Racial Discrimination in South African Sport

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Alternative title Notes and Documents - United Nations Centre Against ApartheidNo. 8/80 Author/Creator United Nations Centre against Apartheid; Ramsamy, Sam Publisher United Nations, New York Date 1980-04-00 Resource type Reports Language English Subject Coverage (spatial) South Africa Coverage (temporal) 1980-00-00 Source Northwestern University Libraries Description Message by A.A. Ordia, President, Supreme Council for Sport in Africa. Some terms explained: Apartheid, Apartheid Sport, Banning and banning order, House arrest. Population and race classification in South Africa. History and struggle for recognition. Legal aspects and government policy. Latest manoeuvres: South African sports policy, Permit system, international hotels. Present position in some of the sport disciplines in South Africa. South African Council on sport (SACOS). Collaborators and stooges. White lies and South Africa's propaganda machine. White sports administrators and police intimidation of non-racial sportsmen. Sponsorship. Notable victories against South African racist sport. South Africa's present position in international sport. Format extent 75 page(s) (length/size)

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http://www.aluka.org NOTES AND DOCUMENTS*

NOTES AND DOCUMENTS* 8/80 April 1980 Racial Discrimination in South African Sport by Sam Ramsammy, Chairman South African Non-RaciaOym Cmmittee (San- Roc) O Li i'i, . c, ...,y, JUL j 1 0 S~r~ L-Note: This paper, published at the request of the Special Cgamittee against Apartheid, was prepared under the auspices of the South African Non-Racial Olympic Committee (SAN-ROC) The views expressed are those of the author and SANROC.7 *All material in these notes and documents may be freely reprinted. Acknowledgement, together with a copy of the publication containing the reprint, would be appreciated. 80-lo809

Contents Page Message by A.A. Ordia, President, Supreme Council for Sport in Africa.. i I. Some te ds explained ...ea... . *00.... . 1 Apartheid, Apartheid Sport, Banning and Banning rder, House-arrest Ii. Population and race classification in South Africa . .. . 2 III. History and struggle for recognition...... 2 IV. Legal aspects and goverment policy ...... 9 V. Latestmanoeuvres..*0 . * ...*** ... 15 South Africa's latest sports policy, Pe iit system, international hotels VI. Present position in some of the sport disciplines in. . . . 22 South Vfrica VII. South African Cotucil on Sport (SACOS) : ...... 29 VIII. Collaborators and stooges ...... 32 IX. 116tte lcs and South Africa's propaganda machine ..... 35 A. Wite sports adiiinistrators and police intimidation . . . 41 of non-racial sportsmen CI. Sponsorship...... * XII. liotable victories against South African racist sport . . . . 51 III. South ;frica's present position in international sport . . . 61 i Message by A. A. Ordia, President, Supreme Council for Sport in Africa South Africa advertises its sugar- coated "multinational" racist sports policy extensively. Supporters of South Africa in Western Europe and in the United States are forever seeking excuses for maintaining links with apartheid sport. Despite all these problems the United Nations, with the help of the Supreme Council for Sport in Africa and all the anti-apartheid groups, has succeeded in isolating South Africa from most international sports meetings. We hope the material contained in this booklet will help readers understand the racist nature of South African sportwhich directly contravenes the Olympic principle of non-discrimination,and inspire us all to effect the total isolation of South African sport until it abandons its policy of apartheid and racial discrimination.

-1- I Some terms explained Apartheid: Literally means "separateness". It is the system of legalized separation of the races in South Africa and the legalized political, economic and cultural domination of the majority black population by the white racist minority. Apartheid sport: Apartheid sport is the application of the policies and practices of apartheid in sporting activities. Banning and banning order: South African law permits the restriction of activities and movement of persons opposed to the apartheid policies of the white Government. A person who is served with a banning order - cannot be quoted by the press or other persons - cannot attend any gathering or social function like a football match, wedding reception, etc. - cannot entertain more than one person at a time - is virtually excommunicated and silenced and barred from earning a living because of the numerous restrictions e.g. cannot have more than one person visit him at work or at his home, can only sit at a table with one other person, etc. House arrest: A person who is placed under house arrest is usually only allowed to leave his house to go to work - generally between 8.00 a.m. and 6.00 p.m. and on Saturday between 8.00 a.m. and 1.30 p.m. (i.e., if he has to work on Saturdays). At all other times he has to remain at home. Usually people who are house arrested are also banned. These restrictions make one a prisoner in his/her own home.

