ger­ 696-7; MAP, 63I man East Mrica as a centre for Hearn, Gordon Risley: discusses trench­ Indian emigrants, 333; wants acquisi­ works with Churchill, 671 tion of Turkish port of Marmarice, Heligoland (German island) : possible 334; suggests giving the Holy Places of British base, I9, 2I; Sir Arthur Wilson Palestine as a mandate to the United plans attacks on, I53i MAP, I9 States, 373; believes Fisher 'has Heligoland Bight: Churchill plans means triumphed' (I8 May I9I5), 452; of reporting German movement in (9 Emmott implores Asquith not to re­ Aug I914), 38; British naval success place as Colonial Secretary by Church­ in, 58, 62, 84, 88; Churchill wants to ill, 460; seeks Duchy of Lancaster blockade 'day and night' (2I Dec patronage, 484; hopes Churchill will I9I4), I8I; Churchill sees blockade of not resign (Nov I9I5), 56o; a possible as preliminary to a Baltic offensive Viceroy ofindia (I9I6), 683 (29 Dec 19I4), 226 Hardinge of Penshurst, Ist Baron Henderson, Arthur: becomes President (Charles Hardinge): complains that of the Board ofEducation (May 19I5), Royal Navy is not doing enough to 470; and the War Policy Committee of track down the Emden, I 39; orders the Cabinet (Aug 19I5), 527; and the action against Turkey at head of Per­ emergence of Lloyd George as Prime sian Gulf, 22 I ; his successor as Viceroy Minister (Dec 1916), 822 of India discussed, 245-6; hopeful Henderson, Brodie Haldane: defeated in about attack on Dardanelles, 324; East Hertfordshire by-election (I o informed of territorial plans for the March 19I6), 733 partition ofTurkey, 334; on advantage Henderson, Wilfred: commands a Bri­ to India of a British victory at the gade of the Royal Naval Division, 51 Dardanelles, 349 Hendon (Middlesex) : air base at, 66, 'Harlot of Europe', the: Churchill de­ 240 scribes Italy as, 426n Henley, Sylvia Laura: and the political Harmsworth, Harold Alfred Vyvian St crisis of May 1915, 479; Churchill first George: died of wounds received in meets E. L. Spiers at home of, 597 action in France (I2 Feb I9I8), Henri IV (French battleship): sent to 8I4n Dardanelles _to replace the Bouvet, Harmsworth, Leicester: votes against the 354 Government in the Nigeria debate Hermes (British seaplane carrier): tor- (Nov I9I6), 8I5n pedoed (31 Oct 1914), 159 Harmsworth, Vere Sidney: killed in Hertslet, Sir Cecil: at Antwerp, 111 action in France (I3 Nov I916), 8I¥ Herzog, Emile Salomon Wilhelm (Andre Harper, (?)William: in armoured car Maurois): and Churchill's delousing skirmish near Cassel, 69 committee, 640; possibly the 'vy atten­ Hawke (British cruiser): torpedoed (I5 tive and spruce' officer who foraged for Oct I9I4), 184 mutton for Churchill, 655 Hawtrey, Ralph George: recalls a pre- Hesperian (British steamship): torpedoed 1914 conversation between Churchill (4 Sept 1915), 463n and Lloyd George, 4 75 Hetherington, Thomas Gerard: and the Hay, Ian, see Beith, John Hay origin of the tank, 536, 538 944 INDEX

Hill 6o (Gallipoli Peninsula): 524; MAP, Holland-continued 519 allied power, 244, 247, 252; Fisher History: Churchill tells Sir John French wants 750,000 men landed in, 258; 'we are on the stage of', I 68; Churchill Churchill asserts Britain's 'proper line believes that the 'care and vigilance' of of strategy' is action through, 324; British Admirals will be found praise­ Fisher reminds Churchill of his plan worthy by, 285; and the Gallipoli for action in, 348; fears of a German landings, 410-508; Churchill on the invasion of (end-March 1915), 373-5, harsh judgement of, 439, 51 7; Church­ 377-9, 385; Churchill believes (Dec ill on Britain's part on the stage of, 1915) Britain should have landed 534; Churchill believes has no equal in troops in at beginning of war, 6oo the failures of I915-16, 6o4; Sir John Home Rule (for Ireland): a certainty in French steps 'swiftly' from the stage of, July 1914, 3; Ulster to be excluded 6r6; Churchill believes the 'concep­ from, 6; Churchill alienates Con­ tion' of Gallipoli will be vindicated by, servatives by support of, 32; Churchill 636; Churchill's reliance upon the involved in dispute with Conservatives judgement of, 826 over (8-14 Sept 1914.), 77-So; aJld Hobhouse, Charles Edward Henry: re­ Churchill's relations with the Con­ ports (ro June 1915) on alleged in­ servatives in the political crisis of J\fay trigues of the previous month, 454,477 1915, 476 Hoe Farm (Hascombc, ncar Godalming, Home Rule (for the Jews): propo8ed in Surrey): 493-4, 501-3, 512, 647 Palestine by Herbert Samuel, 343 Hoffman, Hermann-Arthur: on Swiss Home Rule (for Poland): Sazonov dis­ opinion following alleged violation of missed by the T8ar for advocating, Swiss neutrality by British aviators, 28on 174 Hood, Horace Lambert Alexander: Hogge, James Myles: critical of pro­ arranges Austrian Ambassador's de­ visions for Royal Naval Division, 169 parture from England, 45; accom­ Hogue (British cruiser): torpedoed (22 panies Churchill to Dunkirk, 73; Sept 1914), 85; loss of a cause of accompanies Churchill to Loch Ewe, criticism, 143, 184-5, 532 82; accompanies Churchill to Ant­ Holderness, Sir Thomas \'Villiam: 391 werp, 105, ro7; in charge of naval Holland, Arthur EdwardAveling (Tom): operations against German-held Bel­ at Churchill's battalion sports day (16 gian coast, 135-6; mentioned, 153 Jan 1916), 641; lectures on the battle Hood Battalion (Royal Naval Division): of Loos ( 17 Jan 1916), 641; Churchill Clementine Churchill intervenes to lunches with (23Jan 1916), 646; dines provide proper medical facilities for, with Churchill's battalion (23 Jan 306 1916), 647; visits Churchill's forward Hook of Holland: 374 trenches (2 Feb 1916), 659; Churchill Hope, Herbert Willes Webley: sifts inter­ dines with at Nieppe (ro Feb 1916), cepted German naval messages, I 79 664; tells Clementine Churchill he Hopwood, Sir Francis John Stephens: hopes her husband may soon com­ Churchill outlines plans for defence of mand a Brigade, 674; calls on Church­ Antwerp to, roo; given garbled story ill at Soyer Farm (25 Feb 1916), 676 of Churchill's mission to Antwerp, Holland: independence of, I; Antwerp 119-20; Prince Louis talks of resigna­ dependent upon goodwill of, 96-8; tion to, at time of Antwerp, 14.5; Royal Naval Division internees in, Fisher tells of 'd-d fools' surrounding 125, 131, 170; Churchill wants as Churchill, 146; not a member of INDEX 945

Hopwood, Sir Francis-continued Rozier, Lady Blanche (Lady Blanche Admiralty War Group, I86; advises Ogilvy): 781 Fisher to send Asquith his memoran­ Rozier, Nellie: and Churchill's de­ dum of dissent about the Dardanelles parture for the trenches (Nov I915), (I2 May 19I5), 42I; Fisher seeks sup­ 571, 583-4; marries Bertram Romilly port of, 434; and the crisis of May (Dec I915), 595; henceforth see Romilly, I9I5, 441; a possible Viceroy of India Nellie (I9I6), 683; and Churchill's advocacy Rozier, William Ogilvy: at the Dardan­ of Fisher's return to the Admiralty elles, 548, 686-7 (March 19I6), 708-g Hulderman, Bernhard: 5 'Hornets': Churchill rebuked for describ­ Hulke, FrederickBackhouse: critical ofthe ing Royal Naval Air Service pilots as, sending of recruits to Antwerp, I26--7 765 Humphreys, Henry: at the Dardanelles Hoskins, Arthur Reginald: Churchill de­ (Sept I9I5), 542 scribes as 'a good sort of General', 644 Hungarian wheat: Lloyd George's plan Hospice, the (Ploegsteert, Belgium): to cut Germany off from, 243 Churchill's battalion headquarters, Hunter, Sir Charles Roderick: critical of 648,650,652,655-6,662, 663,674-5; Churchill's imminent command of a F. E. Smith dines at, 6g4; F. E. Smith Brigade (Dec I915), 6oS, 613-14 arrested at (30-3I Jan Igi6), 6g5; Hunter-Weston, Aylmer: Churchill sug­ MAP, 649 gests as possible commander of Dar­ Hotel du Commerce (St Orner, France): danelles troops, 30I F. E. Smith kept under arrest at (Jan Hurstmonceux Castle (Sussex): Church­ I9I6), 695 ill paints at (Aug Igi6), 798-9 House of Commons: questions about de­ Hurt, Reginald: recalls two encounters fence preparations avoided in (Aug with Churchill on the western front, 1914), I I; Churchill defends his naval 673-4 policy to (I I Nov I9I4), I69-7I; cri­ ticisms of Freidrichshafen air raid in, Imbros: Churchill proposes (I 3 May 173-4; adjourns (27 Nov I9I4), I77; 1915) anti-submarine indicator nets to Bonar Law's criticisms of Admiralty link Gallipoli Peninsula with, 428 use of merchant shipping, 282-4; Implacable (British battleship) : ordered Churchill warns against too much by Fisher to go to the Dardanelles, criticism of naval losses (I5 Feb I9I5), 343; on way to Dardanelles, 354, 358; 285; Churchill's visits to France cri­ at Gallipoli landings, 404; to leave ticized in (I2 May I9I5), 424-5; Dardanelles, 422 Churchill's speeches in (I5 Nov I9I5), Inchcape, Ist Baron (James Lyle Mac­ 566--8, (7 March Igi6), 7I6-22, (8 kay): Fisher describes a resignation March Igi6), 728, (9 May I9I6), threat to, I55 76I-2, (I7 May I9I6), 763-9, (23 May Indefatigable (British battle cruiser) : in­ I9I6), 770-4, (3I May I9I6), 775, (24 structed to shadow Goeben, 28, go; to July 19I6), 793-7, (I6 Aug 19I6), go to Malta, 250; Fisher wants in 799--800, (22 Aug 1916), 801-2 home waters, 260, 269 Houston, Robert Paterson: sends India: transportation of troops from, g, Clementine Churchill a ring, 40 37, 206; number of Muslims in, 189n; Howard, Geoffrey William Algernon: 438 fear of Turkish threat to Muslims of, Howe, 4th Earl (Richard George Penn 195; Government of, lands force at Curzon): commands a battalion in the head of Persian Gulf (7 Nov 1914), Royal Naval Division, 49 22 I; Fisher wants troops from, to be INDEX

India-continued Iron Cross: reported to be offered as landed in Turkey, 234; F. E. Smith reward for Churchill's capture, wants troops from, to be landed in I20 Turkey, 238; action against Turks on Iron Duke (British battleship): reaches Suez Canal by troops from (Feb I9I 5), North Sea, I3; Churchill receives 279; probable effect of a British success pistols from armoury of, 82 ; Fisher at the Dardanelles on, 324; Montagu's praises senior officers of, I 46 fear of Churchill becoming Viceroy of, Irresistible (British battleship) : to go to 330; will want some territorial com­ Dardanelles, 249n; at Dardanelles, pensation in return for her military 33I; disabled in the naval battle (I8 efforts, 355; Asquith can find no sup­ March I9I5), 352, 397n; sinks, 353; port for Venetia Stanley's suggestion most of her crew rescued, 36In, 37I; of sending Churchill as Viceroy to, Fisher upset by loss of, 379; MAP, 362; Kitchener said to want Vice­ 353 royalty of, 602; Churchill wants Isaiah: his description of battle, 7 I greater use of troops from (May I9I6), Islington, Ist Baron (John Poynder 772-3, 794 Dickson-Poynder): a possible Viceroy India Office: Churchill alleges 'apathy of India (I9I6), 683 and obstruction of' (July I9I6), 794 lsmid (Turkey): 326 Indian Ocean:Japan undertakes convoy Italy: and the war crisis (July I9I4), 3; duties in, ~; German light cruiser remains neutral (Aug I9I4), 26, 30, Emden sinks merchant shipping in, I37 40, 42; and invasion of Libya (I 9 II), Indomitable (British battle cruiser): in­ I 89; effect of possible territorial gains structed to shadow Goeben, 28, 30; Ad­ on neutrality of, 202, 243; Grey fears miral Kerr told to hoist his flag on, she might 'come out on the wrong side' 204; ordered to join Admiral Carden (6 Sept I9I4), 205; Asquith expects she at Dardanelles, 209 might soon join Allies (3I Oct I9I4), Inflexible (British battle cruiser): and 2I6, 219; not willing to make a de­ battle of Falkland Islands, I82-4; to cision before the spring of I9I5, 244; go to Dardanelles, 249n; Fisher wants Asquith stresses importance of inter­ in home waters, 250, 260, 269; a flag­ vention of (27 Dec I9I4), 225; Lloyd ship of Rear-Admiral de Robeck, 266; George suggests military arrangements being sent to Malta for alterations, be made against Turkey with, 229; 332; strikes a mine at the Dardanelles slow evolution of Britain's alliance (I8 March I9I5), 352, 397n; disabled, with, 252-3, 255, 3I6, 323, 327; forced 354; good progress made in repairs to, to buy wheat from the United States 36o; thirty-three men killed on, 361n; because of Turkish closure of the Fisher wants, in North Sea in view of Straits, 350; Cabinet discuss (23 reported German threat to Holland, March I9I5) how to obtain im­ 375, 379; MAP (I8 March I9I5), 353 mediate intervention of, 366; fears of Inverness (Scotland) : Churchill motors effect on of a setback at the Dardan­ to Loch Ewe from (I7 Sept I9I4), 8I elles, 389, 394-5; Churchill in Paris for Invincible (British battle cruiser) : and negotiations with (5-8 May I9I5), battle of Falkland Islands, I82-4 4I4; insists upon a British naval force Ireland: and the European crisis of july in the Adriatic, 4I8; Fisher deprecates I9I4, 3-4; and the renewed Home alliance with, 426; adherence to the Rule crisis (Sept I9I4), 77-80; Auda­ Allies imminent (I4 May I9I5), cious sunk off northern coast of (Oct 436-7; alliance expected within ten I9I4), I4I days (I6 May I9I5), 443 INDEX 947

'JackJohnsons' ('Coal Boxes'): Churchill Japan-continued sees exploding near Soissons, 8I; seen naval assistance of, against von Spee, by Jack Churchill at Gallipoli, 4I6 I57-8; navy of has effective command Jackson, Sir Henry Bradwardine: King of Pacific, 178; Churchill wants naval suggests as possible First Sea Lord, I 50; force sent to Mediterranean by, 202; studies effect of bombardment of outer possibility of transit of Russian troops forts of the Dardanelles, 2I9; discusses for Gallipoli Peninsula through, 205; with Churchill and Fisher best method Churchill wants rifles from, to of forcing Dardanelles, 220; in favour arm 150,ooo Russians (Oct I915), of systematic bombardment ofDardan­ 561 elles, 238; member of Admiralty War Jeffreys, George Darell: Churchill trains Group, 250; and planning of naval in Grenadier Guards' Battalion of attack at Dardanelles, 253, 255-7; (Nov-Dec I915), 574-6, 578, 58o; argues need for a 'strong military offers to make Churchill his second-in­ force' to assist navy at Dardanelles (15 command, 6os; and Churchill's im­ Feb 1915), 287; favours annexation of pending promotion to command a Lemnos, 324; his plan for attacking Brigade, 6o8; 'austere', 621 Bosphorus forts being sent to Admiral Jellicoe, Sir John Rushworth: becomes Carden, 327; urges (II March 1915) Commander-in-Chief of the First immediate military support for the Fleet, I4, x6, 26, 39; Clementine navy in Dardanelles attack, 336; ad­ Churchill's advice on, IS; Churchill vises annexation of Alexandretta, 349; informs of fall ofNamur, 55-6; Fisher's supports Fisher's refusal to order de prediction that he would become Robeck to make a second naval attack Commander-in-Chief in I914, 64; without military assistance, 365-7; on provides Churchill with pistols, 82; Committee to consider British terri­ wants to suppress news of sinking of torial needs in Turkey, 391; with Audacious, 141-2; Gwynne urges As­ Churchill in Paris during Anglo­ quith to put in Churchill's place as Italian negotiations (5-8 May 1915), First Lord, 144; 'a splendid man of 4I4; favoured by Admiralty officials as business', I45; Fisher urges Churchill possible First Sea Lord, 457, 458; to trust implicitly, I46; Fisher declares Churchill advises as First Sea Lord (21 'shoot the pessimists' to, I 54; Kitchener May 1915), 466; succeeds Fisher as does not interfere with, 166; Asquith First Sea Lord, and concurs in sub­ describes face of, I 76n; ordered to send marine reinforcements to Dardanelles, two battle cruisers to South America, 485; examines merits of western and 182; learns why it is not wise 'to Gallipoli fronts (Oct 1915), 548n; pro­ terrorize Admirals for losing ships', poses bombardment of Bulgarian port 185; Fisher describes Admiralty War (Oct I915), 553; and Churchill's Group to, 186; ships to be used at appeal for Fisher's return to the Ad­ Dardanelles of no value to, 220, 233; miralty in place of (March 1916), 724, Churchill explains importance of 726-8 North Sea offensive to (4 Jan 1915), Jade River: Churchill wishes to block 236 (II Jan I9I5), 247; Fisher protests German bases at mouth of, I8o about Dardanelles to (19 Jan 1915), Jaffa (Turkey): Churchill proposes 259, and (21 Jan 1915), 26o; and French naval command at, 267 Dogger Bank action, 26 I ; Churchill Japan: Churchill eager to bring in as an declares his fleet unaffected by Dar­ ally, 42-4; naval help sent to Indian danelles operation, 264; his protest to Ocean, I 39; Churchill and Fisher seek Fisher about diversion of ships to INDEX

Jellicoe, Sir John Rushworth-continued Joffre, Joseph Jacques Ccsaire-continued Dardanelles, 269; Fisher expresses western front in Sept I9I5, 526-7; doubts about Commodore Keyes to, asked to take over some of the British 326; Churchill informs of object of line (Oct I9I5), 554 capture of Constantinople, 33 I; Fisher Jowett, Benjamin: quoted, 438 complains about Dardanelles to (2 Joynson-Hicks, William: urges Govern­ April I9I5), 382, and again (4 April ment to set up an Air Service (May I9I5), 384-5; Fisher informs of Kit­ I9I6), 763; criticizes Churchill's use of chener's belief in success at the Dar­ the word 'hornets', 765 danelles, 392; Fisher advises to protest Judas Iscariot: Clementine Churchill against aeroplanes going to Dardan­ sees Lloyd George as direct descendant elles, 397; Churchill praises Fisher's of, 623 patronage of, 442; instructed to pre­ Julius Caesar (Shakespeare): quoted, 736 pare for a decisive naval battle (I 7 Jutland, battle of: Churchill describes as May I9I5), 449; Fisher informs (22 'a tremendous risk', 262; Churchill May I9I5) that 'Balfour is really more drafts communique after, 777; Church­ to blame than vVinston' about Dardan­ ill criticizes Asquith for making no elles, 467; Churchill describes 'sep­ reference to, 793 aration' from Fisher to, 483-4; and Fisher's attempt to return to the Ad­ Karachi (British India): troops trans­ miralty (Feb I9I6), 70I, 724, 729, 730, ported to France from, 37 73I, 733; Churchill critical of his Karlsruhe (German light cruiser): actions at .Jutland (June Igi6), believed in hiding in Caribbean, 264 77711 Kattegat: Churchill plans sending Fleet .J ellicoe, Lady (Florence Gwendoline through, 52; MAPs, I9, 52 Cayzer): 385n Kavalla (Greece): Fisher wants to ensure .Jerrold, Douglas: son Bulgarian support by encouragement Jerusalem: Lloyd George does not wish of aquisition of, 338, g82; Churchill to see under French control, 343; MAP, proposes as possible British base for 838 attack on Bulgaria, 544; MAPs, 545, .Joffre, J oscph .Jacques Cesaire: Sir .John 838 French told to co-operate with, 6o-I; Kaye, Mary Forbes: Hamilton dictates Sir J. French approves his strategy at Gallipoli 'diary' to, 779 battle of Marne, 72; requests British Keith-Falconer, Adrian: describes depar­ troops for Dunkirk garrison, 73, 74; ture ofOxfordshire Hussars for France, asked to provide help for defence of 73 Antwerp, 102; Kitchener and Grey Kellaway, Frederick George: seeks to hold largely responsible for fall of uncover disagreement between Fisher Antwerp, I 24-5; appeals to British for and Churchill, 4I3 help in defence of Channel Ports (I 6 Kelly, John Donald: and escape of Oct 19I4), I35; British seek support of, Goeben, 4I for advance eastwards along Belgian Kelly, William Archibald Howard: coast, I 64; Kitchener asserts German Churchill praises audacity of, 4I threat to, 304; and the danger of a Kemal, Mustafa: protests against too German invasion of Holland (end­ pro-German a policy for Turkey March I9I5), 374; Kitchener wants to (I9I4), 2I2; commands Turks on Sari urge early offensive upon (20 Aug Bair (Aug I915), 520 I9I5), 523; persuades Kitchener to Kemp, Laurence: Signal Officer at launch a British offensive on the Churchill's battalion headquarters, INDEX 949

