X. Notes on the Ancient Cattle of Scotland :— I. the Small

Home , Chillingham cattle, Ornamental animal, Shetland cattle

ANCIENE NOTETH N SO T CATTL 7 SCOTLANDF EO 58 .

X. NOTES ON THE ANCIENT CATTLE OF SCOTLAND :— SMALE TH . I L SHORT-HORNE , SOSDOX LONGIFRONS, OWEN.. II. THE GREAT LONG-HORNED OX, THE URUS, BOS PRIMIGENIUS, BOJANUS, AND OWEN. BY JOHN ALEXANDER SMITH, M.D., V.P. S.A. SCOT., ETC. (PLATE XLI.) It has been suggested that some notes on the ancient Cattle of Scot- land, especiall representes ya theiy b d r remain e Museuth e th n i s f mo Society, might not be altogether uninteresting to the Fellows; as a con- tinuatio e paperanciene th th f n o so t animal countrye th f so e Eein th , - Deer, the Elk, and the Irish Elk, already published in the Proceedings of the Society. The Society has accordingly given me permission, to reprint some papers read by me many years ago before another Society, and published where they are not now easily accessible, and probably have not been seen by the Fellows of this Society. These notices describe some e remaine oancienth fth f o st cattle preserve e Museuth e th n di f mo Society I shal d lan ,supplemen t them with detail e speci somf th so f -eo mens since presente Museume th o dt otherd ,an s foun differenn di t partf so Scotland; giving also a short sketch of their Geological Age and their Distribution enabl o judgt o t s a s eu eo s somewha, previoue th f o t s existence and prevalence of these animals in our country.

I. THE SMALL SHORT-HORNED OX, SOS LONGIFBONS, OWES. The following paper gives some details of the Eoman remains discovered Newsteadt a , Eoxburghshire varioue th f o sd animaan , l remains foundt I . , howeveris , especially take p wite u descriptionth h e ancienth f o n t short-horned cattle; and I think it best, instead of re-arranging, simply to n detailgivi t i e , more e remainespeciallth l al ss a ydescribe d were presented by me to the Museum of the Society, where they are now preserved. Some note e alsar so so-callee giveth f no d wild white cattle still existing in the country. (The attentio publie th f no c has, since this pape reads wa r , been called especian a n i l manne theso rt e whit erecene cattlth y etb visi H.E.Hf o t . A-

8 58 PROCEEDING SOCIETYE TH F SO , JUN . 1872E10 :

The Prince of Wales to ChillinghamCastle, Northumberland. The account s shootinohi f g ther wila e d10te bullth hn o ,Octobe r 1872 s beeha , n e newspaperspublisheth l al n i d , especiall e " Illustrateth n yi d London News, 19tf "o h Octobe 16td an rh November 1872, where figure givee sar n of Chillingham Castle, the Cattle, &c. The writer states that " it was fina e bull, seven years weighinoldd an , stones0 g7 . ... t existsI . e w , believe, nowher t Chillinghaa t ebu foune Scotlandb n i mn o i ; dt s i t i , demesne th f Cadzoweo t Hamiltoa , e Clyde."—Pth n no . 476.) The second Notice gives details of portions of additional crania of these short-horned cattle, same founth en d i locality .

(1.) NOTICES OF VARIOUS ANIMAL REMAINS, AS THE SMALL SHORT-HORNED Ox, s longifrons,&o.,Bo POUND WITH EOMAN POTTEEY,NEAB NEWSTEAD, ROXBURGHSHIRE; WITH NOTE REFERENCN SI ORIGIE TH F OUO NO ET B DOMESTI CE " WILCATTLETH D D AN WHIT, E CATTL F ETHI O " S COUNTRY JOHy B .N ALEXANDER SMITH, M.D. (With Plate.)1

In the winter of 1846-47, during the excavation of a cutting on the Hawiek branch of the North British Railway, in the neighbourhood of Melrose, and a little to the east of the village of Newstead, a number of shaft r well-liko s e pits were come upon. There were abouf o x t si fiv r o e these of a large size, two of which were built round the sides with stones, and were about 20 feet deep, and about 2 feet 6 inches in diameter; the others , e groundbeinth f o g t ,simpl werou g eydu abou fee4 t diametern i t , and varying from 15 to 18 feet in depth. These pits were all found in a space of about 30 yards square, and among them were discovered some 15 or 16 small pits, about 3 feet deep and 3 feet in diameter, which were lined throughout with a layer of whitish clay, some 5 or 6 inches thick. All these pits were filled wit hblaca k peaty-like stuff, apparently damp ashe then earthd i sd an m an , were observed numerous piece f Romaso n pottery, consisting principall e dark-coloureth f yo smother-kilr do n ware, coarser varietie graye th d yellowish f san ,o alsd an o, some portione th f so fine red or Samian ware, both plain and embossed. Many of these, I have

1 Read befor Koyae eth l Physical Society, Edinburgh, Apri , 1851 2 publisheld an , d thn i e "Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, Seriesw Ne " , Vol . . cviilivNo .. January 1853. ANCIENE NOTETH N SO T CATTi SCOTLAND9 F EO 58 .

been informed, might have "been preserved entire, or the hroken fragments collected together, which I ,regre o sayt t , -were carelessly thrown with the earth and rubbish to form the adjoining mound. I have been able to collect a few specimens of the different kinds of ware (some of which I exhibit), and have presented them to the Museum of the Scottish Antiquaries. Several silve brasd an r s Emperore coinsth f o , s Vespasian, Trajan Hadriand an , , were als obonee foundth variouf d so an , s animals. I shall not enter here into the more strictly antiquarian details of the subject (which I have already, some time ago, fully described in another place—see Proceedings Soc. Ant. Scot , &c.Archseologid 28 an ,. . TO!p . i , a Sootica, vol. iv. p. 422), farther than to say, that the popular idea of these pits having been wells seems rather absurd, if we consider the numbe f theo r m clustered together wels a ,thei s a l r near neighbourhood Eivee toth r Tweed. English archaeologists call pit thif so s kind rubbish- hole r diro s t pits e namth , e sufficiently pointin t theigou r suppose ;e dus but it certainly seems to me very strange, that the Romans should have take muco ns h apparently unnecessary troubl r sucefo hpurposea e th s a , land would surely not be so very valuable in those ancient days, and the Eiver Tweed, runnin o grean t a tg distance fro me north th the n m,o would seem to afford a simple means for carrying off anything of the kind. I am inclined to the opinion, from considering all the circumstances of the ease, that these had been the burying-places of the ancient Roman town, which I believe to have existed in the immediate neighbourhood, and that in these pits were deposited the inurned ashes gathered from the extinguished funeral piles of the dead ; the remains of sacrificed animals being then apparently laid over them as their most appropriate covering. However this may be, pits of a corresponding kind have been discovere variousn di place Englandawaren si m a I s , a thi r ; sfa but s a , is onl e seconyth d time anythin l resemblinal t ga g the bees mha n noticed or describe occurrins da Scotlandn gi ease littl f A thesth o t. o e t e pitsa bed or stratum of considerable size, and consisting apparently of burnt earth, mixed with wood charcoal, was observed, and a little farther to the east another of smaller size was also come upon; and in both of these, various pieces of pottery, and the bones and teeth of animals, were discovered t bein I regre.no y g m ablt givo et satisfactory d fulea an l account e variouoth f s animal remains which these bedpitd an s containeds a , 590 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JUNE 10, 1872.

most of them were carelessly dug out by the rough hands of the " navvies," and added wit e earthth for o ht adjoininn ma g mound. Thos eI hav e heen abl colleco et examind followine an t th e ear g :— In the first place, however, I must notice the discovery of a Human Skeleton in a pit, ahout 3 feet in diameter, and 10 feet in depth, a little to the south-west of the large built pits. It was found standing erect, with a spear beside it; the head of the spear was of iron, 14 inches long,

Iron Spear-head, found with Human Skeleton Roman i , n shaft, Newstead, Roxburgh- shire.1 (In the Museum of the Society.)

and 1£ inch broad at its widest part, and traces of the handle still remained, the rotten wood falling out on the spear being touched. The skull alon s preservedwa e , and, throug e kindnes hth friendy m r f D o ,s Brown, Melrose, is now in my possession (since presented to the Museum

Human Skull, foun Eoman di n shaft near Newstead, Roxburghshire.1

Scottise oth f h Antiquaries) wels i t I l formed. f moderato , ee sizeth f o , Caucasian type, with strongly-marked muscular impressionse th d an , f theso e e us woodcutsindebte m e a th I 1 r fo d , whic "Wilson'r givee D har n i n s " Prehistoric Annals," to Messrs Constable & Co., Publishers, &c.. Edinburgh. ANCIENE NOTETH N SO T CATTL SCOTLANDF EO . 591 * teeth generally soun littld an de worn, being evidentl n e skula y th f o l adul tprime mal th examination lifef n A ei o carefulls . wa t i f yno made by Dr D. Wilson and myself, for his interesting paper " On the Crania e Tumulioth f " (rea Brito t d . Assoc e followin. e th here) th d e an ,ar g details variouit f o s s dimensions, accordin e termth o r sgt D use y b d Morto "e Craniath n i Americana:"—Longitudinal diameter lin.3 . ; in 7 , parietal diameter, 5 in. 4 lin.; frontal diameter, 4 in. 6 lin.; vertical diameter lin.4 . ;in intermastoi5 , d. 7-| in arch- 4 lin.1 , ; intermastoid arch, from upper roo f zygomatio t c process 2 in.1 , ; intermastoid line, . 3-|in - 5 lin.; do., from upper roo f zygomatio t c lin.6 process . ;in 5 , occipito-fronta lin.4 l. ;archin do.4 1 ,, from occipital protuberanco t e roo f nasao t lin.9 l . bones;in horizonta2 1 , l peripherylin.6 . ;in 0 2 , relative capacity (which is here assumed by adding together the longitudinal and vertical diameters and the horizontal periphery), 33 in. 1 lin. f thiI s skeleton, fro place mth e foundwhers wa consideree t b ei , d that of a Eoman citizen, it must, in my opinion, have belonged to the later period of their occupation of this district; as it was not till then that practice th burninf eo e deae simplegth th dd begae givean r b , o nt up n rit f inhumatioo e n reintroduced t improbablno belons y i t ma I gt .i e muca o t h later periodn thio st difficulbu ; t easo subjecn ys i matte t i t r decideo t . Of the various remains of the lower animals which were collected, the firs I shalt l notic bees eha n well called noble "th e associat f man,"eo — Horsee I th refe o t ,r Equus cabalJus, Linn. whico t , hI conside r this back part of a mutilated skull to have belonged, and which seems to have been an animal of rather a small size. e Commo e nexth s Th i t n Hog, Sus scrofa, Linn. f whico , ha smal l lower jaw was preserved. It is easily distinguished by its peculiar form, the posterior grinders being oblong, with tuberculated crowns, and the incisors sloping forwards. The third animal whic I hhav notico t e representes ei d merela y yb portio a roun f no d antler, apparentl e Commoth f yo nd Deer StaEe r ,go Genus elaplws, e firsLinn bror th para t o seemtI f e wo .tb o antlerst ; and I was informed, that tolerably perfect antlers, said to be those of the red deer, had also been found; but these I was unable to get for examination. 2 59 PROCEEDING SOCIETYE TH F SO , JUN , 1872E10 .

e otheTh r remains consiste f skullso d d apparentlan , y other bonef so small-sized Short-horned Oxen, whic hI shal l attempt more particularlo yt describe. I need hardly allude to the well-known fact of the previous existence in Britain, of two species of enormous wild oxen,—the one the shaggy Bison, the other the large-horned and mighty Urus (Bos primigenius, Bojan.), an animal, according to Csesar, almost equalling the elephant in bulk ; but, in addition to these, there were also short-horned cattle of a very inferior size, which have been proved to have existed in Britain fro e e perionewemth th f o dr pliocene formation, their remains being found in drifts and fresh-water deposits, along with those of the mammoth and the rhinoceros, and in the caves of the same period,—the havy preyema t beeni , tigersf o , , bears hyaenad an , swels a ;througs a l h deposite alluviume th th f o s ; dow theio t n r existenc e bogsth d an n ,i e among the traces of men in the latest of all the formations; being spared apparently for man's sake, while their dread contemporaries of earlier times had passed from the face of the earth. After this, however, they also seem to disappear as a distinct species, still existing, it may be, in some of the many varieties of our present domesticated ox. This small short-horned ox Professor Owen has designated the Bos longifrons. " It belongs," the learned Professor says in his excellent work on " British Fossil Mammals," " like our present cattle, to the sub- genu origie sth forehead e Bos,showfors e f i y th n o b th f s m a o y d nb an , the horns from the extremities of the occipital ridge; but it differs from e contemporarth primigenius,s Bo y s grea it t onl y no t b y inferioritf o y size, being smaller tha e ordinarnth y breed f domestio s c cattle t alsbu ,o e hornbyth s being proportionally much smalle d shorteran r wels a , s a l differently directed, and by the forehead being less concave. The horn cores of the Bos longifrons describe a single short curve outwards and forward e foreheade planth th f o en i s , rarely rising above that plane, more rarely sinking below it; the cores have a very rugged exterior, and are usually fla theit a t r upper part." (Vide Owen's " Brit. Fos. Mammal.") With regard to the horn cores, Professor Owen seems to allow some little latitude both as to their size and curvature. In alluding (p. 901) to the Urus being distinguished from the Bos taunts by its great size and the directio e hornsth f e quoteo nh , s from Cuvie e followinth r g remark, " The naturalist well knows that such characters are neither constant nor NOTES ON THE ANCIENT CATTLE OF SCOTLAND. 593

e distinctiopropeth r fo r f species;o n d accordinglan " e admityh s that e Urus subjecth wa s o somt t e variet n thesyi e respects; and n th,i e passage just quoted, he also appears to allow a certain amount of range in the curvature of the horn cores of the Bos longifrons ; for he says, as already mentioned, they " rarely rise above the plane of the forehead, and more rarely fall below it." The four skulls in my possession (which I now exhibit) seem to correspond very considerably with these genera l longi-s characterBo e th f o s frons, if we consider an allowance made for the slightly upward bend of hore t leasth a nthemf e o coret on f ,so while they agree wit forware hth d curvature, and scarcely rise above the plane of the forehead. Indeed, two of them (Nos. III. and IV.) seem very closely to resemble the description given by Professor Owen, and the horns of No. IV. especially correspond; the other two, Nos. I. and II. (vide Plate), although perhaps slightly different, and of rather a larger size, still agree considerably in most particulars ; the largest of these, No. I., being probably a bull, as well from its larger size and more strongly-marked horn cores, as from the pro • portionally broade squared an r r forehead, which is believe charace b o dt - e other teristith e male th d s f l an probabilito beincj al n gi y cowsI . would be inclined to account for their slight differences upon the supposition of these skulls being the remains of cattle which had become domesticate t thaa d t early r country'perioou n i d s history, whee th n Boman soldier was a dweller in the south of Scotland; and should they be considered as not absolutely identical with the Bos longifrons, they seem apparentl closelo ys y allieafforo t s da strona d g reaso r believinnfo g l eventsal t nativa e , th , be eo t sourc t i e from which the beed yha n derived. I have made out a table of their different dimensions, as compared with those given by Professor Owen, and it will be seen how very closely they correspond (vide Table). One of the skulls, No. IV., seems to have been sawn through the middle, and, from the appearance of some of the others, you might fanc e animalyth d beeha sn heave killeth y ydb n bloa f wo axe r somo , e such instrument, striking them obliquely immediately behind the horns. On examining these skulls, I have been struck by what appears to me to be the large relative size of their prominent orbits, as contrasted with those of the Bos primigenius, and even of our domestic cattle primigenius,s .Bo e Inth indeed e orbith , t seemsmale b n o i t ls 4 59 PROCEEDING SOCIETYE TH F SO , JUN , 1872E10 .

relation to the immense bulk of the skull, and I may also notice the peculiar prominence in the middle of their supra-occipital ridge, espe- skulle ciallth n syi JSTos . Sinc.IV IIId e.an writing these notes I hav, e rea dvera y interesting pape Professoy rb r Milsso Lundf "Annale no th n i , s and Magazin f Naturao e l History, f "Secono vol . ii . d Seriese th , n "O Extinct and Existing Bovine Animals of Scandinavia," in which he gives a detailed accoun characters e longifronsth Bo f e o t th Professof o f so r Owen, enumeratf whicy o ma w o rhI fe Dwara , e heree Ox saysf r H fa . , s "A tribx o smallese t knowe th ye s th tha d livei e f at ha i o ,sw tt d wiln di our portio e globth f whole no ;th e lengthd , froen muzzl e e mth th o et rume oth f p bone supposee h , o havt s e been abou fee6 t inches8 t , and, from the slender make of its bones, it had rather resembled a deer than e foreheaTh . dox upwardn a s ovee eyeth rflatteneds si , wit n edgha e going alon frontae gth l seam, •whic moss hi t prominent upwards endd an , s with a rounded indenting backwards. Between the eyes is a more or less considerable depression, above which ther s oftei e a risingn d an , beneath which lies the incision for the nasal bones, which go right up to e linth e drawn betwee e loweth n r bordere orbitsth f o s. (Thue th s frontal bones are not longer in this species than they are in the Urus or Taurus) The horn cores are small, cylindrical, short, curved only in one direction forwards; sometimes, though seldom, downwards, in the plane of the forehead. The form of the temporal cavity is, behind, transverse- obtuse ; before, oblique-pointed; its hinder part (to the angle above the e undejointh f o rt jaw), only one-fourth part broader tha e forepartnth . The anterior palatine apertures lancet-shaped, at the back oblique inward- pointed ; the back ones lie between the palate bones; the nape transverse, upwards with a vertical indenting, downwards with a vertical edge over the circular foramen of the nape. The skull of this species varies.considerabl n ysizei eved an ,n somethin formn gi d an , e accordinag s it o gt sex. The species, however, is always known by a protuberance upon the upper part of the forehead in front, and an indenting backwards." He give tablesa usuae , alsoth f l o ,dimension f younso g specimens, whicI h have adde mineo dt shoo t , w their general correspondence. These four skulls then (before you), which were found near the village of Newstead, Roxburghshire agreo t , e vero seees m ymo t closel y witl hal these distinctive characters as to prove them to have been very nearly ANCIENE NOTETH N SO T CATTL SCOTLAND5 F EO 59 .

allied indeed, if not absolutely identical with, the Bos longifrons; and should you agree with me in this opinion, then I may say, I consider these as of course proving their existence in the south, of Scotland at the Eomae timth f eo n occupatio m countrye a th I f s no a f which o r , fa s a , aware, these onle skullth ye evidencesar . The Origin of our ordinary Domestic, Cattle.—The examination of the skulls of cattle, which had undoubtedly existed in our country at a very remote period, naturally suggests som r e eorigi ou th querie f o o t n s a s domestic cattle,—a questio f considerablno e interes s wela t difficultys a l , but into it I do not intend to enter farther than to bring forward a few notes bearing upon this interesting subject. Professor Nilsson, in his paper already alluded to, describes what he considers to have been an additional species of extinct and fossil ox, foun thin di s countr Swedens n weli a y s a l fron-;s thiBo call e se h th s tosus, passingn i , anit o dI t mus, t alludes distinguishedi t I . sayse h , ,

by th1 e ridge of the occiput rising high in the centre, convex; the horns, which reslongen o t r pedicles than amon knowy an g n specief so ox, are short, and directed outwards and backwards, and then bend forwards. The size of the skulls denote an animal which, although much les . sprimigenius, B tha e nth t considerabl ye s i y large. rB thae th n longifrons. It belongs, he says, to the country's oldest post-pliocene period; and with regard to the question of the origin of our present cattle, the Professor considers that a race of our domestic cattle have probably been derived from three eacth f eh o specie describee sh sube th f -so genus Bos with the flat forehead; the B. primigenius, B. frontosus, and B. longifrons; none of them, according to the general opinion of naturalists, being derived froBisoe mth Aurochsr o n , whic quits hi e differens it n i t characters neved an , r pairs wit domestie hth c cow. Other naturalists, however, consider the Bos primigenius as the origin from which our domestic cattle are derived. I entirely concur with the opinion of Professor Owen, in considering it highly improbable, in fact almost impossible, that the enormous and savage Uri, of which Csesar

says, " grea theis i t r strengt gread han t their speed thed ,yan spare neither Professo1 r Owen considers the B. frontosus a variety of the B. longifrons. See p. 618. .596 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JUNE 10, 1872.

ma r beasnno t which they catch sight killeof;o "wh d ann dma thae th t greatese th t numbe f themo r pitfalle , eveth y nb , bring horne n sa th s sa evidenc s prowess hi s highl i f eo d an ,y applaude countrymens hi y db d an ; so savage is their nature, that, " though taken never so young, they cannot be tamed , "28) supposo 27 (lib T . . vi . e beasts like thes t onlno e y tamed, in opposition to such decided evidence to the contrary, but also so strangely degenerated into the comparatively small-sized and placid ox of the present day, seems to me really past belief. With regard to the opinion, that the domesticated British cattle were originally derived from those of the Eoman colonists, we must recollect tha have w t e evidence which prove existence sth numerouf eo s herds of domesticated cattl Britain ei n before ever Caasar's troope th t foo sse n i t country. This Professor Owen seems rather to overlook when he says (Brit. Fos. Mam. . 500)p , l probabilit, al tha n i t e "herdth y f newlo s y conquered regions woul derivee db d fro alreade mth y domesticated cattle Eomae oth f n colonist." No doub certaia o t t n extent this might afterwards be the case; but Caesar himself tells us, in his Commentaries, at the very commencement of his operations in England, that "tbe country was well peopled thad an t, they possessed ' pecoris magnus numerus'"— (lib. v. 12), numerous herds of cattle; for "pecus" is frequently used when domesticated cattl e spokear e , althougof n h certainl s morit y e correct signification refers to sheep ; and that in this instance it refers to cattle, we think is rendered the more likely by his going on to tell us tha nativee interioe th tcountr e th th f so f o r y seldom troubled themselves with the tillage of the ground, but lived on milk and flesh meat, and clothed themselves with the skins (lib. v. 12, 14); all of which facts are proofs of the reference being at least to domesticated herds; and also, as has been well remarked, that the proverbial fondness of the natives e southeroth f n r island e presenpartou th f t o sa , e "roast th day r fo ,t England,d Ol bee f receno o tastfa n s f "i o et origin t shoulI . d alse ob remembered, tha t musi t t have take littlo n e time befor e countrth e y could be filled with " numerous herds of cattle," especially if we consider e difficultth f transio y t froe countrmon o anotheyt e stilth ln ri earlie r and ruder times; and I may remind you of the fact, of which Csesar also informs us, that the Germans were, like the British, in possession of numerous herd f cattlo s e befor e Eomanth e s invaded them t beinno , g ANCIENE NOTETH N SO T CATTL 7 SCOTLANDF EO 59 .