-2- II. Population and race classification in South Africa As race mixing is prohibited in South Africa, the population is divided into four "racial" groups: I/ African - population: 18,759,000 The original inhabitants of South Africa. They are referred to as "Bantu" in Government and other administrative circles. By Government proclamation Africans have been grouped into nine "nations". Whites - population: 4,363,000 English Speaking: descendents of British settlers. Afrikaans Speaking: descendents of Dutch (mainly), German and French settlers. Afrikaans is a European language which evolved from 17th century Dutch. Coloured - population: 2,431,000 Persons of mixed African, Asian and white ancestry. Asian - population: 765,000 Mainly descendents of Indian indentured labourers brought from India by the British in the middle of the 19th century. Later Indian traders emigrated to South Africa. There is also a very small Chinese population. III. History and struggle for recognition Modern European sport was first introduced into South Africa by the British Army and early British settlers. Extra leisure time at the disposal of the settlers, combined with the excellent climate for outdoor activities, inspired the whites to form clubs and associations in the various sporting codes. Afrikaaners soon joined the British settlers. This was later followed by the formation of sports bodies by black groups. As I/ Figures extracted from Department of Statistics Republic of South Africa - 1978.

-3- black groups were socially and residentially separated from the white racists, they belonged to separate associations. White sports bodies, although constitutionally barring blacks from membership, never had racial labels for their clubs or associations; it was always Durban Surf Club, Natal Football Association, Transvaal Cricket Union, etc. On the other hand, black clubs and associations, although constitutionally not barring membership of other racial groups, had names such as Durban Indian Golf Club, Transvaal African Football Association, Natal Coloureds Hockey Association, etc. No doubt this was due to the forcible separation of the different black racial groups socially and residentially. However, the establishment of "interracial sports boards" ensured mingling and competition between the various black groups. The white sports organizations refused to affiliate to these Inter-race sports boards. Between 1875 and 1910 most of the whites-only organizations, such as the South African Cricket Association, the South African Amateur Athletic Association, the South African Olympic Games Association were admitted to International and/or Commonwealth games federations. This gave them a "passport" to compete with or against national teams of other countries for international honours. Although white organizations held National Open Championships (in Golf, Athletics, Swimming, etc.) which were recognized by the international and Commonwealth games associations, blacks were always barred from taking part. Blacks were left out of South Africa's national teams even after they had gone abroad at tremendously great expense and sacrifice and, in many cases, proved their competence. It must be realized that the present South African Government (elected since 1948) had not yet come to power with its policy of apartheid. Racial discrimination in sport was only a social practice at the time. Until relatively recently there were no laws forbidding "mixed" sport within South Africa. .ven now legislation affects "mixed" sport only indirectly. In 1960 Sewsunker Papwa Sewgolam, an Indian South African golfer, entered for the white-organized Natal Open Golf Championships and, again, in 1963 entered for the Natal and South African Open Golf Championships.

In 1963, the Lincoln City Football Club (of Pietermaritzburg, Natal),which consisted of five Coloureds, four Indians and two whites, played against an Indian team at Curries Fountain, Durban. The Coloured and white members of the team were charged with "illegally occupying" property zoned for Indians. The Natal Supreme-Court dismissed the case. The prosecution's appeal was also lost. Prior to this, black cricketers, footballers and tennis players had played with and against whites. In 1973 the non-racial Aurora Cricket Club of Natal applied, and was accepted, to play in the all-white Pietermaritzburg, and District Cricket Union League. The Security Branch of the South African Police attended nearly all its matches and constantly intimidated the members of the Aurora Club who, however, persisted in playing in the all-white league. No charges were brought against these players. Struggle begins By 1945 most of South Africa's all-white sports federations had not only established firm links with national sports organizations of other countries, but had also managed to get into executive positions of many international federations. Meanwhile, in South Africa, the white racists continued to refuse blacks a place in their national teams, irrespective of the ability of black sportsmen. Black sportsmen and sports administrators, frustrated by the uncompromising attitude of whites, appealed to the international and Commonwealth games associations for help. They were not successful in the early years. Many national and international associations were unsympathetic to their pleas. For instance, Mr. Oscar State, the then Secretary of the British Amateur Weightlifters' Association and still active in international weightlifting, replied to an appeal by black sportsmen on 13 May 1946: "Please pardon my delay in replying to your letter but I had to wait until I placed the matter before our Central Council. They considered your request with sympathy but it is with regret that I have to inform you that we cannot bring any pressure on the South African Weightlifting Federation to force them to recognize you. Their rules, as with all national sporting associations in South Africa, will not permit of mixed contests between white and Coloured athletes.

