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Crises of Life in African Religion and Christianity Crises of Life in African Religion and Christianity Crises of Life In LWF Studies 02/2002 Crises of Life in African Religion and Christianity Crises of Life in African Religion and Christianity Crises of Life in The Lutheran World Federation 02/2002 150, rte de Ferney CH-1211 Geneva 2 ISSN No. 1025-2290 Studies Switzerland ISBN No. 3-906706-87-7 The Lutheran World Federation LWF LWF Crises of Life in African Religion and Christianity LWF Studies 2002 February 2002 edited by Hance A. O. Mwakabana The Lutheran World Federation Department for Theology and Studies Office for the Church and People of Other Faiths Crises of Life in African Religion and Christianity LWF Studies, 02/2002 Editorial assistance: Iris J. Benesch and Anita Palmer Design: Stéphane Gallay, LWF—OCS Published by The Lutheran World Federation 150, rte de Ferney P.O. Box 2100 CH-1211 Geneva 2 Switzerland © 2002, The Lutheran World Federation Printed in Switzerland by ATAR ROTO PRESSE S.A. ISSN No. 1025-2290 ISBN No. 3-906706-87-7 4 LWF Studies No. 02/2002 Contents 7 ............. Foreword Ishmael Noko 9 ............. Preface Hance A. O. Mwakabana African Religion in Relation to Christianity: An Overview 11 ........... Summary Report from the Working Group on African Religion Preamble The Study of African Religion So Far Recognition, Discussion and Mention of the Encounter Between African Religion and Christianity Some Areas of Theological Discourse in African Religion Recommendations Crises of Life 27 ........... Caring in the Family and Community Hannah W. Kinoti 35 ........... Health, Sickness and Healing Moeahabo Phillip Moila 47 ........... Caring in Burial and Bereavement Ntate Kgalushi Koka 57 ........... Caring During Burial and Bereavement in LWF Studies No. 02/2002 5 Crises of Life in African Religion and Christianity Traditional Society and the Church Isabel Apawo Phiri 69 ........... Christian Perspectives on Life After Death Anastasia Bonifas-Malle 83 ........... “A Person who Eats Alone Dies Alone”: Death as a Point of Dialogue Between African Religion and Christianity John S. Mbiti 107 ......... Death in African Proverbs as an Area of Interreligious Dialogue John S. Mbiti 127 ......... Remaking Africa Through a Spiritual Regeneration Lesiba Joseph Teffo 6 LWF Studies No. 02/2002 Foreword Ishmael Noko As we watch the difficult situation in Africa unfold, the timeliness of this collection of essays becomes clear to us. In it, the authors share with us their theological/spiritual perspectives and insights regarding a particular phase in life—death—and its attendant rituals. Throughout history, death has preoccupied philosophers, sociologists and theologians of every culture. Death is widely feared and wise men and women have sought to encourage the acceptance of its inevitable reality. The rituals accompanying a person throughout his/her life’s journey are evidence that Africans have a strong sense of life beyond all forms of human suffering and death. The authors provide reasons for why Africans have managed, to this day, to nurture an incredible sense of hope in spite of the shadows and stark reality of death. This becomes especially pertinent in light of the HIV/AIDS pandemic cur- rently consuming Africa. Africanists of many stripes are seeking solutions to Africa’s many prob- lems. I believe that permanent solutions can only be found if the religious and spiritual dimensions of African life are taken into consideration and I recom- mend this publication to anyone genuinely seeking solutions to the dilemmas Africa faces today. In reading these essays it becomes evident that trying to understand different religious traditions is a path to peace. We discover that God is first and foremost a God who loves the whole world and is therefore not bound to certain national, cultural, political and religious allegiances. Respecting the religious traditions of others, as well as our own, furthers the building of bridges of mutual trust and breaks down walls of hostility. LWF Studies No. 02/2002 7 Crises of Life in African Religion and Christianity 8 LWF Studies No. 02/2002 Preface Hance A. O. Mwakabana This volume documents the discussions by a Lutheran World Federation (LWF) working group on African Religion (AR) and Christianity. The group is one of many LWF working groups looking at other religious traditions, under the guidance of the LWF study program on “Theological Perspectives on Other Faiths.” Participants involved in the study on African Religion were: Isabel Apawo Phiri (South Africa); Debela Birri (Ethiopia); Anastasia Bonifas-Malle (Tanzania); Colette Bouka Coula, (Cameroon); Zacharia Kuhuthu (Kenya); Musimbi Kanyoro (Kenya/Switzerland); Hannah W. Kinoti (Kenya); Simon Maimela (South Africa); Jackson Malewo (Tanzania); John S. Mbiti (Kenya/Switzerland); Moeahabo Phillip Moila (South Africa); Joseph Ngah (Cameroon); Ngonya wa Gakonya (Kenya); Ntate Kgalushi Koka (South Africa); Mercy Oduyoye (Ghana); Lesiba