tillers of the ground, but resembling the British in their " milk, cheese, and flesh" diet, derived of course from their domesticated cattle. Con- siderations such as these would make me rather agree with Professor Owen's other remarks, when, treating of the Bos longifrons, he says, "that t istili f contendee b l d thae nativeth t f Britainparo y s f theman o t r o , , obtained their cattl taminy eb gprimitiva e breed, this small-sized, original variety of ox is most likely to have furnished the source." Now, I am incline thino dt k thae severath t l instances where bone f thio s s animal have been found along with the ancient works of man, as mentioned by Professor Owen, as well as in the present ease, are, in all probability, e proofearlth f yo sdomesticate identicax o d n stata f lo e wit Bose th h longifrons, which, as already mentioned, had existed in this country from the times of the newer pliocene period. longifronss n suppor Bu I e opinio e th th f o f t o nbein true gth e origin of our domesticated cattle, or at least as showing its more general resem- statemento blanctw r extrac y o themo e t e ma sI on ,t fro e papemth f o r Professor Nilsson already referred exampler tofo ; , when describine gth Bos frontosus, he says, " It seems to have been about the size of our common, cow, from which, however, in form it totally differs." And in the Bos longifrons, as already noticed, " the form of the temporal cavity is behind transverse-obtuse, before oblique-pointed; its hinder part (to the angle above the joint of the under jaws) only one-fourth broader than fore th e part. Herei t resembleni t differ e tambu , th s s eox visibly from the B. frontosus, in which the back part is twice as broad as the fore part, and also from the TJrus." And he also states that in the Urus the nasal bones are five times as long as broad; in the B. longifrons they are nearly six; while in the domestic ox they are six and a half times as long as broad. curious i t I notico st e facteth , thawildee th t r district f Britaino s s a , the extremity of Devon and Cornwall for example, and the mountainous districts of Wales, as well as our own rugged land, seem all, according to Mr Youatt, to have been originally stocked with cattle having even yet t weri s a generaea l family likeness, with moderate sizeo dn f hornso d an , great general bulk; being the very localities, as Professor Owen well remarks, where the natives would drive their domestic cattle before the advance of an invader, and where of course traces of the original breeds 598 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JuNE 10, 1872.

are most likelfounde b o yt . Full allowance must, however same th t ea , time wonderfue made th b ,r efo l changes produce cattln do variety eb f yo situation and climate, by pastures, and attention on the part of their possessors to their breeding, so as to favour, from what originally might "baccidentan a e l peculiarity preservatioe th , graduad an n l spreading over here th f somdo e fancied excellence r beautyo , r fashioe o ,time th f .o n The Galloway cattle may perhaps be cited as an instance of the changes produce thin di s way knoww ; breea no the s e na f polley ar do hornr do - less cattle; wherea s 'saii t di s e middl e lasthath th lat o t s s f ta e eo century greatee th , r par f the o t hornd ma ratheha f so r smal r mediumo l , size. The Ancient White Cuttle.—The ancient White Cattle, still existing in some gentlemen's parks, may also, it seems to me, be considered as simpl n instanca y a beautifu f o e d much-esteemean l d r varietou f o y domesticated cattle being artificially preserved; but as these are believed lase th t many e remain r b nativb o ou yt f eo s wild perhapcattley ma I ,s be excused entering a little into detail on this curious subject. [Various places in England, where herds of these white cattle were preserved e enumeratear , e "th Genera n i d l Histor f Quadrupedso y f o " Thomas Bewick, JSTewcastle-upon-Tyne. I quote from the editions of 1790 and 1824. It is there stated that—

'' Ther formerls wa e verya y singular specie f wilo s d cattl thin i e s country, which is now nearly extinct. Numerous herds of them were kept in several parks in England and Scotland ; but they have been destroyed by various means; and the only breeds now remaining in the kingdom are in the park at Chilling- ham Castle, in Northumberland; at Wollaton, in Nottinghamshire, the seat of Lord Middleto t G-isburnea n; Cravenn i , , Yorkshire t Limehalla ; Cheshiren i , ; and at Chartley, in Staffordshire. principae "Th l external appearances which distinguish this bree f cattldo e froe following:—Theil otherth mal e ar s r colou s invariabli r y white; muzzles black ; the whole of the inside of the ear. and about one-third of the outside, from the tip downwards, red ; horns white, with black tips, very fine, and bent upwards : some of the bulls have a thin upright mane, about an inch and a half or two inches long. .... " At the first appearance of any person, they set off at full gallop, and at the distance of two or three, hundred yards make a wheel round, and come boldly up again, tossing their heads in a menacing manner; on a sudden they make a full ANCIENE NOTETH N SO T CATTL SCOTLAND9 F EO 59 .

e distancstoth t pa f forto e fiftr yo y yards, looking wildlobjece th f theit yo a t r surprise; but upon the least motion being made, they all again turn round, and fly off wit hsame equath eo t distancelt speedno t ,bu , formin shortega r circled ,an again returning with a bolder and more threatening aspect than before; they approach much nearer, probably within thirty yards, when they make another stand agaid offy an fl n. This the severao yd l times, shortening their distanc- ad d ean vancing nearer, till they come within ten yards, when most people think it prudent to leave them, not choosing to provoke them further. weighe "Th t oxe e of th generall s ni y from fort fifto yt y stone foue sth r quarters; of the cows about thirty. The beef is finely marbled, and of excellent flavour. " About twenty years since, there were a few at Chillingham with black ears, but the present park-keeper destroyed them ; since which period there has not bee withe non black eare l nosethosd earsal sTh an f t Wollatoe.so a blacke nar . At Gisburne there are some perfectly white, except the inside of their ears, which are brown. They are without horns, very strong boned, but not high. They are said to have been originally brought from Whalley Abbey, in Lan- cashire, upon its dissolution in the thirty-third of Henry the Eighth. Tradition says they were drawn to Gisburne by the power of music. " Those at Burton-Constable, in the comity of York, were all destroyed by a distemper a few years since. They varied slightly from those at Chillingham, having black ear d muzzlese tip an sf th thei so d same r an ,th tail ef o scolou ; r they were also much larger, man f theo y m weighing sixty stones, probably owing to the richness of the pasturage in Holdeniess, but generally attributed to the difference of kind between those with black and with red ears, the former of which they studiously endeavou preserveo rt breee Th d . t Dramwhica s hwa - lanrig, in Scotland, had also black ears. .... " Tame cows seasonn i , e frequentlar , y turne t amongsou d wile th td cattlt ea Chillingham, and admit the bull. It is somewhat extraordinary that the calves produced by this mode are invariably of the same colour with the wild breed (white wit ears)d hretaire d an , ngooa dfiercenese death f o l theif o s r sire."

Mr Thoma s " hi BellHistor n i , f Britiso y h Quadrupeds," London, 1837, quotes from Mr Cullen " On Live Stock," the description of the appearanc d habitan e f theso s e white cattl n presenci e f strangerso e , whic hI hav e already given from Bewick's " Quadrupeds," apparentls ya wile prooa th df o naturf thesf eo e animals I have. , however, agaid nan again see l thesal n e wild habits exhibited r Highlanhou y d kyloes, fishinwhey bordere streaa ho th np a g u n m f o Eoxhurghshireso , which grassw pasn lo ra ya t d hilthroug an d decayinl ol remaine hth n a f go s

2 Q VOL. TARIX . . TII 600 PROCEKDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JUNE 10, 1872.

•wood principally of birches, part, indeed, of the skirts of the old Etterick forest. Her kyloee eth s remaine r mandfo y months together, sometimes followe theiy b d r calves, seeing nobodoccasionan a t ybu l shepherdd an , got almost like wild animals, acting exactly like these Chillingham cattle when they caught sight of us, and we were glad to beat a speedy retreat before they came close enoug mako t h e their final rush; which, indeed, they had done some time before, knocking down a man and endangering his life, had not his cries speedily brought the much-needed help, which happened most providentially to be at no very great distance. r PhiliSi p Grey Egerton, F.B.S., &c., published e "Annalth n i d , an s Magazin f Naturao e l History," vol. iii . 241p . , London, 1839 a not, e showing the former existence of these white cattle at Bishop's Auckland, in the county of Durham, copied from a manuscript in his own possession, entitled " The Second Yeares Travell throw Scottland and Ireland, 1635. e writeTh "s roa r hi dayspasseo Scotlandw t dn fe o , a s , t "at Bishoppe Auckland wth Dr Moreton, Bishoppe of Durham." After describing the palace, " chappies," &c., he mentions " A daintie stately parke : where-in I saw wild bulls and kine : wch had 2 calves rimers; there are about 20 wild beasts all white : will nott endure yor approach; butt if they bee enraged or distressed, verye violent and furious: their calves will bee wonderous fatt." In Scotland in ancient times these white cattle, according to Boece, were found throughou e Greath t t Caledonian Forest, which formerly covered the-country from Callande Athoo t r Lochaberd an l t Boec;hu o e(t whom I shall afterwards more particularly refer), writing in 1526, says that in his time they were only to be found in the district of Cumbernauld. writinn I s accounghi f theso t e cattle, Boece s minprobablhi n di d yha Caesar's description e greath f t o 1long-horne d wild untameablan d e Uri (already referred to), which is not to be wondered at, when we remember they were the only wild cattle known in his day, no fossil remains of the larg primigemuss eBo having then been noticed. Bishop Lesli 157n ei 8 states that .the white cattle were e fountheb threo n nt i d e placesf o , the same great district however, Stirling, Cumbernauld adjoining it on the south, and " Kincarnia," probably Kincardine on the Forth.

1 See quotation from " De Bello Gallico," p. 650. NOTES ON THE ANCIENT CATTLE OF SCOTLAND. 601

Bewick, who mI hav e already quoted, states that they formerly existed at Drumlanrig Dumfriesshiren i , Pennand s "an , Britishi n i t h Zoology," editionh 4t f o ,8 1 1786 . volp . i . , mentions "havin gwoode seeth f n ni so Drumlanri Nortn gi hpare th Britain kn i belongin d an , Chillinghao gt m Castl n Northumberlandi e , herd f cattleo s , probably derived froe mth savage breed "—white cattle, with black muzzle eard san s ; their horns fine, and with a bold and elegant bend. The keeper at Chillingham informed him that the weight of the ox was 38 stones and the cow 28. Mr Hindmarsh, in his paper on " The Wild Cattle of Chillingham,"1 give e followinth s g note abou e Drumlanrith t g Cattle,- re d whicha e h ceived in 1839 from the clergyman of the place:—"In what year the wild cattle came to Drumlanrig I have not been able to ascertain. The breed are described as being all white, with the exception of the ears and muzzle (whic black)e ar hd withouan , t manes. They went undee th r name of the wild Caledonian Cattle." " They were driven away about 1780. date eTh "mus t have bee littla n e later I hav s a ,e already quoted from Pennan s havinhi t g seen them about this time. The only localit e foun b n whic yi n Scotlano i t d w h no the s e di ar y Cadzow Forest, part of the great park of Hamilton Palace. In the " Sta- tistical Accoun f Scotland,o t r JohSi nf o " Sinclair, Bart., Edinburgh, vol. ii. 1792, the account of the parish of Hamilton is given by Mr John Naismith. After describing the old oaks still remaining in the Duke of Hamilton's park, some of them measuring 20 feet round—the last remains of ancient forests—he says :—" Among these venerable trees graze wile dth d cows mentioned by naturalists as an untamed native breed. They seemed to differ in nothing from the domestic kind, excepting that they were all over white, with blac browr ko n earmuzzlesd san ; and, from their manner of life, very shy, and even fierce, when they had not room to fly. They were exterminated, from economical motives, abou yeae th t r 1760, . 208"p n I . accoune paristh e th Hamiltonf f hto o Eeve th y . Winb , . Patrick 1835n i , , publishedinthe "New Statistical Account of Scotland," we read that Cadzow

accounn Chillinghae A th f o t m cattle descendes a , d fro wile mth d e cattlth f o e 1 country alsis , o give "nin CataloguA Mammalithe of e Northumberlanof a and d Durham, Meunel BT. V. . PerkinsH. and l" by . Trails. Tyneside Nat. Field Club, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 1864, vol. \'i. 602 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY', JUNE 10, 1872.

wood "browses i abouy b d t four score whit eanciene cowth f so t British breed. Their bodies are milk-white; their ears, muzzles, and hoofs black; and the skin in front, above the hoof, is mottled with black. They are perfectly docile, except when they have calves." My attention has been lately called to a communication to the Eoyal Society of Edinburgh, by DrKobert Knox, in April 1838, "On the Wild Ox of Scotland," of whic a verh y short abstrac s publishedi t e "th Proceeding n i e th f o s Royal Society," vol. i. 1845. In it Dr Knox, after endeavouring to trace the antiquity of the white oxen during the historic period of Britain, for which, however, he thinks materials are altogether wanting, examine questioe dth whetheo t s na white th r e cattl Britaif eo n constitute a distinct species of the Bovine tribe, and thinks they do not; but as the mixea w domestidno s breei x co d derived from severaa l t speciesa s i e h , loss to show to which of these the white ox of Hamilton most approaches; they see beao me strongest th r t resemblance thinkse Gallowah e , th o t , y breed. Dr Knox states that "many of the bulls have horns, whilst others are polled," and he " suggests, in conclusion, that the type of these cattl n neve ca e satisfactoril b r yo lon s s madthei a gt ou er breedin o mucs s i hg interfere de e destructio th th wit y l b hal f o n calves, which may differ in form or colour from the standard considered by the noble proprietors as essential to the purity of the breed," p. 202.1 finA e specime whita f no e bull from Hamilton (with black eard san muzzle, horns white, tipped with black d soman , e very slight black mottling lowee abovth e for e hoofn rth e o th e part f th d feeo s f an so t body), is in the Museum of Science and Art. In the report of the Pro- ceedings of the Wernerian Society of March 5, 1842, it is stated that " a splendid specimen of the white bull from the park of Hamilton Palace, presented to the Museum by the Duke of Hamilton, was exhibited." (Edin. Phil. Jour. vol. xxxii . 400p . , 1842)r JohM n. Gibson, of the Museum of Science and Art, has furnished me with the following measurements of this fine stuffed specimen of the white ox, which enable judgo t s su e pretty nearle siz thesf th eo f yo e so-called wild cattle :—

1 See subsequent Note of Dr Knox's specimen of this ox, p. 614. NOTES ON THE ANCIENT CATTLE OF SCOTLAND. 603

Lin. Length of head from muzzle to line between the horns heade th , f o p o...to r 1 . Length from this line to the root of the tail. . 7 Total length of body, .... 8 Length of horns, . . . . .1 Length between tips of horns, . . .2 Height to top of shoulder, .... 4 From the politeness of a correspondent at Hamilton I learn these cattle are now a considerable herd, hut they are all without horns or polled, iind have r sombeefo o ens tim e liberaliteth paste Duky th B f f . yeo o Hamilton, severa slaughteree lar d every year, in order to afford a New Year's Day dinner to the poor of the town, all the clergyman sending in a list of the poor of their congregations for the purpose. In " Black's Picturesque Tourist of Scotland," Edinburgh e annexeth , d figure (for the use of which I am in- r well-knowdebteou o t d n publishers Messrs A. & C. Black) is given in illustratio remarke white th th f o nn e so cattl Hamiltonf eo s theri t I e . stated tha t Cadzoa t w famoue "th s bree f Scottisdo h wild cattl stile ar el preserved." " They were expelle accounn do t of their ferocity about 1760, t havbu e since been restored." (Edit. 1849).1 "We find then, among these various herd f park-kepto s , so-called Wild "White Cattle t presena , r latelo t n existencyi e countryth n i e a con, - siderable diversity in their general appearance; some with red ears, others with black thid an s, latter peculiarity occurring occasionally even among e red-earethosth f eo d variety s mentionea , Bewicy Chillinge b d th f ko - cattlem ha d soman ; e having horns, while others have e noneth s a , breed of wild white cattle at Gisburne, in Craven, Yorkshire, &c. (vide Bewick's Quadrupeds); and, besides other little peculiarities, we have also the occurrence from time to time among these breeds of cattle more or I have added from my notes these additional details of the "ancient White 1 Cattle." 604 PKOCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JUNE 10, 1872. " '

less marked with brow blacr no k spots t thesbu , e individual alwaye sar s killed, to prevent this variety spreading among the herd. " And when the calves have been taken young, they have been completely tamed, and become like the common domestic ox, feeding as rapidly in confinement aa short-hornes d steer."—(Vide Pape Wile th r d n " "WhitO e Cattlf o e Chillingham," by William Hindmarsh, Esq., in the Annals of Nat. Hist. for 1839, vol. ii.) l thesAl e peculiaritie o favout se e ide seef m th thesro a o mt e cattle being merely an ancient fancy breed of domesticated cattle, preserved for their beauty in the parks of the nobility. wels i t lI known tha coloue th t manf o r y animal changes si domesy db - tication d thaan , t they frequently become mor r leso e s entirely white; interestings i t i d an showins a , g apparently where las e somth t f traceeo s originae oth f l colouanimaln a f o r , whic bees hha n change thin di s way, may be expected still to remain, to notice the remark of Professor Bell of London, in his valuable work on " British Quadrupeds," that " it appear ear morsthe sare e liabl retaieto n colou animalin r s which become white by domestication than any other parts. This is the case, as we have seen, wit leso guinee n hsom sth d s i tru an t af ei th, e o pig d eox an , others."—(P. 355. I hav) e hear a similad r remark mad Professoy b e r Fleming, that he had never seen an entirely white ox, but that the ears always remained of a different colour. Now, in these park-kept white cattle, we have this same peculiarity also existing; and Professor Nilsson alludes in his paper to the well-known fact, that no race of wild oxen of this white colou knows i r naturalistso nt . r Hindmarsh'M n I s paper, already referre quotee h , dto s passages from several ancient authors justifo t , hypothesie th y f theio s r - beinre e gth mainanciene th f so t wild cattlcountrye th f eo . These authors are, Hector Boece or Boethius, " Scotorum Historian a Prima Gentis Origine," published at Paris in 1526; and Bishop John Leslie, "De Origine, Moribus, et Rebus Gestis Scotorum," publishe t Eoma d n 1578i e . Now these, I suspect, mus independeno e consideredb ttw s a t no , t authoritiest bu , merel e Bishop s bookth s one a hi yr fo n ;,i , published some fifty-two years after the other, gives manifestly, in this instance, almost a verbatim copy of the statements of Boethius. To show this, I may compare the original passages, whic hexistence refeth o t r thesf eo e white e cattlth n ei ; NOTES ON THE ANCIENT CATTLE OF SCOTLAND. 605

Great Caledonian Forest, which formerly covere e countrth d y from. Stir- ling to Athol. (1.) BOETHIUS, " Scotorum Historise a Prima Gentis Origine," fol. 6, 1. ; Scotoru63 m Eegni Descriptio, &c. f edito , . Paris 1574:—"Hie initia olim fuere Caledonise sylvse, manentibus videlicet veteribus adhuc nomi- nibus Callenda t Gaidare r , excurren r Montetpe s t Ernevallee h m longo tractu ad Atholiam et Loquhabriam usque. Gignere solet ea sylva boves candissimos in formam leonis jubam ferentes, CEetera inansuetis simillimos, verum adeo feros indomitosque atque humanum refugientes consortium, ut quas herbas, arboresque aut frutices humana contrectatas manu sen- serint plurimos deinceps dies fugiant: capti autem arte quapiam (quod difficilimutn est) mox paulo pra? maestitia moriantur."—" Hujus autem animalis carnes esui jucundissimse sunt, atque in primis nobilitati gratse, verum cartilaginosia Cseterum quum tota olim silva nasci ea solerent: in una tantum nunc ejus parte reperiuntur, quse Cummirnald appellatur, aliis gula humana ad mternecionem redactis." (2.) BISHOP LESLIE, "De Origine, Moribus t Eebu,e s Gestis Scotorum" Rome, 1578, p. 19, (Scotia Descriptio):—" Ab his regionibus vastissima ilia olim Caledonia sylva initium sumpsit t qufedau , m locorum nomina hodie indicant."—" In Caledonia olim frequens erat sylvestris quidem bos, nunc vero rarior, qiii colore candissimo, jubam densam, ac demissam instar leonis gestat, truculentus feruac , s ah humano genere abhorrens, ut quaecunque homines vel manibus contrectarint, vel halitu perflaverint, s amultoii b s post dies omnino abstinuerint."—" Ejus carnes cartilaginosse, sed saporis suavissimi. Erat is olim per illam vastissimam Cale- donia? sylvain frequens, sed humana ingluvie jam assunrptus, tribus tan- turn loci t reliquusses , Stirivilingi, Cumernaldise t Kincarnise.e , " r BoethiuAfo s s himself e musw , t remember, that though perhapa s good enough authority as to anything that happened under his own observation, he is so credulous as to believe apparently all that was told him, however extraordinary; so that his description of these cattle, of the purest white, maned like lions, untameably wild, and fleeing the very neighbourhood, or even the scent of men, and which apparently he had never seen ,take e musb l nal t wit considerablha e allowance l probaal n I - . bility they were nothing more than strayed domestic cattle, whiche th n i , course of years, had lapsed into a semi-wild state. As an instance of his 6 60 PROCEEDING SOCIETYE TH F SO , JUN , 1872E10 .

credulity worde refery th f Bellenden'n o sma i , I , s Translatio f 1553o n , to his account of the extraordinary animal described by Sir Duncau Campbell,—" That out of Gaiioll, ane loch of Argyle, the yeir of God M.DX yeiris, cam terrible ean e beast, als e gremeikian w s a houndl , futit like ane ganar, and strait down greit trees with the dint of her tail, and slew thre men quhilks wer at their hountis with thre straikis of her tail; and wer not the remanent hunteris clam up in strang aikis, they had been all slane in the samin maner."-—(Chap, vii., Bellenden's Trans. of Boethius' History.} It is curious, however, to trace the description of these white cattle, maned like lions, &c., publishe Boecy b d t seem i 152n ei s a havo st 6; e been adopted by naturalists on his authority, and to have apparently been the only source from which they derived their descriptions. lu the " Descriptio Britannise, Scotiee, Hibfcrnise, et Orcadum" of Paulus Jovius, publishe t Venica d n 1548i e e hav ,e followinw th e g passage:— " Cseterum Caledonia sylva antiquis nota scriptoribus, quas hodie Callendar appellatur, vasta sui magnitudine e mediterraneis ad maritima variis anfractibu e extendit s sa inusitat e n I . i generis feras t volucree , s esse tradunt, equos silicet agrestes et indomitos ; atqtte item tauros summ

e quotatio1Th n from Paulus Joviu onls wa ys obtained after this pape firss wa rt published.—J. S . A . NOTES ON THE ANCIENT CATTLE OF SCOTLAND. 607

the Eoman people have sometimes seen in the arena,—in the savageness of their aspec t altogethet no the e yar r unlike followind an ; e passagth g eI have quoted above, he goes on to detail the story of the narrow escape made by King Eobert Bruce from being destroyed by one of these animals, by the bravery of one of his followers, exactly as the circumstance is de- taile Boethiuy dI b hav s a et somitte ;bu d this accoun quotatioy m n i t n from Boethius, I need not quote it from Paulas Jovius. This, however firse , appearth t e timb o t es these cattle were compared Bisoe th Centraf o nt o nexe l th Europe tn i autho d an , rI shal l quotee w , find a step taken in advance, and Paulus Jovius's comparison of the wild cattle of Scotland to the Bison is now expanded into a description of these wild Bisone cattlth s ea album Scoticum. Aldrovandus s ,work hi then n ,i , " Quadrupedum Omnium Bisul- corum," Bonon, 1632, referrin e oldeth o rt gwor f Gesnero k , "Historia Animalium," 1551, notices these white l cattleprobabilital n i , y from their being describe havins da g manes lik t altogethee no lions d - an , un r like the Sarmatiau Bison, under the name of Bison album Scoticum, sive Calydonicum, usin vere gth y descriptio Boecf no e alread ofteo ys n quoted. Then, again, in the " Historia Naturalis de Quadrupedibus" of John Jonston, M.D., publishe t Amsterdama d , 1657 have w , e this sam- de e scriptio f Boeco n e agai parn ni t repeated o differentw n i ; t places, however,—first, in the chapter " De Bove Domestico," and again, " De Bobus Feris," wit marginaa h l referenc "o et Aldrovand. Histor. Bisul." To show this more fully I may quote the passages. Art. 1, DE BOVE DOMESTICO, Differential, p. 34:—" In Scotia boves sunfc sylvestres colore candidissimo, juba densa ac demissa, truculenti et feri, adeoque ab humano genere abhorrentes s quaii , sub a thomine s vel manibus contrectarint, vel halitu perflaverint r multope , s dies abstineant, dolo capti, moriantur, Carhes cartilaginosse habent." And again, Art. 2, DE BOBUS FEBIS, p. 1. De Bisonte:—"Hue pertinet et Bison Scoticus. Candidissimum esse aiunt, in formam leonis jubam ferre, csetera mansuetis simillimum, verum adeo feru t indomitumme , humanique consortii hostein t quau , s herbas aut frutices humana contrectatas manu senserit, plurimos deinceps fugiat: captum autem arte quadam prsex mo e, majstitia mori. thao havS e "w t e nospecies,o wtw apparently f Boece'o , t madou sthin y i edescription swa . Accordingly e "th SCOTI n i , A ILLUSTRATA, sive Prodromus Histories 8 60 PROCEEDING SOCIETYE TH F SO , JUNE 10, 1872.