-5- "This is also a condition of the South African Olympic Council. Therefore, no Coloured man could be chosen to represent South Africa in the international contests. For these reasons we cannot support your claim against the South African Weightlifting Federation." The only alternative left to black South Africans to gain international recognition was to go abroad. Because of prohibitive cost, only a handful could leave South Africa. In 1946 several boxers campaigned in Great Britain. Mr. Seaman Chetty, one of the early arrivals, was rated sixth contender for the British Empire Bantamweight Title. Jake N'Tuli, who sparred regularly with Vic Toweel, the white boxer who was then South African World Bantamweight Boxing Chanpion, arrived in England in 1952. N'Tuli, at one sparring session, knocked Toweel out of the ring. In 1953 N'Tuli knocked out Gardiner of England to become the British Empire Flyweight Boxing Champion. At the height of his career he was unanimously hailed by internationally-recognized boxing scribes as the best flyweight boxer in the world. Only Pascuel Perez's (of Argentina) delaying tactics in arranging a World Championship fight prevented him from becoming a world champion. The number one contender for the world title was, in the eyes of the white-controlled South African Boxing Board of Control, not good enough to become a South African Champion. David Samaai played tennis at Wimbledon, but was not good enough to enter open tournaments in South Africa. In 1968 and 1969 the non-racial Southern African Lawn Tennis Union sent some of its promising players to participate in European tournaments. In 1968, Jasmat Dhiraj and Herman Abrahams won the North of England Men's Doubles Championship and in 1969 Dhiraj won the South of England Singles Championship. Dhiraj and Ms. Paddy Orchards also won the Mixed Doubles Championship in that year. In 1968 Dhiraj and Abrahams qualified for the Wimbledon Tennis Championships. In 1971 a private match was arranged between Dhiraj and Cliff Drysdale, a white South African, who at the time was one of the top seeds in world tennis. Drysdale won the best of three sets match 6 - 4 and 7 - 5. Immediately after the match, Drysdale publicly announced that Dhiraj was good enough to take part in the South African Open Tennis Chapionships. But this was never accepted by the white Union.

-6- Although Ron Elland by far exceeded the total weight lifted by any white South African weightlifter in his division, was told that he could not represent South Africa. He then left for England. He qualified to lift for Great Britain and later became member of the 1948 British Olympic Team. For identical reasons Precious McKenzie left South Africa for England in 1964. Since then he has taken part in three Olympic games, The late Sewsunker Papwa Sewgolam won the Dutch Open Golf Championship in 1959 and in 1960. In 1963, after extensive world pressure, Sewgolam was allowed to compete in the South African Golf Chmpionships and finished runner-up, but was not even considered for South Africa's Canada Cup Team. Albert Johannson played football for the famous British Leeds United. He was the first black person to play in an F.A. Cup Final in Britain. He had had no chance to represent South Afric4. Basil D'Oliveira, a Coloured South African, was a regular member of the MCC Cricket Team for several years. In 1962 he :was selected to represent the W-orld Cricket Team; yet, he was_.not "eligible" for the South African side. These are only a few of the black South Africans who managed to leave South Africa to campaign overseas and win international honours. Butwhat about the thousands who could not afford to do so? While not condoning their actions, it may be recorded that some black South Africans of fairer skin had tried to get nto South African teams by "playing white." Smilee Moosa (alias Williams), a black South African, managed to get into the all-white Berea Park Football Club as a player. Berea Park played in the all-white National Football League of the white racist Football Association of South Africa. Eventually his identity was exposed; he was immediately expelled from the Club of which he had been a first team player for months.

Until 1970 Topham, a Coloured South African living in Johannesburg's black township of Coronationville,enrolled in a white judo club. Keeping his identity secret he managed to qualify to represent South Africa abroad. No one suspected that he was black until the presentation of the South African Springbok Colours. He had to produce his identity card and was exposed. Although he represented South Africa later on several occasions he was never awarded Springbok Colours because he was black. South African Sports Association (SASA) Black sports organizations, having been organized into federations, were faced with being unable to participate in world games, because white sporting organizations, which had international affiliations, were not prepared to accept black members. The sporting policy of the country was inextricably bound up with its political and social policy; and as there was little hope that white sporting organizations would adopt a more liberal outlook towards blacks, black sports organizations took the initiative to campaign for recognition both at home and abroad. In 1955 the Committee for International Recognition was formed in Durban. Its aim was to get South African nonracial bodies affiliated to international sports federations. In 1956 it succeeded in getting the South African Table Tennis Board of Control affiliated to the International Table Tennis Federation. The white association was expelled because it practised racial discrimination. The South African Sports Association (SASA) was formed in 1958 as a counter to the white Olympic and Empire Games Association. Its main objective was to fight for the complete elimination of racial discrimination in sport in South Africa. SASA sent a memorandum to the International Olympic Committee in Rome in 1959 and stated inter alia: "It is the contention of non-racial sporting bodies that it is the right of all sportsmen of a country to be considered on merit for selection in teams representing their country, and that the South African national bodies, by excluding the non-whites of the country, have flouted the canons of sportsrianship.