Kemp, Laurence--continued Kiel Canal (Germany)--continued 658; wounded (r6 Feb rgr6), 668; 38, 52; Germans safe behind lock­ kisses nose-piece of shell that wounded gates of, 140; Churchill resurrects plan him, 670 to occupy (Dec 1914), 225-6, 246; Kemme! (Belgium): Churchill visits Churchill wants it removed from Ger­ Jack Seely near, 592; MAPS, 575, 631, man control once the war is over, 334; 649 MAPS, 19, 53 Kent (British cruiser): off South ~-nerica, Kilid Bahr (Gallipoli Peninsula): tor­ 182 pedo tubes at, 218; means· of shaking Kephez Bay (Dardanelles): minefield, morale of Turkish defenders at, 276; 369, 370, 377, 390; Fisher refuses to forts damaged at, 328; Kitchener allow de Robeck to make an attack on worried about Turkish strength on (May 1915), 418-21, 428; Churchill plateau above, 34I; Churchill antici­ claims new naval vessels capable of pates need to occupy before ships passing minefield at (Aug 1915), 525; could force the Narrows, 347; British the sweeping of mines in an 'incal­ ships ready to attempt the advance to culable factor' in the Dardanelles (18 March 1915), 35I; army preparing operation, 8r3; MAP, 353 to attack, 368, 39I, 393; hopes of even­ Kerr, Mark Edward Frederic: discusses tual capture of, 429; Churchill wants Greek co-operation in Gallipoli land­ army to advance to, 487, 494; MAPS, ings, 204, 208-g 353.403 Keyes, Roger John Brownlow: com­ King's Royal Rifle Corps: possibility of mands submarine flotilla, 36; wel­ Churchill commanding a battalion in comed by Clementine Churchill after (Dec 1915), 615 Heligoland Bight action, 59; accom­ Kinsky, Charles: one of Churchill's panies Churchill to Loch Ewe, 82; Austrian friends, 45 frustrated by Navy's passive role, 84; Kitchener, rst Earl (Horatio Herbert warns Churchill about 'live-bait Kitchener): discusses European crisis squadron', 85; Fisher critical of, 326, with Churchill (28 July 1914), g-10; 385; 'spoiling to have at it again' at further discussion with Churchill (29 Dardanelles (21 March 1915), 363; July I914), I 1-12; lunches at Admir­ recognizes need for delay in renewing alty (31 July I9I4), 21; intercepted the naval attack, 365; believes that at Dover (4 Aug 1914), 28; at Council Hamilton influenced de Robeck not of War (5 Aug I914), 33; discussion to renew naval attack, 373; opposed with Churchill about Expeditionary to further delay at Dardanelles (ro Force, 34, 35; finds job for Duke of April I9IS), 392; reported 'in the best Marlborough, 36; Churchill thought of spirits' (II April I915), 393; goes to be edging over into his domain, 50; ashore at Y beach (26 April I9IS), wants Royal Naval Division as even­ 407; supports renewed naval attack tual part of one of his new armies, 5 r ; on the Narrows (g May rgrs), 417; and fall of Namur, 53-5; approves recalls General Monro's attitude to the sending Marine Brigade to Ostend, fighting at Gallipoli, 563n 56; reported not yet in favour of con­ Khartoum: destruction of Mahdi's scription (26 Aug 1914), 57; Clemen­ tomb at (I8g8), 327n tine Churchill informs of Heligoland Kiel (Germany): British naval squadron Bight action, 58-9; in dispute with at, 2; MAPS, I g, 53, 842 Sir John French, 59-62, 162; asks Kiel Canal (Germany): Admiralty plan Churchill to be responsible for aerial to seize, 20; Churchill plans attack on, defence of Britain (3 Sept 1914), 65, 950 INDEX

Kitchener, Ist Earl-continued Kitchener, Ist Earl-continued 764; Asquith considers 'absolutely no opposes scheme to advance along use' in drafting reassuring Press com­ Belgian coast (Jan I9I5), 24I; says he muniques, 7 I; decides to send Yeo­ can spare troops for landing on Ger­ manry regiment to Dunkirk, 73, 74; man island of Borkum (Jan I9I5), asks Churchill to visit Sir John French 242; warns of German offensive on in France, 8o-I; Churchill proposes western front (8Jan I9I5), 243; Chur­ use of naval guns to, 9I; approves chill sends Dardanelles plans to (I 2 Churchill's fourth visit to France (26 Jan I9I5), 250; and planning of Sept I 9 I 4), 92; and the defence of Dardanelles attack, 256, 257, 26o; and Antwerp, 96-8, IOI, !03-IO, I I2-I6, capture of Alexandretta, 267-8; and II8-I9, I2I-2, I24, I3o, I3I, I34; Turkish threat to Egypt, 270; believes asks Churchill for naval action against naval attack on Dardanelles 'vitally German-held Belgian coast (Oct I9I4), important', 27I-2; wants British I35; fears imminent German invasion cavalry sent to Serbia, 273-4; wants (Oct I9I4), I37-8, I39; favours keep­ Churchill to inform Sir J. French that ing loss of Audacious secret, I42; attack on Zeebrugge is to be aban­ quarrel with Lloyd George over doned, 275; and Dardanelles oper­ Welsh troops, I 43; Fisher makes ation, 277; Churchill critical of, 278; demands of, 155; sympathetic to wants best British troops to go to aid Churchill after naval defeat off Coro­ of Serbia, 281; believes British troops nel, I58; his quarrel with Sir John at Salonika will weaken Turkish French soothed by Churchill (6 Dec morale at Dardanelles, 282; learns of I9I4), I63; opposes Churchill's pro­ setback at Dardanelles (Io Feb I9I5), posed sixth wartime visit to France 286; agrees (I6 Feb I9I5) to send 29th (mid-Dec I9I4), I64-7; his relations Division for action at the Dardanelles, with Churchill, I 68; his role at 288; quarrels with Churchill about Antwerp explained to Parliament by armoured cars on the western front, Asquith, I69; Churchill suggests train­ 289-9I; declares (I9 Feb I9I5) 29th ing of seventeen-year-old soldiers, I 7 I ; Division not to go to Dardanelles, at War Council (25 Nov I9I4), I76; 29 I -3; on far-reaching effects of the Asquith describes face of, I 76n; occupation of Gallipoli Peninsula, opposes taking initiative against Tur­ 296; Churchill wants military com­ key (I7 Aug I9I4), I95; discusses mitment from (20 Feb I9I5), 300; Turkish situation with Churchill (3 I opposes sending 29th Division to Aug I9I4), 202; Callwell reports on Dardanelles (24 Feb I9I5), 30I-2, possibility of Gallipoli landing to (3 304; asserts Anzac troops good enough Sept I9I4), 203; believes 'Turkey for 'a cruise in the Sea of Marmora', should be punished' (23 Sept I9I4), 303; reiterates his belief that no 2ID-I I; and coming of war with troops are needed at Dardanelles (26 Turkey, 2 I 9, 22 I ; says no troops can Feb I9I5), 307-ro; his influence and be spared to help Serbia (Dec I9I4), stature, 3I2-13; halts preparation of 224; circulates report of Russian mili­ troop transports for Dardanelles, 3 I 3- tary weakness (end-Dec I9I4), 225; I4; obtains further delay in sending Hankey's proposal for an attack on British troops to the Dardanelles (3 Turkey circulated to, 229; Russians March I9I5), 322; Churchill presses appeal for demonstration against for a speedy concentration of troops Turks, 232-3; says troops not available at the Dardanelles (4 March I9I5), for attack on Turkey, 235, 238; 324-5; Churchill describes ( I899) his INDEX 95 1

Kitchener, Ist Earl-continued Kitchener, Ist Earl-continued 'wicked act' in destroying the Mahdi's offensive at Helles (6-g May I9IS), tomb, 327n; Asquith's praise of (7 4IS; angry at decision to withdraw March 19I5), 330; tells War Council Queen Elizabeth from Dardanelles ( 12 (Io March I9IS) that 29th Division May I9I5), 423; explains importance can go to the Dardanelles 332; declares of Dardanelles expedition to Sir G. that Palestine 'would be of no value' Riddell (I3 May I9I5), 427; orders to Britain, 333; wants Germany to ammunition to go from France to pay 'an indemnity' when war is over, Gallipoli, 43 I ; fears a 'rising in the 334; and Sir Ian Hamilton's departure Moslem world' ifGallipoli abandoned, for the Dardanelles, 338-4I; would 432; Churchill reports to Asquith on rather annex Alexandretta than con­ 'unreasonable' mood of (I4 May trol Palestine, 344; Churchill appeals I9I5), 434; George V believes Sir J. to, for immediate assembly of troops French and Churchill are intriguing to at Mudros (I4 March I9I5), 346-7; remove, 454; Daily Mail demands memorandum on the strategic advan­ dismissal of (May I9I5), 466; informs tages of the defeat ofTurkey ( I6 March Churchill 'all seems cheerful' at Dar­ I9I5), 349; Sir Ian Hamilton des­ danelles (22 May I9I5), 467; Chur­ cribes naval attack at Dardanelles to chill's last ministerial visitor at the (I8 March I9I5), 353-4; tells War Admiralty (25 May I9I5), 469; Council (Ig March I9IS) that War remains Secretary of State for War, Office does not have enough informa­ 469; Churchill presses to send gas tion to have a Gallipoli landing, 355; helmets and canisters to Dardanelles, Hamilton reports to (Ig March I9IS) 470; Churchill reports 'vy friendly to on need for 'a deliberate and progres­ the Dardanelles' (26 May I9I5), 47I; sive military operation' at the Dar­ and the political crisis of May I9I5, danelles, 357; reported 'not dissatis­ 4 74, 4 79; and the possibility of a fied' with course of events at Dardan­ Bulair landing, 495; Churchill presses elles (22 March I9I5), 36o; supports to send more troops to Dardanelles Churchill's desire for a renewed naval (I5 June I9I5), 496-7; clashes with attack at the Dardanelles, 366; willing Churchill over Turkish ammunition to hasten return of troops from Egypt (2I June I9I5), 502; says war with to the Gallipoli Peninsula, 368; still Turkey will end once Gallipoli Penin­ hopes for a victory by ships alone at sula captured, 508; agrees to send the Dardanelles (end March I9I5), reinforcements to Gallipoli (5 July 372; makes preparations for land I915), 508; suggests (mid-July I9r5) operations on the Gallipoli Peninsula, that Churchill visit the Gallipoli 373, 377, 38I, 386-7; and the threat Peninsula, 5Io; wants Hankey to of a German invasion of Holland, accompany Churchill to Gallipoli 374; in dispute with Churchill over Peninsula, 512-14; refuses to approve munitions supplies (6-7 April I9I5), Churchill's telegram to Hankey about 386-7; Churchill appeals to, to allow ammunition for Gallipoli, 5 I 5; and I5-inch howitzer to go from France to the Gallipoli offensives (August 1915), the Dardanelles, 39 I -2; deprecates 522, 523, 524, 525, 526; and the (I I April I9I5) delaying military Calais Conference (6-7 July 19I5), attack on Gallipoli Peninsula, 395; 526-7; and conscription (Aug I9I5), Churchill's unsent letter to (26 April 527-g; Lloyd George, Churchill and I9I5) about G~llipoli reinforcements, Curzon critical of (Sept rgi5), 53I; 409-Io; leams of failure of renewed and the future of the Gallipoli 952 INDEX

Kitchener, Ist Earl-continued Krithia (Gallipoli Peninsula): allied offensive (Sept I 9 I 5), 539; Churchill forces fail to capture, 4I5; MAPS, 403, advocates removal of, from \Var 519 Office (4 Oct I9I5), 543; Churchill Kroell, T: 44 I believes is too busy to study future of Kronprinz Wilhelm (German armoured Gallipoli (6 Oct I9I5); opposes eva­ cruiser): believed to be at large, 264 cuation of Gallipoli (II Oct I9I5), Kuchuk Chekmeje (Turkey): 249, 326; 549; proposes a joint Anglo-Russian MAP, 84I attack on Bulgaria (I4 Oct I9I5), Kuhlmann, Richard von: his rumoured 553; Churchill accuses of neglecting appointment as German Minister to Dardanelles reinforcements, 554; con­ Holland, 378 certed Ministerial attack on (Oct Kuleli-Burgas (Turkey): 249; Churchill I9I5), 556-6o, 562; leaves London on suggests British military action against Cabinet mission to Dardanelles (Nov (Oct I9I5), 544; MAPS, 545, 840 I915), 563; Lady Randolph sends Kungsbacka fiord (Sweden): possible Churchill news of (2 I Nov I9I5), British base, I9, 2I; MAP, 19 582; his precipitate return to London Kuma (Turkey): Turkish garrison sur­ (go Nov I915), 589, 595, 6or-g, 6os; renders (7 Dec 19I4), 222; MAP, 839 Churchill believes the hour of his Kut-el-Amara (Turkey): British victory exposure 'draws nearer', 6o8; Chur­ at (Sept 1915), 590 chill sees himself as having to 'procure the dismissal' of, 6 I I ; argues against Labour Party: and Conservative policy sending troops from Salonika to Dar­ towards Ireland, 78 danelles (Dec I9I5), 6r7; 'purblind', La Creche (France): Churchill's bat­ 686; 'overlays the \Var Office', 69I; talion billeted in (24-26 Jan 19I6), Churchill seeks release from military 647; MAP, 631 duties from (March I9I6), 730; Laeso Channel (Denmark): possible Fisher wants Churchill to attack War British base, 19, 21; MAP, I9 Office administration of (March I 9 I 6), La Fere-en-Tardenois (France): Sir 732, 734; Mrs Churchill describes as John French's HQ visited by Chur­ 'thinner and sadder' (April I916), chill (16 Sept 19I4), 8o; MAP, 54 756; and the proposed publication of La Gorgue (France): 573, 574, 588; Dardanelles documents (June I9I6), JHAP, 575 779; drowned at sea (5 June I916), Lambert, Cecil Foley: not on Admiralty 78o; 'he was not going to answer', War Group, 184-5; discusses possi­ 780-I; 'the glory had departed', 783; bility of Gallipoli landings with War Asquith acts as Secretary of State Office representatives (I Sept I9I4), for \Var in succession to (6 .June- 203; expresses doubts about the Dar­ 7 July I9I6), 793; his role at the danelles, g88; opposes Fisher's resigna­ time of the Dardanelles the subject tion (I6 May 19I5), 444; Fisher pro­ of a bitter dispute (Nov Igi6), poses dismissal of from Admiralty 8I7-I9 Board (I9 May 19I5), 453 Knox, Alfred William Fortescue: reports Lambert, George: not on Admiralty to War Office about Russian military War Group, 186; brings Churchill's situation, 224-5 message of 'any terms he liked' to Ktinigen Luise (German minelayer): sunk, Fisher (r9 May 19I5), 456; and g8 Fisher's attempt to return to the Konigsberg (German light cruiser): Admiralty (Jan-March I9I6), 699- tracked down, I 8411 70I, 704, 7I4, 723; offers to support INDEX 953

Lambert, George-continued Law, Andrew Bonar-continued Churchill in the House of Commons 13, 22; at Other Club meeting (6 Aug (May 1916), 774-5 1914), 35; seeks place for nephews in Land Ship Committee (of the Admir­ Royal Naval Division, 48; speaks at alty): and the origin of the tank, Guildhall, 62; praises Churchill's 536-7 remarks at Guildhall, 63; critical of Lansdowne, 5th Marquess of (Lord Churchill's actions at Antwerp, 132, Henry Charles Keith Petty-Fitz­ 169; critical of Admiralty's use of maurice): his second son killed in merchant shipping, 282-4; present at action, 228; present at War Council War Council (10 March 1915), 332-5; (10 March 1915), 332-5; becomes Asquith describes as 'of fifth rate Minister without Portfolio (May 19 I 5), quality' (21 March 1915), 361; Sir J. 470; at Dardanelles Committee (12 French puts his grievances to (May June 1915), 494; agrees on need to 1915), 430; and the crisis of 15-17 send reinforcements to Dardanelles (5 May 1915, 444-7; Churchill's first July 1915), 508; agrees (Sept 1915) to appeal to (19 May 1915), 455~; winter campaign at Gallipoli, 539; Churchill's second appeal to (20 May favours conscription (Oct 1915), 556; 1915), 461-3; unable to support Chur­ Churchill encourages not to resign chill's desire to remain at the Admiral­ from Cabinet (Nov 1915), 587; ty, 464-5; becomes Colonial Secretary, opposes Gallipoli evacuation, 6or, 4 70; and Conservative suspicions of 617; and the renewed conscription Churchill in May 1915, 476; Churchill crisis (April 1916), 750 proposes Bulair landing to, 494; Chur­ La Panne (Belgium): 599; MAP, 575 chill sees as a potential ally, 495; seeks Lapeyrere, A. E. H. G. M. Boue de: 18 Duchy of Lancaster patronage, 504; Larken, Frank: and British action at opposes Churchill's proposed visit to Alexandretta (18-22 Dec 1914), 222, the Gallipoli Peninsula (mid-:July 233n; his report circulated to the 1915), 513; critical of Sir Ian Hamil­ Cabinet (8 Feb 1915), 279 ton, 522; believes further attacks at Larmor, Sir Joseph: learns Bonar Law's Gallipoli will be 'a useless sacrifice' hostile opinion of Churchill's actions (19 Aug 1915), 523; agrees (Sept 1915) at Antwerp, 132 to winter campaign at Gallipoli, 539; Latakia (Turkey): Churchill proposes pessimistic about the future at Galli­ French naval command at, 267 poli (Sept 1915), 539; wants act ofwar Laurence Farm (east of Ploegsteert, against Bulgaria (Oct 1915), 553; Belgium): Churchill's advanced believes Gallipoli positions 'untenable' battalion headquarters (27 Jan-2 May (5 Nov 1915), 563; member of the r9r6), 652-4, 657~o, 665-73, 676-8, Cabinet War Committee (Nov 1915), 692, 693· 702, 741, 754. 756, 759; 563; favours Churchill as commander MAP, 649 of the British Forces in East Mrica Laventie (France): Churchill in the (Nov 1915), 565; speaks sympathetic­ front line near (Nov-Dec 1915), 577, ally after Churchill's resignation 6o6, 6o8; MAP, 575 speech (15 Nov 1915), 568-g; Lady Lavery, Lady (Hazel Martyn) : and Randolph Churchill invites to dine, Churchill's early painting experiments, 582; Lady Randolph Churchill plans 503, 582 to dine with again, 594; demands Lavery, Sir John; 503, 582 immediate Gallipoli evacuation (Nov Law, Andrew Bonar: approached about 1915), 601; his star 'much in the possible Coalition on eve of war, 12- ascendant' (Dec 1915), 617; Churchill 954 INDEX

