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David oder Salomon? Studien zur Rezeptionsgeschichte Kaiser Ludwigs des Frommen in der Historiographie des 9. bis 13. Jahrhunderts Von der Philosophischen Fakultät der Rheinisch-Westfälischen Technischen Hochschule Aachen zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Philosophie genehmigte Dissertation vorgelegt von Heike Nelsen-Minkenberg aus Brühl / Rheinland Berichter: Universitätsprofessor Dr. phil. Maximilian Kerner Universitätsprofessor Dr. phil. Dietrich Lohrmann Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 26. Mai 2004 Diese Dissertation ist auf den Internetseiten der Hochschulbibliothek online verfügbar. Vorwort In Aachen liegt es nahe, für eine mediävistische Dissertation ein „Karolingerthema“ auszuwählen. Doch da die Pfade Karls des Großen schon allzu ausgetreten sind, habe ich mich für die Beschäftigung mit „des großem Vaters kleinem Sohn“ entschieden und lege eine Rezeptionsgeschichte Kaiser Ludwigs des Frommen vor. In diesem langjährigen Projekt, das ohne die immerwährende Unterstützung und Motivation meiner Eltern Josi und Hans Nelsen nicht möglich gewesen wäre, hat mich mein Mann Georg Minkenberg sachkundig und liebevoll begleitet. Zu Dank verpflichtet bin ich zahlreichen Mitstreitern und Mitstreiterinnen, die zum großen Teil selbst parallel an Dissertationen arbeiten. Dies sind Annette Fusenig, Cornelia Kompe, Lydia Konnegen, Barbara von Langen-Monheim, Gabriele Meyer, Silvin Müller, Verena Spieß von Büllesheim, Stephanie Vanderheijden und Petra Wingen, die mir jederzeit mit Rat und Tat zur Seite standen. Ganz herzlich möchte ich auch meinen Lektorinnen danken: Gudrun Lamotke und Hannelore Zowislo-Wolf für die lateinischen Passagen, Ruth Müllejans für das Französische, und Manuela Lätzsch sowie Gertrud Altenweg für den ganzen „Rest“. Last not least danke ich meinen Doktorvätern, Herrn Prof. Dr. Max Kerner und Herrn Prof. Dr. Dietrich Lohrmann für die zahllosen Arbeitsanregungen und Herrn Prof. Dr. Karl Leo Noethlichs für seine motivierende Unterstützung. Aachen, im Februar 2005 Heike Nelsen-Minkenberg Inhalt I. Einleitung ........................................................................................................................... 4 II. Das Bild Ludwigs des Frommen bei seinen Zeitgenossen............................................... 21 II.1 „Objektive“ Geschichtsquellen? – Die karolingische Annalistik ......................... 21 II.1.1 Die Annales regni Francorum ............................................................................... 26 II.1.2 Die Annales Bertiniani .......................................................................................... 30 II.1.3 Die Annales Fuldenses .......................................................................................... 37 II.1.4 Die Annales Laureshamenses und das Chronicon Moissiacense.......................... 44 II.1.5 Die Annales Mettenses priores.............................................................................. 48 II.2 Die Biographen Ludwigs des Frommen................................................................ 51 II.2.1 Die ostfränkische Sicht: Thegan ........................................................................... 54 II.2.2 Die westfränkische Perspektive: Astronomus....................................................... 87 II.2.3 Ein Urteil aus der Partei Karls des Kahlen: Nithard ........................................... 122 II.2.4 Hoffnung auf kaiserliche Milde: Ermoldus Nigellus .......................................... 129 II.3 Zeitnähe versus Darstellungsabsicht – das Bild Ludwigs des Frommen bei seinen Zeitgenossen ...................................................................... 142 III. Die späte Karolingerzeit – Blick zurück auf ein goldenes Zeitalter? ............................ 144 III.1 Lob für den Reformer: Ado von Vienne ............................................................. 144 III.2 Scharfe Kritik: Regino von Prüm........................................................................ 150 III.3 Idealherrscher mit Mängeln: Notker Balbulus.................................................... 155 III.4 Reduktion auf den Sohn Karls des Großen: Der Poeta Saxo .............................. 164 III.5 Neues aus Reims? – Flodoard ............................................................................. 168 III.6 Ludwigbilder einer Notzeit – erste Ost-West-Verschiebungen .......................... 179 IV. Ludwig der Fromme im römisch-deutschen Investiturstreit.......................................... 181 IV.1 Die ottonische Lücke – Rückzug in die Regionalgeschichte .............................. 181 IV.1.1 Ottonische „Haushistoriographie“: Widukind von Corvey und Thietmar von Merseburg..................................................................................... 