-8- "It must be noted that the non-whites have no desire to see their white compatriots excluded, and that they insist only that merit be the criterion, without consideration of extraneous issues, such as colour, race or creed." South African Non-Racial Olympic Committee (SAN-ROQ) SASA failed in its attempts to win the support of the Olympic Committee. Unable to win recognition and unable to persuade white sports associations to abandon their "whites only" policy, and after the frustrating attempts by black sportsmen to become members of the South African Olympic and Commonwealth Games Assication, SASA, together with a nuiber of black sportsmen and sports administrators, formed the South African Non-Racial Olympic, Committee on 1) January 1963 in Johannesburg. Since then SAN-ROC has campaigned at international sports congresses for the rights of South Africa's black sportsmen and demanded recognition of only non-racial teams from South Africa. Re-constitution of black bodies into non-racial organizations "Our goal is complete non-racial swimming - at everyr level in the country - eaministered by a single, truly non-racial swimming organization; not the useless, ineffective and misleading body like the Amateur Aquatics Federation of South Africa." (Non-Racial South African Amateur Swimming Federation) Until 1962 black sports organizations were loosely held together by so-called "Inter-Race Sports Boards" which provided interracial competitions at regional and national levels. Of all the inter-race boards, the South African Soccer Federation was by far the strongest and most powerful as regards playing strength and spectator appeal. In 1962, the Federation,realizing that several racial clashes had resulted from such art:ificial compartmentalization, decided to go completely non-racial at all levels.

-9- When other inter-race boards followed suit, the apartheid legislation became operative. White sports officials immediately realized that the move was a direct threat to racist sports and co-operated with the police and Governmert to crush or fragment non-racial sports. Despite major problems (including police intimidation, closing of sports grounds, etc. ) blacks persevered in the principle of non-racialism. Today, non-racial sport enjoys a fair degree of popularity among the blacks of South Africa. Although blacks support the principle of non-racialism, they are unable to practise it because of intimidation and duress. Some black opportunists help perpetuate racist sport by luring blacks into accepting the white Government's racist sports policy. IV. Legal aspects and government policy As mentioned earlier, there is no specific law in South Africa which prohibits mixed sport. Although certain laws and Government policy generally militate against the free playing of genuine non-racial sport, it must be pointed out that white sportsmen still have the power and the means to invalidate Government policy and the legislation which indirectly affects mixed sport. However, racial bias and anti-black feelings of white sportsmen and sports administrators permit the perpetuation of race discrimination in South African sport. At the general election held on 1 December 1977 more than 82 per cent of the white electorate, the policy makers of the country, supported parties which called for the retention of racial discrimination in South Africa. Laws affecting mixed sport Population Registration Act, No. 30 of 1950: The Act provides for a rigid system of race classification, It defines white, Coloured, Indian and "native" (later "Bantu") people. The Coloureds and "natives" may be sub-divided according to ethnic groups.

- 10 - Group Areas Act, No. 36 of 1966 and Proclamations R26 1965 and R228 of 1973: This Act imposed control throughout South Africa over inter-racial property transactions and inter-racial changes of land occupation. It divides South Africa into areas of occupancy and residency according to race. It also forbids the entry of individuals of another race group into the demarcated race zone (Group Areas) for a substantial period of time or for the purpose of entertainment or partaking of any refreshments as a customer. (Muriel Horrell - Laws Affecting Race Relations in South Africa 1978) Reservation of Separate Amentities Act, No. 49 of 1953. It provides that any person who is in charge of or has control of any public premises or public vehicles may whenever he deems it expedient, reserve such premises or vehicle or any portion thereof for the exclusive use of persons belonging to a particular race or class. Such action cannot be ruled invalid on grounds that provision is not made for all races. (Muriel Horrell - Laws Affecting Race Relations in South Africa 1978) Representatives of foreign Governments and members of their families, together with nationals of foreign countries travelling in South Africa on official business, are exempted from the provisions of this Act. (Muriel Horrell - Laws Affecting Race Relations in South Africa - 1978) "his exemption converts foreign blacks into "honorary whites" during their stay in South Africa. Several black American sportsmen, including tennis star, Arthur Ashe, were welcomed in South Africa under this dispensation. Bantu Laws Amendment Act, No. 76 of 1963. This Act prohibits the entry of non-Africans into an African location, village or hostel without the permission of the officer in charge. An officer may eject any person whose presence therein is considered to be undesirable.

- 11 - Native Laws Amendment Act, No. 36 of 1957. This Act provides for the withholding of permission for Africans attending functions, gatherings, etc. outside the so-called native residential areas if that is likely, in the opinion of the Minister of Native Affairs (now called Ivlnister of.Plural Relations), to cause a nuisance or is otherwise deemed undesirable. Native (Urban Areas) Consolidation Act of 1945. It empowers any local authority to make regulations, requiring the approval of the Administrator and the Minister, providing for the prohibition or regulation of the entry or sojourn in a location, native village, or hostel of any person not resident therein. The absence of direct legislation preventing mixed sport ideally suits the racist Government. Special sports events for international consumption can then be staged by issuing permits or licences which normally expire about an hour after the termination of the sports meeting. If there was direct legislation prohibiting mixed sport, South Africa would not be able to sugar-coat its policy of racial discrimination. It would not then be able to insert black puppets into its overseas delegations for parading at international congresses. The deliberate omission of this type of legislation is an essential ingredient in their plan to ward off total isolation. Government policy By and large sport in South Africa is determined and administered by Government policy rather than by legislation. The only people who defy the Government's sports policy are the black protagonists of non-racial sport. There has not been a single case of a white organization defying the sports policy of the Government. There have, however, been a few white individuals (in collaboration with black non-racial organizations)