Naturalis," of Bobert Sibbald, M.D., published at Edinburgh in 1684, we find this Scottish naturalist quoting from Jonston's work, referre aboveo dt , adding, however e followinth , g remarks:—" Quas quide Historicib ma s nostris petita sunt confirmationd se , e egent n pluribuI . s locis montanas partis Scotise reperiuntur quidem Boves feri, alba it i quoquen no d se : truculenti, neque form domesticia s differuut jubatn A . i Bisontes nunc extent, nescio."—De Bisuleis Ruminantibus Cornigeris, p. 7. So that Sibbald seems to doubt the existence of the so-called Bison Scoticus, thoug e admith h s that white cattle, exactly however resembling the. domesticated breeds, and by no means so fierce and savage as they are described, still run wild in some of the mountainous districts of the country. The original source of the whole statement is apparently the description give y Boeceb n d repeatean , y Paulub d s Jovius, Bishop Leslie, and others, which I have already taken the liberty of criticising, as being, in all probability, a very exaggerated account. Moreover e searcw f i h, still furthe rrecorde bacth a muc n f i kso h greater antiquity, we find evidently the same kind of white cattle de- o implyt scribee s seema m , y withouo n suct i sdwa a h doubta t , their thorough domestication. In the " Leges Wallicas," of " Howell l)da," e Welsth h law f Kino s g Howel e Goodth l , which date from about A.D. 942-3, or before the middle of the tenth century,—vide Translation by Gul". Wottonus, London, 1730,—we find white cattle wit earsd hre n i , l probabilital e samth y e bree f cattlo d s thosa e I ehav e been referring to, ordered to be paid as a compensation for offences committed against Princee th Wales—f so (vide Lib , chap.1 , . vi.10-11):pp , — solvendae "D Multa Begin.—Multa injurio pr a Begi Aberfravise illata hoc modo solvenda. : Centum vaccas pro qualibet centuria subditione ejus Eeus singulisolvetm cu t e ,s centenis vaccis unum Taurum auribus rufis prajditu Virgm mcu a aurea ejusde Begm mcu e longitudinis, ma'gni- tudine digiti ejus minimi, et crassitudine unguis aratoris qui per novem annos araverit. Aurum nemini debitur nisi Eegi Aberfravia3."—" 3. Domini Dinevors privilegium est accipere pro compensatione injuriaj sibi illatse vaccas albas aures rufas habentes, totidem qnot ordine sibi suc- cedentes pertingent ab Argoelia (e) ad Dinevoram, et cum singulis vicenis vaccis taurum ejusdem coloris. Aurum nemini penditur nisi Eegi Dine- vorse vel Eegi Aberfravia?." NOTES ON THE ANCIENT CATTLE OF SCOTLAND. 609

" (e) Loci nomen prope Dinevoram, sibprsecisi ub i o situ t ignoratur.ssi " t I seems very evident that such number f livino s g wild cattle could neve e exacteb r s paymena d a t finetha f bu ,o t t beyon l doubal d t domesticated cattl e herear e referreapparentlyd an , dto , froe speciamth l character of the notice, a favourite variety, highly prized for their beauty and peculiar colour. To show how highly this breed of cattle had been valued at a very early period, I may quote several passages from Mr Youatt's well-known work " On Cattle." He says (p. 478), " Howel dha, or Howel e Goodth l , describes Welse somth f o he e cattletentth hn i , century s beina , ' whiteg , wit ears,d hre ' resemblin e wilgth d cattlf o e Chillingham Castle earln A y. record speak hundrea f so d white cows with eard re s being demande a compensatio s da r certaifo n n offences against the Princes both of North and South Wales. If the cattle were of a dark or black colour, one hundred and fifty were to be presented. When the Cambrian Princes did homage to the King of England, the same number of cattle, and of the same description, were rendered in acknowledgment of sovereignty. Speed tell s thau s t Mau Breose dd n ordei , appeaso t r e King John, whom her husband had offended, sent to his Queen a present from Brecknockshire of four hundred cows and a bull, all white, and with d earsre . Whethe e usuath r s thil e wa colouanciens th f o r t breef o d Welsh and British cattle, or a rare variety, esteemed on account of its beauty chiefld an , y preserve noblese unablparke e th th ar f e n so di o e w ,t determine. The latter is the more probable supposition; and the same records that describe the ' white cattle with red ears,' speak also of the ' dark or black-coloured breed,' which now exists, and which is general throughout the principality." It appears to me only natural to suppose that these were all domesticated and surely not wild cattle, to which reference has been made in these various passages thad an ;t they wer highly-prizeea d variet shows yi y nb their colour being specially mentioned, as well as their being valued at a half more tha dark-colourede nth , which were most probabl more yth e common breed of the district. And let me call to your recollection a remark of Hector Boece himself, in the passage already quoted,-—that, with the exceptio f theino r colou manesd an r wile th , d white cattl exceedingle ear y like the ordinary tame or domesticated breed ; and that their flesh is very pleasant food d mucan , h e nobility;—botapproveth y b f o d f whico h h 610 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JUNE 10, 1872.

observations opiniony m n i , , ten o shot view de e truthw th wth no f so , stated. Youatt says, the old legends of Wales speak of the ancient domesticated cattle being of a dark or reddish colour, resembling considerably the Devon cattle; and according to the same authority, "the slightest observation will convince us that the cattle in Devonshire, Sussex, Wales, and Scotland, are all essentially the same." He considers that red had been their primitive colour, as he traces it through all these varieties, and declares that even where another colour, as black, now prevails, the memory of the red still remains, and has a superstitious reverence paid ,to it in the legends of the people. In Scotland also there always ha s existe dpopulaa r feelin preferencf cowd go re t bein,e i th r gefo declared to be " luckier," and to give more milk. It is, perhaps, worthy of notice, in relation to the question of colour, that the Urus or B. primigenius is believed to have been of a dark or black colour; and in what I consider to be a very rare specimen of a portion of the skull of the Bos longifrons, wit e horn e ski d haihth d th par nan f an rs o t still attached, which was kindly shown me by Professor Fleming, the colour of the hair, as far as you can judge from a specimen found in an Irish bog, is also of blaca darr ko k reddis r brownisho , bearinbe hy tintrelatioga ma t i ; n to the very colour to which I have been alluding. remary ma kI thae smalth t e domesticatel th siz f o e d cattl n thii e s country, from the very earliest times, seems to me an additional and unanswerable objection to their having descended from the gigantic Urus. Professor Nilsson, however, in his paper already referred to, considers givea generad s taky a an n"t e i ma tha e l w trule , thatame th t e racs ei always less tha wile nth d species from, whic t hsprings.i " Now, thia s si proposition whicverm a y h I muc h incline doubto t d , believing, do I s a , tha tmeano animaln y b s e necessarilsar y degenerate dwarfed dan thein di r dimensions, as the Professor supposes, when .taken under the care and protectio f manno e contrary, th but n o , e rathear , r increase n sizei d y b , careful tendin feedingd an gattentioy b wels a s , a l o theit n r breeding; and example proon si thif o f s viewinclinem a I ,foun e thinko b d t y d ma , in our domesticated dogs, horses, &c. We know, from such specimens as these skull sI hav e described smale th , lt leas a siz f eto some specief so cattle in the Eoman period ; and others, of an exactly corresponding kind NOTES ON THE ANCIENT CATTLE OF SCOTLAND. 611

d sizean , have been found s alreada , y mentioned, belonginn a o t g immensely older geologic period, carryin s baco timeu gt n thiy i k sswa altogether prior to the existence of man. Then, in much later times, as shown in the Welsh Laws of Howell the Good, in the tenth century (vide Wotton's Trans. Leges Wallicse) have w , e apparenly give o unt s the different sizes of the yokes used for ploughing ; and if so, from these we find tha cattle th t f thaeo t date must have been much smaller than presene thosth f eo t day. Thu fine t statei sdw Libn di . III., chap. ix., p. 279, DeSoeietate Arationis:—" Jugum breve quattuor pedibus (longum); Jugum maiale octonispedibus; Jugum axillare duodenis pedibus; Jugum longum senis denis pedibus." In other passages of these laws, we have these various yokes referred to as measures of the land, being apparently taken fro well-knowe mth ne differen sizeth f so t yokes themselvese Th . cattle, Mr Youatt says, were always yoked abreast, and the short yoke for two oxen was only four Welsh feet of nine inches each, or three feet English in length, increasing in the same proportion for four oxen ; eightr fo d , whican sixtees hwa n Welsh feet r twelvo , e feet English long. Chap, ix., 2 of Lib. III. of Leges Wallicae : — •'Uncia longitudine trium granorum hordeacorum constat—Palmatribus unciis—Pes tribus palmis;" showin whaf o thin y gi t stheswa e measures consist r YouatM . t declares that an ox of the present day would require a somewhat larger space than eighteen, inches in order to work or even to stand. (Vide Youatt "On Cattle." d whe e remembeAn w n) e smalth r r domesticatelou sizf o e d cattle in ancient times, it is interesting to notice another remark in page 3 of his valuable work, in regard to the comparative size of the well-tended cattle of the present day:—"There is no doubt that within the last century their size has progressively increased in England, and kept pace with the improvement of agriculture." How far this may go seemn o s rathe difficula r t matte determineo t r whao wels t a , s a lt extent a species of animal like the ox may be changed from its original type, degenerating, it may be, in some places, and improving in others, by being long under the dominion and management of experimenting and calculating man. These rough note sI conside s tendina r o shogt e extremwth e impro- babilit r domestiou f o y c cattle bein e descendantgth e large-sizeth f so d Bos primigenius; and shall I say, the probability of their true progenitor 612 PKOCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JUNE 10, 1872.

being this small and equally-ancient Bos longifrons, or sho.rt-horned 'ox, whic s beeha h n prove o havt d e existed in, this country fro latee mth r geologic periods dow bustline t leasna th o t t g time busf so y man. conclusionn I havI , returo cataloguey t m o nt animaf eo l remains, and, making a rapid descent in the scale of animal life, allude to an ancient mollusc, whic d beeha h n delicaca prize tablee s a th r w d,y fo no the s a n e las f thesanth o t s di e relic sI hav noticeo t e , which were found with the traces of the Roman occupation of this district; I refer to the Com- mon Oyster, Ostrea edulis,^- f whico h this shell, measuring 4^ inchen si greatest diameter (whic I hexhibit) d severaan , l others were found; affordin e larg prooa gth f e o fsiz f thieo s ancient shell-fishf o s wel a ,s a l fondnese Romae th th f o' sn epicure, eve t thia n s inland statione th r fo , celebrated oysters of our British seas. frieny m y bes o d1t M t e Adathankdu me ar sSmith , Esq., Darnick (nowf o Melbourne, r Australia)FranciM o t sd Burnetan ; , Nowstead (since deceased)r fo , their zea procurinn i l these m r eg fo variou s specimens.

Side-Vie Skulf wo f lo 1 White Ox" from Hamilton, formerly in Dr Knox's Collection. (See pp. 602 and 614.) Table f Measurementso f variouso Specimens s longifronBo f Skullse o th f o s (Owen).

Skulls found near Newstead. Prof. Nilsson, of Lund, (See Plate.) From Prof. Owen's Brit. Fos. Mam. Young Specimens.3 In. lin. In. lin. In. lin. In. lin. In. lin. ! In. lin. I In. lin. Jn. lin. In. lin. In. lin. In. lin. | In. lin. No. I. No. II. No. III.No. IV. (I.)" (2.) (3.) (4.) (5.) a.) (2.) (3.) Lengt skule th f hlo fro supra-occipitae mth l ) ridge to front edge of intermaxillary bone, J 18-6 17 16 16 Length from supra-occipital ridge to nasal | hones . , ... (. . . 8-6 8 8 8 8 7-2 8-4 Length from root f horo s n core o upperst \ edge of orbits, . • . . . j 4-2 3-6 3-6 3-4 Length of orbits, ..... 2.9 2'6 2-6 2-4 Breadth of orbits, . 2-8 2-5 2-5 I ength from orbit to end of maxillary bone, 8-3 7-9 7-6 8-4 , , from orbi o front t t edg f intero e - 1 maxillary bone, . . • . . ) 10 9-3 9 10 Breadth of forehead, between roots of horn I cores, ... . f 6-3 5-6 5-8 5-6 5 5 5 5 5 5-3 5-2 Breadth across narrowest part about midway 1 between roots of horn cores and orbits. . } 6-9 6 5-9 5-6 5-4 Breadth of skull across middle of orbits, . 6-9 6-6 6-3 6-9 6-6 nearly 7 7-5 ... ,, across front of intermaxillary bones, 3-3 3 3 Horn-cores; circumferenc basef eo , 6-9 5 4-3 4 4 3-6 4-6 7 4-3 7'1 4-2 ,, length following outer curvature, 6 4-6 3-6 3 4 3-6 4 i" 7 4 3 ,, span across, from tip to tip, . 16-6 II1 10-61 91 12 11 12 11-3 Length of alveolar sockets and molnr teeth ) of upper jaw, ...... ) 5 4-9 4-9 5-2 Heigh f skulo t l from supra-occipital ridge ) uppeo t r edg foramef eo n magnum . ) , 4-5 4-3 ... 4 Height of skull from supra-occipital ridge ) to the base of the skull, . . . . ) 5-11 ... 5-9 5-5 Breadt occipitaf ho l condyles posteriorly. , 4-3

1 These measurement obtainee sar doubliny db hore lengte on n g f th cor o centrahp o et ti fro e mth l sutur foreheadf eo . 2 (1.) Hunterian, Irish bog. (2.) Mr Ball, bog, Westmeath. (3.) Mr Brown, Clacton beds (freshwater). (4.) Mr Woods, bog, Bridgevrater. (5.) Larger size, supposed to be bull, and others cows.—Prof. Owen. 3 Professor Nilsson says this species seems to vary considerably in size, according to age and sex. 614 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JUNE 10, 1872.

OP THE " WILD WHIT CADZOWF "x O EO , HAMILTON. vere th y n shorI t abstrac r KoberD f o t t Knox's paper already referred Scotland,f Wilo e tx th o d O n " O " publishe "e Proceedingth n di e th f so Eoyal Society of Scotland," vol. i., 1845, p. 201, he says:—" The cranium of the wild ox of Hamilton differs very much from those of most domestic

Skul Whitf o l frox eO m Hamilton, formerly r Knox'inD s Collection. (9 inche lines9 length.n si )

oxen, particularl breadte e th forehead th n yi f ho , shortnes e nasath f lso bones, and configuration of the interior of the nostrils. Many of the bulls have horns, whilst otherr Knox' D e salpolled.e f th sar eo t sA " collections, a polled skeleton of the Hamilton wild ox was purchased by Professor Goodsir, labelleUrusm hi y dSeoticus,b d addee Anaan th o dt - tomical Museum of the University. This is undoubtedly the animal to which Dr Knox refers in his paper, Through the kindness of my friend ANCIENE NOTETH N SO T CATTL 5 SCOTLANDF EO 61 .

Professor Turner n opportunita I hav, d ha e f examininyo , andgit , with the assistanc . B A measurement. r w Stirlingfe M f a eo d ad , comparisor sfo n with the other varieties of cattle described. I am also able to give figures of the skull of this Hamilton ox (pp. 612 and 614), which, so far as I am aware t bee, ye hav nt publisheeno d :—

Measurements Skullof Recentof White fromOx Hamilton. In. Lin. Lengt f skulho l from supra-occipital ridg o front e t edgf eo . intermaxillar.19 . y . bones9 , Length from supra-occipital ridge along centre of forehead . 9 . . « 9 t o. nasal bones. , Length from nasal suture to front of intermaxillary bones, 10 3 Length from centr occipitaeof l ridg uppeeto r 3 edg orbitseof 8 , Length of orbits, ...... 2 9 Breadth of orbits, ..... 2 3 Length from front of orbit to front of maxillary bone, . 8 6 Length from fron f orbio t o front t t edg f intermaxillareo y bone, . . . . . 11 3 Length of nasal bones— Right, ...... 5 '.) Left, ...... 5 6 Breadt nasaf ho l bones, ....6 2 . Breadt . foreheaf h6o . t uppe0da . r part, Breadth across about midway between top and orbits, . 7 9 Breadth of skull across middle of orbits, . . 93 Breadth across fron intermaxillarf o t . y bones3 . ,9 Length of alveolar sockets of upper jaw, . . . 50 Height of skull from supra-occipital ridge to upper edge of foramen magnum, ....3 5 . Heigh f skulo t l from supra-occipita l e basridgth f o eo t e the skull, ...... 7 0 Breadt occipitaf ho l condyles . , posteriorly4 . 5 , . .15 . Lower . jaw,6 . length, Depth from condyloi . d proces7 . baseo st 0, Depth from tempora . l proces9 . baseo st 0 , Measurements of Skeleton. Atlas, length through foramen . . ...26 . Greates7 . t6 breadt . h below . , VOL. IX. PART II. 2 It 616 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JUNE 10, 1872.

In Lin...... Axis,. length5 . 0, Breadth below, . . . . . 46 Scapula, length (without cartilage), . . . 166 Breadth across base, . . . 10 0 2 1 9 . . Humerus, . greates. t . length, Breadth across lower articulation . , ..36 Radius, length, . • . • . . . . 116 ' ' Breadth of lower articulation, . . . 36 6 ' 4 1 Ulna, - . lengt . h from . olecranum . , Carpus, length, ...... 23 Metacarpus, length, . . . . .-80 Breadth across lower articulation, . . . 3.0 Phalanx, first, length, . . . . . 23 Second, length, ....6 1 . Hoof, length, . . . . . 2-0 Pelvis, length between tuby. of ilium and tuby. of ischium, 15 0 Breadth across tubs, of ilium, . . 25 0 0 3 Breadt1 h . across . tubs ischiumf o , . , Breadth across acetabula, , ... 8 6 0 6 s1 , . . Femur, . greatest length . , Breadth across lower articulation, ..6 4 . 4 1 0 . . . Tibia, . length . , Breadth acros6 s 2 lower articulation . . , . Calcaneum, length. ,.. . ..6. 0 Tarsus, length, . . . . - . . 26 Metatarsus, length, . . . - . . 90 Breadth across lower articulation,. . . . . 26 Phalanx,. 6 - first . 2 , length... . . , . Second, ...... 13 Hoof, . . . . / . 2 0 This ox is therefore rather larger than the usual size of the ancient Bos longifrons ; but considerable range of size, as well as variety in the direction of the horns, must be apparently allowed even in the latter. The more massive skull and breadth of forehead is partly due probably to this Hamilton ox being a bull; and the principal difference is in the shortnes nasae th f l o sbones , ane configuratiodth interioe e th th f no f o r nostrils whic s apparentlhi e greate th o t re projectioydu n forwardd an s downwards towards the septum of the nose, of a lamina^from the lower NOTES ON THE ANCIENT CATTLE OF SCOTLAND, 617

part of the upper half of naso-turbinal bone. Probably mere individual varietie sizf proportiod so ean youna n ni g animal. In the Museum of Science and Art there is a skeleton of an ordinary polled ox resembling that of the Hamilton White Ox, being nearly of the same size. The skull measures in In. Lin. Length from centr occipitaf eo l cres anterioo t - r parin f o t termaxillary bones, . . . . 19 9 nasa. o t l sutureDo 9. . , 3. Length from nasal suture to front of intermaxillary bones, 10 6 . Nasa 6. l bone6 lengthn si . , right . , . 6Do6. . . left, Do. in breadth, . 1 10 Length of orbits, ..... 26 Breadth of orbits, ..... 26 Breadth of forehead between orbits, ... 89 Breadth of intermaxillary bones in front, . . 39

(2.) NOTICo ADDITIONATw F EO L CRANI THF AO E ANCIENT SHORT-HORNED x (BosO Ipngifrons, Owen), FOUND SOME NEATIMO EAG R NEWSTEAD, ROXBURGHSHIRE; WITH NOTE OF THE SKULL OF A RECENT SHETLAND Ox. By JOHN ALEXANDER SMITH, M.D.1

previoua n I s communicatio Societe th o t ny (April, 1851) I ,exhibite d described an d four mor r leso e s perfec Icngi-s t Bo crani e th f thi, ao ox s frons, which were found during the formation of a cutting on the Hawick brancNorte th f ho British Railway n thi , e val f Melroseo e a littl, o et the east of the village of Newstead. They were discovered in a series of deep well-like shafts, which contained various remains, with Roman potter ycoinsw anfe da . Since that tim eI hav e been abl portionprocuro o et tw e f skulleso th s now before the Society, which, I believe, complete the collection of ancient animal remains that have been obtained from this placee Th . larger of the two skulls seems to have been an animal of rather greater size thosf o tha y en an formerl y described, measuring t doesi s a , , about 1\ inches

1 Read befor Jtoyae eth l Physical Society, Edinburgh, January 25th, 1854 pubd ,an - lished in the "Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal." vol. Ivii., 1854, p. 162. 618 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JUNE 10, 1872.

acros foreheae sth d betwee horn-corese e rootth e th nhornf th o s d - an ; cores themselve e alsar so larger, being 7J inche circumferencn si e th t a e base. They are about 5-£ inches in length, but the points being broken, we cannot of course determine this measurement correctly. This skull is also more prominen uppee "e th pro th forehead n e ri ts - parth ha f o d t an , minent edge standing up along the middle of the forehead," which Pro- fessor N"ilsson of Lund gives as a specific character of this ox, more distinctly e othemarketh f ro specimensdy thaan secone n ni Th .d skull belongs to a much smaller animal, being nearly equal in size to the least of those formerly described. The measurements here are:—Breadth across the forehead between the horn-cores, 5J inches. The horn-cores are nearly 3f inche lengthn si , followin e outeth g r curvature d theian ; r circumferenc e basinches4 th s et n i thiI a e .s individual alse proth o- minenc uppee e th occipita th f foreheae reo f th o par f d o lt ridgdan s ei very distinct. These specimens are interesting, as showing somewhat of e shapd sizrange th th an ef thi o n eei supposy s animalma e e th e W . a largebulle varietiee th e th . d on rcowl a smalle an Bual e , b sn i t o t r of size, ther constana s ei t general resemblanc charactern ei . Professor Nilsso s describenha a distinc . as d t a variet specie, ox f yo s principally distinguished from the Bos longifrons, by having longer pedicles to the horns, the forehead more rounded in front, and the ridge occipue oth f t risin gcentree higth n hfron-i s , calles whicBo ha e e dth h tosus; but you will observe that in the crania on the table, there is a very considerable variety both in the prominence of the forehead and the outline of the occipital ridge. Ina lette r with whic hI hav e been favoure Professoy b d r Owene h , informs me that two of the specimens previously exhibited are the most perfect crania of the Bos longifrons which he has yet seen. And he considers that they ten o strengthedt s opinionhi f thi o nbeinx o s ga distinc e tvarietie th specie l al f fossi s, o s whicox l t hi present e th n i s different specimen s examineha e h s d being withi n e a limitth n f o s admitted range; while he believes the Bosfrontosus of .Nilsson to be merely a variety of the Bos longifrons. mose Thith ts si anciene smalth f lo t sized cattle, being foun n thdi e drift d fresh-watean s r deposit e neweth f o rs pliocene formation, along with, remainhuge th ef o sanimal f thao s t time e elephane th ,th d an t ANCIENE NOTETH N SO T CATTL SCOTLAND9 F EO 61 .

rhinoceros; and downwards through the deposits of the alluvium to the period of man, as the specimens on the table show, shortly after which it becomes lost as a species,—probably remaining in some of the domestic s cattllateit s rea smalposteritya s a l d additionaan , l evidenc thin o e s e skullmentioy th point f ma so I ,e previousl n on tha n i t y described,1 there still remained three of the molar teeth, being the two last molars uppee oth fthir e rlasth e jaw dth d t e othemola,an th f ro rside . These I have compared r domestiwit teete ou th hf o h c cattle found an , d them to be almost identical in character, the arrangement of their enamel fold generad an s l structure bein e samgth e (see woodcut).

