Of Water in Raiwada Source Network in Visakhapatnam Water Supply System - a Case Study
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id8196390 pdfMachine by Broadgun Software - a great PDF writer! - a great PDF creator! - http://www.pdfmachine.com http://www.broadgun.com EEnnvviirroonnImSmSN : e0e97nn4 - 7tt45aa1 ll SScciVioleeumnne 6 Iccssueee 6 An Indian Journal Trade Science Inc. Current Research Paper ESAIJ, 6(6), 2011 [329-341] Determination of real loss (the permanent loss) of water in Raiwada source network in Visakhapatnam water supply system - A case study Vazeer Mahamood1, V.Chandraiah*2 1Department of Civil Engineering, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam (INDIA) 2Andhra Pradesh Urban Finance & Infrastructure Development Corporation (APUFIDC), Hyderabad, (INDIA) Received: 26th August, 2010 ; Accepted: 26th September, 2010 ABSTRACT KEYWORDS Significant progress has been made in water sector in developing tech- Leak detection; nologies and best practices for conserving, purifying, recycling, and de- Unaccounted flow of water; salination water etc., that effectively increase drinking availability. In the Real losses; developed world, basic efficiency measures are now widely practiced to Apparent losses; reduce un accounted flow of water in urban sector in the industrial and Non revenue of water; commercial sectors and include the use of low-volume plumbing fixtures, Metering; reduction of irrigation schedule, and efficiency improvement for water- GIS. cooling technologies and equipment. Industrial dischargers generally employ best available pollution control technologies. Basic drinking wa- ter and sewage treatment are, in place, throughout the developed world and developing nations. More efficient and effective technologies are gradually emerging. Water losses categorized into two groups, one is real losses and the other is apparent losses. Real losses are to usually from the leakages in the transmission and distribution sides, leakages and over flow in reservoirs, sumps and storage tanks and also the leakage of water on service connections up to a point of consumer metering. Apparent losses are due to in- accumulate metering, un authorized connections, unbilled connections etc., All these leaks lead to Non revenue of water(NRW). In the case of GVMC(Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Cor- poration) the NRW is as much as 25 to 35% as reported. Study conducted ‘ ’ on one of the trunk main namely Raiwada Source which caters 28% of water demand of GVMC. Real losses are calculated on the system and at least 26% losses are found in the distribution system and 8% losses are found in supply side from trunk main to service reservoirs. If real losses restricted to the norms of CPHEEO, saving in water utility would be 9 MGD which is sufficient for the time being to supply water at 150 lpcd to the residents of Visakhapatnam. 2011 Trade Science Inc. - INDIA 330 Real loss (the permanent loss) of water in .Raiwada source network in Visakhapatnam ESAIJ, 6(6), 2011 Current Research Paper INTRODUCTION WATER DEMAND AND DEFICIT ’ Though the water supply system is successfully laid, GVMC s Current estimated demand @ 150 lpcd technically, the real problem is that the system is mis- stands at 60 MGD for the present population of 1.8 managed and misused through un-metered and unac- million. Bulk demand for industrial use is 16 MGD and counted water supply. Moreover, low tariff rates, the thus the total requirement of water is 76 MGD. The policy of subsidy and low recovery rate as well as me- supply provided to domestic sector is 40 MGD with tering errors and billing mistakes burden the system. intermittent supply period of one hour a day in different People are yet to come out of the mindset that water is parts of the city. The deficit in domestic supply is 20 naturally available and hence, a free commodity. But, MGD. The requirement of water for industrial use is 20 one has to pay for the transport of this commodity after MGD and there is a deficit of 4 MGD; thus amounting refinement. Attending to contamination problems in the to a total a deficit of 24 MGD. The installed capacity of mains below the concrete roads is also difficult. It has Water treatment plants are 73 MGD. also become very difficult to take action even after de- Sources of water tecting cases of pilferage or theft work and attend to The main surface sources of water for the city of the problem. GVMC officials hope that the citizens Visakhapatnam are; become aware of these hardships in bringing water from Mudasaralova Reservoir 100km and distributing in complex environment so that Raiwada Reservoir they can lend a hand and fulfill their duty of paying for Gosthani River the services and conserve scarce water resources. Thatipudi Reservoir The Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corpora- Mehadri Gedda