- 12 - who have ignored the Government's sports policy, and have become social outcasts in the "white community" by associating themselves with non-racial organizations. In 1978 three whites were charged for entering a black area and playing for a black rugby club. The case against one of them is still proceeding. The first government guideline was announced in 1956 by the then Minister of the Interior who stated that whites and blacks should organize their sporting activities separately, with no interracial competition allowed. Since then the ruling National Party Government has made frequent policy announcements. Although the last statement seems a bit different from the previous one and is often publicized internationally by the white propaganda machine as a "breakthrough in sport" the essential elements of the National Party race discrimination policy are always strongly emphasized. The whole purpose of policy announcements is to avoid international isolation. quite frequently these announcements are made just before or after major international congresses or sports events where South Africa's race policies have been the focus of attention. In 1967, when South Africa's participation in the Mexico Olympic Games was being threatened, the Prime Minister, B. J.Vorster, announced that blacks could be part of the South African Team but that separate trials for whites and blacks would be held to select the team. lie stated that there could be "no compromise negotiations or abandonment of principles." In 1971, when South Africa's sports isolation was beginning to gain momentum, the Prime Minister announced that blacks could participate in a few sports events in South Africa which would be termed "multi- national" or open international events. The intention of the Government's sports policy could be adequately summarized via excerpts from debates in South Africa's white Parliament: On sports isolation: "This is the only thing that really hurts South Africans where they feel it." (1rs. Helen Suzman - Member of Parliament, Hansard 22 April 1971) "Separate participation in sport is a natural and obvious outcome of the Government's policy of separate development. It is therefore wrong to speak of a new sport policy or a

- 13 - different formula or certain concessions. However, it is in fact correct to speak of a developing policy which was applied and is being applied to new situations." (Dr. P.J. Koornhoff - Minister of Sport and Recreation, Hansard- 25 May 19T3). "Announcements in respect of certain points of departure relating to sport should therefore be seen as adjustments, development and progress without sacrifice of principles... In a young country like South Africa there has been a certain degree of elasticity, for one has to deal with and control the situation here in a realistic way under all circumstances, as the National Party Government is still doing, particularly against the background that we will not allow and do not want to allow ourselves to be isolated from the international world in the field of sport, or in any sphere whatsoever, as our enemies are trying to do. We do not want to be isolated, and we are not going to allow ourselves to be isolated, and the National Party will make its contribution towards ensuring that this does not happen." (Dr. PoJ. Koornhof - Minister of Sport and Recreation Hansard - 25 May 19T3). "For an examination of the developing sports policy it is therefore of importance that the policy should be seen in its entirety. But it happens that people quite frequently single out portions of this policy, as it suits them, and read into those certain concessions which do not exist at all. The interpretation of the sport policy should constantly be consistent with the country's fundamental policy of separate development. If this is done, it is not only erroneous and meaningless, but also causes confusion." (Dr. P.J. Koornhof - Minister of Sport and Recreation Hansard - 25 May 1973) "... we want to compete internationally and we are going to compete internationally. "Let us admit here this afternoon that play and sport are strong enough to cause political and economic relations to flourish or collapse...

- 14 - ... We are not holding on to it just because we fear expulsion, but also and especially because of the value of sport on the international level." (Dr. P.J. Koornhof - Minister of Sport and Recreation Hansard - 18 May 1977). "There is nothing unclear in this policy. The Honourable member for Green Point only understands a little of it.... Where in this policy is it stated that a club may not arrange its own affairs? Where in this country do we have a law prohibiting people from joining a club? There is no such prohibition. It is not prohibited. There is in fact no such law... If there had been any such law, they would have been taken to task a long time ago. It is not the policy that is at stake. The Honourable Minister is implementing the policy through 'persuasion, and he is doing this brilliantly. Every time somebody crosses over and plays a match across the line, a big fuss is made of it in the papers. But, Sir, how many rugby players are there in this country? For argument's sake let us assume that there are 10,000 of them. Three of them ... Yes, three publicity-seekers in Port Elizabeth cross the line and go and play a match." (Dr. C.V. Van der Merwe - Member of Parliament Hansard - 18 May 1977 ). "The National Party reaffirms its well-known standpoints on sport as forumulated in 1976 as general and fundamental guidelines to be pursued wherever practicable. Exceptional circumstances do not always permit of consistent implementation of the mentioned guidelines and it is recognized that special arrangements are justified in such circumstances. But unnecessary deviations must be guarded against, and exceptions must be dealt with in such a way that they do, in fact, prove the rule." (Ur. F.W. de Klerk - Minister of Sport and Recreation Hansard - 21 May 1979).