Joseph Teffo (South Africa). The book covers the two phases of the study project. Part one of this publication, summary report from the working group on AR, outlines the objectives of the study and the perspective from which the group pursued its reflections. Moreover, it outlines key aspects of AR in relation to Christianity, and highlights the importance of African religious phenomena, which must be studied for their own sake. It raises the awareness of Christians about the reality of AR, which continues to be embraced even by those who have been converted to the Christian faith. Further, it examines the relevance of AR for Christianity in Africa. On the basis of recommendations arising from the first part of the study, the second part focused on a specific area of theological and practical con- cerns. Although there are many areas of common concern for Christians and followers of AR this publication focuses on only one of these areas: crises of life, whether personal, societal or communal. Crises of every sort face Africans in and from almost all spheres of life—at the personal as well as social level of their existence. This has sometimes cre- ated the false impression—frequently reinforced by too one-sided reports in the Western media—of Africa being a continent pervaded only by suffering. Together with representatives of AR we explored the dynamics of grief, suf- fering, and caring in AR and Christianity and the kind of resources available in each of the two religious traditions to deal with life’s crises. The first two essays (Kinoti and Moila) focus on the caring aspect while the next three (Kgalushi Koka, Apawo Phiri and Bonifas-Malle) discuss crises LWF Studies No. 02/2002 9 Crises of Life in African Religion and Christianity of life in the light of the larger question of death and life after death. Mbiti addresses the question of caring for the family and community after a death has occurred while Teffo focuses on the need for a spiritual regeneration as a possible way of finding answers to some of the pressing concerns that lead to, or are part of, the crises of life. In this sense, it is argued, AR and other faiths on the continent may contribute towards promoting peace and the wholeness of life in human communities. No claim is made that these presentations represent Christian and AR positions in a dogmatic sense. They do, however, provide insights into the possibilities for constructive dialogue between Christians and people of other faiths, and potentially to dealing better with matters of common concern. In its message, the 1990 LWF Eighth Assembly acknowledged the importance of such an approach by stressing the need for Christians to explore with people of other faiths ways in which we may undertake common endeavors for the common good of society. All those involved in these discussions will have experienced—individu- ally or collectively—crises of life of one sort or another. The presentations and accompanying discussions therefore were more than just a mere academic exercise. They touched on situations that are real and that matter. As such, in editing the papers for inclusion in this volume, we have sought to strike a balance between maintaining some general standard of quality and trying to do justice to the style, originality, and spirit of each particular presentation. The study project marks a beginning, and is but one example of the many areas of common concern where Christians and followers of AR can engage in creative dialogue, both at the level of theological reflections and “dialogue of life” in more concrete, practical ways—for the common good of all. Much work remains to be done and it is therefore encouraging that a study project focusing on Christianity and AR, has been launched by the Vatican and the World Council of Churches (WCC). The LWF should now fully support the Vatican’s and WCC’s efforts and with them work out how the Federation can be involved in this project. I take this opportunity to thank all members of the working group who prepared the summary report on AR, part one of this volume; those who con- tributed papers for the second phase of the study project, and all others who, at one stage or another, participated in the study project. 10 LWF Studies No. 02/2002 Summary Report from the Working Group on African Religion1 Preamble African Religion (AR) is an indigenous system of beliefs and practices integrated into the culture and worldviews of the African peoples. Although diverse in its local manifestations, it has common basic elements which testify to its unity regionally and at continental level. Among the main beliefs of AR is the acknowl- edgement and affirmation of one God who is the Creator and sustainer of life and of all things. AR also recognizes the reality of the invisible world in which human life continues after death. The basis of AR lies in the strong belief in the unity of the cosmos, where religion embraces the natural and supernatural, the sacred and the secular.
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