Law, Andrew Bonar-continued Leslie, Leonie Blanche: one of her sons refers to, as a possible Prime l.Vlinister killed in action, I40 in succession to Asquith (Dec I9I5), Leslie, Norman Jerome Beauchamp: 622; Churchill urges his wife to keep killed in action, I40-I, 228 in touch with (Jan I916), 688; his Leveson, Arthur Cavenagh: and British 'growing prestige' (Jan I9I6), 68g, plans against Germany, 20 691, 692; and the arrest ofF. E. Smith Liberal Party: and the coming of war, 9, while visiting Churchill on the western 20, 23; and Home Rule, 77; and front (Jan 1916), 695-7; and Fisher's criticisms of Antwerp expedition, I69- attempt to return to the Admiralty 70; rumours circulate in, of Churchill's (Jan-Feb Igi6), 700-I, 725; Churchill intrigue with Repington to publicize continues to urge his wife to keep in the shell shortage of May I9I5, 46o; touch with (April I9I6), 750; Chur­ doubts about Churchill's loyalty and chill believes Bonar Law has 'his judgement in, 477-8; and the growing supreme chance now' (April I9I6), pressure for conscription (June I9I5), 75I; opposes Churchill in the House 492 of Commons (I7 May I9I6), 768, Liberal War Committee: 735, 746 769-70; his sneers echoed by a lesser Libya: Italian invasion of (I9I I), I89 man, 774; announces Government Lice: Churchill's discourse on, 639; the intention to publish Dardanelles docu­ attempt to eliminate, 640 ments (I June I9I6), 778, 786; Chur­ Liege (Belgium): importance of German chill protests to Aitken about 'personal' capture of, to British military thinking criticisms of (Aug I 9 I 6), Boo; Carson's about Dardanelles, 295 Unionist War Committee critical of, Lierre (Belgium): Churchill motors to 8I5; and the fall of Asquith (Oct-Dec Marine HQ at, I IS; Rawlinson joins I9I6), 8I6-I7, 8I9-23 Churchill on road to, 118; MAP, 99 LeagueofRetired Officers' Cats: Clemen­ Life ofLord Kitchener (Sir George Arthur): tine Churchill fears the formation of, I 5 817n Le Havre (France): Sir John French Lille (France): German armoured cars urges defence of, 54-5; British aviators reported near, 68; Marine Brigade cross to, on way to Belfort, I 72; MAP, 54 units at, 73 ; Marine Brigade moves to, Leipzig (German light cruiser): I56-7 92, 93; French army decides to launch Le Matin: and the Marconi affair (I 9 I 2), offensive in region of, 105; MAPs, 75, 623n 99, 575, 649 Lemnos: wanted as British base for Dar­ Limpus, Arthur Henry: trains Turkish danelles operations, 28I; War Coun­ navy (I9I2-I4), I88, I9o; puts to sea cil agrees to send 29th Division to, (July I9I4) to escort Sultan Osman I 288; dispute between Churchill and through Dardanelles, I 9 I ; on German Grey over use of, 298-300; British influence at Constantinople (Aug troops being assembled at, 304; War I9I4), I98, 206; Churchill brings mis­ Office do not want French division at, sion of, to an end, 207; Churchill 3I4; Fisher wants Britain to annex, accepts Grey's veto on appointment after the war, 322; Sir Henry Jackson of, to command at Dardanelles, 209; favours annexation of, 324; Churchill on Turkish naval officer's fears, 2I2; tires to hasten Sir Ian Hamilton's and installation of torpedo tubes at departure for, 338, 342; Hamilton Kilid Bahr, 2I8; advises annexation of leaves Egypt for, 392; Commander Lemnos (I9 Feb I9I5), 300n; writes to Samson's armoured cars reach, 396; Churchill (7 June I9I5) 'you are yet MAPS, 838, 840 young & will be needed again', 482 INDEX 955

Limoges (France): 648n Lloyd George, David-continued Lipsett, Louis James: and trench 'raids', attack, 25I; 'liked idea' of attack 636-7; advises Churchill against pre­ on Dardanelles, 252; wants British cipitant return to London (March force to join Bulgars in attack on I9I6), 745-b Adrianople, 273; believes help to Listeningfor the Drums (Sir Ian Hamilton): Serbia a paramount British interest, quoted, on Kitchener's death, 780-I 274, 277; at War Council (I6 Feb Littlejohns, Astle Scott: with armoured I9I5), 288; tells War Council (19 Feb train at Antwerp, roo, I09 1915) troops should be sent to the Liverpool: Churchill's speech at (2I east, 293; wants British troops in Sept I9I4), 84, 86 Mesopotamia to go to Dardanelles, Llewellyn Smith, Sir Hubert: 39 I 30I; asks about Army's role if Navy Lloyd George, David: and the European fails at the Dardanelles, 302; Churchill crisis (July I9J4), 3, I2; reports Bank urges need for I I5,ooo troops at Dar­ of England attitude to the war, 23; danelles on, 306; appeals at War Churchill seeks to influence (I Aug Council for despatch of IOo,ooo men I9I4), 23-4; supports need for British to the east 'following close on the fall intervention (3 Aug I9I4), 27; recalls of the Dardanelles' (26 Feb I9I5), 309; Churchill's mood on outbreak of war, Churchill believes has 'more true 3 I; at Other Club meeting (6 Aug insight & courage than anyone else' I9I4), 35; Clementine Churchill uses (26 Feb I9I5), 3I I; opposed to Chur­ Blenheim Palace notepaper in writing chill's suggestion of hiring the Turks to, 36; Churchill seeks reassurance as mercenaries after the Turkish sur­ from, 55; his views on conscription render, 323; wants Grey to take a reported (26 Aug I9I4), 57; present Balkan initiative, 328; said to favour at emergency meeting of Ministers (3 I the imprisonment of men who would Aug I9I4), 6o; mentioned, 94-5; not engage in wartime work, 330; on praises Churchill on return from Russian keenness for Constantinople, Antwerp, I 2 I ; criticisms of Churchill's 332; prepared to give Alexandretta to actions at Antwerp sent to, I 2 7; France to avoid a quarrel, 333; speaks critically to Frances Stevenson favours Home Rule for the Jews in a of Churchill's actions at Antwerp I 32; British-controlled Palestine, 343; his opposes keeping loss of Audacious hopes for an allied Balkan Federation, secret, I42; quarrel with Kitchener 349; at the War Council (Ig March over Welsh troops, I43; reports Chur­ I9I5), 354; opposes a punitive peace chill's desire for 'a flashy success', I 59; which would prevent Germany acting attends War Council (25 Nov I9I4), as a counterweight to Russia, 356; I 76; wishes to unite Balkan states rebuts stories of an intrigue against against Austria, 200; supports Buxton Asquith, 36I-2; MargotA~quith warns mission to Balkans, 20I; believes bom­ of Balfour's hostility, 372; quarrels bardment of Dardanelles forts (3 Nov with Churchill (5 April I9I5), 383-4; I9I4) alerted Turks, 2I8; searches for Sir J. French puts his grievances to alternate war zone to western front (I (May I9I5), 430; sceptical (I4 May Jan I9I5), 228-9; Hankey's proposal I9I5) of outcome of Gallipoli cam­ for an attack on Turkey circulated to, paign, 432, 433; and Fisher's resigna­ 229; opposes further attacks on wes­ tion (15 May 19I5), 438-g, 443; his tern front (Jan I915), 24I; appeals at harsh words about Churchill and the War Council for attack on Austria (8 war reported by Frances Stevenson Jan I9I5), 243; against Zeebrugge (I5 May I9I5), 440; Bonar Law visits INDEX

Lloyd George, David-continued Lloyd George, David-continued at the Treasury (I7 May I9I5), 445; Committee (Nov I9I5), 563; writes to argues in favour of a Coalition (I 7 Churchill after his resignation (Nov May I9I5), 446, 447; suggests (I7 I9IS), 570; seems to Churchill like a May I9I5) Churchill as Colonial mandarin 'of some remote province of Secretary, 448; Churchill does not China' (Nov I9IS), 587; demands believe suitable as Secretary of State Gallipoli evacuation (Nov I9I5), 6oi; for War (I7 May I9I5) 449; reports to Churchill foresees 'a system a la L.G.' Frances Stevenson Asquith's cynical (8 Dec I9I5), 6os; Garvin describes observations about Churchill (I8 May political position of (20 Dec I9IS), I9I5), 45I; alleged (10 June I9I5) by 6I8; Churchill talks to, in London Charles Hobhouse to be part of a plot (end-Dec I9IS), 62I; Garvin wants to remove Kitchener and Grey, 454; alliance between Churchill, Fisher, Churchill seeks support from (I8 May Carson and, 622; Mrs Churchill I9I5) 456; his four-month opposition describes as 'the direct descendant to Churchill's naval estimates (I9I3- of Judas Iscariot', 623; Churchill I4), 462; becomes Minister of Muni­ believes 'we can work together if tions, 470; and the political crisis of occasion arises', 62 7; and the con­ May I9I5, 475-6; Churchill describes scnptwn cns1s (Dec I9I5), 679; political activities of (I2 June I9I5), Churchill and his wife disagree over 495; wants Bulgaria as an ally (end (Jan I9I6), 68o, 68I, 682-3, 69I, 698; June I9I5), 505-6; urges need to send his political position (Jan I9I6), 685, sufficient ammunition to Dardanelles 689; Mrs Churchill lunches with (24 (5 July I9I5), 5o8; wants the French Jan I9I6), 690-I; to visit Churchill in to send men and munitions to Dar­ France, 692, 693, 694; present after danelles (Aug I9I5), 526; examined the arrest of F. E. Smith on the by War Policy Committee of the Cabi­ western front (3I Jan I9I6), 695-7; net (I6 Aug I9I5), 527, 529; discusses opens Mrs Churchill's Ponders End conduct of war with Churchill (I4 canteen (3 Feb I916), 698-9; Fisher Sept I9I5), 530-I; raises questions of compares Churchill's 'courage' with, withdrawing from Gallipoli (23 Sept 70I; his growing discontent with I9I5), 538-9; agrees (24 Sept I9I5) Asquith's leadership (Jan-Feb I9I6), to winter campaign at Gallipoli, 539; 703-5; 722, 723; his attitude to Chur­ believed by Churchill to have 'forced chill's appeal for Fisher's return to the on a coalition' in May I9I5, 54I; Admiralty (March I9I6), 725; Chur­ Churchill proposes as Secretary of chill urges both his wife and F. E. State for War (4 Oct I915), 543-4; Smith to keep in touch with (April and the possibility of Bulgaria as an I9I6), 750-I; Churchill writes 'the ally, 544-5; Churchill wants decision moment for you to act has come' (10 about future of Gallipoli to be sug­ April I9I6), 752; Churchill urges gested by (Oct I9I5), 547; pleads for C. P. Scott to see (10 April I9I6), British military help for Serbia (I I 753; critical of Asquith and Balfour Oct I9I5), 549-50; reported 'sick with (I3 April I9I6), 755; C. P. Scott sees Churchill' (11 Oct I9I5), 55 I; opposes as a leader of 'a real opposition' to any further attack at Gallipoli (I4 Oct Asquith (I6 April I9I6), 756-7; has I9I5), 554; highly critical ofKitchener, no need of Churchill's support (April 556-8; 'fatal' to make him Secretary I9I6), 759, 76I; succeeds Kitchener at of State for War (Nov 19I5), 56o; the War Office (July I9I6), 78I, 785, a member of the Cabinet War 793; Churchill hopes to succeed at INDEX 957

Lloyd George, David-continued Loos (France), battle of (September Ministry of Munitions, 782-3; pro­ I9I5): 539; Churchill compares losses poses secret committee of House of at with Dardanelles, 540-I; heavy Commons to inquire into Dardanelles losses of the 6th Royal Scots Fusiliers operation, 786-7; believed to be behind at, 628, 631, 633, 637; Churchill criticisms of the Somme offensive, attends lecture on, 641; the line at 792; Churchill addresses his criticisms Ploegsteert compared with, 648, 652; of the War Office to (24 July I9I6), Churchill learns more of, from General 794-8; Churchill gets help from in Tudor (Feb 1916), 662; Churchill preparing evidence for the Dardanelles urges Parliament not to have a repeti­ Commission (Aug I9I6), 8os; and the tion of (May I9I6), 774; MAP, 575 'tank' 809-I I ; alleged to be part of an Lord Nelson (British battleship) : to go to intrigue against Sir Douglas Haig Dardanelles, 249n, 266; at Dardanelles (Oct I9I6), 8I I; and the fall of but needing repair, 379; Churchill Asquith (Oct-Dec I9I6), 8I6, 8I7, rejects Fisher's attempt to impose res­ 8I9-2I; becomes Prime Minister (6 trictions on de Robeck's use of, 388; Dec I9I6), 822; his changing attitude Fisher recalls that despatch of, to towards Churchill, 825 Dardanelles was his own idea, 394; Loch Ewe (Scotland): Churchill visits bombards Chanak, 4 I 2; MAP (I 8 Grand Fleet at (I7 Sept I9I4), 8I-2 March I915), 353 Locker-Lampson, OliverStillingfleet: 53 I Lord Warden Hotel (Dover, Kent): London: Churchill responsible for aerial 676 defence of, 66; Fisher fears 'terrible Louis Francis Albert Victor Nicholas of massacre' in, 239; Churchill outlines Battenberg, Prince: 153 air defence plans for (7 Jan I9IS), 240 Louis, Prince, see Battenberg, Prince London (British battleship) : ordered by Louis Alexander of Fisher to the Dardanelles (I 9 March Lowther, Claude: Churchill paints at I9I5), 354, 358; to leave Dardanelles home of (Aug 19I6), 798 (I2 May I9I5), 422 Lowther, James William: 68r London Support Farm (Ploegsteert, Loxley, Arthur Noel: seeks to avert Belgium): 27th Brigade headquarters, triple tragedy, 185 6so; Churchill temporarily in com­ Lumley and Lumley: Churchill's solici­ mand at, 66I-2; MAP, 649 tors, 51 I London Opera House: Churchill speaks Lusitania (British passenger liner): tor- at (II Sept I9I4), 75-7, So pedoed (7 May rgrs), 463n Long, Walter Hume: writes encourag­ Lutyens, Edwin Landseer: 493 ingly to Churchill (Aug I9I4), 32; Lutzen (Saxony) battle of (I8r3): I7I critical of Churchill's actions at Luxembourg: German invasion of, 26 Antwerp, I27, I8o; Churchill sends Lyceum Club (London): talk by G. defence of his naval policy to, I59; Calza Bedolo to, r r 5 becomes President of the Local Lyttelton, Sir Neville: signs study of Government Board (May I915), 470; joint military and naval attack on and Churchill's Irish policies, 4 76; Dardanelles (rg Dec Igo6), 294n favours conscription (Oct I9r5), 556; Churchill criticizes his support for the McCracken, Frederick William Nicho­ Special Register Bill (Aug I9I6), 799; las: Churchill's battalion inspected by Colonial Secretary (Dec I9I6), 822; (7 May rgr6), 760 vetoes Churchill's inclusion in Lloyd McDavid, Jock: recalls nature of the 6th George's Cabinet (7 Dec I9I6), 823 Royal Scots Fusiliers reserve area, INDEX

McDavid, Jock-continued McKenna, Reginald-continued 630-1; recalls the impression Chur­ War Committee (Nov 19I5), 563; chill formed on reaching his battalion, seems to Churchill like a mandarin 633; recalls Churchill's approach to 'of some remote province of China, those under his command, 635; recalls (Nov 19I5), 587; against Conscription Churchill's attitude to discipline, (Dec I9IS), 622-3; a possible Viceroy 637-8; and Churchill's delousing of India (Igi6), 683; 'enthroned' by efforts, 640; and Churchill's 'pep talk' Lloyd George at the Treasury, 69I; to his officers when reaching the Mrs Churchill reports on 'tepid trenches, 651-2; and Churchill's first counter-jumping calculation' of, 693; excursion into no-man's-land, 657-8; 'a most noxious creature', 6g4; and wounded (3 Feb 1916), 659-6o; calls the belief in a Churchill intrigue with on Mrs Churchill in London (7 Feb Sir John French, 702; and Churchill's 1916), 663; Mrs Churchill dines with appeal for Fisher's return to the Ad­ (14 Feb 1916), 669; in hospital, 67o; miralty (March I9I6), 732-3 recalls Churchill's concern for a Maclay, Ebenezer: killed in action in trench-crossing vehicle, 672-3 France (19I8), 283n Macedonia: 213, 382 Maclay, Sir Joseph Paton: 283 MacCallum Scott, Alexander: and Chur­ Maclay, William Strang: died of wounds chill's preparation of evidence for the at Gallipoli (I9IS), 283n Dardanelles Commission (Aug 1916), Maclean, Allan: reports German naval 8os victory off Coronel, I s8 McKee, Mrs Thomas: appeals to Chur­ Macnamara, Thomas James: Fisher chill on behalf of her husband (May insists on dismissal of, 452 1916), 777 Macready, Cecil Frederick Nevil: and McKenna, Mrs (Pamela Jekyll) : Fisher the arrest ofF. E. Smith while visiting expresses criticisms of Churchill to, Churchill on the western front (Jan 137; Fisher expresses criticisms of Igi6), 6g6 Prince Louis to, 148; Mrs Churchill Madras (India): German light cruiser lunches with, 693 Emden bombards oil tanks at, I37n, McKenna, Reginald: present at emer­ I39 gency meeting of Ministers (3 I Aug Maestricht Appendix (Holland) : Chur­ 1914), 6o; receives criticisms of Chur­ chill expects his aviators will fly chill's actions at Antwerp, 127; his across, I 75 naval estimates opposed by Churchill Magdeburg (German light cruiser): runs (1909), 179; Asquith's praise of, 330; aground in Gulf of Finland, I 79 at War Council (ro March 1915), Mahdi, the: destruction of his tomb 333; reports to Asquith on alleged (I8g8), 327n intrigue by Lloyd George and others, Mahon, Bryan Thomas: and the Suvla 362-3, 477; Fisher regards as an ally, Bay landings (Aug I9I5), 522; com­ 429, 434; Fisher appeals to (r6 May mands British troops at Salonika (Oct 1915), 441-2; unenthusiastic about 1915), 558n Fisher's resignation, 443; helps Han­ Maidos (Gallipoli Peninsula): British key to get Fisher away to Scotland seaplanes to attack, 369; Hamilton (22 May 1915), 467; becomes Chan­ decides to land across the Peninsula cellor of the Exchequer, 469; seen as from, 393; set on fire by British shells an ally for Asquith against a Lloyd (April I9I5), 4I2; Churchill wants George-Curzon-Churchill plot (Oct renewed attack towards (Sept I9I5), 1915), 557; a member of the Cabinet 540; MAPS, 403, 5I9 INDEX 959

Mainz (German light cruiser): sunk in Manchester Guardian-continued Heligoland Bight action (28 Aug George criticize further offensives on I9I4), 59 the western front (Sept 1915), 541; Maison I875 (Ploegsteert, Belgium): welcomed by Churchill as an ally company billets at, 6 50; shelled, 66o: (Dec I915), 596; supports Churchill's MAP, 649 appeal for Fisher's return to the Ad­ Majestic (British battleship): to go to miralty (March 1916), 722, 732; said Dardanelles, 249n; at Dardanelles, to be the only paper to report Chur­ 33I, 36In; sunk (27 May I9I5), 472; chill's parliamentary speeches (Nov MAP (I8 March I9I5), 353 1916), 8r6 Mallet, Louis du Pan: takes Churchill's Marconi affair (1912): Lloyd George's message to Enver, I95; informs Chur­ 'failure' in, 495; Churchill's belief chill of movement of German sailors, that Lloyd George owed him a debt 19?; sends Cunliffe-Owen's report to as a result of, 623n, 751 London (27 Aug I9I4), I99; Chur­ Marine Brigade: to form part of Royal chill protests about attitude to Turkey Naval Division, 47, 51; sent by Chur­ of, 207-8, 2IO; instructed to protest chill to Ostend, 56; sent by Churchill against German influence in Con­ to Dunkirk, 73; bus drivers enlist in, 74 stantinople, 21 I ; believes war with Marix, Reginald Lennox George: at Turkey could still be avoided (3 I Oct Dunkirk air base, 68; on bombing 19I4), 2I6 raid from Antwerp to Cologne (22 Malta: Churchill meets Kitchener at Sept 1914), 89; on raid from Antwerp (I9I2), I2; Admiral Milne instructed to Diisseldorf (9 Oct 1914), 123, 136 to remain near, 26; Churchill gives Markham, Sir Arthur Basil: supports French Admiralty facilities at, 31 ; Churchill's cnt1c1sms of Asquith Mallet wants Limpus to be sent to, (March 1916), 711, 713; a member of 207; Churchill wants troop transports the Liberal War Committee, 735n; assembled at, 220; Indifatigable to go urges Churchill's return from the to, 250; Dardanelles fleet to be fitted trenches to Parliament (April 1916), with mine-bumpers at, 254, 256, 428; 749-50 Asquith believes troops for Dardanelles Marlborough, I st Duke of, see Churchill, could be found at, 286; Royal Naval John Division to collect medical supplies at, Marlborough, 9th Duke of (Charles 306; anti-mine nets sent to Dardanelles Richard John Spencer-Churchill): re­ from, 390; four British battleships to conciliation with Churchill, 35-6; leave Dardanelles for, 422; Churchill Colonel-in-Chief, Oxfordshire Hussars, proposes (r6 May 1915) sending as 73; acts as War Office messenger, 339; many ships as possible from the Dar­ and the crisis of May 1915, 468, 476; danelles to, 443; Churchill wants informs Churchill of Admiralty com­ Gallipoli Peninsula troop reinforce­ placency (Feb 1916), 702 ments assembled at (June I915), 497 Marlborough, roth Duke of, see Bland­ Malta Conference (I 912) : Churchill ford, Marquis of impressed by Kitchener at, I2 Marlowe, Thomas: I 26 Manchester Guardian: praises Churchill Marmara, Sea of: Goeben in, I 93; Limpus for troop transportation, 37; for frank­ suggest sending torpedo craft into, ness, 38; for his London Opera House I 98; Churchill recalls importance of speech (1 r Sept I914), 76; for his sending a fleet into, at earliest possible Liverpool speech (21 Sept 1914), 84- moment, 200; Churchill instructs War 5; its editor hears Churchill and Lloyd Office to draw up plans making it g6o INDEX