3. 2. Two last (2d and 3d), Maxillary Molars of right side of small Short-horned Ox, Bos longifrons (Owen). Foun t Newsteadda , Roxburghshire. (See Plate, No. III.) (natural size).

I believe thes e firs es longifronsth tskulle Bo b remain e o t sth f o s which have been discovere Scotlandn di . alsy oma mention I 185y , 3Ma tha n theri s presentet wa e o trit d e Museu e Societth f m o Antiquarief yo f Scotlanso dportio a lowe e th f ino jaw-bone of an ox, which had been found in a strange building, of several chambers, covered by a tumulus, and called a "Plots' House," situated on westere th n declivit Wideforf yo d Hill, near Kirkwall, Orkney, whics hwa opened and particularly examined by George Petrie, Esq. The specimen, which consist e jaw-bonea portioe th bod f th o f s o f y s o nlatel wa , y examine Professoy db r Quecket Eoyae th f o tl Colleg Surgeonsf eo , London, and was considered by him to belong to this same species of the Eos i Vide Plate, No. UI. 620 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JUNE 10, 1872.

lonfjifrons', . It seems especially worthy of notice, as proving the existence of thie Orkneth s n smali yx Islandso l a ver t a ,y early period, when 'the country in all probability was inhabited by some of the primitive races of ou raware m landa firs e I th ,; s t a and'isinstanc r s existencfa it o f s , o e e being noticed so far to the north in Britain. In conclusion, I may remark, that the occurrence of this Orkney specimen, shoul domesticateda believe e b d w o t alss t ei i , o interestingox , as it may be considered an additional evidence of the early inhabitants of this country having tame n originaa d l native breedo t n i bein, y b g means likely tha thin i t s comparatively remote plac domesticatee eth x do could have been derived fro e cattlemth , , intintroducee be oth y ma t di southern part Britaif Romae so th y nb n colonist.

Note.—Having, through the kindness of Professor Fleming, examined a skull of the Small-sized Ox of the Shetland Islands, I have added some of its measurements for comparison with the small oxen referred to previoue th n i herd s ecommunicationan n thiI .s skull have proe w eth - minent edge in the middle of the forehead rising from the depression betwee rathed nan r abov roundee orbitse th eth d ,an d protuberance th n ei centra e supra-occipital th par f o t l ridgee horn-coresTh . , howevere ar , considerably longer and larger in proportion to the size of the skull, and curve backwards, outwards, and upwards.

Measurements of Slfull of Recent Shetland Ox. In. Lin. Length of skull from supra-occipital ridge to front edge of 3 7 1 . . . intermaxillar . . y bones . , Length from supra-occipital ridge along centr f foreheao e d to nasal bones, ...... 79 Length from roots of horn-cores to upper edge of orbits, . 3 10 Length of orbits, .....:.. 26 Breadth of orbits, ...... 23 Lengt hmaxillarf froo d m orbien y o bonet t , ... 78 Length from orbi frono t t t edg intermaxillarf eo C 9 y bone . , Breadth of forehead between middle of roots of horn-cora<, 5 11 Breadth across narrowest part, ..... 57 Breadt skulf ho l across middl orbitsf eo , .... 63 Breadth across front of intermaxillary bones, . . . 211 ANCIENE NOTETH N SO T CATTL SCOTLAND1 F EO 62 .

In. Lin. Horn-cores, circumference of base, ..... 64; Horn-cores, length following outer curvature, . . ' . 66 Length of alveolar sockets of upper jaw, .... 56 Height of skull from supra-occipital ridge to upper edge of 6 4 . . . . forame . n magnum. . , Height of skull from supra-occipital ridge to the base of the skull, ...... 60 Breadth of occipital condyles, posteriorly, . . . 3 10

"e Statisticath n I l Accoun f Scotland,o t " vol . Edinburghi . , 1791n ,i the account of the parish of Delting, Shetland, it is stated that the car- casShetlana f eo weighx o d s cwts.fro4 w froo mt co m ,3 17a tha f 0o t to 230 Ibs.

I subjoin a few measurements of the skeleton of a young animal of Bos longifrons, to give an idea of the size of this species of ox, taken from. Professor Nilsson's paper already referre :o —dt

" BOS LOWHFBONS. " General Character.—The forehead flattened, with a prominent edge standing up alon middlee gth smallea d ,an r indenting backwards horne ;th s round, small, directed an d outwardly upwards directioe bend on an ,n i t n forwards. "To judge fro skeletone fee5 m th inches 4 t wa t si , long e fro nape th m th o t e end of the rump-bone, the head about 1 foot 4 inches, so that the whole length must have been abou feet6 inches8 t . Fro slendee mth r mak boness it f ebodo s ,it y must rather have resemble deeda r tha commor nou e th legs n t it a stam; x o e extremities are certainly somewhat shorter and also thinner than those of a crown deer (full-antlered stag). The skull is long and narrow, even more so than that odeera f . " The rest of skeleton most like that of the tame ox, but each bone in pro- portio lengte th o nmors t hi e slende thind an r . "Atlas: breadte th h ove winge th r inches4 liness5 ; unde lengte e th rth f ho curve, 1 inch 3 lines; axis about 3 inches. "Shoulder Blade, Scapula: length inche1 1 , lines4 sbreadth; inche6 , lines1 ; from cav.-glen spin.o t . inc1 , linesh7 . "Humerus: length, 8 inches 6 lines ; breadth of lower joint's superficies, 2 inche liness4 . "Radius: about 10 inches in length. 622 .PROCEEDING SOCIETYE TH F SO , JUN , 1872E10 .

"Metacarpus: length, 7 inches 3 lines; breadth of lower articular surface, 2 inches. "Pelvis: length in a right line, 1 foot 2 inches 2 lines. Foram. obturat., oval, in front somewhat narrower. "Femur: length, 11 inche liness4 . "Tibia: length inche1 1 , liness4 . "Metatarsus: length inche8 , lines4 s . Firs jointe to t inche2 , ; ssecond 1 , nch 2 lines ; the hoof, 2 inches 2 lines in length.

s longifrons,e firsBo th t e n I papeth I referren o interestinn r a o t d g specime late th e y nProfessob showe m o nt r John Fleming, e D.D.th n i ,

Portion Skulf so smalf o l l Short-Horne (fig, witx dO 1) . h Horns (figs. 2), found by Mi- James Crawley 25 feet below the surface of his bog, near Castle Connell, county Limerick, Ireland, in June 1846, and given to Mr James Denniston of O'Brien Bridge College w presentes y whob Ne ,wa Museue t e mth i , th Edino d t f mo - burgh, 1846.

Collegew MuseuNe e ,th Edinburghf mo , having bot hornse h th als d oan , remains of part of the skin with the hair attached, apparently showing a NOTES ON THE ANCIENT CATTLE OF SCOTLAND. 623

rough shaggy hide like our Highland kyloes. Professor Duns has kindly allowed me again to examine this skull. It shows distinctly the characters longifrons.s Bo e uppe e Th oth fe rskul th par s separatei f l o te th t a d orbits fro superioe mth r maxillae e occipitath d an , l bon alss ei o separated. The whole bones are of a dark brown colour, and have lost almost entirely their mineral constituents, caused, as Professor Fleming was inclined to suppose sprina theiy b o , t f watero gg exposurbo r e surchargeth n ei d with carbonic acid, which had apparently dissolved them away. The bones, having been soft, are now somewhat shrunk and split, but correspond closel Professoo yt r Owen's descriptio s longifrons.Bo figured e nan th f o s It measures 6 inches from the prominent centre of the supra-occipital foreheade th uppee f th o o p t rridgorbite , to edgbetweeth d r ef o an , eo n the roots of horn-cores 6J inches. The occipital condyles measure 3| inches across the back part. The horn-cores measure, the right nearly 6, and the left 5| inches in greatest length, along their outer curvature; an circumferencn di basee th inchest 3 ,a e . e hornTh y sheaths—the horns—ar f muceo h interest; the nearle yar y blac n colouri kd tapean , r rapidly toward a rathes r sharp-pointed extremity; the other end being probably expanded somewhat by its long steepin e bogth .n gi Themeasurew leff e yno 8 th te righ d th , J an 9 ,t inches, along their greatest outer curvature; and in circumference at the base e righth , t hore lef inches7 th nt d 7£an ,. When e placeth n o d horn-cores, they slope outwardly slightly downwards forwardsd an , , rising above the plane of the forehead in front.

(3.) NOTE P THO S E OCCURRENC E EBMAINTH F O F EANCIEN O S T SHORT- HORNED CA.TTLE IN DIFFERENT DISTRICTS OF SCOTLAND.

ROXBURGHSHIRE. Newstead.—Various specimen s longifronsBo f o s were found with Koman remains in 1846-7, near Newstead, of which I have given the preceding detailed accounts.

Hawiclc.—Sir Walter Ellio Wolfelef o t e inform tha e skule m sth t l and different parts of the skeleton, he believes, of the Bos Inngifrons, Owen, 4 62 PROCEEDING SOCIETYE TH F SO , JUN , 1872E10 .

were found many year alono sag g wit bonee hth (Genusk f arso el i alces),1 in the peat moss adjoining Williestruther's loch, near Wolfelee. The loch lies riot far from the river Slitrig, in the parish of Hawick. The bones have now unfortunately all fallen aside.

KIRKCUDBRIGHTSHIRE. (Borgue, Harness.—Since these notes were put together, some bones of the Bos longifrons, including a portion of the frontal bone with the characteristic small horn-core, were exhibite meetina Societe t da th f go n yi June 1873. They were some of the first-fruits of an exploration of a Kirkcudbrightf o line south-wese y cavef cliffth th eba o o n e t so ' th f o t , on the farm of Borness, in the parish of Borgue. The cave is being carefully examined by Mr A. J. Corrie and Mr W. Brace Clarke, and full details will be published when they have concluded their investigation. A shor commencemente notth f eo thif o t s wor publishes ki "n di Nature, " for August 7, 1873; it is there stated that the bones included ox, red- deer, goat, horse, pig, pine-marten, rabbits, water-vole, &c., with remains of birds, frogs fishd rudd an an ,, e implement f boneso , stone, &c.)

WlGTONSHIRE. Dowalton Loch.—A lake-dwelling or crannog in Dowalton loch was examine Williar Si y db m Maxwel f Monreatho l , Bart. varioud an , s bronze vessels, &c., including a Eoman patella, and numerous bones of animals, were presented to the Museum by Sir William in March 1865. These included two frontal bones with horn-cores; one a larger horn-core, 6 J inche n circumferenci s inche 3 s base it d t san a , e long poins it , t being broken off. The smaller horn-core measures 4^ inches in circumference, and 3 inches long. Two portions of skulls, and also of lower jaws, all of longifrons.s small-sizea Bo e th , dox

EDINBURGHSHIRB. Invereslc.—Some remain f Eomao s n pottery, amphorse, mortaria, &c., along with bone f animalso s , deed oxenan r , foun t Invereska d , near Musselburgh, were presente Museue th o dt Admira y mb r AlexandeSi l r See Notice of Remains of Elk found in Scotland, " Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot." vol. 1 ix. p. 326. NOTES ON THE ANCIENT CATTLE OF SCOTLAND. 625

Milne, K.C.B., in May 1865. The bones of the oxen may probably be referre e Bosth o dlongifronst Eomae th f o n period.

K'inleith.—A. curious double-blade edged dan d bronze implementa f o ,

unique characte1 r (3f in. long), was found at a depth of nearly 11 feet fro e surface mth undisturben a n i ,f gravel o d be d, along with somf o e bonee iadiu e small-sizea th th f sd o s an fro , righe mox dth t fore-lea f go moderate-size valleWatede e th th dog f f Leithn yi o o r, , at Kinleitht no , far from the village of Currie. The gravel-bed was overlaid by beds of sand and clay and the ordinary vegetable mould, and was nearly 300 feet distan x e o stream.t th e froe bone e f presenth Th mo th f so d be t consiste e lef th f part o d f hip-joino t r acetabulumo t , wit portioha f o n pubie th c bone attached, lower portion e tibi th leg-boner af o e so th d an , cannon or nietatarsal bone of the same side; also the condyles or lower e femuth par r f thigh-bono o rt e rightth f o e. From the small sizf eo these bones, they may be supposed to belong to the Bos longifrons, They were presented by me to the Museum of the Society in 1863.

Edinburgh, North Loch.—James M'Bain, M.D., H.N., &c., informs possessios hi n i m s e nthaha portione h t f threo s es specimensBo e th f o longifrons, which were discovere n i 187d 0 when excavatine th r fo g foundations of the Waverley Station of the North British Eailway, in the valley extending from the north of the Castle Eock between the Old d Nean w Town f Edinburgho s e sitth ,e formerl e North f ' o yLoch . The bones consisted : one, of part of the frontal bone, with the left horn- core, outer curvature measuring 4| inches, and'its circumference th t a e base 5 inches; another specimen included the whole upper part of the frontal bone, with both horn-cores attache horn-corede ;th s each measured 4 inches along their outer curvature, and 4 inches in circumference round the base of the horns; it measured also 4 inches across the forehead, between the roots of the horn-cores. The last specimen was also part of frontae th l bone, wit righe hth t horn-core attached t measurei • d alons git outer curvature 4^ inches, and its circumference at the base 5 inches. The bones were found along with abundant masses of lacustrine shells, Remarke Se Bronza n so e Instrumen liea t dn founi g ddo witd han x boneo f o s 1 of river grave], &c., " Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot." vol. v. p. 84. 6 62 PROCEEDING SOCIETYE TH F SO , JUNE 10, 1872.

Planorbis, Lymneus, &c. greatee th , r portion unbroken, thus showine gth f o e characteag e formatione d loehth ol Th f e botto o r.e th th s a f m,o these remains is of course very uncertain. The bones were presented to r M'BaiD Alexandey nb r Christie, Esq. whoy b , m they were discovered and preserved.

InchJceith.— e accounTnth a kitche f o t n midde f uncertaio n n age, discovere e islanth f Inchkeithn do o d e Firtth f Forthhn o i , 1872n i , , by David Grieve, Esq., F.S.A. Scot. published an ,Proceeding e th n di s of the Society, he describes various animal remains, including those of small-sized cattle. There were also found the remains of the grey seal, Halichosrus grypus.

HADDINGTONSHIRE. 8eacli/.—In April 1870 papea , rea s dwa r befor Societe th e. WJ .y yb Laidlay, of Seacliff, Esq.,1 giving details of an ancient structure built of dry stone wallskitchea d an , n midden: discovere n isolatea n o d d rock, known as the " Ghegan," on the sea-shore near Seacliif. The lower part of buildine th fee3 2 ts gr abou i o abov 2 2 t e high-water mark d amonan , g the remains of ancient occupation some pins of different sizes, needles, and ornamental combs of bone, were found; a few fragments of coarse pottery, a quern, &c., and various animal remains; besides a few human bones,—"of oxe greana t abundance d consistinan , f severago l varieties, s longifronsBo e th includin grigha t metacarpal bone (named apparently by Prof. Owen) othersd an , ; sheep also vern i , y great abundancea f o d an , small siz egoats; fea , w ; horses, pretty numerous smala f o , l siz ehogs; a , few; deer red-deere ; dogs e th , ro , e several,th larga f ,o e size; rodentse ,th water vole, &c.; birds and fishes, a very few ; besides the remains of rabbits, rats, &c., of which, as they might find their way naturally to the deposit accouno n , t nee taken."—Pe db . 374. On mentioning the somewhat Celtic-like name of "Ghegan" to the Eev. Thomas M'Lauchlan, LL.D., F.S.A. Scot. r well-knowou , n Celtic scholar, he told me, it might be explained as Gaelic—" Geogan," the "little bay, or the little thing or rock at the bay," which seemed to be descriptive localitye oth f Saxoe th ; n goe, whic s synonymoui h s wit Celtie hth c geo 1 Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot. vol. viii . 372p . . NOTES ON THE ANCIENT CATTLE OF SCOTLAND. 627

or geotha,—an inlet , howeveris , , als opossibla Icelandid ol e e rootth r co : trua s i e n Celtia e cth terminationt Gjabu ; .

Drein, Bdlgone.—Some bones of the Bos longifrons, found 15 feet under a peat moss at Balgone, were presented to the Museum of Science and Art, . EdinburghGranG r tSi Suttiey b , , Bart. These e consisth f o t broken upper portion of a small skull with horn -cores, lower jaw, femur, &c. They measure,— In. Lin. Horn-cores:— Right, length along greater curvature, . . . 34 Circumference of base, .... 3 9 Left, length nearly, ..... 3 0 Circumferenc basef eo , ...9 3 . Lower jaw, portion of body of left side with two molar teeth, depth behind last mokr, . . . . 29 Femur, greatest length, ....9 9 . Length between articular surfaces . , ..89 Breadth across . lower articulation2 . 6 . , Sacrum, length inside, ....4 8 .

LlNLlTHGOWSHIRE, Kinneil.—A e skullpelvi th d a short-hornepar f f an o so t , foundox d in a moss at Kinneil, were presented to the Museum of the Society by r WalteD r Ada mn 1849i skulle s Th tolerabl.i y perfect e anterioth , r e superioth par f o t r maxillaries being broke shoro tw nts awayha t I . horn-cores d theran , s alsi e a orounde d broken apertur frone th f o tn ei the forehead t I measure. s in,— Length from, the middle of occipital ridge to transverse nasal suture, ..... 8| inches. Do. to upper part of orbits, . . . 7| ,, , . 3 Horn-cores. . lengthn i , . , . right, . 4 . . . . do left, . Do 6 , ., Do circumferenc. . . t baseea , Orbits, length, . . . . . 2£ „ Do. breadth, . . . . . 2f ., Length of alveolar sockets, .. . . 4| ., 628 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JUNE 10, 1872.

. The innominate bones of the pelvis measure 1 ft. 3 in. in greatest . greatesin length4 . tft breadt1 ; h above d 9Jan , inches acrose th s fron f pelvio t t uppea s r par f acetabulao t . These bones arf muco e h interest, from localite th . y where they were found n somI . e notes which were published in vol. viii. of the Proceedings of the Society, describing the large . Eoman sculptured stone ] got at Grange, near Borrowstounness, in the immediate neighbourhood of Kinneil, I called attention to the tact that Kinneil meant in Gaelic the " Head of the Wall," and it was in this neighbourhood, probably near wher e sculptureth e d stons wa e found, that the Eoman wall between the Forth and Clyde terminated. e skullTh , therefore s founa localit wa ,n i d y anciently occupiee th y b d Romans.

LANARKSHIRE. Glasgow.—In a paper published in the " Transactions of the Geo- logical Society of Glasgow," vol. ii. p. 152, 1867, " On the Occurrence longifronsprimigeniuss s oBo fBo d Anciene an th n i Clyde,e t Drifth f o t" Societe th rea o n 12tt do y h April Jamer 186M y 6sb Bennie f H.Mo , . Geological Survey whico t , attentioy hm .Johr calles M nwa y b dYoun g Hunteriae oth f n Museum, Glasgow Bennir M . e states that e " parth f o t forehead of a small ox, which Dr Secular has recognised as of the Bos longifrons, on- e of the'extinct cattl f Clydesdale,"o e s founwa ' d "in true river drif t Rutherglea t n loan, Gorbals. horne Th ", whic hI hav e had an opportunity of examining, measures 5^ inches across the forehead betwee e rootth n se horn-cores'oth f e smalTh l. horn-core e eacar sh broken, the right measuring 4-|- inches in circumference at the root, and the left the same, and 2 inches in length to its fractured extremity. The excavation was for a sewer extending several, hundred yards. It was seve eighr no t fees clearl twa d deepunmistakeabl d an y an , y thorough river sand and gravel, characterised throughout by the same kind of vegetable remains which mark the Clyde drift so emphatically elsewhere. The forehead of the ox had been dug out of !a bed of fine grey sand, fro mdepta h probabl f abouyo t everd seveha yt n i appearanc feetd an , e of having lain long in water before it had been silted up. Mr Bennie considered that this skull belonged probably to what he called the canoe 1 Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot. vol. viii. p. 112, 1869. . - • NOTES ON THE ANCIENT CATTLE OF SCOTLAND. 629

period of the Clyde, more especially as there were two small oval holes nearly together, just behind the occipital ridge, which he considered had been made by the hand and tools of man. He found in the same bed a small perforated stone, 1 inch long, which he considered had also been manufactured by man.

STIBLINGSHIBB. Blair-Drummond.—In the course of the extensive operations used man draininr y yearfo o e peat-mossag gth t Blair-Drummondsa , near Stir- ling, various relic f earlo s y antiquity were discovere d; ston e celts, ham- mers, arrow-heads, &c. The remains of various small short-horned cattle were also found; and the horny sheaths or horns of apparently three different specimens of these cattle were exhibited to the Society by G. Home Drummond, Esq. The largest of these—a horn of the right side of the head—measures llf inches in greatest length along its larger and outer curvature, and 6^ inches in circumference about the middle of its length, or rather a little nearer the point, where the horn remains perfect. A label, apparently belonging to this horn, states that it was found about 1816, a few inches unde surface claye rth th f , eo belo e moswth n Kirklanei s John i , n Fer- e latguson'th e y Henrb . ss initialeD i land y . d HomH an ,. dH e Drum- mond Blair-Drummondf o , , Esq. The next, also a right horn, measures 10^ inches in length along its outer curvature 5-$d an ,inche n circumferenci s t aboua e t hal s lengthfit , where the horn begins to be more perfect. It is labelled as having been found nea e bottoe Ghalonerstoth rth f mo n1861y MossMa .n i , e smallestTh e lef horth a e head,t f th sido n f o ,e measures only 6J inches in length along its outer curvature, and 4-J inches in circumference abou middle horne th t th f e,o wher perfects i t ei . These horn darke sar - coloured or black; they curve from the root gently outwards and rather upwards, then slightly downwards and forwards towards the tip, which again, as in the first horn, rises slightly upwards. The horn (JSTo. 2), has thcurvep eti d rather more inwards thae othersth n , like e th tha f o t modern " short-horned" cattle. The horns are much split into layers l tapenea al rootse rth d r an ,rathe r rapidl smala somewhad o yt an l t fine and sharp-pointed extremity. 630 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIK'1% JUNE 10, 1S72.

