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God's Agency and the Recent Past in Carolingian History Writing, C.750-900

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God's Agency and the Recent Past in Carolingian History Writing, C.750-900 God’s agency and the recent past in Carolingian history writing, c.750-900 Robert Arnold Hughes Evans Sidney Sussex College This dissertation is submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Thesis Summary: God’s agency and the recent past in Carolingian history writing, c.750-900 The historians writing in the Carolingian Empire, with a few important exceptions, frequently ascribed events in recent history to God. Where they have been noticed at all, these statements of God’s agency have usually been explained as political propaganda, to demonstrate God’s favour towards the reigning dynasty. Alternatively, they have been explained by the legacy of late antique Christian historians, from which this language supposedly derived. This thesis aims to demonstrate that this language was a distinctive and innovative feature of the emerging tradition of Carolingian history writing and is best explained in religious terms. It argues that Carolingian historians reflected the emphasis on God’s agency found throughout contemporary culture and that they deliberately reshaped the Christian language bequeathed by their Roman, Anglo-Saxon, and Frankish predecessors. It offers a text-by-text analysis of how God’s agency functioned within each major Carolingian history, to further show the versatility of this language over the period. Taken together, these texts suggest that Carolingian historians wanted to teach their audiences about God’s agency and its implications for their own beliefs, identities, and behaviour. As a result, these histories and their depictions of God’s agency can be seen as a distinctive contribution to Carolingian religious renewal. This thesis thus aims to contribute to our understanding of the relationship between religion, history, and culture in early medieval Europe. The Revd Robert Arnold Hughes Evans i This dissertation is the result of my own work and includes nothing which is the outcome of work done in collaboration except where specifically indicated in the text. It is not substantially the same as any that I have submitted, or, is being concurrently submitted for a degree or diploma or other qualification at the University of Cambridge or any other University or similar institution. I further state that no substantial part of my dissertation has already been submitted, or, is being concurrently submitted for any such degree, diploma or other qualification at the University of Cambridge or any other University or similar institution except where specified in the text This dissertation does not exceed the prescribed word limit of 80,000 words for the Degree Committee of the Faculty of History. The Revd Robert Arnold Hughes Evans Wednesday 13th June, 2018 ii Contents Summary page i Declaration ii Contents iii-vii Acknowledgements viii-ix List of abbreviations x-xiii Note on terminology xiii Introduction God, religion, and history writing in early medieval 1-28 Europe ‘With the Lord willing it…’ 1-4 Terminology and scope 2-4 History writing and the Carolingian Renaissance 4-11 The ‘Carolingian Renaissance’ and Christian religion 4-5 Historians in the Carolingian Empire 5-7 Audiences for history writing in the Carolingian Empire 8-11 Religion and history writing in early medieval Europe 11-19 Bad historians and debased Christians? 11-13 The ideological turn and early medieval history writing 13-5 Modern approaches: politics and piety 15-19 Alternative approaches to God’s agency and early medieval history writing 19-27 Salvation-history, providentialism, and emplotment 19-22 New Israels and chosen peoples 22-3 Prophetic counsel and secular history? 24-5 Sin and judgement 25-7 Thesis Plan 28 Part 1. Contextualising Carolingian historians’ language of 29-98 God’s agency Chapter 1 ‘Grace present in all things’: 30-54 God’s agency in Carolingian thought and culture Introduction 30-1 God’s agency and Carolingian political culture 31-8 Coins and charters: stating God’s power 31-3 Carolingian legislation (1): celebrating God’s favour 33-5 Carolingian legislation (2): fearing God’s judgement? 