Marmara, Sea of-continued Marsh, Edward Howard-continued possible for fleet to enter, 202; plan for and the publication of the Dardanelles a joint Anglo-Greek fleet to enter, documents (June 1916), 784 204-5; British plan to enter, 248, 257; Matapan, Cape (Greece): Goeben Kitchener believes Anzac troops 'good reaches, 41 enough' for a cruise in, 303; Balfour Mary, Queen: 454 believes ships alone will secure allied l\1assingham, Henry William: reports on command of, 308; Turkey's principal alleged anti-Asquith intrigue, 361-2, arsenals on shore of, vulnerable to 477 naval bombardment, 319; Admiral Masterman, Charles Frederick Gurney: Carden's instructions (5 March 1915) receives critical report of Churchill's in the event of his entering, 326-7; actions at Antwerp, 127; anti-Turk, 211 Admiral de Robeck reluctant to enter Masterton-Smith, James Edward: his (25 March 1915), 369; Churchill relations with Churchill, 95; and believes arrival of ships in, will cut off Fisher's refusal to allow de Robeck to Turkish army on Gallipoli Peninsula, attack the Kephez minefield, 422; and 3 70; de Robeck's plans to penetrate, the crisis of May 1915, 436, 437-8, 39 I, 393; Jack Churchill envisages 448, 456, 468; Churchill uses as an British ships within two weeks of intermediary with Balfour, 485, 498, Gallipoli landings, 408; Churchill 507, 515, 516, 517; and Admiralty wants further naval effort to penetrate papers, 51 I; and use of Monitors at (Aug I915), 525; MAP, 840-I the Dardanelles (Sept 1915), 542; and Marmarice (Turkey): Lewis Harcourt Churchill's defence of his naval air suggests annexation of, 334; MAP, 838 policy (Oct 1915), 561; and Churchill's Marne, Battle of (Sept I9I4): 7I-2, 104, departure for the front (Nov 1915), 213 571; and Mrs Churchill's telephone Marseilles (France): 37, 205, 206, 522 conversation with her husband at St Marsh, Edward Howard: finds recruits Omer (Dec 1915), 6os; and the pub­ for Royal Naval Division, 49; his lication of Dardanelles documents relations with Churchill, 95; rebukes (June 1916), 784 Robinson for criticism of Churchill in Maurice Victor Donald of Battenberg, The Times, 153n; sends Grey a correc­ Prince: died of wounds received in tion of Churchill's minute, I 75; asks action, 149, 152 Grey to approve Buxton mission to Maurois, Andre, see Herzog, Emile Balkans, 201; will translate a Latin Salomon Wilhelm phrase for Churchill, 299; informs l\1axse, Ernest George Berkeley: reports Violet Asquith of Rupert Brooke's speculation that Holland is about to be illness, 401; and Brooke's death, 402; attacked by Germany (26 March allowed to go with Churchill to Duchy 1915), 373-4 of Lancaster, 485; and Churchill's Maxwell, Sir John Grenfell: prepares to early painting experiments, 502; and resist Turks along Suez Canal (Jan Churchill's departure for the front 1915), 270; reports on desertion of (Nov 1915), 571; 'much excited' at large numbers of Turkish troops (Feb Churchill being with the Guards, 583; 1915), 279 Churchill writes to from St Orner May, Sir William Henry: member of (Dec 1915), 595, 6w; accompanies Dardanelles Commission, 789 Churchill to Mrica (1go8), 66rn; and Mears, Edward Grimwood: Churchill Churchill's appeal for Fisher's return writes to about his Dardanelles policy to the Admiralty (March 1916), 722; (19 Oct 1916), 812-13 INDEX 961

Mecca (Turkey): Kitchener wants trans­ Messina (Italy): Goeben streams towards, ferred from Turkish to British control, 26; Goeben leaves, 28; Goeben returns to, 355 40, 42; MAP, 29 A1edea (Dutch merchant vessel): sunk by Meteren (France): Churchill joins the the Germans, 3 78 6th Royal Scots Fusiliers in reserve Mehmed Reshad Effendi, Sultan near, 63o; MAP, 631 Mehmed V: subservient to Young Methuen, Ethel Christian: Asquith at­ Turks, I89; Kitchener believes he will tends wedding of, 438n abandon Constantinople on hearing of Methuen, 3rd Baron (Paul Sanford allied naval success at the Dardanelles, Methuen): 438n 303, 309; said to be 'anxious' about Metz: 146 continuation of the war, 396 Meux, Sir Hedworth: George V suggests Mehmed Said Halim: cannot counteract as possible First Sea Lord (Oct 1914), Enver's pro-German policy, I97; re­ 150; his maiden speech an attack ported aware of dangers of a pro­ on Churchill (March 1916), 723-5, German policy, I98 729 Memories (Lord Fisher): quoted on Midia (Turkey): MAP, 84I Fisher's attempt to leave the War Mile End: by-election at (25 Jan I9I6), Council (28 Jan I9I5), 27I 714 A1emories of a Turkish Statesman (Djemal Military Medal: Churchill critical of Pasha): quoted, 2I2 'niggardly' distribution of (July 1916), Mensdorff-Pouilly-Dietrichstein, Albert: 795 Churchill arranges his departure from Military Operations Gallipoli (Aspinall- England, 45-6 Oglander): 522n l\Iercer Nairne, Lord Charles George Military Service Bill: Sir John Simon's Francis: killed in action, 228n group opposes, 71311; introduced in Merris (France): headquarters of the House of Commons (3 May 1916), Ninth (Scottish) Division,;628; MAP, 63 I 758; Ireland excluded from, 76I Merville (France): Churchill sees Millerand, Alexandre: 261 'hideous spectacle' of wounded men at Milne, Sir Archibald Berkeley: instruc­ (May I9I5), 416; Churchill sum­ tions to, 18, 26, 28, 29, 30; fails to con­ moned to, from the front line (Nov cert action with French admiral, 40; I9I5), 584; 2nd Battalion Grenadier his actions approved, 4I; Churchill Guards in reserve at (Dec 1915), 588; critical of, 42; ordered to establish MAP, 575 blockade of Dardanelles (I I Aug l\1esopotamia: Lloyd George believes I9I4), 194 expedition to 'merely a side issue', 30I; Milner, rst Baron (Alfred Milner): probable effect of British success at the Churchill urged to join forces with Dardanelles on, 324; Fisher wants to (Dec 1915), 591; appeals for com­ annex Alexandretta as an outlet for oil pulsory military service (April 1916), supplies from, 333; Kitchener wants 755---U; unwilling to be reconciled with British annexation of, to keep Russia Churchill (May 1916), 76I; and Kit­ away from, 349; Grey favours setting chener's death (June 1916), 78I; joins up of an independent Arab State in, Lloyd George's War Cabinet (Dec 355; Harcourt proposes as 'an outlet I9I6), 822 for Indian immigration', 373; Church­ Minerva (British light cruiser): ordered to ill upset by military setbacks in (Dec Akaba, 216; bombards Akaba, 217, 1915), 590; Fisher forecasts disaster in 219 (March 1916), 736; MAP, 839 Misu, Nicolae: Grey protests to, 372 INDEX

Mitchell, Cyril John Francis: at Ant­ Montevideo (Uruguay): British ships werp, 117 concentrate near, 182 Moated Grange Trench (near Neuve Ivlontgomery, Robert Arthur: and con­ Chapelle): s8o; MAP, 577 scription (Aug 1915), 528 Mobilization, of the British Fleet: Moolenacker (France): Churchill's bat­ Churchill orders test of, 3, 6-7; Cabi­ talion billeted at, 630; Churchill net refuses to sanction, 23; Asquith reaches (5 Jan 1916), 631; a more re­ approves, 25 laxed atmosphere at, 641 ; Churchill Monarch (British battleship): collision leaves (24]an 1916), 646; MAP, 631 with Conqueror (27 Dec 1914) impairs Moore, Archibald Gordon Henry Wil­ British naval margin, 268 son: 192 Mond, Sir Alfred Moritz: supports Moore, Arthur: reports on 'terrible de­ Churchill's cnt1c1sms of Asquith feat' of British forces at Mons, 69-70 (March 1916), 711, 713; a member of Morgenthau, Henry, 322, 327 the Liberal War Committee, 735n; Morley of Blackburn, rst Viscount (John votes against the Government in the Morley): resigns from Cabinet (Aug Nigeria debate (Nov 1916), 8rsn 1914), 27; appeals for compulsory Monmouth (British cruiser): off South military service (April 1916), 755 America, 156; sunk at battle off Morning Post: Churchill often denounced Coronel (r Nov 1914), 157--8, 182 in, 33; dislikes Churchill's reference to Monro, Sir Charles Carmichael: replaces German Fleet as 'rats in a hole', 84; Sir Ian Hamilton at Gallipoli (28 Oct critical of Churchill's actions at Ant­ 1915), 554; advocates evacuation of werp, 125--g, r8o; critical of Church­ Gallipoli (31 Oct 1915), 563 ill's conduct of Admiralty business, Mons (Belgium) : British troops at, 53; 144; publishes report (25 March 1915) retreat from, 6g-7o, 104; MAP, 54 of reinforcements on way to Turkey, Montagu, Edwin Samuel: his dislike of 371; attacks Fisher (Feb 1916), 705; Churchill reported, 329-30; worried critical of Churchill's Admiralty ad­ about Balfour's influence over Lloyd ministration (Feb 1916), 706; its editor George and Churchill, 361; Asquith believes he has uncovered an intrigue describes 'superstitious mind' of, 362; against Sir Douglas Haig (Sept 1916), present at quarrel between Lloyd 811; opposed to Churchill's inclusion George and Churchill, 383; engaged to in Lloyd George's Cabinet (Dec 1916), marry Venetia Stanley, 446; writes to 822-3 l\l[rs Churchill 'have no misgivings as Morocco: British recognition of French to the future' (26 May 1915), 472; paramountcy in (1904), 333n Churchill seeks three rooms from, 485; Mount of Olives (Turkey): Lloyd George suggested as deputy to Asquith at War does not wish to see under French Office (Nov 1915), s6o; 'imperious', control, 343 626; gives Mrs Churchill his im­ Mudania (Turkey): 501; MAP, 841 pression of the Cabinet (Jan 1916), 689 Mudros Bay (Lemnos): an ideal shelter !vlontagu, Mrs (for earlier riferences, see for allied ships, 281, 346; problem of Stanley, Venetia): Mrs Churchill dines British control of, 298--g; Hamilton with, 583; entertains Asquith (Dec wishes to move troops to Egypt from, 1915), 626 360; technical discussions on the Galli­ Montenegro: possibility of action against poli landing begin at (II April 1915), Austria, 200-2, 229; Sir J. French 393; Churchill advises Balfour (26 favours sending British troops in sup­ May 1915) to keep the Dardanelles port of, 237; MAPS, 235, 545, 842 fleet in the safety of, 471; Sir Charles INDEX g6g

Mudros Bay (Lemnos)-continued Namur (Belgium): defended by Belgians, Monro reaches (Oct 1915), 554; MAP, 53; captured by Germans, 54-5; im­ 840 portance offall of to military thinking Mundy, Godfrey Harry Brydges: re­ about Dardanelles, 295; MAP, 54 buked for delay in despatch of ships, Napier, Henry Dundas: proposes British 183 attack on Bulgaria (Oct 1915), 553 Munitions, Ministry of: Lloyd George Napier, Henry Edward: killed at Galli­ appointed to (May 1915), 470; poli landings (25 April 1915), 409 Churchill hopes to succeed Lloyd Napier-Clavering, Francis Donald: re­ George at (Dec 1915), 622; Churchill calls Churchill's interest in trench learns of Lloyd George's willingness to fortifications, 671-2; and Churchill's give him a department of (Dec 1915), search for a trench-crossing vehicle, 622; Churchill sees as 'the easiest open­ 672-3; his work at Laurence Farm, 676 ing for me' (April 1916), 751; Church­ Napoleon Bonaparte: Churchill warned ill compares difficulties in establish­ not to emulate, 129; sends Villeneuve ment of, with those of an Air Ministry to sea, 145; his boy-soldiers cited by (May 1916), 768; Churchill hopes to Churchill, 171; his failure to crush succeed Lloyd George at (June 1916), nations cited by Haldane, 355-6; his 78 r -3; Dr Addison succeeds Lloyd strategy of 1805 praised by Balfour, George at (Dec 1916), 822 389; Churchill returns bust of, to Munstead House (Godalming, Surrey): Northcliffe, 782 McKenna sulks at his father-in-law's Nation, the: 361, 477 home at (Dec 1915), 623 National Liberal Club (London): Murray, Alexander William Charles Churchill plans (Feb 1916) to unveil Oliphant: Churchill asks his wife to portrait at, 707; Churchill gives up keep in touch with (Jan 1916), 689 plans to unveil portrait at, 708 Murray, Harriet (Mrs Jock McDavid): National Review: 579n 669n Naval Estimates: crisis of January 1914, Murray, Sir James Wolfe: at War Coun­ 87 cil (25 Nov 1914), 176; at War Council Naval lvfemoirs of Sir Roger Keyes, The: Sub-Committee (28Jan 1915), 273 quoted, s6gn Muslims: Britain rules more than are Neeld, Mrs (Beatrix Fisher): interned by ruled by any other power, 189; fears of the Germans, but released, 146 Turkish pressure on, 195; Kitchener Neeld, Reginald Rundell: interned by much concerned with problems of, the Germans, but released, 146 go8n; Churchill instructs that objects Nelson, Horatio: sent to Mediterranean, venerated by in Constantinople should r6; his height referred to by Lord 'be treated with the utmost respect', Fisher, 145 327; Grey wants establishment of an Nethe, River (Belgium): Royal Marines independent State for, 355; Kitchener defend, 114-16 raises spectre of rising of, in Egypt, Neuve Chapelle (France): Churchill 423; Kitchener fears rising of, ifGalli­ trains with the Guards in the trenches poli abandoned, 432 near, 574, 6os; Churchill visits front­ My African Journey (Winston S. Church­ line trenches at, 624; Thomas l\fcKee ill): 66rn wounded in throat at battle of, 777; MAPS, 575, 577 Nalder, John Fielding: in armoured Newcastle upon Tyne (Northumber­ car skirmish near Cassel (Sept 1914), land): Asquith's speech at (20 April 69 1915), 430 INDEX

Newfoundland: troops cross Atlantic Nikolaev (Russia): bombarded (29 Oct from, 37 I9I4), 2I5 Newton, Henry: his factory at Haze­ 1911 (Viscount French ofYpres): quoted brouck, 696-7 on allegations in The Times (I4 May New York Herald: 538n I9I5) of shell shortage at battle of New Zealand: refuses to send troops to Aubers Ridge, 430 Europe without British naval escort, Nish (Serbia): proposed allied advance 89-go; ratio of troops to inhabitants, to, 302 794n Nordenfelt: obsolete machine gun, de­ Nice (France): Fisher claims he is about stroyed, 326 to depart for (I2 May I9I5), 42I Northcliffe, Ist Baron (Alfred Charles Nicholas Nicolaevitch, Grand Duke: William Harmsworth): Churchill pro­ Churchill proposes Anglo-Russian co­ tests about 'Amiens' despatch to, 70; operation in Baltic to, 52, 84; his ap­ his papers critical of Churchill's actions peal for British help to reduce Turkish at Antwerp, I26, I3I; alleged to be pressure in Caucasus, 23 I -3, 260; trying to replace Asquith by Lloyd regrets Russia cannot take naval initia­ George (March I9I5), 362; Churchill tive in Black Sea, 266; says Russian describes as supporting Lloyd George action against Constantinople de­ against Asquith (June I9I5), 495; pendent upon British ships entering Callwell fears he will discover the facts the sea of Marmara, 3 I 5; his instruc­ about conscription (Aug I9I5), 528; tions to the Russian Black Sea Fleet, and discontent with Asquith's Coali­ 344; Churchill appeals to in vain to tion (Oct I9I5), 552, 556, 557; on remove Russian veto on Greek partici­ Lord Esher's strange status in France, pation at the Dardanelles (March 589n; attacked by Simon (Nov 1915), I9I5), 345; Churchill wants British 593; and the Marconi affair (19I2), troops to be sent to help (May I9I6), 772 623n; and growing anti-Asquith feel­ Nicolson, Sir Arthur: urged to prevent ing (Jan-Feb 1916), 6gg-7oo, 703, further irritation of Swiss opinion, I 75; 704; refuses to support Churchill's 'we were before the unknown', I92; attacks on Asquith (March 19I6), 737; learns that Admiralty have ordered Garvin urges Churchill to write articles hostilities against Turkey, 2I6; warns for, 747-8; refuses to consider publish­ Tewfik Pasha about further British ing articles by Churchill (April I9I6), hostilities, 2 I 7; informs Admiralty that 75I; quarrel with Churchill (June Britain and Turkey are at war, 2I9 I9I6), 78I-2; Haig defends Somme Nicholson, Ist Baron (William Gus­ offensive to, 792; his Daily Mail de­ tavus): on Dardanelles Commission, scribes Churchill as a 'megalomaniac' 789 (Oct I9I6), 8I I-I2 Nieppe (France): Headquarters of the North Sea: true war station for the First 9th (Scottish) Division, 66I, 664; Fleet, 8; Fleet sails secretly to, 9, I 2 ; MAPS, 63 I, 649 not defenceless, 3I; British blockade of, Nieuport (Belgium): Joffre wants British 46; British naval victory in, essential naval action against German positions prelude to Baltic operations, 84; As­ near (I6 Oct I9I4), I35 quith advises laying of mines in, 93; Nigeria: Churchill wants use of troops Churchill resurrects plan for naval from 'for war or for labour' (July offensive across, 225, 234, 235; ships I9I6), 794; Asquith challenged over sent to Dardanelles not needed in, 233; disposal of German property in (Oct Churchill wants to cut off German I9I6), 8I5 access to, 24I; Fisher wants Britain to INDEX g6s

North Sea-continued Oliver, Henry Francis: prepares battle­ concentrate its naval strength and ship statistics, 8; accompanies Church­ action in, 259, 263-4; and Dogger ill to Dunkirk, 73; accompanies Bank action, 261-2; Daily Mail said to Churchill to Loch Ewe, 82; enthusi­ have revealed secret information about astic about air raids on German Zep­ naval n1.ovements in, 270; Fisher in­ pelin sheds, 89; at Antwerp, 101, I07, sists (r6 March 1915) that it is 'the 120; becomes Chief of Staff at the decisive theatre', 347; Fisher wants In­ Admiralty, I 53; and battle off Coronel, flexible and Queen Elizabeth in, following 157; receives copies of intercepted reported German threat to Holland, German naval telegrams, I 79; mem­ 375; Fisher insists is the place 'where ber of Admiralty War Group, 185-6, we can beat the Germans', 426; 250; can find no plans for bombard­ German High Sea Fleet thought to be ment of Dardanelles (31 Oct I9I4), about to sail into (17 May 1915), 448; 2I6; impressed by effect of German the prospect of a decisive naval battle guns on the Antwerp forts, 220; wants in (17-18 May 1915), 449-50; MAPs, troop transports kept in Egypt as 19, 842 preparation for attack on Dardanelles, Notre Dame de Lorette (France): 22I; Churchill informs (3 Jan I9I5) of Churchill visits trenches at (Dec 1915), plan for a North Sea offensive, 234; 625; MAP, 575 shows Churchill's plan to Richmond Number of People, A (Sir Edward Marsh): (4 Jan 19I5), 136; supports naval quoted, on Churchill's early painting attack at Dardanelles, 238; and plan­ experiments, 502 ning of Dardanelles attack, 253, 255, Niirnberg (German light cruiser): 156, 258, 265; and Dogger Bank action, 158 261; gives War Council a survey of Dardanelles plan of attack (28 Jan Observer, the: reconciled to Churchill on 1915), 275; wants Royal Naval Divi­ outbreak of war, 38, 127; defends sion sent to Dardanelles, 279; and the Churchill's actions at Antwerp, I 28; loading of ships for the Dardanelles, publishes defence of Churchill's war­ 298; and the appointment of a time Admiralty administration (23 Governor of Lemnos, 299; Sir H. May 1915), 468-g; supports Church­ Jackson urges need for military partici­ ill, 5g6, 702 pation at Dardanelles on, 336; wants Ocean (British battleship): to go to Dar­ de Robeck to make a second attempt danelles, 249n, 265; at Dardanelles, to force the Narrows by ships alone, 331; strikes a mine (r8 March 1915), 366; and Fisher's opposition to the 352, 397n; sinks, 353, 354; most of her Dardanelles, 394; Richmond declares crew rescued, 36m, 371; Fisher upset his advice 'not taken', 399; and by loss of, 379; MAP (r8 March 19I5), rumours of twelve German submarines 353 converging on Dardanelles, 400; and O'Connor, Thomas Power: declares withdrawal of Queen Elizabeth from Churchill's resignation a 'national Dardanelles, 422; and the crisis of tragedy' (Nov I915), 569 May I9I5, 448; Fisher proposes aboli­ Ode on the Coronation of Edward VII (Sir tion of his post of Chief of Staff, 453; W. Watson): 146n Churchill advises about Dardanelles Odessa (Russia): bombarded (29 Oct Commission evidence (Oct 1916), 1914), 2I5; MAP, 842 813-14 Oldenburg (Germany): Churchill wants Ollivant, Alfred Henry: and offensive invasion of (4 Jan 19I5), 236 against Germany, 20; used by Churchill g66 INDEX