KlNCARDINESHIRE. t CyrusS —Lower Warburton.—At a meetin e Eoya th f o lg Physical Societ Edinburgf yo 28te th hn ho Marc h 1866 communicatioa , reas ndwa . HowdenC . J fro r mD , Montrose ,a'Bon n "O e Cav t Lowea e r Warbur- ton, Kincardineshire," whic s publishei h n theii d r Proceedings (Edin- burgh, vol .r Howdeiii.D ) n states tha e cavs discovereth t wa e n i d 1847ranga n i f tra,eo e farp th Lowef cliffm o n o s r Warburtone th n i , parist situates CyrusS i f t I o h . d about hal mila f e froe estuarmth y of the North Esk, and fifteen, feet above high-water mark. A short s publishe accounwa e r latAlexande th t M i e y f b do t r e Brysoth n i n "Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal" for 1850. The late Mi- William Beattie, Montrose, also rea a dnotic f thio e s cave before th e British Association meetins it t a , n Aberdeegi 1859e n entrancni Th . e e caveoth f , whic s abou hwa 2 fee 1 t t wid abouy eb fee5 t t high, faces cavitysouthits the and ,, consistin chamberstwo gof , widene abouto d t 20 feet broad, with a varying height of 20 or 30 feet. It was filled with a loamy soil, portions of stalagmite being found in it, and a great quantity of organic remains. These consisted of an extraordinary abundance of the shells of recent edible mollusca from the sea-shore, Bttccmum, Mytilus, Cardium, Patella', alon&c, g wit bonehthe variouof s s animals Cervus elaphus d capreolus,an s ——,Bo Sus, Erinaceus europceus, Felis catus, Canis familiaris, vulpes, Hyp'uduus r Voleo bird , an dMus, , bone&c f so Sulae th bassana, n considerabli e quantity l thesal , e bones were chiefly broken into small fragments shaftthe , s being split open portioA . nof humaa n parietal bon radiud ean s were also found. Some portions of coarse pottery ornamented outside with a small cord-like pattern, were also noticed, one of these vessels, charred inside, beed ha n about 10 inche diametern si ; another t charredno , measured ha , d abou inches7 t r HowdeD . s sen drawinge nha m t bonee somf so th f eo s d apparentlha collected x o I fine remain d e th dy th an ,belonge f o s o t d the Bos longi/rons, one of the horn-cores measuring about 6J inches in length alon s outegit r curvature 5d |an ,inche circumferencn i s t a e s baseanothed it an , r about 5|- inche | n length4 inchei s d n i an s, circumference. Dr Howden is inclined to consider the contents of this cave as corresponding to the kitchen-middens of the Danish antiquaries, and supposes NOTE THN SO E ANCIENT CATTL SCOTLANDF EO . 631 it had been occupied as a place of human habitation, but that there was no evidenc s probablit f o e e cavew ageFe .s hav t eexplore beeye s a n d n Scotlandi ; much interes s therefori t e attache sucy an h o accountt d ; and it would have been of great importance had the whole contents e cavoth f e been carefully examined. Captain Fitzmaurice Scotte th , proprietor Willian ,o m Beattie's recommendation, commence e exploradth - tion t unfortunatelbu , e yroo th par fa f mas o , tfelf rocin o sf l o k many tons weight d precludean , d further research. Thi s muci s o t h be regretted, and its interest would have been increased by the fact, that, a race of wandering cave-dwellers or gipsies still exist along some parts of our rocky north-eastern coast f Scotlandso .

FORFARSHIRE. Cupar-'Angus.—Stewart T. M. Hood, Esq., in April 1863, presented to the Museum some bones and teeth of a small-sized ox, apparently the Bos longifrons, -which, were founundergrounn a n di d building r "o , Picts' House," along with portion f rusto s smalo ytw iron ld d piecean ,re f o s embossed Samian ware, suggestin e probabilitgth s beinit f f conyo go - temporaneous age with the Koman occupation of Britain.

EOSS-SHIBB. Tain.—When some draining operations were going on in the Morbhaich Mor, grear o t grazing fla,a t sand ysoute tracth n h o t Dornoce shorth f eo h Firth, near the town of Tain, various bones—the lower jaw of a dog, a tine of a rein-deer,1 and some bones of a small ox—were found in a peat moss in 1866 by the Eev. J. M. Joass, and were all presented to the Museum of the Society. Of these, deeply dyed by the peat, one was the frontal portion of the skull, with the characteristic small horn-core of left side, measurin inche4 g n circumferenci s e base th e hor t th ,a en being broken towards the point; with other bones of the ancient small ox, longifrons.s Bo e th

S UTHERLANDSHIRE. Cill Twlla.—ln the Broch of Gill Trblla,2 examined by the Eev. J. M. Remain n "e O 1Se Keindeef so r foun Scotland,n di " Pvoe., vol. viii . 186p . . 2 Archselogia Scotica, vol. v. ; Account of " The Brochs of Cill Trolla,," &c. VOL. IX. PART U. 2 S 2 63 PROCEEDING SOCIETYE TH F SO , JUNE 10, 1872.

Joass of G-olspie, numerous early implements of stone and bone were found; and the remains of various animals,—red deer, rein-deer, horse, pig, whale, and cattle were found; among the remains of the cattle is the horn-cor smala f o el ox,, apparentl s longifrons.Bo e yth This horn-core measures abou inche4 t lengthn si .

CAITHNESS. Kettleburn.—A. Henry Ehind f Sibstero , , Esq., presentee th o t d Museu e Societyth f mo , April 1854 collectioa , f variouo n s archaeological relics and osteological" remains found in the ruins of a broch or so-called Pictish Tower opened by him at Kettleburn, near Wick. The bones were examined by Mr Queckett of London, and give an interesting glimpse of the early fauna of Caithness. Mr Queckett's notes were published in the " Archaeological Journal," London, vol. x. p. 223. The bones include thos f deero e , roebuck, horse , sheeox ,f smalo p l size, goats, pigs, seal, whale, &c. Amon ge Museu thosth a portion e skuli e s mth i f o f lo n longifrons,s Bo with horn-cor f lefo e t side inche5 , sinche6 lon d gn an si circumference at the base, and a portion of a lower jaw, Mr Ehind says,— " showin existence gth thif eo s extinct specie whex o f nso these dwellings were inhabited."

Kftiss.—Samuel Laing, Esq., M.P., presente e Museumth o t dn i , January 1867 a larg, e collectio f stoneo n , bone bronzd an , e implements, along with portions of human skeletons and animal remains found at Keiss. The fulle yar y describe e " th Prehistori n di c Eemain f Caitho s - ness," publishe y himb d , London, 1866. Numerous remaine th f o s Bos longifrons Broche th d f wero san e e"e Ag foundpapea th n n I o r. some other Prehistoric Eemains of Orkney and Caithness," by Mr Laing, e meetinth rea t a d n Januargi y 1867 published an , n voldi e .th viif o . Proceedings of the Society, he states at page 67, where he gives details e inhabitantfaune th ofood th ff an o ad f theso s e Brochs, tha e conh t - s simila sidere dwellerwa th tha o t t f i rs o t Keissa se mentions H . , besides the red deer, horse, pig, goat, or sheep, the dog, fox, whales, and birds, includin apparentlw no e th g y extinct Alca impennis or great auk, fish, &c.,and—"the ox, always the short-horned species, apparently Bos longifrons."—P. 67. To which I have, since added the rein-deer. NOTES ON THE ANCIENT CATTLE OF SCOTLAND. 683

Thrumster Little.—Mr John Bremner, jtin. n Juni , e 1870, presented to the Museum a horn-core, 3 inches long and 4J in circumference at the base longifrons.s found,s fro Bo lefe wa me th e skult , I th th sid f f o l eo along wit deeantled n ha re rf partiallro t througycu h wit hatchetha d an , showing also mark sawa Broca f so n i ;t Thrumste ha r Little.

Yarhouse.— Broce Inth f Yarhouso h e some remain f animalo s s were discovere Josepr M y b hd Anderson werd e th an , e o t presente m hi y db Museum. These includ portioea frontae th f no l bone, wit lefe hth t horn- s longifrons,Bo e e pointh corth f o et broken d measurinan , inche5 g s circumferencin horn the alsbasrein the hora the oand of ;e -eat nof deer.1 ORKNEY. Mainland, Kirkwall.—In my second notice of the Bos longifrons, I have referred to the lower jaw of an ox, defined by Prof. Queckett of London as the Bos longifrons, being found by George Petrie, Esq., Cor. Mem. S.A.Scot., Kirkwall "Pictsa n i , 1 House Wideforn o " d Hill, near Kirkwall presentes r Petrie Museuwa n 1849i M ,th t I o y et b d. mn i Ma a portioe righe bod yth s th i lowee 1853f tf yo d th o n sid f an r,o e jaw. Four molar teeth still remai thein ni r sockets.

Mainland, f STtaill,o y Ba Slcara.—The upper par f skulo t l with right horn-cor s foun a smalwa f dx o eo lamon e animath g l remaine th t a s underground buildin t Skaraga e horn-cor Th . e measure 7 inched n i s lengthinche7 d circumferencn i an s, s base it t seemeI t a .e d alliet da longifrons.s Bo e humeruleasA th o t inche0 1 s s lon alss ogwa presented Museume toth .

(Nortli Ronaldshay, Burrian.—Numerous stone and bone implements and the remains of various animals found in the ruins of the Broch of Burrian, North Eonaldshay, were recently presented to the Museum of the Society by Dr William Traill. Among these remains there are resemblinx o n a tw f oo Bose gth frontae longifrons; th s par f ha o tl e on bone, wit horn-core hth righe th f te o side t measure;i inches4 lengthn si , 1 See "On Remains of Reindeer in Scotland," Proc. vol. viii. p. 186. 634 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JUNE 10, 1872.:

and 1\ lache circumferencn i s e othee baseth Th t r.a eha brokea s n horn-core inche3 , ss 8 i longJ d inchean , n circumferenci s s baseit t a .e Amon numeroue gth s bone f cattl o so phalangea tw e l bones were found, apparently of this same small ox, haying cut on one of them two-of the so-called symbol e "Sculptureth f so d Stone Scotland;f so othee th "d rha apparently been spoiled in the execution of the pattern of another figure or symbol.) HEBRIDES. Island of Harris.—In February 1860 Dr James M'Bain, E.N., read a paper before the Eoyal Physical Society 1 here " On Various Osteological Remains found in a Pict's House or Ancient Underground Building at Msibost in Harris," by Captain Thomas of H.M. surveying ship " Woodlark. remaine Th " s included doge boneth , f commoso n seale th , red deer, a small-sized sheep, and horse, also of small size, and of the Bos longifrons, r smalo l short-horne horn-cora , dox e measuring 3^ inches alon s outegit r curvature f inche3 d circumferencn si an , e roun bases dit ; teeth, bones, &c. Captain Thomas, E.K, Cor. Mem. S.A. Scot., describe e peculiath d r ancient structur n whici e h these remains were found in an important memoir " On the Primitive Dwellings of the Outer Hebrides," published in the Proceedings of the Society, vol. vrL 1867, p. 153.1

THE AGE OR GEOLOGICAL EANGE OF THE SMALL SHORT-HORNED Ox, Bos Longifrons, IN BRITAIN, AND ESPECIALLY IN SCOTLAND. In England the remains of this ox has been found in alluvial beds and peat bogs. The associatee yar d also with early trace humaf so n existence, tombe th r barrown i wels o a earle s a th l yf so inhabitants s describea , d r JohD ny b Thurnam f Wiltshireo , ; and especially with remainf o s Eomae th n occupation Irelann I . d these'small cattle have been founn di peae th t mosse numeroun si s instances variousn i d an , localities alsd oan , associated wit e earlth h y trace f man'so s occupatio n differenni t districts of the country. " : Professor Eichard Owenwell-knows hi n i , n " British Fossil Mammals," 1 Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edin., vol. ii . ANCIENE NOTETH N SO T CATTL SCOTLAND5 F EO 63 .

London, 1847, from whic I hhav ofteo s e n quoted, tell , thasus t among the various remains of this animal, the Bos longifrons, examined by him, there were some froe peamth t bogs, others froe sub-turbarth m y marls of Ireland therd an ; e were also other specimens whic beed hha n obtained along with the remains of various extinct mammalia, such as the Elefihas and the Rhinoceros, from different fresh-water deposits of England. Professor Owen therefore concluded, as I have already stated in my first paper, that the geological age of this small short-horned ox apparently extended from the times of the early inhabitants of the country, backwards through the bogs and marls of the alluvium, to the e drifts th d fresh-watecaves d an , an , r deposit e Neweth f o sr Pliocene Period, n aI n interesting memoi e Prehistorith r n "O c Mammali f Greao a t Britain, W y . Boy"b S . d Dawkins, M.A., &c., publishe "e Transth n i d - actions of the International Congress of Prehistoric Archaeology at Norwich," London, 1868, Mr Dawkins states that he had examined carefully e localitiemanth f o y s wher e fossith e l remain f variouso s animals beed ha n tell e localitiee found h thas th s u d n i t an f Clacto; o s u and Walto Essexn ni , from which Professoe rth Owem t senhi ngo o t bones of the Bos longifrons, associated with those of the Elephas and the Rhinoceros; foune h e bed th d s containing these ancient fossil mammals, oved an r them othe newed ran r alluvial beds, "which containe remaine dth s of more recent animals, as the goat. &c. Both these sets of beds were exposed e therefor h e seae d weath td tea oth an f , an o rer consider e associasth - tion of the bones of the Bos longifrons and the older fossil mammalia, elephantse th merele accidentae ,du th &c.s o yt wa , l aggregatio f theno m shingle o nsea-shoree th th f eo . Other recorded instance associae th f o s - tion of the Bos longifrons -with the older fossil mammals may, he thinks, explainee b similaa y db r accidental aggregatio bonee th f animalf o sno s belonging reall o vert y y different geological periodsothen i , rOr cases. , s longifronsBo fro e e bonemth th f o sbein g mistake e r thosth nfo f o e Bison minor of Owen, which he believes to have been associated with the older fossil extinct mammalia. Mr Dawkins conies thus to the conclusion that this short-horne t oldeno s ri geologicallx o d y than wha e termh t s the " Prehistoric Period," when it makes its appearance along with the e dogth goad . an Thit s perio e thinkh d t i necessars separato yt e from 6 63 PROCEEDING SOCIETYE TH F SO . JUN , 1872E10 .

e Post-Glaciath l Period d definee intervaan ,th s a s l betwee e Britisnth h Post-Glacial Period and the dawn of history. The various instances of the existence of this short-horned ox in Scotland, whic hI hav e been abl collecto et s geologicalittld it ad o ,t e l history notey m ; s have, however, been principally taken fro e resultmth s of archaeological inquiries, and they show the relation of this small ox to man, rather tha y s generanit m s a r l fa histore countryo th s n n i yI . noteI fin , dsgo thienablo t se small-sizem e associatex do d apparently wit r earlhou y race menf so , probabl domesticatea s ya d animal shows a , n by its remains in his kitchen middens and the ruins of his ancient dwellings s undergrounhi , "d Pictsan d ' Houses,s "Brochs,hi d an " " &c.s a , •wel wits a e e Eomaltrace th hth f o s n occupatio e soutth f f Scothno o - land. Older than these, it may be, I find its remains, as far as I have been able to discover, in the caves, the peat bogs, the lacustrine forma- rivee th tion rd drift san graveld an s s throughou countrye th t . Froe mth entire absence, however, of the remains of the larger extinct mammalia, as e elephane rhinocerosth th d an t , &c., fro t leasriver ma ou tr driftd an s gravels, it is not easy to contrast the age of our Scottish gravel-beds with those of England. The very few remains of the elephant as yet discovered in Scotland have been found apparently only in the boulder clay, intercalated with it or underneath it. At the time these animals lived in England, Scotlan s believeddi somy b , e geologists havo t , e been either in a great measure submerged, covered with water, or to have had its lands deeply overlaid with an extensive covering of snow and ice. Strang sayo et hor ,a rhinoceroa f no "marl-pit e s oe founfth swa on n di s at the Loch of Forfar." From the interest attached to this old discovery, which has apparently never had given to it the importance it deserved, I ma excusee yb dsligha t digression exhibites wa t I Professoy .d b r Jamesou Werneriae toth n Societ 25te th hn y o Januar presentes y 1823wa d ,an o d t the Museum of the University. The donation of a "Rhinoceros horn, foun d Loce th Forfar f hn o i My b ,r Stephens," . " includeCatalogus i MS e th n di e of Donation College th o st e Museu m1822-23.n i nexe Th t" donatio s ni "n thaa Anas f o t fuligula," r Stephens subse a fin M e als y y w db o b -d an , quent donatio anothef no r Scottish bir"e Anasth d tadorna," recordes da being mad r Stepheny "b eM f Dundee;o s " thae residenceth te th f o donor of the rhinoceros horn was at Dundee, the largest and most im- ANCIENE NOTETH N SO T CATTL SCOTLAND7 F EO 63 .

portaii . Minute-boo te counttowMS th e f f Forfarno e th o y th n I f ko . Wernerian Society for 25th January 1823, it is recorded of Professor Jameson— e the"H n exhibite hore a rhinoceros dth f no f o ,e founon n di the marl-pits of the Loch of Forfar, and stated reasons for believing it o havt Ehinocere th e f belongeo e ion whic o dt h formerly inhabited this island." Professor John Fleming, D.D., refer thio t s s sames horhi n i n " Eemarks illustrative of the Influence of Society on the Distribution of British Animals," published in the " Edinburgh Philosophical Journal,1' vol. xi. 1824 stated an , s that—"A specime fossie hore th th f lnf o n rhinoo - marl-pite cerosth e Locf th o , f Forfa e t ho founsa on n rdi (Wern. Mem. . 582p vol. iv ). exist t presena se Edinburg th n i t h Museume w d an , have been informed by Professor Jameson that two other examples have occurred in Blair-Drummond Moss on the banks of the Forth. It is to be hoped that the skulls will yet be procured."—(P. 297.) I cannot find anythin shoo gt w that Professor Jameson1 ever personally examined these last supposed horns of the rhinoceros found in Blair-Drummond s severaa Moss d an l, horn f cattlo s e were found, som f whico e I h have referred to and described in my Notes, it is perhaps not impossible these macerated and partially split horny sheaths—the horns of the ox —may have been mistake e describeth y nrhinoceros b e r thos th fo r f eo . I cannot, however, think the same objection can be justly made to the horn, so carefully examined and preserved, which was found at the Loch of Forfar. The only other instances of the discovery of the horns of an extinct rhinoceros known to me are the two referred to by Professor Owen (" British Fossil Mammals," p. 353), found with their frozen carcases in Siberia—one mentioned by Pallas in his " Voyages dans L'Asie Septen- tvionale," 1793—the othepreservew e Museuno rth n i df mNatura o l History at Moscow. The latter, probably the first or nasal horn of the P. tichorinus of Cuvier, measures 3 feet in length. From the small size of the Scottish specimen, it may be supposed to have been possibly the second or smaller horn of a young woolly rhinoceros, R, tichorinus, Cuv., if it t belondi dno smallea o gt mord an r e slender species altogether I hav. e been trying to trace out this specimen (a note of which I may at some other time lay before the Society), and am inclined to believe that it still exists as a small-pointed and much weathered horn in the Museum of Science

See Mem. Wern. Soo. vol. v. p. 573 (5th Feb. 1825.) l 638 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JUNE 10, 1872. and Art. It measures about 7 inches in height along the front slope of the horn aboud ,an t 5| inchelongese th n si t diamete ovas it f l o rbase . Theo understant y n tr wheu e arrangemenyo nth d f otheo t r river driftd r gravelsexamplefo an s, e as celebrate,th , d bed t Amiensa s , f geologisto &c. t n Francei se , e u finson yo d,mappin g the l outmal , into gravel of the recent period with remains of recent animals and its so-called " neolithic weapons," covered wit he sam loath ef m o age ; then lower level valley-gravel, wit remaine hth f extincso t mammalias it , " palaeolithic weapons, coverins it d "an g loam; next, higher level valley- gravel, with contents lastsimilae d alsth an , o o t witre s loath hit f mo same agelastlyd an ; , upland gravel variouf o , s kind periodsd san . These different river gravels, with their recent and extinct mammalia and their neolithi palaeolithid can c weapons alse ar ,o foun n Englandi d . Another and later observer, however, goes over to make a careful examination of these same river gravel n Francei s . Tylor I A refe . o t r, Esq., F.L.S., s publisheF.G.S.ha o wh a carefud, d elaboratan l ee memoith n "O r Amiens Gravel" in the Journal of the Geological Society of London, vol. xxiv. 1868conclusione th f arrive;s o ane ha d on e t is— dsh a " Thae th t wholAmiene th f eo s valle formatione y graveon f o s f i similal o , r mineral character, contains nearly similar organic remains belongd an , data o st e not much anteceden historicae th o t l period. thao S I tfeawhol"e th r e arrangemend an e ag subjec e thesf th o tf o t e river gravels would seem still to be an open and undecided question, and I am by no means astonished at this conclusion; when I remember the astounding changes caused by dayw fe s a rain, floodin e Highlangth d valley Speye th Findhorn e f ,sth o , and other neighbouring streams, so graphically described by Sir Thomas Dick Lauder, Bart., in his " Account of the Great Floods of August 1829, e Provincth n i f Morayo e adjoinind an , g districts," Edinburgh 1830; new editions of which have been quite recently published. As yet, however, I have not been able to collect any data which appear to show the presence of this small-sized ox in any of the earlier geologic formations of Scotland. e EomaTh n occupatio f Britaio n n e firsbegath t n i ncentur e th f yo Christian era, and it was in the beginning of the fifth that a Roman legion last visited Scotland, attempting to restore with the sword their dominion over the south of Scotland. It is to the earlier years of Koman ANCIENE NOTETH N SO T CATTL SCOTLAND9 F EO 63 .

rule that 1 have been inclined to date the principal occupation of their statio f Trimontiumno , near Newstea n Eoxburghshirei d base th f e o t a , the triple Eildon.1 Then as to the age of the circular stone towers or brochs of the north of Scotland, with all their numerous rude bone and stone implements, &c., Mr Joseph Anderson has shown, and I think with great probability, that their existence may be dated from about the fifth or sixth dow neighte eveth o r nintnt ho h centuries. presence e Th th 2 f eo remain thif so s small short-horne sitee mann i th sx f do yreferreo n i , to d different parts of the country, thus brings its existence apparently quite dow historio t n c times, whe t becomei n s los t lasa t t amon varyine gth g groups and breeds of our ordinary domestic cattle. Mr Youatt, from whose valuable work Cattln "O e "I have already quoted, tells us,—" The slightest observation will convince us that the cattle of Devonshire, Sussex, "Wales, and Scotland are all essentially the same. e originaTh " l typ n thesi e e various localitie s apparentlwa s ya small, active, somewhat short-horned animal, very different indeed from the fine, soft-skinned; carefully bred kind of cattle, now known by e designatioth a " short-horn,f no t probablbu " a yrathe r small-sized, rough, shaggy-haired, hardy animal, still represented, it may be, in some of these character s probablit y sb e descendants e Wels th ,Highd han - land, and probably also the Orkney and Shetland cattle; as -well as the ancient white cattle preserved at Hamilton Palace or Cadzow Park, and in the park of Chillingham Castle. This original type, however, has been since much changed, and adapted by careful selection and breed- taste fancied th ing ean o t , d standar f excellencdo eacf eo h particular district of the country.