- 15 - V. Latest manoeuvres The constant and perpetual threat of a complete sports isolation has forced the racist Government to prematurely bring forward its "multinational" sports plan for South Africa. Because of intense international pressure certain elements of the white Government's "Multinational Development" (also known as Separate Development or Bantustanization) in respect of sport have even overtaken the other facets of apartheid, viz., economics, education, welfare, etc. Multinational development According to the South African racist Government multinational development is defined as follows: "In the light of the country's multinational and historical realities, the majority of whites are convinced that relations between the white nation of the Republic of South Africa and the various black peoples within the borders of present-day South Africa cannot be satisfactorily regulated in a single integrated superstate, but rather on the historically tried basis of separate nation states, i.e. a system of political independence coupled with economic interdependence. This policyevolved from a philosophy forged and determined by the realities of more than three centuries - has in both official and common parlance become known as separate or multinational development." (South Africa 1977 - Official Year Book of the Republic of South Africa). The United Nations, however, has exposed the fraudulent character of this multinational development: "The South African Government is thus proceeding, deliberately and with the maximum publicity it can achieve for itself, with the largest partition and fragmentation operation undertaken by the Government of a unified country in the twentieth century. It is anxious to portray this extraordinary undertaking as being consistent with universally accepted principles of the right of nations to self-determination. At the same time it is equally anxious to obscure the fact

- 16 - "that the real character of this policy is racist and colonialist and that its purpose is to ensure the continuing political and economic domination of the racist white minority, not only throughout the Republic of South Africa, but also in the unliberated parts of southern Africa as a whole. 'The intensified application of the bantustan programme is now so central a feature of the South African Government's apartheid policy that it urgently requires to be seen and understood for what it is. '"The concomitant of this racist claim is to deny the possibility of African political participation in the white State. Thus, successive South African Ggvernments from 1956 to today have consistently maintained the basic pattern of land distribution arrived at by colonial conquest and have no less consistently denied to Africans all political rights in the area called white South Africa. In the remaining 13 per cent, tribalism rather than nationalism or nationhood is to be the basis of statehood, because the very notion of a united African nation poses a threat to the white nation-state." (United Nations - Objective Justice - Vol. 8,No. l, Spring 1976). However, sports playing and administration continues on this "multinational" basis which provides for a degree of mixing at national level. On 18 Play 1977 white South Africa's Minister of Sport and Recreation stated: "By means of sport, a new dimension is being given to our policy of multinationalism and to the South African set-up, which, since 1652, has been in embryo what it has become today. We should not lose sight of the fact that we are dealing here with a historic situation. Within the framework of this historic situation, as well as of other circumstances in South Africa, sport is being used to create a spirit and an attitude which have a positive value, a spirit and an attitude which are giving new dimensions to our multinational set-up." (Hansard - 18 1.Iay 1977).

- 17 - South Africa's latest sports policy The following policy was announced on 23 September 1976. "The Federal Information Council of the National Party accepts that, taking into account the applicable legislation and regulations, the interests of South Africa and all its peoples in respect of sport can best be served in terms of the following policy: "l. White, Coloured, Indian, and black sportsmen and women should all belong to their own clubs. Each should control, arrange, and manage its own sporting fixtures. "2. Wherever possible, practical, and desirable the committees or councils of the different race groups should consult together or have such contact as would advance the interests of the sport concerned. "3. Inter-group competition in respect of individual types of sport (will) be allowed at all levels, should the controlling bodies so decide. "4. In respect of team sports, the councils or committees of each racial group should arrange their own leagues or programmes within the racial group. "5. Where mutually agreed councils or cowmittees may, in consultation with the 11inister, arrange leagues or matches enabling teams from different racial groups. to compete. "6. Each racial group should arrange its own sporting relationships with other countries or sporting bodies in accordance with its owm wishes, and each should award its own badges and colours. "7. If and when invited or agreed, teams conprising players from all racial groups can represent South Africa, and can be awarded colours which, if so desired, can incorporate the national flag or its colours. "8. Attendance at sporting fixtures be arranged by the controlling bodies."

- 18 - Inamediately after the announcement South Africa's white ncwspapers hailed the policy as a "break-through" and that mixed clubs were now permissible. A black sports administrator requested clarification from the Department of Sport and Recreation and received, inter alia, the following reply: "You are under no obligation to join the white Western Province Union as a "Coloured Unit" and white players are not allowed to affiliate to your club either. "Your players are not allowed to join 4hite clubs." (Signed)/"Secretary for Sport and iecreation 3 December 1976" The Minister of Sport and Recreation reaffirmed this policy in the South African Parliament on 21 .ay 1979. The absence of direct legislation against mixed sport provides the white sports administrators with the opportunity to introduce a few carefully executed deviations which allow for a few blacks to join white clubs and vice versa so as to provide the outside world with photographic evidence that mixing of races takes place on the South African sport fields. Even South Africa's former Minister of Sport and Recreation, Dr. P.J. Koornhof, has agreed that newspapers "blew up" these cases of exceptions giving a wrong iaipression of what mas going on in the country. He said that 99.9956 per cent of sport was played in terms of the Govervent's segregated sports policy, and that up to June 1977 there has been only 56 cases of people joining clubs of other rcal group s. He also stated that every such case was first brought to him before being executed. (Star, Johannesburg, 10 September 1977). Earlier, he had stated that the deviation represented a minute 0.0045 of the active sport playing population; but warned that the Government might be forced to take action if the policy was contravened too often. (Rand Daily Nail - 25 August 1977).