Reservoir tion (GVMC) is responsible for supply of potable wa- Gambheeram Gedda Reservoir ter including planning, design, construction Implemen- Yeleru Left Bank Canal tation, maintenance, operation& Management of water Godavari River supply and sewerage system. The water supply pipe- The City was initially receiving 0.4 mgd of water th lines have been laid in the city from early 20 century from the Mudasarlova reservoir(1902) with subsequent onwards. Though the city took up replacement of pipe- additions of 3.60 mgd from Gosthani, 9.00 mgd from lines from time to time, due to financial constraints, it Thatipudi, 9.00 mgd from Mehadrigedda reservoir and has not been possible to fully replace all the old pipe- 16.00 mgd from Raiwada and Yeleru systems totaling lines. GVMC proposes to implement UFW reduction 56.00 mgd of water. The other sources of supply are measures in all parts of the city as an immediate mea- the reservoirs built on minor streams like Gambheeram sure by conducting leak detection studies, metering, and others All these sources are rain fed reservoirs. rehabilitation of old pipelines etc., The Godavari filtration plant with 33 MGD capacity of The existing facilities have been critically assessed. was commissioned during the year 2006 with Some have been found to be designed and/ or con- Yeleswaram (YLMC) reservoir source. structed that they have to be replaced and following deficiencies have been arrived at based on the UNACCOUNTED FLOW OF WATER (UFW) SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunity, Threads) analysis. What is Unaccounted for Water? Insufficient distribution network 1. Unaccounted for water is the difference between Insufficient infrastructure the amount of water a utility purchases or produces Lack of water audits and the amount of water it can account for in sales Lack of energy Audits and other known uses for a given period. Lack of reuse facilities 2. Most unaccounted for water can be found in FIVE Storm water drains and utilization major areas. Environmental Science An Indian Journal ESAIJ, 6(6), 2011 Vazeer Mahamood and V.Chandraiah 331 Current Research Paper – Five Areas of Water Loss TABLE 1 : Unaccounted Flow Types Of Revenue Losses 1. Inaccurate or Incomplete record keeping. Losses Components Causes 2. Meter error; 3. Unmetered uses such as firefighting, line flushing, Water delivered to etc. special customers that Unbilled metered are not billed although 4. Leaks. consumption they are metered. 5. Water Theft and unauthorized use. Water used for operational purposes. Unbilled UNDERSTANDING WATER LOSS Water delivered to authorized special customers that consumption Historically, in most part of the world, water was are neither bill nor metered Unbilled metered seen as an infinite resource, and it was believed that Different between consumption given sufficient capital investment, additional water actual and estimated sources could always be developed, when needed. consumption. Therefore, lost water was largely ignored by water utili- Water used for operational purposes ties or simply accepted as a part of the operation of a water supply system. Illegal connections where there is no access With the increased rate of population growth that Illegal connections to Unauthorized has occurred recently around the world; the migration properties that have Consumption of rural populations to urban centers; the need to ac- legal connections cess more distant and/or more costly sources of sup- Illegal connections of Non Physical vendors selling water ply; and the increased cost to produce each unit of po- ('apparent') table water, it is now unrealistic to allow water loss to losses Under-registration of customer meters be ignored or simply accepted. Poor quality, inaccurate Currently, around the world, different governmen- meters Metering Inadequate meter tal organizations, professional institutions, consultants, inaccuracies and system operators are terminologies, define their use, maintenance or replacement policy and apply calculations in different ways in what they stopped Meters feel is toward the same end objective, to reduce water Data handling errors loss. This approach not only hinders any attempt to built Leakages on Burst pipes (sudden a coherent and accountable historical database for a transmission and rupture of pipe) given water utility, but also makes it impractical to ap- /or distribution Leaking joints and ply benchmarking techniques across an industry. As a mains fittings result, it becomes very difficult to demonstrate respon- Physical (real) Leakage Seepage from old sible management and use of an important natural re- losses overflows at masonry or concrete utility storage walls Float-valves not source, the water. Standardization of terminology and, Tank working. consequently, the calculations that follow, are impor- Burst pipes (Sudden Leakages on tant