182 IV.1.2 Ludwig der Fromme als Gründerfigur ................................................................ 184 IV.2 Schwäbische Autoren des 11. Jahrhunderts ........................................................ 188 IV.2.1 Hermann von Reichenau ..................................................................................... 188 IV.2.2 Bernold von Konstanz......................................................................................... 196 IV.2.3 Berthold von Reichenau...................................................................................... 201 IV.3 Chronisten der Erzdiözese Mainz ....................................................................... 204 IV.3.1 Marianus Scotus .................................................................................................. 204 IV.3.2 Lampert von Hersfeld.......................................................................................... 211 IV.4 Lothringische Weltchronistik.............................................................................. 216 IV.4.1 Sigebert von Gembloux....................................................................................... 216 IV.4.2 Hugo von Flavigny.............................................................................................. 223 IV.5 Ostfränkische Weltchronistik.............................................................................. 229 IV.5.1 Frutolf von Michelsberg...................................................................................... 229 IV.5.2 Die Überarbeitung der Frutolf-Chronik durch Ekkehard von Aura..................................................................................................................... 236 IV.6 Sächsische Geschichtsschreibung....................................................................... 238 IV.6.1 Brunos Buch vom Sachsenkrieg.......................................................................... 238 IV.6.2 Der Annalista Saxo.............................................................................................. 240 IV.7 Hemmungslose Funktionalisierung – Das Ludwigbild im Zeitalter des Investiturstreits ............................................................................... 245 1 V. Die Historiographie in Stauferzeit und Interregnum – von Otto von Freising zur Domäne der Bettelorden? .......................................................................... 247 V.1 Retouchen am Text Frutolfs: Otto von Freising und Burchard von Ursberg ......................................................................................................... 247 V.2 Weitere Retouchen: Burchard von Ursberg ........................................................ 254 V.3 Kaiserliche Panegyrik: Gottfried von Viterbo .................................................... 257 V.4 Das erste Ludwigbild in deutscher Sprache: die Kaiserchronik ......................... 267 V.5 Die Historiographie des 13. Jahrhunderts im römisch – deutschen Reich................................................................................................... 269 V.6 Martin von Troppau in der Chronistik des 13. Jahrhunderts............................... 271 V.7 Fortschreitende Schematisierung – das Ludwigbild in Stauferzeit und Interregnum................................................................................ 278 VI. Frankreich: Historiographische Zentren der Jahrtausendwende.................................... 279 VI.1 Die Schrecken der Jahrtausendwende? – Ademar von Chabannes und Radulf Glaber............................................................................. 279 VI.1.1 Ademar von Chabannes....................................................................................... 282 VI.1.2 Radulf Glaber ...................................................................................................... 306 VI.2 Die Entwicklung in Reims .................................................................................. 311 VI.3 Die Schule von Fleury......................................................................................... 312 VI.3.1 Abbo und Aimoin von Fleury ............................................................................. 312 VI.3.2 Hugo von Fleury.................................................................................................. 314 VI.4 Die historiographische Schule von Sens ............................................................. 319 VI.4.1 Die Historia Francorum Senonensis................................................................... 319 VI.4.2 Die Chronik des Odorannus ................................................................................ 320 VI.4.3 Die sog. Chronik von St. Pierre-le-Vif...............................................................
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