- 19 - These cases of mixing are only allowed in the Government controlled provincial or national leagues which, according to ITational Party M.P., 1r. A.J. Vlok, "constitute far less thant 1 per cent of the total sport activities in South Afrida." There is strict segregation of races in all other events, fixtures and leagues. Permit System. To control the mixing of races, and at the same time ensure that there is enough mixing to hoodwink international public opinion - and no more - all mixed sports fixtures are controlled by the permit system. An application for a mixed race sports event is made to the white Department of Sport and iRecreationwhich monitors all mixed sports events. The application is thoroughly scrutinized so as to ensure that all aspects of the Government's sports policy are strictly adhered to. This scrutiny also ensures that applicants who are not members of Government- endorsed clubs and associations do not receive permits to stage fixtures. Applications which do not conform to policy requirements are rejected. When questioned in Parliament, the Minister of Sport and Recreation replied: "The application did not comply with requirements." (Hansard - 5 March 1979). Sometimes the Department of Sport and Recreation gives a blanket permit for a whole season to selected cricket and football organizations, over which it has complete control, although the organization might have the apparent facade of being run by blacks. However, these organizations still have to make further applications in respect of each fixtu7e, if they wish to admit persons of more than one race group as spectators. Any sports event which is not "multinational" is refused a pelmit (i.e. iore than 99 per cent of the sports fixtures). If a black sports body wishes to defy the Government's policy and hold a "mixed" event its officials are politely warned about the consequences - usually loss of sports field, loss of e:nploytzent, etc. if this does not work the police disrupt the event and transport the offenders to a police station for questioning. Usually no charge is brought against the sports officials but this form of constant intimidation compels -the "offende to follow Government policy. Affiliates of the South African Council on Sport (SACOS)

- 20 - issued a pamphlet in 1978 to all black sportsmen and women explaining why the permit system in sport should be rejected: "People who live in houses where they require permits, or people who work under permit or have children educated under permit have no option but to do so. There are laws governing these things - although we detest them. But sportsmen and others who play and attend sport under permit are not forced to do so. They do it from free choice, voluntarily. In other words, they are collaborating in their own humiliation. A true sportsman will consider it an insult if an agency outside sports should dectate to him where he shall play sport and against whom he shall play. In other words, you may only play against so-and-so and at such-and-such a place if you get a permit first. Are sportsmen not responsible and mature enough to arrange and control their own affairs? "Are you freely agreeing with and assisting those who wish to deprive you of your rights as a South African sportsman? Are you willingly collaborating with those who ma1he you a foreigner in the land of your birth? Are you admitting by your actions as a sportsman that there are certain parts of our common fatherland which can be termed "White South Africa" and from which you can be excluded unless you have a permit in your pocket like an alien? It is time that our sportsmen and women shed that slave mentality. "Sportsmen should refuse to play sport or watch it under permit as it is an insult, it hurts their self respect, it injures their human dignity and it deprives them of their right as South Africans. "There is only one way to equality and that is to abolish all laws which militate against the playing of sport in a truly non-racial manner in a democratic society. "The permit system can only continue to operate if you help it to."

- 21 - Black guests at hotels and licensed restaurants When South Africa realized the value of inviting overseas black sportsmen and women to give credibility to apartheid it had to modify certain liquor laws to accommodate these blacks who are then expected to return full of praises for the South African system. During 1974 a liquor law amendment bill was published which was designed mainly to simplify the procedure for black visitors from other countries. (Miuriel Horrell - Laws Affecting Race Relations in South Africa 1978) This Act states that any African, Asian or Coloured person who is a visitor to South Africa could use hotel bars and restaurants without any restrictions. Africans who enter South Africa under a migratory labour scheme would not be permitted these facilities as they are not considered visitors. The Bill became law in 1975 as the Liquor Amendment Act, No. 58 of 1975. International hotels When "international" and "multinational" events are held in South Africa blacks who are included in the white teams are accommodated in white hotels to give the appearance of equality. To overcome this problem the Government has created provisions for the establishment of "international hotels" inside South Africa. Proprietors of large hotels can apply for a permit to accommodate blacks and supply them with food and liquor. Such permits are now granted very selectively to white hotels on condition that blacks are not allowed to dance or use swimming pools. It is stipulated that not more than 5 (in most cases) to 15 per cent (in a few cases) of the hotel beds could at any time be occupied by black persons. In 1978 a similar provision was granted to some white clubs so that they could admit an occasional black member. Permits must be renewed annually at which time each case is thoroughly reviewed by the National Liquor Board. Permits are reviewed annually and any club or hotel which does not adhere strictly to Government regulations loses the privilege.