Ollivant, Alfred Henry-continued Owler, Stewart: at siege of Antwerp, to influence Lloyd George, 23-4; in 122n command of sending Marine and Oxfordshire Hussars: Jack Churchill Yeomanry force to Dunkirk, 73, 74; about to leave for France with (Sept and the origin of the 'tank', 534 1914), 58; cross to France, 73; part of Olympic (passenger liner): sinking of Churchill's 'Dunkirk Circus', 137; Audacious witnessed by passengers on, under fire near Ypres (Nov I914), I4I I60-1; Churchill offered command of Omdurman, battle of (I898): Churchill a battalion of (June 19I5), 495; pos­ and Hugh Dawnay at, 8I; Churchill sibility of Churchill serving in France has met most of the Staff of the lind with (Sept I915), 530, and (Nov Corps at, 646 I9I5), 564; a command in, not seen as O'Neill, Arthur Edward Bruce: killed in offering Churchill much scope for his action, 228 energies (Nov 1915), 566; Churchill Orde, Sir John: superseded by Nelson, decides to join in France (Nov 19I5), I6 570-1; Churchill visits headquarters of Orpen, William: paints Churchill's por­ in France (18Nov I915), 572; Clemen­ trait (I9I6), 792-3 tine Churchill wishes her husband Ostend (Belgium) : Churchill sends would stay with, 609 Marine Brigade to, 56, 74. I I4; pos­ Ox.fordshire Hussars in the Great T1Var, The sibility of transfer of Russian troops to, (Adrian Keith-Falconer): quoted, 73 58; Royal Naval Air Service air base at, 88; reported bombed by German Pacific Ocean: Japanese activities in, 42; airship, 9I; Belgian appeal for troops von Spee crosses, I56, x6o; Japanese at, 98; difficulty of defending Antwerp navy has effective command of, I 78 from, 99; Belgians talk of moving Pakenham, William Christopher: on Government to, I01, I03, w6; Bel­ Churchill's work at the Admiralty, gians decide not to move to, I I 2; 482 General Rawlinson at, I I 3; guns for Paget, Sir Arthur Henry Fitzroy: reports Antwerp fail to arrive at, II6; British from Bulgaria on impact of Dardan­ forces disembarking at (6 Oct I914), elles bombardment, 348; said to be II6; British forces unable to get working to reconcile Serbs and Bul­ beyond (8 Oct I9I4), I22; Spenser­ gars, 396 Grey and Marix escape to (9 Oct Painting as a Pastime (Winston S. Church­ 1914), 124; British troops from Ant­ ill): 503n werp escape to, I3I; Germans occupy, Paissy (France): Churchill observes shells I35; 'damnable' if Germans remain in, bursting in (x6 Sept 1914), 81 136; fears of German submarine base Palestine (Turkey): Turkish army mov­ at, I39, I62; Churchill eager for a ing towards Egypt through, 220; coastal attack towards, I68, 180 Lloyd George favours annexation, of, Other Club, The: first wartime meeting 333; Asquith reports on Cabinet views of (6 Aug I914), 35 about the future of, 343-4; MAP, 838 Otranto (British merchant cruiser): off Palestine Exploration Fund: Kitchener South America, I56-8, I82 attached to (1874), 9n, 308n Ottley, Sir Charles Langdale: sent to Pall Mall Gazette: 38n, 71 In; defends Constantinople (I9I3), I90; sees Churchill's actions at Antwerp, 127; (I 906) no reason to despair of success Fisher sends Bonar Law a cutting of a joint naval and military attack at from, 444 the Dardanelles, 294 Panderma (Turkey): 501; :MAP, 84I INDEX

Paris, Archibald: commands Marine Persian Gulf: possibility of anti-Turkish Brigade at Dunkirk (Sept I9I4), 73; action in, I g8, I gg, 200; Government instructions to, 93; at Antwerp (Oct oflndia lands military force at head of, I9I4), 109, us, u6, u8, I2I-2; dis­ 22I; MAP, 839 cusses Antwerp with King Albert, I 25; Petrograd (Russia): MAP, 842 wants to land at Smyrna rather than Phaeton (British light cruiser): takes Sir on Gallipoli Peninsula (April I9I5), Ian Hamilton to Dardanelles, 342; at 392; Churchill sends message for Royal the Dardanelles, 352, 353 Naval Division to (18 May I915), Philadelphia Public Ledger: publishes 45I photograph of the sinking Audacious Paris (France): Sir John French an­ (14 Nov I9I4), 142 nounces intention to retire behind (31 Philippeville (Algeria): bombarded by Aug 1914), 59; Kitchener and French Goeben, 29; MAP, 29 meet in, 60-1; British Expeditionary Phillips, James Faulkner: 803 Force in retreat towards, 62; Germans Pickford, Sir William: a member of the driven away from, 7I, 2I3; Churchill Dardanelles Commission, 789, 8og participates in Anglo-Franco-Italian Plevna, siege of (I877): 243, 3I7 negotiations in (May I9I5), 4I4; Ploegsteert (Belgium): Churchill's bat­ Churchill's plan to meet his wife in talion allocated to (Jan rgz6), 635; (Dec I915), 620 Churchill visits, 645; Churchill's bat­ Parnell, William Alastair Darner: in talion in front line trenches at (Jan­ trench raid (Dec 1915), 607 May 1916), chapter 21, 648-78; Parsons, Mrs (Viola Tree): go Churchill returns to (13 March Igz6), Pease, Joseph Albert: records Churchill's 737; Churchill leaves (Ig April Ig16); remarks in Cabinet (2gJuly I914), 10; Churchill ordered to return to (27 (26 Aug 1914), 57; (2 Sept 1914), 204; April 1916), 758; Churchill and his receives critical report of Churchill's battalion leave (3 May Igi6), 759; actions at Antwerp, I27; on Cabinet German air superiority above, 763; decision about Turkey (30 Oct I9I4), MAPS, 575, 63I, 649 215 Plymouth (Devon): Invincible and In­ Pegasus (British light cruiser): sunk off flexible undergo urgent repairs at, 183 Zanzibar, 184, 187 Pola (Austrian port on the Adriatic): Pcirse, Sir Richard H. : instructed to German battle cruiser Goeben about to harass Turkish troop movements, leave, I 7; MAPS, 29, 842 222 'Pola': chosen as code name for the Penang harbour (Straits Settlements): Dardanelles attack, 253 Emden sinks Russian and French war­ Politicians and the War (Lord Beaver­ ships in, 137n brook): Asquith letter critical of Pepys, Sir Samuel: 348 Churchill quoted in, go; Churchill's Perfect, Katherine Elizabeth: 24 annotations on the proof of, concerning Persia: Russians hard pressed by Turks Conservative participation at the War in north of, 232; Britain wants Russia Council (zo March I9I5), 335n; to curb its southward pressure in, 320; Churchill's annotation on the proof of Fisher wants to annex Aie.... andretta in concerning his wartime visits to order to secure an outlet for oil sup­ France, 425n; on Churchill's mood of plies from, 333; ·continued German I8 May I9I5, 455; Churchill's com­ and Turkish influence in, 349; Turks ment on publication of a letter of his active in, 686; MAP, 839 in, 463n; on Churchill's departure Persia (British liner): torpedoed, 688n for the front in Nov I915, 57 I; on g68 IKDEX

Politicians and the War-continued Press, the-continued Churchill and the political crisis of in (May I915), 460-I; Churchill criti­ December Igi6, Big, 82I-2 cizes (5 June I9I5) the 'irresponsible' Pomerania (Germany): Fisher designs attack of, 48g-go; Churchill on cruisers for invasion of coast of, 272 'malice' of (7 July I9I5), 509; critical Ponders End (Middlesex) : Mrs Church­ of Churchill's description of the Dar­ ill's YMCA canteen at, 66g; Lloyd danelles as 'a legitimate gamble' (Nov George opens canteen at (3 Feb Igi6), I915), 569; and Churchill's appeal for 6g8-g Fisher's return to the Admiralty Ponsonby, Arthur Augustus William (March I9I6), 725; and Churchill's Harry: warns Churchill about war recall from the trenches, 758; 'amaz­ atmosphere, 2 I ingly vicious' Oune 1916), 783; Port Arthur (Russian territory on the Churchill's conflict with (Nov-Dec coast of China; Japanese after I905): I916), 8I6, 822-3, 826 Russian Fleet caught unawares at Press Bureau: alters 'Amiens' despatch (I904), I3; possibility of Japan allow­ of The Times, 70; Churchill's com­ ing transit of Russian troops for Galli­ munique issued through, 7I; unwilling poli through, 205; Churchill compares to suppress Press criticisms of Church­ siege of, in Russo-Japanese war (I904- ill's actions at Antwerp, I2g; Foreign 5) with operations on the Gallipoli Office issue statement to about Turkey Peninsula, 427--8 (3I Oct I9I4), 2I7 Portland (Dorset) : Fleet ordered not to Prince George (British battleship): to go to leave, 6-7; Fleet ordered to leave, 9 Dardanelles, 24911; at Dardanelles, Port Said (Egypt): 206 33I; MAP (I8 March I9I5), 353 Portugal: Alliance of 1386 with England, Prince of Wales (British Battleship): 7n ordered by Fisher to the Dardanelles Postmaster-General: Churchill suggests (19 March 19I5), 354, 358; to leave as suitable post for Sir :Max Aitken Dardanelles (I2 May 1915), 422 (Dec I916), 82I Princes Islands (Turkey): 344 Prentis, Osmond James: commands Pringle, 'Villiam ]\'lather Rutherford: Wolve1-ine off Smyrna, 2 I 7n believes Churchill involved in the Press, the: agrees to voluntary censorship Repington disclosures of I4 May 1915, (27 July I9I4), 8; seeks fuller in­ 460, 702 formation of military developments, Prinz Eitel Freidrich (German armoured 70-I; not informed of Churchill's visit cruiser): believed to be at large, 264 to France (10 Sept I9I4), 72; critical Privy Council: Prince Louis wishes to be of Churchill's visits to France, go; a member of, 149; Asquith agrees to critical of Churchill's actions at Ant­ appoint Prince Louis to, 152 werp, 125-6, I29, 132-3, I37; critical of Public Record Act (I967): opens British Government prosecution of the war, Government records after thirty years, I 39; attacks on Prince Louis for his 200n German birth, I48; Churchill wants to escape attacks of, I64; Churchill Queen (British battleship): ordered by praises in Parliament (27 Nov 19I4), Fisher to go to the Dardanelles, 343; I78; vVar Council discusses alleged in­ on way to Dardanelles, 354, 358; to discretions of (28 Jan I9I5), 270-I; leave Dardanelles, 422 Churchill upset by criticisms of, 285; Queen Elizabeth (British battleship): to go Churchill's Constituency Chairman to the Dardanelles, 250, 25 I, 253, 254, unwilling to be influenced by criticisms 256, 260, 268, 269; at the Dardanelles, INDEX g6g

Queen Elizabeth-continued Randolph Payne & Sons (wine mer­ goo, 331; in the naval attack (18 chants): Churchill's £soo debt to, 511 March 1915), 352; ammunition avail­ Rats: Mrs Churchill thinks she would able for fire across the Gallipoli Penin­ mind them 'more than the bullets', sula, 358; conference of naval and 593; Churchill points out useful role military commanders held on board of, on western front, 625 (22 March 1915), g6g; de Robeck 'Rats in a hole': Churchill reference to proposes to bombard Chanak by in­ German Fleet (21 Sept 1914), 84 direct fire across Peninsula from, 369, Reading, 1st Baron (Rufus Daniel 382; Fisher wants in North Sea, in Isaacs): 457, 458, 691; and the Mar­ view of reported German threat to coni affair, 623n, 751; opposed to Holland, 375, 379; will return to home Churchill's precipitate return from the waters, Churchill tellsJellicoe, as soon trenches to Parliament (April 1916), as attack on Dardanelles successful, 756; and Churchill's desire to succeed 385; Churchill rejects Fisher's attempt Lloyd George at the Ministry of Muni­ to impose restrictions on de Robeck's tions (June 1916), 783; and 'gossip' use of, 388; conference of naval and about Government reconstruction military commanders held on board (Aug 1916), 797 (10 April 1915), 392; at Gallipoli Redmond, John Edward: 572 landings (25 April 1915), 405-6, 407, Red Sea: Turkish gunboats to be inter­ 409; naval conference held on board cepted in, 215; Minerva sails to Akaba (9 May 1915), 417; Churchill agrees from, 2 I 6; British cruisers in, 264 with Fisher's request (12 May 1915) to Reed, Hamilton Lyster: at Suvla Bay recall from Dardanelles, 422-3, 433; (Aug 1915), 518, 520 Kitchener protests about withdrawal Reliance (British repair ship) : Fisher of to War Council (14 May 1915), 431, wants returned to home waters from 434, 8o6; withdrawn, 474; MAP (r8 the Dardanelles, 3 78 March 1915), 353 Repington, Charles a Court: Churchill Quilter, John Arnold Cuthbert: at defends his Antwerp actions to, 13 I ; Blandford review (25 Feb 1915), 306 alleges shell shortage in France respon­ sible for the failure to seize Aubers Radoslavov, Vasil: and the Bulgarian Ridge, 430, 43 r ; the effect of his reaction to the bombardment of the allegations, 445; Churchill believed by Dardanelles, 335, 348 some to have intrigued with, 460; Ragusa (Austria-Hungary): Kitchener Callwell fears he will find out the facts opposes landing at, 244 about conscription (Aug 1915), 528 Rawlinson, Sir Henry Seymour: Church­ Reshadieh (Turkish battleship) : launched ill meets in France (16 Sept 1914), 81; (Sept 1913), 190; taken over by Royal appointed to command British forces Navy, 192; renamed Erin, 192n; at Antwerp, II3; on way to Antwerp Churchill offers recompense for, 195-6; (5 Oct 1914), 114, us; his forces still Turkish sailors from reach Constanti­ disembarking (6 Oct 1914), u6, r 17; nople, 197 reaches Antwerp (afternoon of 6 Oct Revenge (British battleship): to bombard 1914), u8; leaves Antwerp (evening German-held Channel coast, 136 of 6 Oct 1914), 120; to join with Bel­ Reynolds Week{y Newspaper: 711n gians at Ghent, I 22; sees value of Rhine, River: Churchill's plan to crush armoured cars, 163; receives details of fortresses on, 72; Dutch neutrality a an alleged intrigue against Sir Douglas barrier to blockade of, 98; Churchill on Haig, 8u German desire to control mouth of, 378 INDEX

Rhodes: 334; MAP, 838 Rimington, Michael Frederic: anxious to Ribblesdale, 4th Baron (Thomas Lister): work in conjunction with armoured and Gallipoli, 582 cars, 29I Richmond, Herbert William: does not Rio de Janeiro: von Spee expected on believe Churchill is sane, so-I ; writes trade route of, I82 of Churchill's 'lunatic hands', no; Ritchie, Archibald Buchanan: 'im­ finds Churchill 'in low spirits' (24 Oct pressed' by the shell damage to I9I4), I4o; discusses possibility of Churchill's billets, 66o Gallipoli landing with War Office rep­ Ritchie, Sir George: resents the 'unjust resentatives (I Sept I9I4), 203; be­ outcry' against Churchill (May I9I5), lieves Churchill's plan for a North Sea 46 I ; Churchill seeks opinion of (March offensive 'quite mad', 236; favours I9I6), 745; advises Churchill against demonstration against Turkey, 257; criticizing Asquith's war policies, 747 determined to undermine Churchill's Ritz Hotel (London) : Fisher wishes he North Sea plans, 258; describes Fisher had become manager of, 44I as 'old & worn out & nervous', z6o; Ritz Hotel (Paris): Churchill stays in­ wants Royal Naval Division sent to cognito at, 414, 425 Dardanelles to 'finish off their training River Clyde (British collier) : run aground properly', 279; opposes attack on at Gallipoli landing (25 April I9I5), Dardanelles unless army is sent to act 404, 405-6, 408-9, 410 with navy, 286-7; is told of secret River War, The (Winston S. Churchill) : negotiations of I9I5 with Turkey, severe censures on Kitchener in, 327n 359n; wants to abandon the Dardan­ Robertson, Sir George Scott: speaks in elles and land 8o,ooo British troops at Churchill's defence in House of Com­ Haifa, 389; believes Fisher 'useless' mons (I6 Dec 19I5), 6I4 and Churchill 'ignorant' (22 April Robertson, Sir William Robert: Fisher I9I5), 399 wants in command of attack on Richmond (Surrey): 269 Turkey, 234; describes Gallipoli land­ Riddell, Sir George Allardice: at Other ings as 'the stiffest operation anyone Club meeting (6 Aug I9I4), 35; cd undertake', 387; Churchill thinks, Churchill explains (22 April I9I5) will replace Sir J. French as Com­ why Dardanelles attack must go on, mander-in-Chief of British forces in 397; Churchill explains (29 April France (Dec I9I5), 598; and criticisms I9I5) the importance of the fall of of the Somme offensive, 792; Daily Constantinople to, 4I I; Kitchener Mail warns Churchill not to intrigue explains (I3 May I9I5) the import­ against (Oct I9I6), 8I I-12 ance of the Dardanelles expedition to, Robinson, Charles Napier: reports in 427; finds Churchill 'very worn out The Times (22 May I915) on relief in and harassed' (20 May I9I5), 457; Admiralty at Churchill's departure, records Lloyd George's discontent with 467 Asquith (Jan-Feb I9I6), 703-5; and Robinson, Geoffrey: on Cabinet mood of Lloyd George's attitude to Churchill's I Aug I914, 24; dines at Admiralty appeal for Fisher's return to the Ad­ House (4 Aug I914), 3D-I; rebuked by miralty (March I9I6), 725; and Lloyd Marsh for criticism of Churchill in George's criticisms of Asquith and The Times, I53n; singles out Churchill Balfour (April I9I6), 755 for criticism (The Times, I8 May 19I5), Riez Bailleul (France): Churchill in 450; Northcliffe informs of Lord reserve billets at (Nov I9I5), 586, 588; Esher's strange status in France, 589n; MAP, 575 and Fisher's attempt to return to the INDEX 971