I am indebted to our treasurer, David Douglas, Esq., F.S.A. Scot., for the accompanying sketch of our improved kyloe or Highland cattle talentee byth d artist, Gourlay Steele takes i t I n, E.S . fro vere A . mth y spirite amusind dan g "Sketche Highlanf so d Character, seriee th f so e "on

1 Boman Antiquities foun t Newsteadda , Roxburghshire. Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot., Arehseologid 185, an 28 5; . volp , i . a Scotica . 422.,p vol. iv '. Notice of the Broch of Yarhouse, &c., with remarks on the Period of the Brochs, 2 &c., Proc., vol. ix. p. 292, 1871; and Archaol. Scot., vol. v. 640 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY., JUNE 10, 1872. of " Odd Ends,d san " lately issue Messry db s Edmonsto Douglasd an n , publishers, Edinburgh.

DISTRIBUTION OK EANGE OF THE SMALL SHORT-HORNED Ox, Bos Longifrons, IN BRITAIN, AND ESPECIALLY IN SCOTLAND.

Professor Nilsson tells us of the Bos longifrons that— " Their remains have been found in turf bogs, and in the south of Scania it lived contemporaneously with the Rein-deer and Bos primigenius. With us, and as far as we know, over all Europe, they were, as wild, exterminated before so-callee th d Historic period." In the list of the animal remains from " The Swiss Lake Dwellings," giYen in Dr Koller's work, translated by Mr J. E. Lee, Professor Kuti- NOTE THN SO E ANCIENT CATTL SCOTLAND1 F EO 64 .

meyer states that this small ox, to which he refers under its synonyme brachyceros,s oBo f occur t Robenhausensa earliee th f o r e siteon , s wits hit bond stonan e e implements indeed an ; d everywhere refere H .s also ot the Bos frontosus, Nilsson (which Professor Owen considers, as I have mentioned, to be merely a variety of the same species), as occurring at Bienne. Professor Rutimeyer, however, also adds to his list two or three additional named species, or rather, perhaps, domesticated varieties of the Bos taurus, the Bos taunts trochoceros, and Bos taurus domesticus; as well as the Bos taurus primigenius, referred by him to the large-sized cattle whic hshalI l afterwards describe. In England and Ireland the osseous remains of the small-sized ox, the longifrons,s Bo have been foun mann di y places ove e countryth r . In Scotland, as I have attempted to show, this small-sized short-horned ox at a comparatively early period existed over the whole length and breadt laude th f ,h o fro extreme soute mth th o ht e e countrynortth f ho , and even to the Orkney Islands beyond, as well as apparently to the Hebrides on the western coasts of Scotland.

GREAE TH . TII FOSSIL LONG-HORNE URUSE TH , , DOX S PRIMIQENIUS,BO BOJANU OWEND SAN . As in the description of the small short-horned ox, I shall first quote my former paper, describing the skulls of the great fossil ox in the Museu Societye th f mshalo d an , l supplemen t witi t h additional examples found-in different part f Scotlando s ; adding also some remark thein so r Geological age and Distribution over the country.

(1.) CRANIURUNOTEE E TH TH SF N SA(BosO O primigenius) THN I E MUSEUM OF THE SOCIET ANTIQUARIEF YO SCOTLANDF SO y JOHB . N ALEXANDER SMITH, M.D.1 Some years ago, when gatherin p variouu g s detail referencn si e th o et ancient small short-horned cattle of this country, my attention was 1 Read befor Royae eth l Physical Society, 27th Apri publisheld 1859an , thein i d r Proceedings . HI.p , . vol)ii . 642 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JUNE 10, 1872. also directed to the large cattle (Bos primigenius), and to the specimens of crania in the Museum of the Society of Antiquaries. I took various measurement f theso s e crania d searchean , e earlth d y recorde th f o s Societ r sucyfo h informatio e regarn placei nth o dt s where they were y othean found rd detailan , s that f interestmigh o s Mi a e -b d t an ; Turne favoures ha r this du s session with some detailspecimene th f so f so this great ox .in the Anatomical Museum of the University, I have though t mighi t t interes membere th t I produce e f notesi d th ol n sy o dm subject. There are three specimens of these crania of the Bos primigenius in the Museu e Societyth f mo ; e "Fossithe includee th e lisyar f th o t ln i d Skulls," &c., in the printed catalogue of the Museum; and the following table gives some of their measurements :—

1. 2. 3.

Ft. In. Ft. In. Ft. In. Lengt f skulo h l from supra-occipital \ 1 lutermaxil- ~\ ridg o t fron ef o intermaxillart y I < lary bone > 2 4 bones, .....J . ( awanting. } Lengt huppeo t fro . mdo r par f nasao t l ) bones, .....) 1 1* 1 1 1 2* Length from middle of supra-occipital ) ridge to upper part of orbit, . ) 1 1 0 1 1 0 Length of orbit, .... 0 3 0 3 0 3 Breadt. . do f ho 0 3 0 2f 0 3 Breadth of skull between roots of horn- ) 0 10 0 10 0 10J cores, ...... j Breadth across middle of orbits, 0 114 0 11 0 11 Horn-cores — circumferenc t base,a f eo . 1 2j 1 3£ 1 04. Length, following outer curvature, 2 44 2 5 span of horn-cores from tip to tip, 2 7f 2 10J 2 2| across greatest width of horn-cores, 3 lj 3 2 2 .7 Length of alveolar sockets for teeth, . 0 7 0 6 Breadth across occipital condyles, 0 6 0 5

The cranium No. 1 was the one first presented to the Museum of the Societye Eevth . y Thomab , s Eobertson, ministe f Selkirko r n 1781i , . donatioe Th mads nwa e throug Cairncrossr M followinhe a th d an , g letter accompanying it is preserved in the library of the Society:— • ANCIENE NOTETH N SO T CATTL SCOTLANDF 3 EO 64 , GeorgeToMr Cairmross, Writer, Parliament Close, Edinburgh, (with ox'san skull flints).and 1 " SELKIRK, July 14*, 1781. " DEAR SIR,—Among othe a mari f r o curiositie et mosou t g a s du s Whitmuirhall in this parish, the skull and flints of an ox which I hare sent you attracted my attention. You, I know, are fond of anything that tends to throw light upon the ancient state of this country, and therefore I used the freedom to transmit this, not merely on account of its uncom- e molarga prooth n s f ea • o fsize t bree bu ,f cattlo d e with which this country abounded in the last century. I found five skulls, evidently larger, but not so entire. I found also several small axes, resembling those used by coppersmiths, but did not think it worth while to trouble you with them. If anything deserving the attention of your Society occur thin si countryse th par f o t I ,shal l assuredly transmi youo t t i t. Mrs Eobertson n besjoini e t sm compliment Cairneross e Mr th o t sd san family—with, dear Sir, your humble servant, THOMAS EOBERTSON."— First Letter-look of Soc. Ant. Scot., . 628p .

skulThe l (consistin uppethe rof g portiotransversthe to n e nasal suture, with both of the large horn-cores complete) was presented to the Society at its meeting on the 17th July 1781; and the following reference to it is recorded in the Minute-book, vol. i. p. 72 :—

"Mr George Cairneross presented, from the Rev. Thomas Eohertson of Selkirk, the bones of the head and flints of the horns of a large animal dug out of a marie-pit near Selkirk, at a place called Whitmuirhall. The circumference of each flint at the base is 14-| inches ; the length of that on the right 27 inches, of the other 28 inches ; the distance between the socket eyese th f ,s o 11-| inche breadt e sfronte ;th th f , ho whic quits hi e flat, fro sidee mth s immediately ove e socket eyese th r th f , so 12 ^ inches; the depth from the top of the front to the top of the sockets of the eyes, II inches ; and from the top of the front to the upper part of the inser- e cartilag th e tionose, f th 3 incheso n 1 f o e . Thie s th appear e b o t s animal describe Juliuy db s s 'Caesa Commentaries,hi n i r , 5 ' . booe . kvi name th f Urus."y eo b

Flint of a horn,—Scots for Horn-core. 1 4 64 PROCEEDING SOCIETYE TH F SO , JUN , 1872E10 .

e SecretaryTh r JameM , s Gumming lettea n i ,r dated 25th July, inform e Eevth sr Eobertso.M n thae skuls presenteth t wa e l th o t d opinioSocietye th "d n f somi o nan , e able naturalistss i amon t i , gus believed to belong to that species of animal described by Julius Ccesar ' Commentaries, s hi name n i th f Urus."ey o b , 5 '. libc . .vi

The cranium No. 2 is tolerably entire (wanting only the nasal bones and the intermaxillaries ; it measures now in total length, from the middle of occiptal ridge to the extremity of the superior maxillaries in front, 23J inches, and the molar teeth referred to in the description seem to have dropt out). Like all the others, the lower jaw is wanting. It was e countfouna mosth n n i f dGallowayi s yo s presente wa e d th an o ,dt Museu Societe e Eevth th f my o .b yDavi d M'Eobert e yeath rn i ,1782 , Minute-book e referres i th d n i an o dt . 205,p , Jul , 1782y12 follows ,a s :—

" There was presented, from the Eev. David M'Eobert, the skeleton of the head and flints of the horns of a large animal dug out of a moss'in e countth Gallowayf yo , simila describee on specien ri e th pag n di , o st e72 paragr. ult.nearlsame d th an , ef yo dimension whole th s; e lengt thf ho e front measurin e denies feeg2 th inches 2 tf o molareso tw ; remaininn gi the upper jaw, each having one deep furrow in the middle, and measuring on the under surface 1J inch the one way, and |- of an inch the other." No letter relating to this skull seems to have been preserved, as, unfortunately occurletter-booke p th ga n a ,si t thisa s period.

Fro sammthe e reaso learnwe n nothin lasthe t gspecimeof n presented, No. (whic3 nearla s i h y perfect skull e nasath , l bones only being wanting), except wha Minute-booke states i t th n di , Jul , :1782,0 —y9 22 . ,p

"Ther s presentewa e d from Thomas Scot f Hapsburno t , Esq.e th , skeleton of the head and flints of the horns of a large animal similar in species to the one described in page 72, par. ult., and in page 205, paragr nearld same an th , f ey4 .o dimensions t morbu , e entire than either; the whole length of the front measuring 2 feet 4 inches, four of the denies molares remaining in each side of the upper jaw, of the same size and shape with those in the head described in page 205." NOTE THN SO E ANCIENT CATTL SCOTLANDF 5 EO 64 .

As far as I am aware, these are the earliest instances on record of this large-sized ox being observed in Scotland, and it is interesting to find the conclusions come to in regard to them by the naturalists of this generation forestalle a smal y b dl bod f quieo y t student e Antiquitieth f o s d an s Natural Histor f Scotlandyo , meetin n Edinburgi g earlo s h s 1781a y ; identifying these large cattl beins ea URUSe same th th ggigantie s ea th , c ox described as occurring on the continent of Europe, by Julius Csesar, Bell e "s iD nhi o Gallico." I need scarcely refer toe mistakth ' ee ministe madth y f b Seleo r - kirk in his letter accompanying the first donation, that they were the remain f cattlo s f whao ee callh e "last th s t century. e generaTh " l opinio bees nha n that they were extirpate Britain di n befor invasioe th e n of the Eomans, as historians are altogether silent on the subject of their existence. They had, however, apparently abounded t leasa , n i t Scotland, probably at a somewhat more early period, which seems to be shown by another part of Mr Eobertson's letter, where he refers to various small brass axes being found along with the numerous crania of these large cattle. Unfortunately e considereh , d these f vero axe s ya s little consequence, from some supposed similarit toole th f copperso o y t - smiths, though what work coppersmiths could have had to do in the wilds of Selkirkshire, so as to have left their axes lying about in such numbers, t verno y s i eas t i understando yt e apparentlH . y mistoo e naturth k f eo these weapons, which l likelihooweral n i e e ordinarth d y bronze axe- head welo s celtsr so lw knowno , havins na g bee weapone nth d toolan s s of the early races who inhabited the British Isles, and which have been found ovee wholth r e country I ( exhibi. t various specimen f theso s e bronze celts, palstaves socketed an , d celts, which I .doub t not, correspond to the coppersmith's axes of the letter referred to. The accompanying woodcut shows various type thesf so e axes.) It has been stated, that bones of the Bos pi'imigenius have been found indented with the primitive stone javelin of the aborigines of the north of Europe; here we apparently have them in close relation to the bronze weapons of a possibly still later age, showing that these animals roamed forestr marshesou d n an si werd an , e hunteinhabitante th y db f theso s e early t leastimea r norther ou n ti s n kingdo f Scotlandmo . Professor Owen says, " From the very recent character of the osseous substances in 646 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JUNE 10, 1872. the remains of these cattle, it may be concluded that the Bos primigenius maintaine groundits d longes Scotlantin d befor finaeits l extinction.And " Professor Nilsso f Lunno d believe s primigeniussBo thae th t founs wa d wila half-wilr n di o d e foreststatth centralf n ei o s Europe down eveo nt e beginninth middlr sixteento ge th f eo h century. (See papere "n Th so Extinct and Existing Animals of Scandinavia," in " Annals and Magazine of Natural History," 1849.)

Various Type Bronzf so e Axe-heads.

I have added to this paper some notes and measurements of the Urus from Professor Nilsson's communicatio Extince th n Existin d n "an O t g Bovine Animals of Scandinavia,"1 already referred to. Professor Nilsson designates this large ox:— Bos urus, Antiqnorum, Bos primigenius, Eecentiorum. foreheae "Th d nece flate edgth kth f , o estraight e hornth , s very largd an e long, near the roots directed outward and somewhat backward; in the middle the benyare t forward towardand , pointsthe s turne littlda e upward." 1 Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. iv. London, 1849, p. 256. NOTES ON THE ANCIENT CATTLE OF SCOTLAND. 647

T foot-notna addes i t ei d :— " Precisely such a direction have the horns of our tame oxen, quite contrary assertioe th o t Bojanuf no mand san y others ,unlike whoth n i ,e directioe th f no horns, choose to find a specific difference between the Urus and Taurus." "Description.—This colossa judgo lt specie, eox f froe o skeletons mth - re , sembles almost the tame ox in form and the proportions of its body; but in its bulk it is far larger. To judge from the magnitude of its horn-cores, it had much larger horns, even larger than the long-horned breed of cattle found in the Campania of Home. According to all the accounts, the colour of this ox was whitd blacha et i hornsk; , with long black point e hids covereth eswa ; d with shortes wa smoothd hair t i an r t , likbu tame ,, witeth ox e exceptio hth e th f no forehead, where it was long and curly." Professor Mlsson quotes Caesar's reference to the long-horned Urus or Bubalus, -which Pliny tells us were synonymous, and distinguishes it froe Bisomth n with lon e backg th hai n ,o rneck r undeo , e chith rn (Hist. Nat. viii . Bot5) . thesf ho e animals sayse ,h , "were carrie Romeo dt , and viewed "by the people in the circus." JSTilsson also considers that an engraving of the B

uruse th . The auroch bisonr s(o stils i ) l preserve dEmperoe alivth y eb r of Eussia, in the forest of Bialoweska, Lithuania, now part of the Eussian dominions.

General Dimensions of Urus. whole " Th e rume th e lengtskeleto f pth o f d o h en n e froe napth m th o t e bones (ossa ischii), . ... 9 feet. Length of the head from the occipital ridge to the anterior border of the intermaxillary bones, . . . .2 feet 4 inches 4 lines. The whole lengtanimae th f h o thus i l fee1 s1 inche 6 tfeetabou2 1 . o . st t Th efee 6 fee 6 heigh inches6 to t t . t .ove mane th r e . about

Dimensions of Skull. Ft. 111. Linos. The length from the horn-cores to the anterior edge of intermaxillary bonea, . . . . .215 The length from the orbit's lower edge to ditto, . . 1 3 4 „ horn-base to orbits, . . .064 The length horn-coresf o , . concav.16 e. side, 6 „ horn-cores, convex side, . .220 Unde . r jaw .18,point e . froangle th mth o , e t 0 Th . e mola.07 . uppere serieth rn jawsi . , 4 Breadt foreheae th f ho d betwee e uppenth e rcrow parth f o nt of the horn, . . . - . . .091 Breadth betwee lowee . nth r part dittof .10 s. o , 2 orbit'e th . s uppe,, .10r . part, 2

,; the orbit's lower part, . . .0114 ,, the intermaxillary bones, upper parts. .032 linea n . i , r aperturee ea .10e th th f o s „ 4 Distance between the points of the horn-cores, . .240 The circumference of the crown of the horn, . .124

Of Body. The spina e lengtth f lh o colum lase tth dorsao nt l vertebra, 774 „ further in a right line to the upper timber ischii, 0 9 0 ,, of the neck from atlas to and with the last neck vertebra, ...... 1114 Greatest length of one of the middle ribs without the cartilage, 250 Breadth of ditto, . . . : . .205-6 MOTE TUX SO B ANCIENT CATTL 9 SCOTLANDF EO 64 .

Of Extremities. . Ft In. Lines. The length of shoulder-blade, . . . .180 Breadth of its base, ...... 100 The length of os humeri between the articulations, . .120 . .12 . . „ . 4radius, „ ulna, with olecranon, . . . .176 ,, olecranon from the articulation, . .070 metacarpus between the articulations, 0 10 0 „ pelvis between the tub. ilii and ischii, .254 The breadth in a line between both tub. ilii, . . Ill 0 The length of the os femoris between the articulations, .170 . .15 . „ . . 6tibia, „ metatarsus, . . . 0 11 0

For comparison with the plate of the skulls of the short-horned ox, I though t wouli t e interestinb d givo gt e figures als f thioo s large long- hornee Urus.th , dox Unfortunately, however ,skulle e nonth th f n sei o Museu e Societth f mo y were sufficiently perfec thir fo ts purposey b d an , e permissioth f Professoo n r Duns, D.D. I ,hav e take e sketcna th f ho nearly perfect skull of this large variety of Bos taurus, as the late Professor John Fleming, D.D., describes " Historhi n i t f Britisi dyo h Animals," Edinburgh, 1828, 8vo. Thi preserves w skull Museuno e s th i e n dth i f mo New College foun s here wa Fifeshiren di t ;i accounn gives a i d t i nf an , o t e subsequeninth t Notes I giv. frona e tskule vieth f lw o (take n from above d thereforan , e hornth e s appear perhaps rathee r th low) n I . skulls of the urus I have examined, the extremities of the horns are turned forwards and rather upwards; few have them turned so much outwards as represented by Professor Owen in his figure of the large skull from Atholl; probably due to its greater age and size. A side view e samdrawth eo t nscale . Also e figureseconth d thirf o an ds d maxillary mola laso r teethtw t molare e lefth th , t uppee f sidth o s f eo r e teet jaw figuree Th e naturahar th . f do l sizeshod an ,t wonca e their great size s comparea , d with e smalthosth f lo e short-horne x (preo d - viously figured)e closeth d , indeean , d almost perfect correspondencf eo their structure, like formerth e , wit hr ordinar thosou f o e y domestic cattle. 650 PROCEEDING SSOCIETYE OFTH , JUNE 10, 1872:

Csesar, in his " Commentaries," states that in the Hercynian forest, which then covered a great part of Europe, there lived an animal which withou e Rein-deert th doub s wa t , another great animal called an. Elk, an thira d d kin e earliesTJruse th s thith d A s i s. t descriptio f thino s

Skull of Bos primigenius found in Fifeshire (27| inches in length).

grea , althougox t bees h iha tn already referre , stilldto , fro interese mth t attached to it, I quote here the whole passage:— Lib . capvi . . xxvii.—" Tertiu t genumes s eorum qui Vri appellantur. li sunt magnitudine paullo infra elephantos, specie et colors et figura tauri. t eorumMagnes s t magnvi e a, a velocitas; neque homini, neque ferse, quam conspexerillt, parcunt; hos studiose foveis captos interficiunt. Hoc se labore durant adolescentes, atque hoc genere venationis exercent; et qui ANCIENE NOTETH N SO T CATTL SCOTLANDF EO . 651 plurimos ex his interfecerunfc, relatis in publicum cornibus, quse sint testimonio, magnam ferunt kudem. Sed assuescere ad homines, et man-

Side vie primigenius,s skulf wo Bo i o l foun Fifeshiron di , suefieri ne parvuli quidem except! possunfc. Amplitude cornuuiii, efc figtira efc species mulfcum a nostrorum boum cornibus differt. H

2 3 Two last maxillary molar teeth (second and third) of left side of Urus, fins primigenitis (natural size). studiose conquisit labrib a s argento circumcludunfc, atqu amplissimin ci s epulis pro poculis utuntur."—De Bello Galileo. (Edit. Paris, 1678.) 652 .PROCEEDING SOCIETYE TH F SO , JUNE 10, 1872..

(2.) NOTES OP THE OCCURRENCE OF KEMAINS OF THE ANCIENT LONG- HORNED Ox, THE URUS, Bos primigenius, IN DIFFERENT DISTRICTS SCOTLANDF O . EDINBURGH. Edinburgh University Anatomical Museum.—In this Museum there are preserved portion thref so primigenius;s eBo skulle th f so nothins gi apparently recorde f theio d r history t frobu , m their general appearance and age d thei,an r resemblanc e Museuo thosth t ee Eoya th n i ef mo l Colleg f Surgeoneo e Societth d f Antiquariessan yo t i ma, e assumeyb d they were found in marl-pits, and probably, like some of the others, in Selkirkshire, where they appea o havt r e been foun n considerabli d e number las e close th tth f centuryet o sa . I give the following table of their measurements. One skull, No. I., is nearly perfect, wit e exceptioth h e fronth f to n par f uppeo t (thw ja r e intermaxillar y unfortunatellowes e side e i bone Th on w .f r ja o ) y wanting specimense th l e skulal n Th i l. No. consist II .e uppe th f ro s parf o t skul transverso t l e nasal suture, wit horn-coree hth s remaining. Skul. No l III. has only a small part of the upper part of skull, with the horn-core of the left side attached :—

I. II. III.

Ft. In. Ft. In. Ft, In. Total length from centr f occipitaeo l cres )o t t 2 2i fron intermaxillarf o t . y\ bones . , Length from centr f occipitaeo l cres nasao t t l ^ 0 1 93 1 suture, ...... ) 5 0 1% Lengt hbaco t fro. orbitsf ko m do , 0 12 0 12 Breadth of forehead between base of horn-cores, 0 9i 0 9 Breadth between orbits, .... 1 0" Horn-cores : — Length along outer curvature, 2 3 2 3 2 3| Circumferenc t baseea , 2 1 1 3 1 2* Span between tips, .... 2 6 Orbits :— Length and breadth nearly equal, 0 2} 0 2| Breadth across bac occipitaf ko l condyles, 0 6 Lengt f maxillarho y molar serie f alveoso - ) lar sockets, .....( 0 6| (Last two molars remaining on left side in No. 1.) NOTES ON THE ANCIENT CATTLE OF SCOTLAND. 653

Professor William Turner described these skulls othersd ,an papea n i , r " On some Fossil Bovine Eemains found in Britain,"1 which was read before the Eoyal Physical Society in February 1859, and published in Proceedinge th e Societth f r 1859so fo ye consider H . s froe deemth p brown colou f skulo r l No. III. beed , ha than t i fount n peati d an , that several bones of the skeleton of a similar colour probably belong to this same animal. He compared these bones with corresponding bones of a recent ox, and found that they exactly corresponded, only that the ridges, spines, &c., of the fossil bones were on a much larger scale, on accoun f theio t r larger r TurnesizeM . r give e followinth s g measurements :—

Fossil. Existing.