36-8 God’s agency and Carolingian religious culture 38-46 Liturgy and prayer: expecting God’s agency 38-40 Moral handbooks: applying God’s agency 41-4 Dhuoda, Liber Manualis 41-2 Sedulius Scotus, De Rectoribus 42-4 Poetry and letters: remembering God’s agency 44-6 Conclusion 46 The Doctrinal foundations of God’s agency 46-53 iii God’s agency: eternal, boundless, and all-powerful 46-8 God’s agency and doctrinal controversy 48-50 The problem of evil 50-3 Conclusion 53-4 Chapter 2 ‘Instructing the minds of readers in heavenly 55-98 matters’: God’s agency in the Carolingian historical inheritance Introduction 55-6 History and the Divine in the Ancient World 56-9 Old Testament history writing 56-7 Roman history writing 57-8 Flavius Josephus, De Bello Judaico 58-9 Christian history in late antiquity 60-73 Introduction 60-4 God’s agency in late antique historical narrative 64-9 The Chronicle tradition 69-71 Augustine, De Civitate Dei 71-2 Conclusion 73 Christian history in Frankish Gaul 73-83 Introduction 73 Sulpicius Severus, Vita Martini 73-4 Gregory of Tours, Decem Libri Historiarum 74-9 The Chronicon Fredegarii 80-1 The Liber Historiae Francorum 82-3 Conclusion 83 Christian history in the eighth-century west 84-97 Introduction 84 Bede, Historia eccelesiastica Gentis Anglorum 85-90 The Liber Pontificalis 91-5 Paul the Deacon, Historia Langobardorum 95-7 Conclusion 98 Part 2. God’s agency in Carolingian histories, c.750-900 99-201 Chapter 3 ‘With the Lord helping’: 100-45 God’s agency and the emergence of Carolingian history writing Introduction 100-1 Writing God into Frankish history 101-11 The Continuationes Chroniconii Fredegarii 101-4 The Annales Regni Francorum to 788 104-8 Conclusion 108-11 Responding to God’s agency (1): experimentation 111 Expanding the ARF 112-6 The miracle at Fritzlar 112-3 The miracle at Syburg 113-4 The Annales Regni Francorum 789-791 114-6 iv The Annales Laureshamenses 116-9 The ‘minor’ annals 120-4 The Chronicon Laurissense Breve 121 The Annales Tiliani 121-2 The Annales Petaviani 122-3 The Annales Mosellani 123-4 The Chronicon Moissiacense 124-6 The Annales Mettenses Priores 126-31 Conclusion 131 Responding to God’s agency (2): secularity 132-45 Introduction 132 Continuing and revising the Annales Regni Francorum 132-6 The later Annales Regni Francorum 132-4 The ‘Reviser’ 134-5 The Annales Fuldenses to 829 135-6 Einhard’s Vita Karoli 137-41 Early ninth-century ‘secularity’ 141-5 Chapter 4 ‘He who can do all things’: 146-201 God and history writing in the ninth-century Introduction 146-7 From Confidence to Crisis, c.826-845 147-64 Ermold the Black, In Honorem Hludowici 148-50 Thegan of Trier, Gesta Hludowici 151-3 The Astronomer, Vita Hludowici imperatoris 153-7 Pascasius Radbertus, Epitaphium Arsenii 157-8 Nithard, Historiarum Libri IV 159-63 Conclusion 163-4 Continuity and Change, c.845-870 164-76 Prudentius’ annals 165-7 Hincmar’s annals 167-71 The Annales Fuldenses to 869 171-2 The Annales Xantenses 172-4 Hagiography and the Viking raids 174-6 Conclusion 176 Renewal and innovation?, c.870-908 176-201 The Annales Vedastini 177-80 Abbo of Saint-Germain-des-Prés, Bella Parisiacae Urbis 180 The Ludwigslied 181 The Annales Fuldenses from 869 182-7 The Mainz continuation 185-6 The Bavarian continuation 186-7 Notker of St-Gall, Gesta Karoli Magnis 187-92 The Poeta Saxo, Gesta Annalium 192-5 Regino of Prüm, Chronicon 195-201 Conclusion 201 Conclusion 201 Part 3. The meaning of God’s agency for readers and writers 202-79 v of Carolingian history Chapter 5 ‘So far as Christ wills it’: 203-37 Communicating God’s agency Introduction 203 Understanding God’s will 204-22 ‘By God’s nod…’ 204-5 God’s agency as ‘providential’? 206-7 Explaining God’s agency? 207-8 Relating divine and created agencies (1): partnership 208-13 Relating divine and created agencies (2): dependence 214-7 Relating divine and created agencies (3): conflict 217-21 Conclusion 221-2 Proclaiming God’s help 222 ‘With God’s help…’ 222-3 Help, will, and judgement 223-5 God’s help: vocabulary and grammar 225-7 God’s help in Carolingian culture 227-8 Celebrating God’s help (1): historians 228-9 Celebrating God’s help (2): characters 229-31 Seeking God’s help (1): trust and dependence 231-3 Seeking God’s help (2): propitiation and justice? 233-5 Explaining God’s agency: mercy and salvation 235-6 Conclusion 236-7 Chapter 6 ‘Those trusting in Him’: 238-78 Applying God’s agency Introduction 238-9 God’s agency and the Bible 240-52 Introduction 240-1 God, Israel, and the Franks: the exceptions 242-3 Historical use of the Bible 243-8 Theological use of the Bible 248-9 Moral and legal use of the Bible 249-50 Literary use of the Bible 250-2 Conclusion 252 God’s agency and communal identity 252-68 Christian identity in Carolingian history writing 253 Secular Christian identity 253-7 Relational Christian identity 257-8 Christian and ethnic identities 258-9 God’s agency and identity 259-67 God’s agency and ethnic identity 260-2 God’s agency and Christian identity: a late 262-4 development? God’s agency as a boundary of identity 264-7 Conclusion 267-8 God’s agency and human morality 268-78 vi Introduction: history, morality, and piety 268-9 God’s agency and human merit 269-70 God’s agency and Christian piety 271-2 God’s agency and relational piety 272-3 How to (and how not to) relate to God’s agency 273-6 Conclusion: what difference does narrative make? 276-8 Conclusion Theology, history, and society: 279-83 The Carolingian contribution Bibliographies 284-343 Manuscripts consulted 285-6 Primary printed sources 286-92 Secondary sources 292-342 vii Acknowledgements I must begin by thanking my supervisor, Professor Rosamond McKitterick for her tireless support, encouragement, and friendship over many years.
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