Robinson, Geoffrey-continued Royal Commission on Fuel and Engines: Admiralty (Jan-Feb 1916), 7oo; in­ Fisher appointed Chairman of (1912), structed by Northcliffe not to support 13 Churchill's attack on Asquith (March Royal Commission on War Inventions 1916), 737; Northcliffe defends Somme (1919): and the origin of the tank, 537 strategy to, 792 Royal Marine Brigade: and land oper­ Robley, Christopher Harrington: joins ations, 1 I ; sent by Churchill to Ostend Royal Naval Division, 48, 504 (26 Aug 1914), 56; sent by Churchill Robley, John Pitcairn:joins Royal Naval to Dunkirk (Sept 1914), 67; move Division, 48, 504 from Dunkirk to Lille, 92-3; forced to Roch, Walter Francis: a member of the return to Dunkirk, 103; Churchill Dardanelles Commission, 789; votes suggests sending to Antwerp, 105; against the Government in the Nigeria ordered to proceed to Antwerp, 106, debate (Nov 1916), 815n 107; expected at Antwerp, 108; reach Rolls-Royce cars: armoured for use in Antwerp, 1 10, I 12; Kitchener plans to France, 163n replace at Antwerp by 7th Division, Romilly, Bertram Henry Samuel: mar­ 113; in action at Antwerp (Oct 1914), ries Nellie Rozier (Dec 1915), 595 114, 116, 117, 118, 124; use of, at Romilly, Nellie (for earlier riferences, see Antwerp, criticized, 126; use of, at Rozier, Nellie): sends Churchill an Antwerp, defended, 128; on way to American schoolboy howler (Feb Dardanelles, 300; small party of land 1916), 702 safely at entrance to Dardanelles, and Rosoman, Robert Reynolds: said to be successfully accomplish mission ( 1 'frightfully keen to see the fun' at March 1915), 318; main body of at the Dardanelles (18 March 1915), Lemnos (3 March 1915), 322 352 Royal Naval Air Service: and the needs Rothermere, 1st Baron (Harold Sidney of war, 1 1 ; units sent to Belgium, 56; Harmsworth): and the future of air base established at Dunkirk, 65; Asquith's Coalition Government (Oct Churchill circulates memorandum on 1915), 552; Churchill urges his wife to the wartime development of (June keep in touch with (Nov 1915), 587; 1915), 486; Churchill defends his tells Churchill he has 'emerged un­ policy for (Oct 1915), 561; and the scathed from Gallipoli' (Jan 1916), possibility of an East Mrican wing 688; tries to mediate between Church­ (Nov 1915), 566; 'maltreated', 69o; ill and Northcliffe (March 1916), 748, Churchill critical of Balfour's policy for and (June 1916), 782; Churchill writes (March 1916), 735; Churchill's,anger articles for (July 1916), 790; gives at criticism of his policy towards (May Churchill portrait by Orpen, 793; 1916), 765 writes friendly article about Churchill Royal Naval College, Greenwich: Bayly in Sunday Pictorial (12 Nov 1916), appointed President of, 185 814-15 Royal Naval Division: established (Aug Rotterdam (Holland) : Fisher wants 1914), 47-8; recruiting for, 49; massive British troop landings at (Jan Churchill's instructions for, 50; criti­ 1915), 245; rumours of a planned cisms of, 51 ; not ready to go to Calais, British naval landing at, 400 52; Churchill proposes sending to Rouge Croix (France); 584; MAP, 577 Antwerp, 107; Churchill awaits arrival Royal Automobile Club (London): of, at Antwerp, I 1 1 ; Kitchener plans Churchill and F. E. Smith at the to replace by 7th Division, 113; diffi­ Turkish baths of (5 Dec 1916), 821 culties in reaching Antwerp, 115; at 972 INDEX

Royal Naval Division-continued Rumania-continued Antwerp (Oct I9I4), 116, 118, I20; help Serbia, 273; Austrian aim to over­ given order to withdraw from Ant­ a we, 2 77; possi hili ty of troops of, to werp, I 22; losses at Antwerp, I 25; use help Serbia, 28 I -2; possibility of join­ of, at Antwerp, criticized, I 26; ing the Allies and facilitating allied Churchill speech to, on return from advance up Danube, 302, 308; Balfour Antwerp, I 29-30; criticism of its pro­ on inducements to, 305; German sub­ visions answered by Churchill in marines said to be on their way to Parliament (11 Nov I914), 169-70; Turkey via, 338; importance to the Oliver and Richmond give reason for Allies of support from, 349; German sending to Dardanelles (Feb 19I5), reinforcements for Turkey pass 279; Churchill and Kitchener quarrel through, 37I-2; Churchill fears Ger­ over Sir John French's use of (Feb man armies will overawe (Aug I9I5), 1915), 289-91; being sent to Dardan­ 524; and the Austrian attack on Serbia elles, 292, 30I, 304; reviewed by (Oct I9I5), 549; German-Austrian­ George Vat Blandford (25 Feb 1915), Bulgarian attack on (I Sept I9I6), 305-6; on way to Dardanelles, 316, 797; MAPS, 235, 545, 842 322; General Paris suggests landing at Rumpler biplanes (German): at the Smyrna rather than on Gallipoli Dardanelles, 499n Peninsula, 392; on the Gallipoli Penin­ Runciman, \'\'alter: Churchill advocates sula, 4I 3, 415; Churchill sends mes­ as First Lord, II2, 113; Asquith's sage of encouragement to (IS May veiled praise for, 330; seen as ally for I9I5), 45I; heavy losses of (4-6 June Asquith against an alleged Lloyd I9I5), 496; their 'bold, martial ap­ George-Curzon-Churchill plot (Oct pearance' described by Hamilton (18 I9I5), 557; against conscription (Dec June I9I5), 500; continual losses of, I9I5), 622 504; Churchill angered by rumours of Russia: Churchill proposes alliance with, abolition of (Feb Igi6), 707 I; the crisis of July I9I4, 2-3, 6, 2I; Royal Naval Division, The (D. Jerrold): Germany declares war on, 25; Church­ Churchill's introduction to, son ill proposes joint action in Baltic with, Royal Scots Fusilicrs, 6th Battalion: 52-3; British lVIarines rumoured to be Churchill commands, in reserve (Chap­ troops from, 56; Churchill plans for ter 20), 628-47; at Ploegsteert (Chap­ troops from, 58; naval strength grow­ ter 2I), 648-78, 679, 684; Churchill ing, I 78; fears Austrian naval attack invites Sir John Simon to do his train­ on Black Sea ports, I 93; Enver ap­ ing with, 685 proaches for territorial guarantees, Rumania: possibility of action against I96; naval and military action against Austria, 200-2, 2IO; British financial Bosphorus proposed, I 99; Churchill help for, 204; Buxton reports (2I Oct believes 'unconquerable' (3 I Aug I9I4) on hesitations of, 2I3; Asquith I9I4), 20I; asked about possibility of doubts hesitations can be much pro­ joint allied action against Turkey, longed (3I Oct I9I4), 2I6, 219; not 20 5; effect of closure of Dardanelles ready to join Allies (Dec I914), 224; on, 213; worsening military situation, Asquith stresses importance of inter­ 224-5; Churchill plans North Sea­ vention of (27 Dec I914), 225; Lloyd Baltic offensive to bring military help George wants as ally against Austria to, 226, 228; Hankey favours active (I Jan I9I5), 229; importance of, in participation of in war against Turkey, British plans to defeat Turkey, 230, 230; appeals to Britain for a demon­ 235, 243, 244, 249; little disposed to stration against Turks, 23 I-3; action INDEX 973

Russia-continued St Orner (France)-continued by Royal Navy to relieve pressure on, Jan I9I6), 622-8, 63o; Churchill 248; Churchill's message of en­ visits (I9 Jan I9I6), 643; Churchill couragement to, 253; fear of a nego­ summoned to (3Jan 1916), 679; Lloyd tiated peace between Germany and, George, Bonar Law and Churchill 260; cannot spare troops for action in drive to, 697; MAPs, 575, 649 the Balkans, 280; estimate so,ooo St Pol (France): 414; MAP, 575 troops needed to capture Constanti­ Saint-Seine, Jean Charles Just Benigne, nople, 292 ; military weakness of, 307; Comte de: proposes Anglo-French will not attack Constantinople until Naval co-operation, I8-I9; keen on British ships enter the Sea of Marmara, action at the Dardanelles, 257-8 3 I 5; Haldane fears will accept German Salonika (Greece): possibility of British peace offers, 32I; refuses to accept action at discussed, 228, 237, 244, Greek participation in attack on Con­ 252-3, 260, 274, 277, 278; War Coun­ stantinople, 328--g; and British War cil decide to send troops to (9 Feb Council's discussion (Io March I9I5) I9I5), 281-2, 295; Greek Government of post-war settlement, 332, 334; re­ turn down offer ofBritish troops at (IS fuses Churchill's appeal to abandon Feb 19I5), 287-8; Churchill revives veto on Greek help at the Dardan­ possibility of allied landing at, 302, elles, 344-5; economic difficulties as a 307; Fisher wants to offer to Bulgaria result of the sealing off of the Black in return for Bulgarian support against Sea, 350; Hankey recalls (Aug I9I6) Turkey, 338, 382; Lloyd George wants moral effect of naval attack at Dardan­ troops sent from Gallipoli to (Sept elles on, 380; Asquith tells House of 1915), 538; Churchill proposes action Commons (I4 March I9I7) of bene­ based on (5 Oct I9I5), 544; Lloyd ficial effect of Dardanelles operation George wants British troops sent on, 480; Churchill emphasizes weak­ urgently to (II Oct 19I5), sso; ness of (June I9I5), 498; Hankey Anglo-French force lands at (5 Oct suggests sending Churchill on mission I915), 558n;Jack Churchill said to be to (Oct I9I5), s6o-I; Churchill wants at (Nov I9I5), 582; Churchill foresees I5o,ooo troops from, to participate in disaster at (Dec I915), 590, 8oo; Anglo-French attack on Turkey (Oct Churchill wants evacuation of (Dec I9I5), 56 I; MAPS, 53, 235, 545> 839> I9I5), 598, 603, 6os; Asquith tries to 842 persuade Kitchener to visit, 602; and possibility of sending troops to Galli­ St Andrew's Hall (Glasgow): 643, 681 poli from (Dec I9I5), 617; Churchill St Gilles (Belgium): British troops take on need to use troops at elsewhere trains to Ostend from, I31 (I9I6), 686, 692, 772; Churchill's St Helena: 265 continued belief in need for evacuation St Nazaire (France): British Admirals of (March 19I6), 708; MAPS, 29, 545, urge defence of, 55; MAP, 54 842 St Orner (France): Sir John French's Samson, Charles Rumney: establishes Headquarters (Oct I9I4-Dec 19I5), air base at Dunkirk, 65; acts in co­ 133, 163, 339; Churchill at (I8-I9 ordination with armoured cars, 67; Nov 1915), 572-4; Churchill Sir J. reports on skirmish beyond Cassel, 68; French's guest at {I-I8 Dec 19I5), the effect of his raids, 69; commands 589-95, 596-605, 6o6; Churchill re­ 'Dunkirk Circus', 74; records Church­ mains at (I9-23 Dec 1915), 6og-2I; ill's views on aerial strategy (22 Sept Churchill returns to (27 Dec I9I5-5 19I4), 88; at Lille, 93; forced to return 974 IKDEX

Samson, Charles Rumney-continued Scheidt, River: and Antwerp's access to Dunkirk, 103; his squadron of to the sea, 96-8; Admiral Oliver twelve aeroplanes to go to Dardan­ disables ships at anchor in, IO 1 ; elles (March 1915), 3I6; Fisher wants Belgian army withdrawn across, II8; in home waters rather than at Dardan­ British troops withdraw across, 130; elles, 379; reaches Lemnos, 396-7 Churchill on German desire to con­ Samson, Felix Rumney: in armoured car trol mouth of, 378 skirmish ncar Cassel, 69 Schleswig-Holstein (Germany): Chur­ Samuel, Herbert Louis: and the defence chill resurrects plan for invasion of of Antwerp (Oct I9I4), 100, II9-20; (in Dec I914), 225-6, (again on 4 favours British control of Palestine and Jan 1915), 236-7, (again on I I Jan Home Rule for the Jews there (March 1915), 246; Fisher wants an attack on I9I5), 343-4; present at quarrel be­ (I6 March I9I5), 347; MAP, 842 tween Lloyd George and Churchill Scimitar Hill (Gallipoli Peninsula): (April I9IS), 383 524; MAP, 519 Sarajevo (Bosnia): Franz Ferdinand Scorpion (British torpedo-boat destroyer): assassinated at, 2, I I8 off Smyrna, 2I7, 219 Saracen (British destroyer): 339 Scotland: Fisher announces his imme­ Sarell, Philip Charles: on effect ofBritish diate departure for (15 May I9I5), armoured car raids, 69; on effect of 438, 439; Hankey, McKenna and Churchill's visit to Dunkirk (10 Sept Crease act in concert to get Fisher 19I4), 72 away to (22 May I9I5), 467 Sari Bair (Gallipoli Peninsula): Sir Ian Scots, the: Churchill writes 'I am a vy Hamilton's army fails to reach summit gt admirer of that race. A wife, a of (25-26 April I9I5), 407; Hamilton constituency & now a regiment attest confident that his forces will reach in the sincerity of my choice' (3 Jan May I9I5, 41 I; the second failure to I9I6), 629 capture (6-I I Aug I915), 518-21; Scott, Charles Prestwich: reports on Turks retain control of (21-28 Aug hostility ofLloyd George and Churchill 1915), 524; Churchill wants renewed to further offensives on the western attack on (Sept 1915), 540; MAPs, 403, front (Sept 1915), 541; Churchill 519 urges his wife to keep in touch with Saros, Gulf of (Turkey), see Xeros, Gulf (Nov I915), 587; sends Churchill of encouragement (Dec I915), 596; Sarrail, General: commands French Churchill urges Garvin to keep in troops at Salonika (Oct 1915), touch with, 6os; Fisher's attempt to 5s8n return to the Admiralty supported by Sassoon Dock (Bombay): Churchill (Jan-Feb 19I6), 700-1, 704; and dislocates shoulder at (I896), 635n Churchill's demand for Fisher's re­ Sato, Kozo: commands Japanese squad­ turn (March I916), 708, 709, 71 1-I2, ron in Mediterranean (1917), 44n 713, 722-3, 730-I, 732-3; and Chur­ Sazonov, Sergei Dmitrievich: 280; Grey's chill's criticisms of Asquith's war assurances to about Constantinople policies, 739, 741-2, 744, 753; hears (14 Jan 1915), 320; sends Grey Lloyd George's criticisms of Asquith report (22 April I9I5) of Turkish and Balfour, 755; his plans for a 'real shortage of ammunition, 400 opposition' led by Lloyd George, Scharnhorst (German cruiser): 156, 158, Churchill and Carson (April 1916), I 82; sunk at battle of Falkland Islands, 756-7; Churchill's political hopes 183 centre on, 759; Churchill has long INDEX 975

Scott, Charles Prestwich-continued Selborne, 2nd Earl of-continued discussion with (20 Nov I!)I6), I9I5) to winter campaign at Galli­ 8I6 poli, 539; favours conscription (Oct Scott, Sir Percy Moreton: proposes use I 9 I 5), 556; opposes Gallipoli evacua­ of naval guns in France, 90-r; and tion, 6oi, 6I7 use of Queen Elizabeth at Dardanelles, Senegal: French troops from, at Galli­ 250-3 poli, 4I3, 4I5 Scutari (Turkey): 326; MArs, 8g8, 841 Serbia: and Austrian hostility, 2; the Sedd-el-Bahr (Gallipoli Peninsula): Austrian ultimatum of 23 July I9I4, heavy guns of largely destroyed (3 4-6; consequences of possible in­ Nov I9I4), 2I8; damage not repaired, vasion of, 7; possibility of action :219; British sailors make brieflanding against Austria, 200-2, 210; British at (4 March I9I5), 326; military land­ financial help for, 204; hostile to ing at (25 April I9I5), 405-6, 407-8; Greece, 22 I ; recaptures Belgrade from Goliath torpedoed off (I2 May I9I5), Austria (I4 Dec I9I4), 224; Lloyd 425; Churchill advocates (I3 May George wants British military assis­ I 9 I 5) semi-permanent landing stages tance sent to (I Jan I914), 228-9; at, 428; MAPS, 353, 403 Hankey suggest territorial induce­ Seely, John Edward Bernard: at Other ments for, 230; danger to, if Russia Club meeting (6 Aug I9I4), 35; defeated, 233; Fisher wants attack on Churchill sends reflections to, 83; Austria by, as part of grand design, joins Churchill at Antwerp, I07, II7; 235; War Council discusses aid to ( 28 Churchill describes Duchy of Lan­ Jan 19I5), 273-4; danger of Austrian caster work to, 484; Churchill des­ attack on, 277-8; danger of Bulgarian cribes political situation to (I 2 June attack on, 280, 281-2; Asquith be­ I9I5), 495; Churchill expresses his lieves best way to help is 'to strike a frustration to (20 Sept I9I5), 538; big blow at the Dardanelles', 293; Churchill visits near Kemmel (2 Dec Churchill wants Dardanelles army of I9I5), 592; presents prizes at Chur­ I I 5,ooo to be able to go to the aid of, chill's sports day (I6jan I9I6), 64I; 307; Hankey wants British naval attack Churchill attends lecture with (20 up Danube as means of protecting, Jan I 9 I 6), 643; tells Churchill of gi8; Hankey recalls (Aug I9I6) conscription debate in London, 685; effect of naval attack at Dardanelles Churchill writes to about politics on, 380; Churchill fears German and the Dardanelles Commission (3I armies will crush (Aug I9I5), 524; July I9I6), 79I; Churchill writes to attack on believed imminent (Sept-Oct about Asquith's weakening position I9I.'i), 538, 544; invaded by Austria (I3 Aug I9r6), 798, and about the (Oct I9I5), 549; Churchill reflects course of the war, 799 (Dec I915) on policy of, 597; MAPs, Selborne, 2nd Earl of (William '<\~aide­ 235, 545, 842 grave Palmer): Churchill sends de­ Sevastopol (Russia): bombarded (29 fence of his naval policy to, I59; Oct 19I4), 2I5 becomes President of the Board of Sheerness (Kent): Churchill welcomes Agriculture and Fisheries (May I9I5), Heligoland Bight victors at, 59; 470; believes Constantinople, if cap­ provisions sent to Dunkirk air base tured, could be given to Germany in from, 67; I 5-inch howitzers being exchange for Belgium, 487-8; and the built at, 392 War Policy Committee of the Cabinet Sheridan, Clare Consuela: her husband (Aug I9I5), 527, 529; agrees (Sept killed at Loos (Sept I9I5), 595 INDEX

Sheridan, William Frederick: killed at Singapore: dockyard mutiny at sup­ Loos (Sept 1915), 595 pressed, 44n, I 84 Shipbuilder's Tarn, A (Tennyson D'Eyn­ Sivas (Turkey): Djemal Pasha records court): quoted, 537 fears of Allied advance on, 2 I 2 Shipka Pass (Balkan mountains): Turks Sippe, Sidney Vincent: in air raid on defeated by the Russians at (1877), Friedrichshafen, 172 243n Skagerrak: Churchill's plan for sending Shuttleworth, xst Baron (UghtredJames British Fleet through (Aug 19I4), 52; Kay-Shuttleworth) : 484-5 MAPS, 19, 53 Siberia (Russia): Churchill sees use on Skobelev, Mikhail Dimitrievich: at siege western front of troops from, s8 ofPlevna (I877), 243 Sierra Leone: Kent ordered to South Slade, Sir Edmond John Warre: America from, 182 advises Churchill on naval action Sign Post Lane (near Neuve Chapelle, against Turkey (gi Oct I9I4), 2IS­ France): s8o; MAP, 577 I6 Silesia (Germany): possible Russian Slatin, Sir Rudolf Carl: one of invasion of, if Britain attacks Austria, Churchill's Austrian friends, 45 243 Smith, Frederick Edwin: godfather to Simon, Sir John Allsebrook: decides not Churchill's son, ¥; supports Coalition to resign from Cabinet (Aug 1914), 27; on eve of war, I2; on Conservative Asquith's praise for (March 1915), support for Liberal policy, 22-3; at 330; becomes Home Secretary, 469; Admiralty (1 Aug I9I4), 24-5; at attacks Northcliffe (Nov 19I5), 593; Other Club meeting (6 Aug I9I4), 35; and the conscription crisis (Dec I9IS), writes on Churchill in Contemporary 622; resigns (Jan I9I6), 679, 685; Personalities, 58; adds paragraph to and Churchill's criticisms of Asquith 'Amiens' despatch of The Times, 70; (March 19I6), 7I3 speaks at London Opera House (I I Sinai Peninsula: surveyed by Kitchener Sept I9I4), 75; Churchill anxious to (I88g), 9n; Turks believed to be laying see, I64; with Churchill at Constan­ mines off (3I Oct I9I4), 2I7; British tinople (I9IO), I89; favours military ships keep watch for movement of landing at Smyrna or Ephesus, 237, Turkish troops to, 222; crossed by 238; Churchill appeals for his help Turkish forces (Feb I915), 279; against Tory hostility (March 19I5), MAP,8g8 ggo; describes progress at the Dar­ Sinclair, Sir Archibald Henry: dines at danelles (IS March 1915) as 'too good Admiralty House (5 Jan I915), 238; to be true', 344; Fisher protests at Churchill sees cavalry position near Churchill talking to, 426; at Admiralty Kemme! with (2 Dec I915), 593; House with Churchill (I8 May I9IS), Churchill wants as his ADC (Dec 455; becomes Solicitor-General, 470; 19I5), 599, 6I5, 6I9, 62o; Churchill Margot Asquith alleges as part of a meets at Boulogne, 625; Churchill's Lloyd George-Curzon-Churchill plot second-in-command (Jan-May I9I6), (Oct I9IS), 557; Churchill writes to, 628, 629, 6gx, 634, 644, 652, 6sg, 657, from St Orner (I8 Dec I915), 6IS-I6; 6s9,66o,662,66g,664,66s,667,668, sends Churchill an account of Cabinet 673, 675, 677, 678, 684, 739, 74o-x, discussions, about the evacuation of 742, 756; squadron commander in Gallipoli Peninsula, 6I7; and the 2nd Life Guards (July I9I6), 791 Marconi affair (I9I2), 523n; writes to Sinclair, Mrs (Mabel Sands): 740n Churchill about conscription crisis Sinclair, Clarence Granville: 740n (1 I Jan I9I6), 684, 68s; sends Chur- INDEX 977