Right Femiir— Inches. Inches., Extreme length, 20| 17 Circumference of middle of shaft, . . 7J 5f Diameter across condj6 " Dosteriorly . , 6 Left Scapula— Extreme length, ..... 19 16* „ breadth, ..... 10* »* Lengt spinef ho , ..... 15 13 Largest diameter of glenoid fossn, 3* 2| Right Humerus— Extreme length, ..... 13 Circumference of middle of shaft, 4 7 Breadth across condyles, .... 4* Greatest diameter of articular surface of head, 5 Rib, probably 7th on right side— Length, ...... 28 Greatest breadth, ..... Vertebra, 2d Cervical, r Axis—o Extreme height, ..... Extreme antero-posterior diameter, 7 Circumference of anterior articular surface, 14

From the comparison of the bones with the recent ox, Mr Turner estimates tha skeletoe th t f thino s extinct animal must have stood nearly 6 fee e heighshouldern i tth t a t . Professor Turne s kindlha r y allowed e Proc1Se . Roy. Pliys Edind .Philosophica w Soc.an , Ne . 70 , . volp . ii . l JoXvrna], July 1859. 654 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JUME 10, 1S72.

me to examine the skulls in the Museum, and make these extracts from his paper.

Edinburgh Veterinary College.— e MuseuInth f thimo s Collegeo tw , e Bos.skullth f primigeniuso s e preservedar ; unfortunately, nothins gi recorde f theido rnearls i history e leff yo On tperfect p . horn-corti e th , e heing hroken. The other consists of upper part of skull, with horn- coresfollowine Th . some g ar theif eo r measurements : —

No. I. No. II.

Ft. In. Ft. In. Length from centr occipitaf eo l ridg o front e f intero t - iiiaxillaries (total length), ..... 2 3 Do. to insertion of nasal bor.tv, .... 0 Hf Do. to upper edge of orbits, ..... 0 11 iV 0 11 Orbits:— Length, ...... 0 2A 8 Breadtli, ...... 0 2T T Horn-Gores:— Length along outer curvatme, .... 1 2 2 3 Breadth across concavit f botyo h horn-cores. , 2 5 Breadth from tip to tip of horn-cores, 2 2 Circumferenc t baseea , ...... 1 2^ Breadt foreheaf ho d between root f horn-coresso . , 0 9| Length of alveolar sockets, ...... Depth of skull behind, from centre of occipital ridge to floor at occipital foramen, ..... 0 9 Breadth of occipital condyles behind, 0 5

From the general appearance of these skulls,'they may be assumed to have been found in marl-pits. indebtem a I Do dt r Jame ss kin Murihi dr assistancfo e thein i e r examination.

SELKIEKSHIBE. Royal College f Surgeons'o Museum, Edinburgh.—There fina s i e specimen of a nearly perfect, skull, of the Bos primigenius preserved in the Museu Royae th f mo l Colleg Surgeonsf eo , Edinburgh s muchha t I f ,o . the general aspect of the crania preserved in the Museum of the Society NOTES ON THE ANCIENT CATTLE OF SCOTLAND. 655

of Antiquarie labes it s a l s alsi informd st o i an ; , frous sm Selkirkshire, probabls wa d yan obtained from, that county abou e samth t e perios a d the others, or a little later. e skulTh nearls i l y perfect , e maxillarie excepfrone th th f o tn i t d an s intermaxillaries, whic e slightlhar y broken. Ther e threar e e molars oil each side, still in the alveolar sockets, but, like the re.st of the skulls, the t beeno n s preservedloweha w rja I anne. x sommeasurements it f eo r sfo comparison with the other specimens : —

Feet. Inch. cs Length from middl occipitaf eo l ridg nasao et l suture . , .1 1J Do. to back part of orbits, . . . . .10 Breadth of forehead between base of horn-cores, . . .09 Breadth of back part of occipital condyles, . . . 0 5f Horn-cores:— Lengt . h alon.20, . g outer . curvature} . , Length from centr occipitaf eo l ridg poino et righf to t1 1 horn-core 1 , Circumference at base, ...... 1 !£ Approximate spa horn-coresf no , left being broken towar0 d point3 , Orbits:— Length and breadth nearly equal, . . 0 2| Do. of nasal bones, .... .08^ Lengt serief ho maxillarf so 0 6 Jy. alveolar sockets . ,

I have to thank Dr J. Bell Pettigrew, the curator of the Museum, for assisting me in taking these measurements.

SclkirJe.— Whitmuirhall.—The first skul f uruo l s presentee th o t d Museu Eevy mb . Thomas Eobertso 1781n alreads ni i t I . y describen di m founs y marl-mos a paper wa n i dd an , t Whitmuirhallsa , near Selkiik.

Selldrlc.— "e In Statisticath l Accoun Scotlanf o t Johr Si d f n "o Sinclair, Bart., Edinburgh, 1792 . ,434 p vol . e Kevii .th , . Thomas Eobertson contribute accoune sParisth e th f Selkirkf o th o showe H increasee . sth d knowledg f theseo e ancient cattlederived ha e h , d fro s correspondencmhi e wite Secretar th he Societth f f o Antiquarieyo y n i 1781s , already described in my paper, and states that " some skulls of the urus, and a Eoinan spear with which these animals were destroyed, were found 656 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JUNE 10, 18721

lately in a moss near to Selkirk, and presented to the Society of Anti- quaries." The following note is added: — descriptioe th r "Fo thif no s honoraranimale th d an , y rewards conferred on thos distinguisheo ewh d themselve n destroyini s g them Caesar'e se , s ' Commentaries,' lib. vi. chap. 5."

Alexander Jeffrey, Esq., Jedburgh, in his valuable "History and Antiquities of Eoxburghshire," Edinburgh, 1864 (4 vols. 8vo), refers in vol. i. p. 244, to this occurrence of the urus in Selkirkshire, and adds a note that the spear, he believes, was found sticking in the skull. He recollect f readinso g this statement somewhere time th e t t coula t bu , dno remember where ; I fear it requires confirmation. I am also indebted to Mr Jeffrey for some references to the occurrence urue oth f s mentione "Ole th dn di Statistical Accoun Scotland.f o t " In the article Selkirkshire, of " Edinburgh Encyclopaedia," 1830, it is stated that skulls of the urus have been found along with horns of red-

deer palmated an , d horns I believ, Elkf eo , Cervus alces. 1

Yarrow. Statisticaw —In "e Ne th l Accoun f Scotland,o t s statei t "i d thaa palmate f t o e urusskull th d f dan ,o s deer,1 have been founn i d marl-mossese th .

BOXBUEGHSHIRE. Jedburgh.—There preserves i e collectioth n di t Abbotsfora n a find e large skull of the Bos primigenius. It was found many years ago in a e foresmosth n ti s near Jedburgh . ClabeauC . J . xM , d informan , me s favours me with the following measurements:— Feet. Inches. Lengt f skulo h l from centr f occipitao e l ridg frono t ef o t snout, ...... 23 Horn-cores, lengt outef ho r curvature . . 21, . 1 Horn-cores 2 Oj, . -length acros. stipo t fro . p ,m ti Mr A. Jeffrey, of Jedburgh, informs me a good specimen of the skull of the urus, found in the neighbourhood, is preserved in the museum there. 1 See on Elk in Scotland, Proc. Soo. Antiq., vol. ix. p. 332. NOTES ON THE ANCIENT CATTLE OF SCOTLAND. 657

Ale Water.—Many years ago, when driving with a relative down the valley of the river Ale, not far from the town of Lilliesleaf, I was rather startle l appearanc al seein y d o b t largeo d tw g an , e nearly perfect, skulls primigenius,s Bo e oth f e impalewoode eacn th o f he o ndon n posta f o s old field-gate. Our Border blood was sorely stirred within us " to lift the cattle" skulls at once, and carry them off in our dog-cart; neglected, however, as they certainly appeared to be, we knew they were not ours, and their grea a decidet s sizewa d objectio r littlou eo rathet e nplan w o s r, unwillingly drove off, leaving the mfal o t pieceo t l s with exposure th o et weather ,totall e andt b i seeme , s ,us ya losto dt . However t gavi , e m e an additional localit thir yfo s grea , beinox t g sure skullth e s must have been got from some peat-bog or marl-pit in the immediate neighbourhood of the field-gate on which they had probably been very recently impaled.

Linton Loch,—My friend r JameM , s Elliot, Gallalaw, Kelso, informed tha e r Georgm M t e Purves e tenanth , f Burnfooto t , drained par f Lino t - n Locto h many years ago e bonea largth ;, describef o ox se e th s a d Bos primigenius, e marth ln i abou wert e yeago eth t r e 1826th d ,an animal to which they belonged was estimated to have stood about 6-J feet shouldere th f r Purveo s M possesp s hi stil.to heighsha n n e i i l -th o t t sion the skull and horns of a large red deer which were got there. He informe tham dthi great number deef so r horns were found; "in some parts thethrougg ydu hperfeca t mas horns.f so " They also " camlayea n eo r of hazel nuts, but nearly everything crumbled down on exposure to the air." Mr Purves also found below the peat, and on the surface of the marl, a very perfect skull of the Beaver, Castor fiber, now preserved in the Museum of the Tweedside Physical and Antiquarian Society at Kelso. s describewa t y I Db dr Charles Wilson interestina n i n g memoir, entitled "e Prio Noteth n r o sExistenc e Castorth f o e fiber Scotn i - land."1

Hapsburn.—A skull of the virus in the Museum of the Society, described in my paper, was presented in 1872 by Mr Thomas Scott of Hapsburn, Roxburghshire.

Edinburge Se 1 Philosophicaw hNe l Journal seriesw ne , , July 1858. 8 65 PROCEEDING SOCIETYE TH F SO , JUN , 1872E10 ' . BERWICKSHIRE.

Mertoun•—Whitrig Bog.—In this bog, in which the skull of the Elk,

1 Cervus alces,discoveres wa 1 n 1871di ; besides skulls, &C., remaine th f so red-dee r; skull grease alsth f to o urus primigenius,s Bo , have been found. latterPare skula th f o f t o l, with large horn-cores s discoverewa , w fe a d years ago. This consiste portioa frontadof the nof l bone with horn-cores, which measured each in length, along the outer curvature, 28J inches, 12d an \ inchee th f n circumferencso i c ar e core th s base it f dTh o t .ea inner curve of the horn from its base to its tip, was 5 inches in greatest r HendersoD y b t depth go hore ns wheTh nwa . n livin t Melrosega d an , Hunteriawae th s presenteo t m nhi Museumy db , Glasgow indebtem a I . d r JohM no t Youn Museue s dimensionsnote th it f th f g o eo r e mh fo d an , inform e peae traceth m sf t o sstil l remai cavitiee skulle th th n f ni ,o s discovereds whicn i showinwa d t hi be e gth .

Dunse —Siointon Mill.—Mr George Logan, W.S., exhibite tho dt e Eoyal Physical Society, in January 1866, a bone of this great ox, found in the cours operationf eo deepeninr sfo rivee gth r Leet, near Swinton Mill. It was e founalluviuth n di mlittla e belo surfacee wth . Professor Turner, who examined the bone, stated that it was a right humerus of a young animal. DUMFRIESSHIRE. Shaw.—Sir William Jardine, Bart., informs me that, in a marl-pit on properte th f Georgyo e Graha f Shawmo , Esq., there were e founth t da botto mosse marle th lyind th f mremaine o an , n ,th g o variouf so s animals, red-deer, roe-deer, Bos primigenius rare, the skull and rib of a black bear Ursus arctos, and horn of rein-deer.2

KlRKCUrxBBIGHTSHIBE. William Carruthers, Esq., of the British Museum, informs me that in s primigeniusadditionBo e skule th th f o o l,t from Athol, ther s alsei n oi e Museuth mspecimea n fro mturbara Kirkcudbrightshiren yi , presented by Lord Selkirk in 1859. A large number of the bones of the skeleton

ik n 1El Scotland , Proc. Soc. Aiitiq. . 332,p vol. ix .. 2 Rein-deer in Scotland, Proc. vol. viii. NOTES ON THE ANCIENT CATTLE OF SCOTLAND. 659

as well as the skull are preserved. The length of the face from the intermaxillare th occipita f o d en l e ridgyth "boneo et fee2 s ti s 3| inches.

Galloway.—A skull in the Museum of the Society, already described papery i ne districs founm mosa th wa , n n i di f sGalloway o ts wa d an , presente Keve th ,y dDavib d M'Rober 1782n i t .

AYRSHIRE. Maybole. —Inaccoune th thif o t s e "paris Neth n whi Statistica- Ac l count of Scotland," it is recorded by the Kev. Mr Gray that various animal remains have been found in marl-pits, including skulls of the Irish Elk, Megaceros Hibernicus, " f larga o taurus s d eBo an 1 " primi-(ths eBo genius, I have no doubt). The latter measured 10 inches between the horns 13d ^an , inche circumferencn si horne base th th f e.o t ea

RENFREWSHIRE. Crofthead.—A portion of the skull, with a horn-core of the Bos primigenius, was found in a bed of clay in the valley of the Cowdenburn, near Croftheads describe r Jamewa M d y an sb d, Geikie, H.M. Geological Survey, in the " Geological Magazine," London, for 1868. Mr Geikie considered the bed as intercalated with the true boxilder clay of the district. Eemains of the Megaceros Hibernicusl were found in the same locality in 1869, and were described by Mr John Young of the Hunterian Museum, Glasgow; they were on the same horizon as the remains of the Bos primigemus, t aboua fee0 2 d surface tground tol th frof e o emth . Bone small-sizea f so d horse, Equus cdballus, were foun lowea n di r series e samoth f e deposits r YounM . g considere e bedd th n whici s h these remains were found as comparatively recent lacustrine deposits.

LANARKSHIRE. Lanark.—Mr William Lockhart, in his account of the parish of Lanark in. "The Statistical Account of Scotland," vol. xv., Edinburgh, 1795, state n SeptembeI s: r 1785, while diggin e opeth g nn a par f o t aqueduc firse Lanark th villagw te r milth fo tNe t f a le,o " ther founs ewa d Notice Scotland1Se n i Irisf eo k hEl , Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot. . 346, p vol . . ix . 660 PROECED1NGS OF THE SOCIETY, JUNE 10, 18/2..

skeletoe th Bisone th f no Scoticus, r uruso , described liy Cissar, lib. vi., whic s beehha n extinc n Scotlani t r abov fo dyears0 coree 30 r eTh o . s. flints of the horns are still preserved, one in the College of Glasgow, and anothe possessiony m n i r laste th ; , thoug t entire hno fee2 length n i s ti , , and nex heae th t d measures abov inche5 e1 circumference."—(Pn si . 34.)

i,e.—When operations were carried on in 1833 in the alluvium of rivee th r Clyd improvinr efo navigatione gth large skul a ,, Bos th f eox o l primigenius, and fragments of horns of the rein-deer,1 were found in beds of fine laminated sand on the north bank of the Clyde, below the junc- rivee tioth f rn o Kelvin . Thes preserveew bone no Museue e th sar n di m of the Andersonian University, Glasgow.

Glasgow.— r JameIna papeM y b sr Beunie Occurrence th , n '"O f eo tongifronss primigeniuss Bo Bo d Anciene an th n i Clyde,te Drifth f o t" published in vol. ii., 1867, of the " Transactions of the Geological Society of Glasgow," Mr Bennie states that a large horn, recognised by Dr Secular s primigenius,Bo e th f un excavatios founo a s wa n i d n Greendj'ki n e Street, Glasgow, which was made for a sewer, and extended for a considerable distance s dept throug soiIt t e abous th .cu l hfeet 0 wa d 1 t an h, consisted partl forcef yo d earth, vegetable mould rived an , r silts silte th , s bein fee7 g t deep wher e e horhorns foundth eTh wa n , .whic r hM Benni s allowe examineeo ha t e dm , belong righe th to st sid skullf eo d an , lia e frontas parth f o tl bon et measure I attache . it | 8 o inchesdt n i s circumference at its base, and 10 inches in length to its extremity, which is broken hore Th n . appear considerable b o st y weathere wornd an ds a , if by rolling in the bed of a river.

FJFESHIRE. Neiolurgh.—Professor John Fleming, D.D., in his " History of British Animals," Edinburgh, 1828, refer a larg s taurus,o t se Bo skula f o f o l which he gives the following details :—" It measures 27| inches in length, 9 inches betwee e horns th n11d Jan , inches acrosorbits.e s i th t t I sa " now preserved in the Museum of the New College, Edinburgh, and a label fixe n n itProfessoi o ,d r Fleming's handwriting, tell s thau s t 1 See Rein-deer in Scotland, Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot,, vol. viii. p. 20". NOTES ON THE ANCIENT CATTLE OF SCOTLAND. 661

s founa marl-pi wa n i dt i t NeVburgha t skule Th s nearli l. y perfect, with the exception of part of the 'intermaxillary of the right side, and the lower jaw, which is wanting. Several molar teeth remain e alveolath n i r socketss the a wele yd ar lan , ground down, they show very distinctly the various folds of the enamel of the teeth, which exactly correspond in character, tut of a much larger size, with that of the domestic ox. (See figures of this skull and its molar teeth previously given). followine Th e measurementsome th g ar f eo f thiso s skull:—

In. Lin. Lengte skulth f lho fro e supra-occipitamth l ridg frono et t edge of intermaxillary bone, . . . . 27 9 Length from supra-occipita3 3 1 l ridg . nasao et l bones . , Do. from centre of do. to upper edge of orbits, . .116 . .10 . . 5 Donasaf o . . l bones . , 0 1 2 . . . . . Doorbitsf o . , Breadt orbitsf ho , .....9 2 . Length fro maxillarf mo frond orbi. f en o t yo t t12 bone . , 0 frono t t edg intermaxillarf eo . do 6 y bone. 3 1 Do , Breadt foreheaf ho d between root horn-coresf so . , .106 . acrosDo s narrowest par betweey t abouwa d ntmi root hornf so - . .9 . . 6 orbitscored . san , 6 1 1 skulf o l . acrosDo . s middl . orbitsf eo , Do. across front of intermaxillary bones, . . ,49 Horn-cores, circumference of base, . . . 14 0 Do. length following outer curvature, . . 24 6 Do. span across, from tip to tip, . . 28 6 Lsngth of alveolar sockets and molar teeth of upper jaw, . 6 6 Do. of skull from supra-occipital ridge to upper edge of foramen magnum, ...... 6 6 skulf o l. froDo m supra-occipita6 skullle base ridg th 8 th f eo ,o et Breadth of occipital condyles posteriorly, . . .53 Length of base of skull from front of foramen magnum to front edg intermaxillarf e. o .22 . y bones . 6,

PERTHSHIRE. Athol.—Professor Eichard Owen, in his valuable and beautiful work, Histor"A Britisf yo h Fossil Mammals and Birds, Voorstn "Va , London, 662 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JUKE 10, 1872.

1846, figures and describes a large skull of the Bos primigenius got from Athol. His description is at once so complete ;and concise that I shall quot full:n i t ei — primigenius, s charactere "Bo Th e th f so contrastes a d wit Bisone hth prisons, may be advantageously studied in the magnificent specimen of an entire skull from near Athol, Perthshire, now in the British Museum. The concave fore- •head, with its slight median longitudinal ridge ; the origin of the horns at the extremitie share th f pso ridge which divide frontae sth l fro occipitae mth l regions; the acute angle at which these two surfaces of the cranium meet to form the above ridge,—all identify this specime s primigeniusn Bo wit e hth describey db Cuvier, Bojanus, and Fremery. The cores of the horns bend at first slightly backward and upward, then downward and forward, and, finally, inward and upward, describing a graceful double curvature; they are tuberculate at the base, moderately impresse longitudinay db l grooves irregularld an , y perforatede Th . skull is one yard in length, and the span of the horn-cores is 3 feet 6 inches; but other British specimens of the Bos primigenius have shown superior dimen- bone sionth f yso support e horns breadte th e foreheaf Th so th . f ho d between the horns is 10^ inches ; from the middle of the occipital ridge to the back part of the orbit it measures 13 inches; the length of the series of upper molar teeth is 6j? inches; the breadth of the occipital condyles is 6 inches."—(P. 502.) In this description Professor Owen states that the skull is one yard in length; this measurement, however takes i , n fro occipitae mth l condyles, over the occipital ridge, to the front edge of the intermaxillary hones. e specimen e lengtth e fac f Th th o e f ho , from e centroccipitae th th , f eo l ridge to the front edge of the intermaxillary hones, is 2 feet 7 inches; this latter measurement is given as the length of the skull, in all the other instances I have descrihed. The length of the left horn-core (the tip of e righth s brokei t n off2 fee s )i t 4J inches alon s outegit r curvature, ancore dth e measure inche4 1 s circumferencn si bases it t ea .

Moulin.—In " The Statistical Account of Scotland," vol. v., Edinburgh, 1793, the Eev. Alexander Stewart, in his account of this parish, states— " The skull of a large-horned animal was found some years ago in a marl pit, hal a milf e from Moulin preserves i d an , t thada t house heae Th d. is shaped like that of an ox; the horns are lost, but the pith is entire; lengte skulle th th f h,o e frobon edge th m th f e eo betwee e hornnth o st the extremit uppee th f yo r jaw 26s ;i \ inches greatese th ; t circumference NOTES ON THE ANCIENT CATTLE OF SCOTLAND. 663

e pitr horn-core)oth f (o h inches3 1 , diametee th ;eye-sockete th f o r , 3J inches; and the distance between the eyes, 10£ inches. It is supposed to have belonged to one of those animals which Csssar calls Uri, and which were e Hercyniafounth n i d n fores n Germanyi t , 'Bell. Gall.,' lib. .vi cap. 26."—(P. 70.)

MutMl.—The Eev. John Scottaccouns hi n i , thif to s parish, published "Thn i e Statistical Account of Scotland," vol. viii., Edinburgh, 1793, states that— t thi"A s tim ehornwile o thern th df bote s so a deere ar t hth bu , elk and forest deer of a very large size have of late been found in mail pits, on both sides of the parish, and as the head and horns of the urus (Bos ferus f Linnaeuso r mountaio ) n bul side l th were t a ep u latel g ydu of a small lake near Dnimmond Castle, it plainly shows that forest deer, e otheth d r littlanimalsan o s ew knownno , once frequented this parf o t the country."—(P. 487.)

Dnimmond Castle.—A fine specimen of a skull of the Bos primigenius, got in a marl-pit in the neighbourhood several years ago, is preserved at Drummond Castle. Other e samskullth f e o s kind were e founth t a d time, and were given away as presents.

ABBEDEBNSHIEB. Belhelvie Moss.—Professor John Struthers, M.D., &c., of Aberdeen University kindls ha , y furnishe wit e e annexedm hth d measurementf so a skull and bones of the Bos primigenius found in Belhelvie peat moss, milew fe sa nort Aberdeenf h o preserve w no e Museu d th e an n ,di th f mo University.

(A.) Upper part f SIcullo (frontal occipitald an regions), with Horn-cores complete. Inches, 1. Horn-cores. Length along oute . r curvature.3 . 1, 2. „ Girth at their roots (at the raised edge), . . 14 3. „ Do. at the middle, . . . 10J tipo t , p .....4.Ti „ . 23| 5. „ Width between greatest convexity of horns, . 36J . betweeDo 6. n greates„ t concavit . f hornsyo 30§, VOL. ix. PART li. 2 u 4 66 PROCEEDING SOCIETYE TH F SO , JUN , 187210 E .