Smith, Frederick Edwin-continued Sofia (Bulgaria)-continued chill news of Cabinet discussions (r8 sible British military objective (Oct Jan 1916), 688; his visit to Churchill I9I5), 544; MAP, 545 on the western front (30 Jan 1916), Soissons (France): Churchill observes 69I, 692,693, 694-7; believes Asquith fire of French artillery near (I 6 Sept 'firmer in the saddle than ever' (25 1914), 81; MAP, 54 Feb I9I6), 708; and Churchill's advo­ Somme, battle of the (June 19I6): cacy of Fisher's return to the Ad­ 774; Churchill fears repetition of miralty (March I9I6), 709, 736; and (Aug 19I6), 79I-2; Churchill critical Churchill's desire to lead an opposi­ of Asquith's control of the War Office tion to Asquith (March-May I9I6), at the time of, 793-4 745; Churchill urges to keep in touch Sophie, Queen of Greece: 22 I with Lloyd George on his behalf Souchon, Wilhelm: receives secret in­ (April I9I6), 750-I; Churchill writes structions from Berlin, I 93; feared to, about Verdun, 754; Churchill about to take Goeben and Breslau circulates memorandum to the Cabinet into Black Sea, 197; becomes Com­ through (Aug I9I6), 79I-2; and mander-in-Chief of Turkish navy, Churchill's preparation of evidence 206, 208, 209; urged by the Kaiser for the Dardanelles Commission (Sept to hold out at the Dardanelles as long I9I6), 8o6, 807-8; alleged to be part as possible, 357 of a Lloyd George-Churchill-French South Africa, Union of: bad news from, intrigue against Sir Douglas Haig I4o; ratio of troops to inhabitants, (Oct I 9 I 6), 8 I I ; and the emergence 794n of Lloyd George as Prime Minister Southampton (Hampshire): British avia­ (Dec I9r6), 82I-2 tors set off from, for raid on Friedrich­ Smith-Dorrien, Sir Horace Lockwood: shafen, I72 appointed to command British forces Soyer Farm (Ploegsteert, Belgium): in East Africa, the command Churchill company billets at, 650; Churchill wanted, 590, 602 establishes battalion headquarters at Smuts, Jan Christian: 565, 59on (ro Feb I9I6), 663, 664; Churchill Smyrna (Turkey): Admiral Limpus leaves (I8 Feb I916), 675; Churchill suggests (26 Aug I914) possibility of returns to (20 Feb 19I6), 676; MAP, landing near, 198; possibility of 649 feints at, 20I; Turkish yacht blown Special Register Bill: Churchill critical up in harbour of (r Nov 1914), 217, of, in House of Commons (I6 Aug 2I9; Kitchener deprecates demon­ I916), 799--800 stration at, 232-3; F. E. Smith favours Spencer: Churchill in Paris under landing at, 237, 238; British naval pseudonym of, 4I4 blockade of, 32 r ; seen as possible area Spencer, Lord: sends Nelson to Mediter­ of post-war Greek control, 344, 383; ranean, r6 General Paris wants military landing Spender, John Alfred: Churchill seeks at, as opposed to on Gallipoli Penin­ to influence in favour of a clear de­ sula, 392 ; MAPS, 838, 842 cision about Gallipoli (Oct I915), Sofia (Bulgaria): German sailors pass 555; on Churchill's resignation speech through, 197; Mustafa Kemal at, 212; (Nov I9I5), 569 British reported not to want support in, Spiers, Edward Louis: Churchill be­ 2I4; German financial activity in, friends (Dec I9I5), 597-605, 6Io-I I, 3 I 7; Churchill willing to go on special 620, 622; Churchill visits French front mission to, 5 I 2 ; Churchill sees as pos- line with, 624-5; Churchill unable to INDEX

Spiers, Edward Louis-continued Stanley, Beatrice Venetia-continued have on his battalion Staff, 628-g; told by Asquith of intercepted German Churchill writes to, about his evi­ naval telegrams, whose existence was dence to the Dardanelles Commission not known even to the Cabinet, I 79; (Oct Igi6), 8r4 told secret code-name for attack on Spion Kop, battle of (24 Jan I90o): Borkum, 242; letter from Edwin 268; Suvla Bay battle compared with, l\1ontagu to, 4 72; for further references, 520 see :tvfrs Montagu Spithead (Hampshire): naval review off, Stanley of Alderley, 4th Baron (Edward 3 Lyulph Stanley): 626 Stamfordham, Ist Baron (Arthur John Star: publishes defence of Churchill's Bigge): at Other Club meeting (6 Aug actions at Antwerp, I 28; praises I9I4), 35; reports on George V's Churchill's Dundee speech of 5 June critical attitude to Churchill's 'rats in I9I5, 49I a hole' remark, 87; reports on further Station Hotel (Hazebrouck, France): disagreement between George V and Churchill entertains his officers at, 647 Churchill, 88; misinformed of Chur­ Steel-Maitland, Arthur Herbert Drum­ chill's Antwerp mission, I I g-20; be­ mond Ramsay: Churchill expresses lieves Churchill 'quite off his head', his frustration to (Sept I 9 I 5), 538; I 20; on replacement of Prince Louis breakfasts with Guy Dawnay, 539 as First Lord by Fisher, I48, ISO-I; Steenwerck (France): 9th (Scottish) asks Fisher when Falkland Island des­ Division artillery headquarters at, patches will be published, I84; his 677 ; MAP, 63 r son-in-law killed in action, 228; Stevens, Henry Marquis: in charge of George V describes as 'absolutely Churchill's transport at Antwerp, trustworthy', 281; comments on Chur­ Io8-g chill's wartime visits to France, 42.5; Stevenson, Frances Louise: Lloyd George reports on Asquith's belief that Fisher's speaks critically of Churchill to; 132, mind 'is somewhat unhinged' (rg I 59; records quarrel between Lloyd May I915), 453; reports on Liberal George and Churchill, 383-4; records Ministers' hostility to sending Lloyd George's comments (IS l\fay Churchill to Colonial Office, 454; and I9I5) on Churchill and the war, 440; Churchill's proposed mission to the Lloyd George reports Asquith's cynical Gallipoli Peninsula (July 1915), 5I2 observations about Churchill to (r8 Stanley, Beatrice Venetia: letters from May I9I.5), 45I; reports bitter ex­ Asquith to, 21-2,23,24, 29, 6o, 71, 72, change between Churchill and Lloyd 74, go, 95, 101-2, ro6, I12, II3, 1I7, George (19 May I9I5), 456; reports 120-1, I22, I24, 130, 137, I38, I39, on strength of anti-Churchill feeling l4I, I42, I43, I44, I47, I49, rsr, 152, (24 May I915), 468; records Lloyd I58, I66, I67, I73, I76n, 195, rg6, George's distrust of Churchill (Sept 204, 205, 2I6, 2I9 223 224, 22,5, 228, I9I5), 53 I; reports Lloyd George 'sick 237, 242, 253, 255, 272, 278, 280, 286, with Churchill' (Oct I9I5), 55 r; on 290, 300, 303, 306, 3 I O, 3 I 6, 325, 332, Churchill's resignation (Nov I g 1 5), 343-4· 360, 36I, 362, 363, 366, 387-8, 569; and the opening of Mrs 410, 426n, 446, 447, 459, 466,477,480, Churchill's canteen at Ponders End 775n; Churchill refers to letters which (3 Feb rgi6), 68g-g; comments on she received from Asquith, 2In, go; Churchill's desire for a vigorous tells Asquith to advise Churchill to opposition to Asquith (April I g I 6), end his visits to France, I 66; often 7.57 INDEX 979

Stokes Trench Mortar: Churchill im­ Suez Canal-continued pressed by, 540 miles from (Jan 1915), 270; attacked Stonewall Jackson (British monitor): to by Turks (Feb 19I5), 279, 281, 317; go to Dardanelles (12 May 1915), Turks retreat from, 291, 396; Russian 423; at the Dardanelles (Nov 1915), light cruiser Askold joins defence of, 687 327n; Churchill proposes (16 May Stopford, Sir Frederick William: at 1915) sending as many ships as possible Suvla Bay (Aug 1915), 518, 520, 522 from Dardanelles to, 443; Churchill Strand Magazine: Churchill describes advises Balfour (26 May 19I5) to (192I) his early painting experiments keep Dardanelles fleet in the safety of, in, 502-3 47I; :MAP, 235 Sturdee, Frederick Charles Doveton: Suffren (French battleship): at Dar­ mentioned, 46, 52 ; suggested by danelles, 331; MAP, 353 George Vas suitable for the Admiralty Supreme Command, The (Lord Hankey): Board, I5o; replaced by Oliver as quoted on War Council (13]an 1915), Chief of Staff (Oct 1914), 153; 252; quoted on Churchill's 'stout commands British ships at battle of attitude' at War Council (14 May Falkland Islands, I83; Fisher wants 1915), 433 Dardanelles forced by, 235; Churchill Sultan Osman I (Turkish battleship): writes of as Fisher's possible successor built in England (1913-14), 191; as First Sea Lord, 270 boarded by British sailors (I Aug Suandere River (Gallipoli Peninsula): I914), 192; renamed Agincourt, 192n; 382, 390; MAP, 353 Churchill offers recompense for, r 95-6; Submarines, British: enter Baltic, 53 sailors from reach Constantinople, 197 Submarines, German: fail to disrupt Sunday Pictorial: 552n; Churchill writes movement of Expeditionary Forces, four articles for, 790-1, 816; friendly 37; fail to interfere with Marine ex­ article about Churchill in (I2 Nov pedition to Ostend, 56 19I6), 814-15; Churchill defends his Sudan: Churchill wants use of native Antwerp policy in (26 Nov 1916), 817 labour from 'for war or for labour' Suvla Bay (Gallipoli Peninsula): landing (July 1916), 794 at (Aug I9I5), 5I8-2I; Lloyd George Sudan Campaign (1897-9): Churchill wants troops sent to Salonika from critical of Kitchener's conduct of, I 2; (Sept I915), 538; Churchill opposes Churchill with Hugh Dawnay during, evacuation (Sept 1915), 539; Churchill 8I; Kitchener's plans for unchallenged, wants renewed offensive at (Nov 1915), 312 603; MAPS, 403, 519 Sueter, Murray Fraser: Churchill sends Swiftsure (British battleship): to go to instructions on anti-aircraft defence Dardanelles, 249n, 265, 305; MAP, 353 to, 66, 67; accompanies Churchill to Swine: Churchill describes certain Con­ Dunkirk (10 Sept 1914), 72; at Ad­ servatives as, 164; F. E. Smith des­ miralty aircraft conference (I6 Sept cribes the Americans as, 688; Churchill I914), 8o; and Churchill's wish for describes his former colleagues as, 693 more aeroplanes at Dardanelles (I 3 Swinton, Ernest Dunlop: and the origin May I9I5), 428; and the origin of the of the tank, 535-6, 537n tank, 534, 536 Switzerland: alleged breach of neutrality Suez Canal: defence of, 9; Turks be­ of, by British naval aviators (21 Nov lieved to be in a position to attack, 220; 1914), I73-6 Admiral Peirse transfers flag to, 222; Sydney (Australian light cruiser): sinks British cruisers in, 264; Turks thirty the Emden, 137n g8o INDEX

Sykes, Sir Mark: explains need for a Tautz, Messrs: 579 swift blow against Turkey, 317-r8; Teacher, Norman McDonald: Brigade on Committee to examine British Major, 27th Brigade (I9I6), 647 territorial needs in Turkey, 391 Tenedos: British aeroplanes based on, Sylt (German Island) : possible British 253, 383; MAP, 840 base, r 9, 2 I ; Churchill drafts plans Tennant, Harold John: 452, 6I3, 691, for invasion of, I8I; MAP, 19 763, 774 'Sylt': War Council agrees to use as code Tcnnyson-d'Eyncourt, Eustace Henry name for attack on Borkum, 242, 246 ·william: and origin of the tank, 536-7, Syria (Turkish province): possibility of 705-6, 8ro action against Turkey in, I 99; pos­ Terschelling (Holland): 374 sibility of feints on coast of, 200; Tewfik, Ahmed Pasha: opens negotia­ Churchill suggests as alternative point tions for second Turkish battleship, of attack, 220; Admiral Peirse in­ I90-I; protests at seizure of Sultan structed to keep watch on ports of, Osman, I92; warned about further 222; British sailors land on coast of British hostilities against Turkey, 2 I 7 (I8-22 Dec I9I4), 222-3, 279; Lloyd Thames estuary: and Admiralty plans George wants British action against, against Zeppelin attack, 8; German 228-9; Kitchener sees no value in aeroplane flies up (25 Dec I9I4), 239 action against (2 Jan I915), 233; Thameshaven: Balfour surprised that French see territorial opportunities Germans have not bombed naval oil in, 266; seen as possible area of post­ depot at, I82 war French control, 344; Grey favours Thomson, Graeme: discusses possibility setting up of an independent Arab of Gallipoli landing with War Office state in, 355; Balfour wants Turkish representatives (r Sept I9I4), 203; army in, destroyed before making and loading of troop transports for Gallipoli landings, 389; MAP, 838-9 the Dardanelles, 297-8, 3I3-I4 Thoughts and Adventures (Winston S. Talaat, Mehmed; Churchill meets, I89; Churchill) : 503n; quoted, on Church­ angered by seizure of Turkish ships, ill's first day with the Grenadier I93; reported probably aware of Guards (20 Nov I9I5), 574-6; on dangers of a pro-German policy, I98; Churchill's near escape from death argues merits of neutrality and inter­ (26 Nov I915), 585 vention, 2 I 3; negotiates with British Thourout (Belgium): l'v.Iarine recon­ emissaries (March I 9 I 5), 358-g; said naissance to, 56; MAP, 75 to be advising a negotiated peace, 395 Thrace: 230, 303, 544, 549; MAPS, 545, Talbot, Milo George: discusses Gallipoli 842 landing at Admiralty (I Sept I9I4), Thread in the Tapestry, A (Sarah Church­ 203 ill): I 20n Talbot cars: armoured for use in France, Thursby, Cecil Fiennes: 422 I63n Tigris, River (Turkey): British control Tank: origin of, 534-8, 8ro-I I; use of on mouth of (Dec I914), 222-3; pro­ the Somme (I9I6), 809-Io posed extension of British control over Tannenberg: Russian advance halted at whole valley of, 509 (26-30 Aug I914), 224; MAP, 842 Tilbury (Essex): boat sails to Antwerp Taranto (Italy): Goeben refused coal at, from, roo 26; MAP, 29 Timbuctoo: 264 'Taube': German aeroplane, at the Times, The: approves Fleet concentt·a­ Dardanelles, 499 tion, 7; praises Churchill (4 Aug INDEX g8r

Times, The-continued Townsend, Ernest: paints Churchill's 1914), 31; praises Churchill's forma­ portrait (autumn 1915), 708n tion of Royal Naval Division, 50; Trepont, Felix: and the 'Dunkirk Circus', praises Asquith's speech at Guildhall, 93 62; reports British retreat from Mons, Trieste (Austria-Hungary): Kitchener 6g-7o; publishes letter critical of rules out landing at, 244 Churchill's actions at Antwerp, 126; Tritton, William Ashbee: and the origin Churchill defends actions in private of the tank, 537 letter to military correspondent of, Triumph (British battleship): to go to 131; and release of Fisher's daughter Dardanelles, 249n, 265; at the Dar­ from internment in Germany, 146n; danelles, 412; sunk (25 May 1915), critical of Churchill's farewell letter 472; MAP (18 March 1915), 353 to Prince Louis, 153; Marsh rebukes Trotter, Gerald Frederick: 740, 758 Robinson for criticism of Churchill's Troubridge, Ernest Charles Thomas: letter, 153n; approves Fisher's return unwilling to challenge Goeben and to Admiralty, 154; Churchill's views Breslau (7 Aug 1914), 4o-1; instruc­ on the minorities' question published tions (8 Sept 1914) to sink Goeben and in (Sept 1914), 202; Churchill obitu­ Breslau, 206 ary of Valentine Fleming in (25 Troy (Turkey): Birdwood suggests an May 1917), 227n; said to have dis­ attack across the plain of, 392; MAP, closed whereabouts of secret base of 840 British Battle Cruiser Squadron, 271; Tsing-tau (German naval base on China Churchill obituary of Rupert Brooke coast): 156 in (26 April 1915), 401-2; alleges Tudor, Henry Hugh: visits Churchill at (14 May 1915) serious shell shortage London Support Farm (7 Feb 1916), in France, 430; the effect of these 662 ; takes Churchill to see British allegations, 445; singles out Churchill artillery bombardment (10 Feb 1916), for criticism (18 May 1915), 450; 663-4; Churchill dines with at the advocates Fisher to replace Churchill Hospice (12 Feb 1916), 665; arranges as First Lord, 452; Naval Correspon­ artillery bombardment of German dent of reports relief in Admiralty at trenches (14 Feb 1916), 666-7; and an Churchill's departure, 467; and the artillery mishap (26 Feb 1916), 677 Marconi affair (1912), 623n; and Tudor, Frederick Charles: not on Ad­ 'excitement in Washington' at death miralty War Group, 185-6; expresses of U.S. subjects (Jan 1916), 688n; doubts about the Dardanelles oper­ and Enver's reflections on the Dar­ ation, 388; opposes Fisher's resigna­ danelles (Jan 1916), 693n; and tion (16 May 1915), 444; Fisher Churchill's cntlc1sms of Asquith proposes dismissal of, from Admiralty (March 1916), 737, 747-8; Churchill's Board (19 May 1915), 453 criticisms of Somme offensive meet Turkey: and arrival of Goeben and Breslau with no response in, 792; on the public off Constantinople, 40; British policy 'relief and satisfaction' that Churchill towards (before 1914), 188-90; effect is to be excluded from Lloyd George's of British seizure of battleships on, Government (Dec 1916), 822-3 193; Grey's offer to respect territorial Tirnovo (Bulgaria): 544; MAP, 545 integrity of, 195; Churchill expects Tokyo (Japan), 42 (31 Aug 1914) imminent act of war Toulon (France): 31 by, 202; and coming of war with Tournai (France): Marine Brigade units Britain, 203-19; and threat to British at, 73 in Egypt, 220; British troops land at INDEX

Turkey-continued Twenty-ninth Division-continued one extremity of (7 Nov IgiL}), 22I; transport for, 313-14; Kitchener says British sailors land on Syrian coast of it can go to Dardanelles (ro l\1arch (I8-22 Dec I9I4), 22; Asquith reports 1915), 332; Sir John French wants in Churchill 'set on' (5 Dec Igq), 223; France as 'he did not think there Lloyd George suggests attack on (I would be much fighting at the Dar­ Jan Igi5), 229; British schemes to danelles' (r2 March rgr5), 339; create Balkan alliance against, 230; Churchill wants military action at prospects for the defeat of, 249; Sir H. Dardanelles before arrival of (r2 Jackson doubts that attack by ships March 1915), 340; military action at alone can secure defeat of, 287; Dardanelles not to take place until Churchill's outline (28 Feb I9I5) of arrival of (22 March Igrs), 363; at the conditions for the surrender of, 3 I 5 ; Gallipoli landings (25 April 1915), discussion of territorial changes in, 402, 408; in the fighting at Cape Helles 320-2; Churchill says war against (6 May Igrs), 415; at Gallipoli, 433; should be regarded 'merely as an without rest for two months, 504 interlude', 324; Fisher wants (I2 Tyne, River: Turkish sailors reach (July March IgiS) to give Bulgaria both 1914), Igr Salonika and Kavalla-Greek towns­ Tyrone (Irish county): boundary dis­ in return for an immediate attack on, pute of, 4 338; Carson's proposed peace terms Tyrrell, Sir William George: and the with (Ig Aug I9I5), 523; Churchill's European crisis of July Igr4, 6-7; war plans against (5 Oct Igrs), 544; and defence of Antwerp, I03-4; dis­ Churchill argues in favour of usc of cusses capture of Constantinople with poison gas against (20 Oct I9I5), Fisher, 247 554-5; its nearness to defeat in March Tyrwhitt, Mrs (Angela Corbally): 59 I9I5 mentioned by Enver (Jan Igi6), Tyrwhitt, Reginald Yorke: his recep­ 6g3; MAPS, 29, 353, 403, 519, 545, tion after Heligoland Bight action, 838, 840-1, 842 59; accompanies Churchill to Loch Twenty-ninth Division: Kitchener pro­ Ewe, 82; frustrated by Navy's passive poses sending to Salonika (g Feb role, 84 I g I 5), 28 I -2; Kitchener agrees to send direct to the Dardanelles (I 6 Ulm: Napoleon defeats Austrians at Feb Igi5), 288-g; Kitchener un­ (r8os), 38gn willing to send to the Dardanelles Ulster: proposed boundaries of, J, (rg Feb rgrs), 291-3; Kitchener Provincial Government imminent in, 'prepared to send ..• to the east' 5; Churchill seeks to deter rebellion (Ig Feb I9I5), 295; Churchill makes (March rgq), 32; Churchill's action transport arrangements for (20 Feb towards contrasted with his actions at rgi5), 297-8; Churchill wants in Antwerp (Oct Igr4), 128 eastern Mediterranean (24 Feb rgi5), United States of America: Churchill 30I; Kitchener argues it cannot be orders flying boats from, 66; and spared (24 Feb I9I5), 302; decision Irish Home Rule, 77, 79; Italy and about destination of postponed (24 Greece forced to draw their grain Feb I9I5), 304; Churchill appeals supplies from, 350 for (26 Feb I9I5), 307-Io; not to go United States Steel Corporation: to the Dardanelles (26 Feb I9I5), Churchill owns $ro,ooo stock in, 51 In 3IO-II, 3I2; Churchill learns (27 Feb Unionist War Committee: and the Igrs) that Kitchener has suspended conscription crisis (April rgr6), 751-2; INDEX g8g

Unionist War Committee-continued Villiers, Sir Francis Hyde: receives re­ not yet strong enough to challenge port of bombs dropped accidentally, Asquith (May Igi6), 762, 775; leads 8g; reports Dutch pressure on Bel­ challenge against Asquith in Parlia­ gium, g6; request to Grey about ment (8 Nov Igi6), 8I5 British help for Belgian refugees, 97; Urfah (Turkey): 344; MAP, 839 and defence of Antwerp, 100, 103-6 Vimy Ridge: Churchill visits trenches Valparaiso (Chile): news of British naval on (Dec I9I5), 624; MAP, 575 defeat off Coronel reaches, I 58 Vladivostock (Russia): possibility of trans­ Van (Turkey): captured by Russians, fer of Russian troops to Gallipoli from, 499; MAP, 839 205; Hankey suggests sending Churchill Vardar River (Greece): 546 on mission to (Oct I9I5), 56 I, 6I Ill Varna (Bulgaria): Kitchener favours von Sanders, Liman: heads German Russian attack on (Oct I9I5), 553; l\iission to Turkey, I 97n; appointed MAP, 842 to command Turkish Fifth Army at Venerable (British battleship) : to sail to the Dardanelles, 400 Dardanelles (I2 May I9I5), 422, von Spec, Count Maximilian: commands 423 German Far Eastern Squadron, I56-7, (Tengeance (British battleship): to go to I 59-60; defeats British squadron olf Dardanelles, 249n; at Dardanelles, Coronel (I Nov I9I4), I58; himself 300, 33I, 394; MAP (I8 March I9I5), defeated at battle of Falkland Islands 353 (8 Dec I9I4), I82-4, 481; his defeat V enizelos, Eleutherios: declares not 'a risk', 262; Churchill recounts afraid of Turkish attack, 206; his (Dec I9I5) victory over, 620 offer of support for Britain overruled, von Tirpitz, Alfred: Churchill wants to 22I; offers Lemnos to Britain as a meet (May I9I4), r-2 base, 28I; his acceptance of British von Wangenhcim, Hans Freiherr: signs troops at Salonika overruled, 287; secret treaty with Turkey (2 Aug offers Greek help for Dardanelles I914), Igg; dominant at Constan­ attack, 3I5, 322; Churchill asks tinople, I 97 Grey to press for military action from, Vynckier, Jules-Jean: Churchill attends 325-6; his pro-allied policy rejected Mass in chapel of, 655; his house by King Constantine, 329; 'his hands shelled, 663 tied' (June I9I5), 504 Verdun, battle of (Feb-July Igi6): Wake, Hereward: and offensive plans 754, 755, 772, 774, 793, 799 against Germany, 2 I Vesey, Ivo Lucius Beresford: wishes ·walmer Castle (Kent): I67, 23I, 245-6, Churchill good luck in his opposition goo, 329-30, 343, g6I, 478, 665-6, to Asquith (April Igi6), 757-8 707; MAP, 575 Viceroyalty of India: Churchill said to \'\Talshe, Henry Ernest: an unpopular covet, 245; Downing Street discussion Brigadier-General, 6go; leaves Chur­ of appointment to (Igr6), 683 chill to his own discretion, 634; Vickers: and arms for Antwerp, 100; realizes Churchill's difficulties, 637; and building of Turkish dockyard Churchill hopes to impress, 64I; im­ facilities, I go-I pressed 'in spite of himself', 642; at Villarey, Carlo Rey de: 436 London Support Farm, 650; on leave, Villeneuve, Pierre Charles Jean Bap­ 66I-2; relieved of command, 739; tists Silvestre: sent to sea by Napoleon, his rebuke to Churchill for 'undue I45 leniency' in punishment, 740 INDEX

Walton Heath (Surrey): Lloyd George War Council-continued and Churchill 'mutually' alarm each Arthur Wilson from, 452; Sir Arthur other at (Aug Igi6), 797 Wilson reported 'dumb' at, 459; War Council: meets (25 Nov I9I4), Churchill to remain a member of, I76-7, 220, 22I; meets (I Dec I9I4), 468, 4 72; becomes known officially as x8o-2; Churchill wants daily meetings the 'Dardanelles Committee' (q.v.) of, 23 I ; discusses alten1ative war War Diary (Lord Riddell): quoted on zones (5 Jan I9IS), 237; Churchill Oilier Club meeting (6 Aug 1914), 35; explains air defence and North Sea Churchill's explanation (22 April plans at (7 Jan I9IS), 240-2; alternate I9I5) of why the Dardanelles must go war zones discussed at (8 Jan I915), on, 397-8; Churchill's explanation 243-5 and (13 Jan 1915), 251-3; and (29 April I9I5) of importance of British co-operation with France, 257; capture of Constantinople, 4I I; on Fisher wants his protest against Churchill's belief 'I am finished' (20 Dardanelles circulated to, 265; at­ May I9I5), 457; on Lloyd George's tracted by idea that Dardanelles growing discontent with Asquith's operation could if unsuccessful be leadership Uan Igi6), 703-4, 705; broken off, 267; its approval for Dar­ on Churchill's appeal for Fisher's danelles operation needed, 268; Fisher return to the Admiralty (March Igi6), announces he will not attend, 269; 725; on Lloyd George's criticisms of Fisher ordered to attend, 270; dis­ Asquith and Balfour (April Igi6), 755 cusses Press indiscretions, 270-1; de­ Wargrave (Berkshire): 8o8 cides upon Dardanelles operation Warleigh, Percival Henry: ordered to (28 Jan I9IS), 27I-2; favours British Akaba, 2 I 6; bombards Akaba, 2 I 7 military aid to Serbia, 273-4; Dar­ War Memoirs (D. Lloyd George): quoted, danelles operations outlined to (28 on the coming of war, 23; on Fisher's Jan I9IS), 275; Balkan telegrams resignation (IS May I9I5), 438-g; circulated to (6-7 Feb Igxs), 280; on Bonar Law's insistence upon a meets (9 Feb I9IS), 28I-2; meets Coalition (I7 May I9IS), 445-6; on (Ig Feb I9IS), 29I-6; meets (24 Feb Bonar Law's hostility to Churchill I9IS), 30I-4; meets (26 Feb I9IS), (Dec Igi6), 822 307-10; Churchill's unsent protest to, \Var Office: Admiralty conference with 311; Churchill helps add to self­ (27 July I9I4), 8; Churchill submits deception of, 3 I I ; Churchill describes plans to, 20; co-operates with Ad­ Kitchener's authority at, 3I2-I3; miralty, 2I; relations with Admiralty, meets (3 March I9IS), 32I-4; meets 36; transfers aerial responsibility to (Io March I9IS), 33I-5; Churchill Admiralty (3 Sept I9I4), 65; responds rejects Fisher's proposal for a meeting to Joffre's request for British troops to of, 346; meets (19 March I9I5), go to Dunkirk, 73; and use of naval 354-6; not summoned to discuss guns in France, go; declares country advisability of a military landing on the unable to resist German invasion, Gallipoli Peninsula, 38 I ; informal I 39; Lloyd George in despair over meeting of three members of (6 April 'stupidity' of, 143; difficulty of co­ I9IS), 386; meets (I4 May I9I5), operation with Admiralty, 226; and 43 I ; discusses possible evacuation of the loading of ships for the Dardanelles, Gallipoli Peninsula, 432-3; Fisher 297-8; does not have enough informa­ asked by Lloyd George to withhold tion to plan a Gallipoli landing, 355; his resignation until next meeting of, Asquiili suggested as Kitchener's re­ 439; Fisher insists on dismissal of Sir placement at (Nov I9IS), s6o; INDEX g8s

War Office-continued Wemyss, Rosslyn Erskine-continued Churchill sees Bonar Law or Lloyd all transport operations at Lemnos, George as Kitchener's successor at 348; de Robeck reports on his (Dec 1915), 622; Churchill's Parlia­ 'disastrous day' (18 March I915), mentary criticisms of (23 May 1916), 3S7; opposed to further delay at 771-4; Churchill critical of Asquith Dardanelles (10 April I9I5), 392; taking charge of (6 June-7 July reported 'working very hard' (I I 1916), 793; Churchill addresses his April I9IS), 393; advocates renewed criticisms of, to Lloyd George (24 naval attack at Dardanelles (Nov July 1916), 794-8 I9IS), 6oi-2 War Policy Committee (of the Cabinet): Weser, River: Churchill wishes to block 527-9 German bases at mouth of, 180 Warrender, Sir George John Scott: Westminster, 2nd Duke of (Hugh Clementine Churchill's advice on, IS Arthur Grosvenor) : accompanies Warspite (British battleship): nearly Churchill to France (16 Sept 19I4), ready to go to Dardanelles, 360 8o; his brother killed in action, 228; 'Vaterloo, battle of (IBIS): Churchill and the origin of the tank, s36 believes 'glories of' revived in I9I4, Westminster Gazette: sss, s6g 141 The Wharf, Sutton Courtenay (Berk­ VVaterlow, H. C.: protests to Churchill shire): Churchill's discussion with against misuse of military manpower Asquith at (I6 May I9I5), 444-s; the (June I916), 776 Churchills frequent visitors to, 478 ',Yatson, Sir William: 146n Whittall, Edwin: negotiating with the Watt, Harry Anderson: asks question in Turks, 3S9 Parliament about provisions for Royal Wilhelm (German Kaiser): sn, 7; offers Naval Division, I 70 Goeben and Breslau to Turkey, 40; his Wattenberg (Germany): 777 sister married to King Constantine of Weber, Erich: orders closure of Dar­ Greece, 22I; urges German admiral danelles (27 Sept 1914), 2I3 to hold out at Dardanelles for as long Wedgwood, Josiah Clement: commands as possible, 3S7; his birthday in Igi6, armoured car squadron in France, 68, 653 I68; his armoured car squadron to go Wilhelmshaven (Germany): German to Dardanelles, 3 I 6; reaches Lemnos, fleet secure at, I40; Churchill wants 396-7; sends Churchill an account of attack on, 246; Churchill refers to the Gallipoli landings, 408--9; wounded enormous German expenditure on in the renewed offensive at Helles naval facilities at, 283; MAP, 842 (g May I9IS), 4IS; writes of his Wilson, Sir Arthur Knyvet: Haldane 'indignation' at Churchill's removal advises Churchill to bring back to from Admiralty, 483; seeks to defend Admiralty, 144; returns to Admiralty Churchill's Admiralty administration, (Oct I9I4), I47, 149, IS3, I54; Prince S3I Louis suggests as possible First Sea Wellington, Ist Duke of (Arthur Wel­ Lord, I so; receives copies of inter­ lesley): his Peninsula campaign (I8o8- cepted German naval telegrams, I 79; 14) compared with the Gallipoli member of Admiralty War Group, campaign, 3I8 I8s--6, 2so; criticized by Richmond Wemyss, Rosslyn Erskine: commands for supporting Churchill's North Sea 12th cruiser squadron, 37, 8s; his plans, I36-7; at War Council (7 Jan appointment to govern Lenmos chal­ I9IS), 242; and Dogger Bank action, lenged by Grey, 298-g; in charge of 26I; and the naval setback at the g86 INDEX

Wilson, Sir Arthur Knyvet-continued Winston Churchill As I Knew Him (Violet Dardanelles (I8 March I9I5), 354; Bonham Carter): quoted on relations supports Fisher's refusal to order between Churchill and Fisher, 262-3; de Robeck to make a second naval Churchill's excitement on learning of attack without military assistance, offer of Greek military support at the 365-7; and Fisher's opposition to Dardanelles (I March 19I5), 315-I6; the Dardanelles, 394; Churchill on Churchill's departure for the suggests to Fisher as his temporary trenches (Nov 19I5), 57 I; on Church­ replacement (I6 May I9I5), 443; ill's advocacy of Fisher's return to willing to succeed Fisher as First the Admiralty (March I9I6), 709, Sea Lord, 444; and the prospect 713, 718, 73I-2, 733; on Churchill's of a decisive naval battle in the thoughts about the Dardanelles Com­ North Sea (I7-I8 May I9I5), 449-50; mission (Aug I9I6), 798 Fisher proposes departure of from Winston Churchill in War and Peace (A. Admiralty and War Council, 452; MacCallum Scott): 805 refuses to serve as First Sea Lord Winston Spencer Churchill (A. MacCallum except under Churchill, 457-8; his Scott): 8osn abilities derided, 458, 459; Churchill With Winston Churchill At the Front believes he can discharge his Ad­ (Andrew Dewar Gibb): quoted, on miralty duties effectively with the help Churchill's command of the 6th Royal of, 462, 463; Churchill fails to per­ Scots Fusiliers, 630, 63I-2, 638, 639, suade to serve as First Sea Lord under 642, 6ssn, 674, 76o Balfour, 465-6 Wolseley cars: armoured for use in Wilson, Henry Hughes: on coming of France, I63n war, 23-4; demonstration to Com­ Wolverine (British torpedo-boat des­ mittee of Imperial Defence (I9II), troyer): offSmyrna, 2I7, 2I9 28; comments on rumours of naval Woolwich Arsenal: siege mortars being offensives in the Baltic and against made at, 72; Balfour surprised Holland, 400; finds Churchill 'ill that Germans have not bombed, and unhealthy' (7 May I9I5), 4I4; I82 against despatch of further troops to World Crisis, The (Winston S. Churchill): Gallipoli, 430; reflects on the lesson quoted-on Kiel Regatta (June I9I4), of 'Squiffs lie about ammunition', 2; on the Irish crisis (July I9I4), 304; 43 I ; at St Orner with Churchill on a conversation with Albert Ballin (Nov-Dec I9I5), 589-9I, 592, 6o6; (24July I9I4), 5; on transfer of Fleet hopes Milner, Carson and Lloyd to North Sea, 9; on Fisher's delight George have Asquith 'by the throat' at Fleet reaching North Sea, I3; on (April Igi6), 755 Grey's attitude (3 Aug 1914), 27; Wilson, Woodrow: intervenes to release on Kitchener and fall of Namur, 54; Fisher's daughter from internment, on search for reassurance from Lloyd I46n; interrupts honeymoon on learn­ George, 55; on Churchill's visit to ing of death of U.S. citizens, 688n Sir John French's headquarters (I6 Wimborne, 2nd Baron (Ivor Churchill Sept I914), 80-1; on Fisher's capacity Guest): lends Churchill his house, to return as First Lord, I47; on Call­ 493; sees no immediate political well's report (3 Sept 19I4) on possi­ future for Churchill (Feb I9I6), 706, bility of seizing Gallipoli Peninsula, 707; at a bridge evening with Asquith, 203; on a conversation with Kitchener 708; Churchill tries to find Admiralty (2 Jan I9I5), 232; on Dogger Bank job for (Aug I9I4), 775n action (23-24 Jan I9I5), 26I; on INDEX

World Crisis, The-continued Yashiro, Rokuro: Churchill's welcoming Asquith's decision to drop Zeebrugge telegram to, 43; Churchill and Fisher and continue with Dardanelles (28 seek aid from, I 5 7-8 Jan 1915), 270; on Churchill's de­ York: miners from, in Royal Naval cision not to resign when his desire for Division, 500 a renewed naval attack at Dardanelles Young Turks: Churchill attracted by, overruled (23 March 1915), 367; on 188; 'fools' to support Germany, 189; 'the hideous spectacle' of wounded Churchill appears to abandon his men during a battle (9 May 1915), sympathy for, 356; Curzon prepared 416-17; on Kitchener's anger at to allow retention of Constantinople learning that the Queen Elizabeth is to by, in return for peace (Oct 1915), 550 be withdrawn from Dardanelles (12 YMCA: provide cheap meals for muni­ May 1915), 423; on effect of Fisher's tions workers, 533 protest to War Council (14 May 1915) Ypres (Belgium): Marine Brigade units that he was against Dardanelles 'from at, 73; front line established east of, the beginning', 431; on moment of 129, 136-7, 213; slaughter in salient learning of Fisher's resignation (15 of, 139; further heavy casualties at, May 1915), 437; on visit to Asquith at r6o; front stabilized at (Nov 1914), The Wharf, Sutton Courtenay (I 6 224; Lloyd George fears destruction of May 1915), 444-5; on appeal to morale by continuation of fighting at, Balfour to intercede with the Con­ 229; Churchill refers to 'the profitless servatives (17 May 1915), 445; on slaughter pit of' (Aug 1915), 516; Asquith's refusal to let Churchill Churchill compares artillery danger on explain Fisher's resignation to the Gallipoli with (Oct 1915), 546; losses House of Commons (17 May 1915), of the 2nd Battalion Grenadier Guards 447; on Churchill suggesting Balfour at (Oct 1914), 576; 6th Battalion as his possible successor as First Lord, Royal Scots Fusiliers at (Nov 1915), 448; on the events of 17 May 1915, 631, 633; Churchill hears cannonade 449; 'my hour had passed', 451; on at (14 Feb 1916), 668; MAPs, 75, 575 Kitchener's farewell visit to him at Yser, River (Belgium): battle on, 129, Admiralty (25 May 1915), 469; 137; front line at, 287 Churchill's criticisms of General Mon­ ro at Gallipoli, 563n; on Churchill's Zeebrugge (Belgium): German threat criticisms of Jellicoe's conduct at to, 103; fears of development of Jutland, 777n; on a discussion between German submarine base at, 162, r8o; Lloyd George and Churchill on the Churchill advocates capture of (Jan German threat to Rumania (Aug 1915), 241-2, 245, 246, 251, 265; 1916), 797; on the emergence of Fisher opposes diversion of ships to, Lloyd George as Prime Minister (Dec 263-4; Fisher describes attack on as 1916), 820 'unjustifiable' as a purely naval Wi.irzburg (Germany): Churchill operation, 268, 269; decision to meets Enver Pasha at, r88 abandon plans for any attack on, 270, 271, 275, 48o; to be bombarded in the Xeros, Gulf of (Turkey): 327, 369, 389, event of a German invasion of Holland 392, 514; MAP, 840 (end-March 1915), 374; MAPs, 99, 842 Zeppelin: Admiralty plans against attack Yarmouth (British light cruiser): tracking from, 8; H. A. Gwynne's plan to down Emden in Bay of Bengal (Sept destroy, 33; Dunkirk base established 1914), 139 to counteract, 65; aerial defences of g88 INDEX

Zeppelin-continued Zeppelin--continued London against, 66; fear of, against 240; Churchill alleged to be respon­ Grand Fleet, 82; sheds at Dusseldorf sible for neglect of defences against, and Cologne raided (22 Sept I9I4), 706; Churchill decides to defend his 88--g, 9 I ; second raid against sheds former policies towards, 708; Fisher (9 Oct I9I4), I22-3; reported effect advises Churchill on speech references of raid, I46; Sir J. French wishes to to (March I9I6), 7I I; Churchill decide timing of attacks on, I 62 ; advocates a more active policy in raid on sheds at Friedrichshafen, I 72- dealing with, 720-I, 735; Churchill 6; drops bomb on Dover, 238-9; defends his policy towards, 764-7 Churchill describes plans to combat, Zuyder Zee (Holland): 374