Inches. 7. Direction of horns. The occipital surfac e skulth f leo being placed vertical, the horns rise 7J inches to the tip, the first •£ a little convex lase th ,f tconcav e upwards. 8. Breadth across forehead between roots of horn-cores— (a) To raised edge of horn-core, . . . . 12f (6) To beginning of rough surface of do., . . . 9J 9. Breadth across crest of skull— raiseo (a T . ) d edg e. of horn-core11 j . , (V) To beginning of rough surface of do., 9J 10. Length from crest to occipital foramen, . . . . 7J 11. Occipital foramen— (a) Vertically, at surface, ..... 2J (6) Transversely t sama , e leve lasts a l , ... 2^ (c )levet a l of . „edg |e o f. condyle, „ at ridge of condyle, . . . ) * 12. Between extreme outer edges of condyles, . . . 5f 13. Breadth of condyle along its ridge, . . . . 2J 14. Thickness of top of head 4 inches below crest, between frontal and occipital surfaces, ...... 3g

(B.) Humems. (About lower third.) 15. Extreme breadth at lower end, ..... 4f 16. Breadth between edges of articular surface, 4J 17.. Girth at 5 inches above lower end, . . . .9 (C.) Fore-arm. (Lower J r i)o Eadiu Uln ankylosedd e san aar . 18. Extreme breadth at lower end, ..... 4f 19. Breadth of entire carpal articular surface, . . . 3§ 20. Girth 5 inches above lower end, . . . . .10 21. Girths of radius and ulna separately, where an interosseous vacuity allows a cord to pass— (a.) Eadiusf ,9 3f inche . s abov . e lower end, (6) Ulna inche3 , s abov lowes eit r end, ..4 .

(D.) Colour Bones.e th f o portione th l Al s presen unifora t m clay-brown colour. Forehead mostla f yo darker colourstreako n t r spotsbu ,so . ANCIENE NOTETH N SO T CATTL SCOTLAND5 F EO 66 .

SuTHERLANDSHmE. Kintradwell.—In February 186 . Joase Eev4M th f Golspie o s. . J , then of Eddertoun, made some excavations in a ruined building, a hroch t Kintradwella , neae sea-shoreth r d foun an e ,remain th d f variouo s s animals, as the pig and red-deer, with the frontal bone and horn-core, and other bones of a large animal of the ox tribe.

CAITHNESS-SHIBE. Keiss.—Among the bones of animals brought from Keiss, in the Museum of the Society, there is the upper part of the skull of a large ox, with the frontal bone, and a horn-core of the left side, which is broken. The horn-core measures 10 inches in circumference at its base, and 12 inches in length along its outer curvature to its fractured extremity, which is now imperfect. Its large size corresponds more to that of the Bos primigenius than to any other ox. It was discovered many r JosepM y hb year o Andersoag sn ancien a a n i nse t e mounth n o d coast at Keiss. The horn is much weather-worn, and perhaps belonged to a young animal.

Brecldgo.—The frontal portion of a skull, with large horn-cores attached, primigenius,s Bo e oth f Loce mare founth th f Breckigof h o o l n di , along with various antlers of red-deer; was presented to the Museum by Bentley Innes, Esq. of Thrumster, in June 1870.

Feet. Inches. The skull measures across the forehead, between the roots of the horn-cores, ...... 09 Length from occipital ridg loweo et r borde foramef o r n magnum9 0 , Breadth acros 0 s 5bacf . occipitaf ko . l condyles . ,

The horn-cores are nearly perfect:— The right horn-core measures alon outes git r1 curvature11 . , Circumference at "base, . . . . .11 Left: length along its outer curvature, . . . 1 10 Circumference at base, . . . . .10 Length between points of horn-cores, . . . .21 Greatest width across inside curve of horn-cores, . .23 666 .PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JUNE 10, 1872.'

Bower.— indebtem Ia Josepr M o dt h followino Andersotw e th gr nfo notices of the occurrence of the Bos primigenins in this county, which were publishe "Johe timth e ' th n Groa nei o t d a t Journal." Thee yar remarkable from the fact of the horns of two of these large cattle bein eacn gi h instance apparently locked together f thei d bee s ya ha ,n fightinge bog th eacd bee d ,n an i hha n mutually exhausted thud an ,s destroye s opponenthi y db . s discoverefirse wa Th t Mondayn do , 12th August 1839r JohM ny ,b Bremner, Toff Kemp, in the parish of Bower, when digging for marl in a moss on the estate of Thura. He discovered bones of some animals of greaa thspecies x f eo o tt sizbu , e (th primigenius).s eBo They wer- eup wards of 3 feet under ground, and in a high state of preservation. Two heads were locked e animaltogethe th e horns f th d killei ha s y a b ,r d headone th e s preservedf anotheri so e On varioud . an , s other bones; they were measured in the presence of several individuals. The horn- cores of the horns only remain, forming-a graceful curve of 5 feet 10 inche (alonp ti s curvaturo e t frog th p mhorns)e ti th f eo ; breadt skulf ho l across eyes (and horn-cores ?), 1 foot 6 inches; one of the ribs measured 3J inches at the broadest part, and 3 feet 1 inch in length. Largest joint of leg-bone (femur?) measures 9 inches in circumference, but the bone itself is comparatively short. Unfortunately, from the non-scientific characte measurere t quitth f no o res i certait i , n to what referse h . secone Th d instanc s discovereewa n thei d . same paris f Bowerho t a , Clayock, nea loce f Scarmclettrth o h Alexandey b , r Boss, when digging a drain in the beginning of October 1840. Two heads were found together 3 feet under ground, as if the animals had fought and died together. The horns measured 5 feet from tip to tip (along curvature), and 11 inches in circumference.

OBKNEY. Mainland, Sandicick, Sfcara.—Samuel Laing, s papeEsq.hi n n o i r, the "Age of the Brochs," already referred to,1 compares the collection of animal remains, &c. ,Williar founM y b dm Wat t Skailla t , with those foun himsely db Caithnessn i f statee H . s tha faune th t a appearee b o dt the-same wit he burgs th tha f o r brochst, o t witbu , h one. remarkable 1 Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot. vol. viii. 1867. . NOTES ON THE ANCIENT CATTLE OF SCOTLAND. 6G7

exception, viz., "that in addition to the small straight horns of Bos longifrons, there were several large ox horns, which from their size and curvature must have been those of Bos primigenius, of which specimens have been found in the peat mosses, though, as far as I am aware, not befor connection ei n wit ancieny han t dwelling Orknen si r Caithnessyo . One horn, now exhibited, was nearly 12 inches in circumference at the base, and had been upwards of 2 feet long."—(P. 76.) The remains of the small ox include a horn-eore of right side partially broken; it measures 8 inches long, and nearly 7 inches in circumference at the base. George Petrie, Esq., Corr. Mem. S.A. Scot., in a paper also read to the Society, April 1867,1 give a detailes d accoune curiouth f o t s underground remain f buildingso s foun t f SkaraSkailla o d y Ba , worket ou d Williar M y b m Watt. After describin anciene gth t type mane f so th f yo bone and stone implements found, he states, that these remains are of very considerable antiquit e inferreb y welys ma da l fro e ancienmth t typf o e the implements, as " also from the fact, that the bones and horns of animals long since extinct in Orkney, such as the deer, and it is believed the Bos primigenius, were thickly strewed throughout the debris of the building."—(P. 210.)

GEOLOGICAB O E AG E L LARGTH E RANGTH F EEO LONG-HOBNED OxE TH , URUS (Bos primigenius, Owen) BRITAINN I , ESPECIALLD AN , N I Y SCOTLAND. Julius Csesar describe e urud th beins sa g then found wit d ele khth an rein-deer in the Hercynian forest. Pliny states that the northern peoples f urudrano t s ou khorns , which wer o o largcontait s e s a e n urnaa n . Professor Nilsson considers this statement probably an exaggeration. Professor Nilsson believes that the urus came in, long after the Scandi- navian boulder period, at a much later time than that during which the same species live Englandn di therefore h ; e suppose neved ha rt si attained to the same size in Scandinavia as in England. It lived in Scandinavia contemporaneously wit rein-deee (theik th hel d r fossian r l remains being not unfrequently foun turf-bogs)d ol togethe r s remainou It n .i r e sar also found abundantl Danise th n yi h kitchen middens,

1 Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot. vol. viii. ; 668 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JUNE 10, 1872. - In the Museum of the University of Lund, there is a skeleton of a urus which was discovered in a .peat bog in 1840, under Professor Mllson's own inspection, nea o Ounarpt e rdistric th f n Wemmenshogi o ,t n i , e soutth f Scaniao h t I has. ,e spinounea e edgth th rf o e s procesf o s the first lumbar vertebra, an opening surrounded with callus, which passes out on the hack, and is continued through the projection of the next bone.1 The Professor supposes this wound had been caused by the stroke of a javelin, the animal being struck from the front, and that the head e spea oth d afterwardf ha r s suppurated out. Various celebrated anatomists and physiologists also agree with Professor Mllson in this explanation of the cause of the injury. He therefore considers this instance proves that this animal had lived in Scania after the country was inhabited by man during the Stone period, and. also during some part of the Bronze age, as a war-trumpet of bronze described and figured by him is, he considers, evidently copied from a horn of the ure-ox.2 n ProfessoI r Eiitimeyer's catalogu e " th Anima f o e l Eemaine th f so Lake Dwelling f Switzerland,o s e state"h primigeniuss s Bo thae th t s ha been found at Eobeuhausen, Mooseedorf, Wanwyl, and Concise, and what s designate ha tauruss e h Bo e dth primigenius t Eobenhausena , Moosee- dorf, Meilen, Concise, and Bienne. Ho skulls of the Eos primigenius have, however, as yet been discovered on - the older sites, so as to put beyond a doubt the supposed fact of its presence; and in the later ones the horn-core bonesd an s , whic believee har represeno dt alse ar o , stateit t d to be considerably less in size than the ancient urus or Bos primigenius. In England the Bos primigenius is found in the Fen and Turbary deposit e alluviumth f so d Professoan , r Owen lise f includeth o t n i t i s animal e driffresh-wate sd e caveth foun an th td n san i d r deposite th f so newer Pliocene formation, associated wit remaine hth f recenso d alsan to the extinct mammalia, as the elephant, rhinoceros, &c. The presence of its remains in the Cromer forest-bed in Norfolk, associated with many of the extinct 'mammalia, takes it back to the times before our glacial epoch, and therefore to a remote antiquity. Following the order given by Sir Charles Lyell, Baft., fropresene paste mth th t live,i o t d througe hth

1For notice and figures,-see "The Primitive Inhabitants of Scandinavia," by Sven Nillson, translated by Sir J. Lubbock, London, 1869, p. 369. 2 Bronz Professoy b e , Age93 . ,p r Nillson. NOTES ON THE ANCIENT CATTLE OF SCOTLAND. 669

Eecent and Post-Pliocene divisions of his Post-Tertiary Period. Still further back it may be traced into the Newer-Pliocene, or first division of his Pliocene Period, beneat glaciae hth pre-glaciae lth drifts n i s a , l forest-bed of Cromer; beyond whic s remainhit t beeye sns a havdiscovered t eno . Englann I d verinstancew yfe s have been recorde e associatioth f do n virue bonee th oth fsf o swit e remain hth referres i e f manso On o dt . by Professor Owen in his " British Fossil Mammals," published by Mr Woods, as the discovery of the skull and horns of the great urus in a tumulus on the Wiltshire Downs. In the " Account of the Blackmore Museu t mSalisburya , 1868," various important papers were published on. different archteological subject s openine reath t da g meetinge on s wa , by Mr Boyd Dawkins " On the Pre-Historic Mammalia found associated Grean i witn t hMa Britain. " This discover skule urua a th f n f lo si y o tumulus in Wiltshire is there referred to. He says:—" It is remarkable, as being the only authenticated instance of the occurreuce of the animal pre-historiwitn i remaine n hth ma f so c time Britain.n si Cunningr M " - n stateto n error dpartla s r whicthis wa fo , sywa e h responsibl e from a statement he had made in the "Wiltshire Magazine." He believed now, tha remaine tth urue th sf so wer t foun barroa eno n di t Cherhillwa , but in a bed of local drift close to the rivulet which flows through the valley round the foot of Oldbury Hill. Thinking there might still be some mattere doubth n to ,I wrot Do et r John Thurnam,1 DevizesI o wh , was sure would be cognisant of all the facts of the case, and received from him the following reply:—"There is no really reliable record of e discoverth s e primigenius skul d th hornf parBo o yf an l o f to s t a Oherhill near Calne. The first published notice is in Henry Woods' 'Description of Fossil Skull of Ox at Melksham,' 4to, 1858, with plate. The Cherhill specimen is named at p. 26. It is there said to be from a tumulus, and this account is repeated in the brief reference by Mr Cunningto ' Wilt e th s n Magazine,i . 139' p vol whic. o t refer, iv u . hyo . . MoneyS e origina r Th M undergraduatn a ,a l y reporb e s th t wa ta ) e(1 time probabld greaa an , o t t s yexteni t founde hearsayn do . From what has since been heard r CunningtoM , believew nno s thahorne th t s were

It is with much sorrow I have to record the lamented death of this accomplished d antiquarymedicaan n ma l , before these sheets were printed off. John Thurnam, M.D., F.S.A.;, died suddenly at Devizes on the 24th September 1873. 670 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JUNE 10, 1872.

not from a barrow at all, but from the bed of a rivulet. This is con- face firmeth t y thab d t some pottery sai o bedt ' found wit hornse hth , seems to be water rolled, but whether the two are contemporary is very doubtful. The whole are now in the Devizes Museum (Wilts Arch. Soc.) r CunningtoM n give goosa d woodcu horns.e th f o t " In his memoir " On Ancient British Barrows," Archseologia, vol. xlii. (1869), Dr Thurnam mentions that:—"The Eev. W. C. Lukis presented to the Museum of the Wilts Archaeological Society, at Devizes, the very large horn-core of an ox, possibly Bos primigenius, from some excavation e Chambereth n i sm dhi mad Lony b e g Barrot wa Tidcombe Nortn i , h Wiltse barrowTh . , however beed ha ,n previously rifled, and it is doubtful whether or not this horn-core is of a period coeval with or subsequent to its erection." Dr Thurnam classes the long barrows as belonging to the Stone Period of the antiquary. This instance would, therefore, appear to show the association of the urus with the early inhabitant countrye th f so . Remain longifrons,s smale Bo , th f lsox o though in small numbers, and also of the horse, &c., have been found in Lonthe g Chambered Barrows describinIn . g wha considerhe t the s earlier simple Unchambered Long Barrow r ThurnaD , m says:—e "Th remain lone th oxef g so n i barrown e founm y dsb were uniformly sucs ha zoologists and comparative anatomists refer to the ancient small species, the Bos longifrons or Bos brachyceros." thirA d instanc associatioe th f o e nurue oth Englann fi s witn hma d is recorded in the " Geological Magazine," London, vol. vi.,Eeb. 1869, in a pape re Mammoth entitledth d an n , ; "beinMa Accounn a ge th f o t Animals found associated with Early Man in Pre-historic Times," by Henry Woodward Britise , th F.G.S. f o h. Museum,&e statee H . s that:— "granA d heaentird an d e horn-cores, wit a hlarg e proportioe th f o n primigenius,s skeletoBo e th f obtaines no wa d from beneat peae hth t near Cambridge, The peat had grown into and filled the cavities of the skull removabones.e e e peath th l th n al tf O :o frol d frontae man th l bonea , stone disclose• s celtwa d broke forehead,e f shorth nof n i t d whicha t i h pierced, and had been apparently -left there as useless by the hunter to whose skill the mighty beast had fallen. The specimen is now in the Woodwardian Museum, Cambridge. Woodwarr M " d considers thae th t hunter had left his broken celt sticking in .the skull apparently as useless, ANCIENE NOTETH N SO T CATTL SCOTLANDF EO . '671

but it would appear he had also left the whole animal, as a large portion f cours o e skeleto oy th f e e hogs ma e urnsfoun th e n wa Th n w .i ,d suppose receivinn o , s deatgit h wound beed falled an n ha ,g n bo int e oth lost. As previous accounts showed similar statements were founded on a mistake anxious wa I ,lear o st e exac th n t relatio n thini s instancf eo stone th fracturee th cel o t d skull t havbu , e unfortunatel t faileye s dya precisy an t ege informationo t Keepingr M . Curatoe Museume th , th f ro , tells me the skull was found about 1863 by workmen while digging for e fen t th peaBurnwela s n i t l near M r Cambridgeo soln t t di me e Th . W. r FarrenCarteD d e Museumr an ,th secure skule r d fo Th lan t .i d much of the skeleton were obtained. The skull measures 2 feet 5 inches lengthn i d 9Jan , inches acros e foreheath s d betweee e rootth th nf o s horn-cores e horn-coreTh . s measur feee2 t 2|- inches along their convex surface. Thern irregulaa s i e r fractur frontae th n ei l bone betweed nan rather above the orbits, which it is supposed was caused by the celt. He kindls ha y sketc a sen e m tthf ho e celt, which shows apparentl lowee yth r and broader extremity of an ordinary shaped stone celt, partially chipped on the side, with the front polished at its edge. It measures 2 J inches across its face, and 3 inches in length to its fractured surface above; and.its maxi- mum thickness is f of an inch. It seems rather a small and feeble weapon to have pierced the strong forehead of the skull of a large urus. I would, therefore, desiderate more minute informatio relatione th o t s f nsa o both when first discovered would an , d rathe inclinee b r supposo dt e that, like those already referre founs a t Whitmuirhalo a t dd l near Selkirk, the stone celt may have been simply found lying in the same bed, and perhaps not more closely associated with the skull. Mr Thomas Bateman s "Tehi n ni , Years' Diggin Celtin gi Saxod can n Grave Hills," London, 1861, gives a list of the "Animal Eemains found e Tumulth n i i associated with Work f Humaso n Art. n thiI " s lise h t include "BoviDjEthe sof urus? longifrons?Bos , Bos Domestic Cow;and " states tha e " tth remain usualle sar imperfeco yto admiassertioe o t t th f to n of three species, but we think that at least two may be recognised." In Scotland, as shown by the various instances I have been able to collect, we find the remains of the urus have been discovered in our clays and river drift gravelsd an s r lacustrinou , e deposits r marl peatd ou , an s - casew fe s a associate n i bogs d an ,d wit remaine hth othef so r animals, 2 67 PROCEEDING SOCIETYE TH F SO , JUN , 1872E10 .

apparently among the debris in the ruins of our ancient human dwellings, suggesting, from their rarity there s comparea , d wit e remainth he th f so small short-horned ox, that they had been probably spoils of the chase, remaine th ant f dslaughtereno so d domestic animals. Wit e excephth - e boneth tio f so n foun t Croftheada d , describe a r Geiki M n i y s b da e bed intercalated with the boulder clay, aad therefore, he thinks, of the glacial period, I know no other instances corresponding to those in England belongin o sucgt n anciena h t e Glaciaperioth s r Prea do l - Glacial times t I woul. d appear, also o havt , e been exterminaten a t da early period, as no distinctive reference to its existence occurs, as far as I am aware, in any of our early Scottish records. I have already stated, on the authority of the Eev. Thomas Eobertson, the discovery in 1781 of skulls of the urus in marl pits near Selkirk, and the discovery in the same locality of what appears to have been various bronze weapons, suggesting, at least, the possibility of the animals having existed at the time those weapons wer e eearl th use yy b dnativee districtth e f Th o s . remains,.apparently allied to this great ox, found in the ruins of human dwelling Caithnesf so Orkneyd san perhapy ma , e consideresb o brint d g existencits e timedowthe sto n just precedin invasiothe gthe of n Norsemen in the north of Scotland, from about the sixth to the eighth or ninth centuries. Csesar tells us that in his time the urus was considered as quite untame- able; and if it ever was domesticated, it does not appear, as far as I am .aware, to have existed in this state in Britain, or at least in Scotland. Professor Nilsson says :—" That this wild ox has contributed to produce r larg racou e eth f eo long-horne d cattl s mori e e than probable. When and where this colossal flat-foreheaded, large-homed, wild ox first became tamed we do not know; but certainly it took place in remote antiquity, and in a land far distant from us. .... " It appears to me probable that it was first tamed either in the south or south-wes f Europeo t r alreado , n Asiyi somy b a e Celtic race; but, nevertheless, long afte s ofter thiwa nt i s founwila r half-wiln do i d d foreste statth Centraf n ei o s l Europe, even e tilbeginninth l r middlgo e of the sixteenth century; that the tame race which sprung therefrom, perhaps, like all tame race's, became gradually smaller than the wild stocks, but yet larger than. other tame . races which spring from smaller NOTES ON THE ANCIENT CATTLE OF SCOTLAND. 673 this sstockwa larget i d s ;an breed f blacTco cattle whic e Celtihth c races brought with them here to the north, and which are spoken of in many passage r Sagaou belongins f sa so Tb'tene th o gt s (giants),. "&c I have already brought forward the opposite view of Mr Youatt and others, that domestication and man's management, instead of diminishing, may increase the size of animals long under his care. Probably both the one eifect and the other may be produced under man's management and the varying circumstances of his position, in different parts of the world. The great urus would appear, as far as we at present know, to be more ancient than the small short-horned ox, but both may be considered varieties only in size and a few unimportant particulars of the same species, the Bos taurus. The genus Bos, indeed, along with the few other genera or species from which man has derived his domesticated animals, seem to have had implanted in them, by their great Creator, a specia d peculiaan l r powe f adaptationo r , n theii show w r no nman y varieties, to the ever varying circumstances of climate, food, and shelter, fitting them thus to be taken by man, in all his wanderings, as he spreads abroad over almost the whole of the habitable earth.

DISTRIBUTIO BANGH NO THF EO E LARGE LONG-HORNE URUE TH S , (BosDOx primigenius, Owen), IN BRITAIN, AND ESPECIALLY IN SCOTLAND. This colossal , specieProfessoox f o s r Nilsson formerl s toll , "wa us s y widely spread ove e greateth r r par f Europeo t , fro e presenmth t Scania to Franc Italyd froed an man , Englan northere th o dwestert d nan n parts l othosfal Asian ei s placea ; s fossisit l bone foune ar s n mordi e recent strata." In the catalogue of Mammalian Remains discovered in Ireland, by E. H. Scott, Esq., given in the " Journal of the Geological Society of Dublin," 1864, and" Geological Magazine," London, 1870 states i t ,i d that no remains of the Bos primigenius have as yet been found in Ireland. In England the urus has been discovered in many and various localities. In Scotland, as shown by the numerous instances I have now been able to group together t occuri , s from Selkirkshir d Eoxburghshiran e e th n eo south, and from Berwickshire on the east coast, to Kirkcudbright, Gallo- way Ayrshird weste an , th n ;eo through midlanr manou f yo d counties, and passing on by Aberdeenshire, to Sutherland and Caithness on the north stateds i Orknee even d t th i an ,s o t ,a , y Islands. 074 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JUNE 10, 1872. Its remains have therefore been found over the greater part of Scot- land, more especially yetas , , alon eastergits n borders extremthe to , e north of our island.

Note.—W. Boyd Dawkins, Esq., M.A., &c.s publisheha , d important memoirs e "Quarterlinth y Journa f tho le Geological Societ London,f yo " "O Britise nth h Fossil Oxen," Bos urus, vol. xxii. 1866; Bos longifrons, vol. xxiii. 1867. These I was not fortunate enough to have seen until I had collected my recent Notes on the Scottish cattle. I can only refer those who wish to study the subject to these, and the other valuable memoirs published by Mr Boyd Dawkins on the "British Post- Glacial Mammals," vol. xxv Classificatio.e "n 1869o Th d e Pleistocen,an th f o n e Strat meanMammalia,y e ab th f so " &c., " Quart. Journal Geol. Soc. Lond. 1872r "fo . Proceeding thf o se Societ Anucruaxief yo f Scotlandso . Vul SZ PLZL1ATI

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