- 22 - The term "international status" has been very carefully and deliberately chosen to perpetuate the myth of separate nations among the black people. It also suggests, very subtly, an arrangement which is internationally acceptable. Which is it is not. These latest manoeuvres are based on the fact that clubs must remain white, brown or black, i.e.: "White, Coloured, Indian and black (African) sportsmen and women should all belong to their own clubs." Permission for clubs of different colour to play against each other is granted by means of blanket or special permit. Exceptions to this rule, whereby a few black or brown players are permitted into a white club, is deceitful and not a general rule. This is deliberately designed to confuse people - confusion and double-talk being an essential ingredient of the "new policy." The "multinational" or "separate" development in sport is a policy which entrenches racialism in sport and is a logical extension of apartheid in sport. A secret aspect of this "new sports policy" is that the effective administrative and political control of the various sports disciplines must be in white hands. For purposes of the "new" policy, a black can occupy a top administrative post provided he carries out his masters' wishes and acts as a st6oge. VI. Present position in some of the sports disciplines inside South Africa ",br the sake of international liaison, a liaison committee on a high level, presided over by the white body, may exist, on which officials of the various peoples in regard to the particular sport may have representation in an advisory capacity." (P.J. Koornhof - Minister of Sport and Recreation, Hansard - 25 May 1973) Athletics (Track and Field) In August 1977 it was announced in the press that white, black (African) and Coloured officials had formed a single controlling body in a move that would launch South Africa back into top international athletics; that there would be no race bars on clubs, and that athletes of all races would compete freely at all meetings.

- 23 - The blatant deception only emerged when, a few days later, the constitution was presented. The "new single body" is the old all wihite South Pfrican Amateur Athletic Union (SAAAU), which was expelled from the International Amateur Athletic Federation (IAAF) in 1976. This Union is now made up of 18 white provincial units and the white national coaching association, one national African federation and one national Coloured association. The South African Athletic Federation (African) is administered and controlled by whites from mining companies,which provide most of the facilities. The South African Amateur Atheltic Association (Coloured) exists in name only. A black person from the national Federation has been made the vice-president of the so-called umbrella union. This person is an employee of the mining consortium and he dare not defy the wishes of the white union for fear of losing his job. Two white clubs have taken in a few black members. These blacks are not allowed to share facilities with whites. They are used primarily for competitions which receive world-wide publicity. "lixed" athletics is only allowed at the "multinational" level where blacks represent their national federation and whites represent their 17 provincial units. Even at these meetings there are only a sprinlding of blacks. All other competitions - at provincial, university, club, junior and school levels are closed to blacks. The South African Amateur Athletics Board (non-racial) is numerically far stronger than the stooge black unit of the white SAAAU. The non-racial board has affiliates from all parts of South Africa. Its quality of athletics is also much superior to the stooge bodies. Football According to Government propaganda, "there are four autonomous bodies managing the activities of the different population groups. With equal representation in a supreme body, these groups form the Football Council of South Africa with executive powers regarding national and international events." (Sport in South Africa - South African Embassy- London 1978).

- 24 - The four bodies referred to above are the football associations of whites, Africans, Indians and Coloureds. The Indian and Coloured Associations exist in name only. The African association is the South African National Football Association (SANIFA), which although administered by blacks, is effectively controlled by white Government officials as all the football fields are in the so-called "Bantu AdLinistration Board" townships which are barred to all other population groups. The word township is a glorified name for a reserved area. Special permits are required not only to use the fields but also to enter the townships. All amateur football in South Africa (about 99.5 per cent of the football playing population) is strictly segregated. 1dultinational mixing is only allowed in professional football (less than 0.5 per cent of the football playing population). The black professional league called the National Professional Soccer League (NPSL), in consultation with the Government, admits a few clubs of other race groups and some mixed clubs. This league,which is administered strictly according to the Government's multinational sports policy is fraudulently advertised overseas as the norm in South Africa. The present President of the umbrella Football Council of South Africa is a very articulate black, George Thabe. He is also Chairman of the Vaal Triangle Community Council, an organ of the white Government's M4inistry of Plural Relations. The Coruanity Council has been totally rejected by blacks as it has been forced upon them by the apartheid r~gine. Originally, all black football (African, Coloured and Indian) was run by the South African Soccer Federation. During the late 1950s and the early 1960s white football officials recruited Africans, Coloureds and Indians to set up racial football bodies after wites had initiated wide-spread disruptions of non-racial football. Swi-wing After attempts by the white South African Amateur 3irimming Union (SAASU) to get the non-racial South African Amateur Swrimiing Federation to accept multinational swimming failed, SAASU formled two black national stooge bodies. These three bodies then supposedly formed the multinational liaison committee.

- 25 - At the national championships of the wite SAASU, a fer poorly trained and inferior class black swimers were inserted into events so that whites could tell FINA (International Swimr ing Federation) that their competitions were mixed. All top black swimmers belong to the non-racial Federation which boycotted all SAASU events. The white SAASU, with the aid of Government administrators, has formed bogus black clubs and associations to counter the nonracial Federation. The non-racial SAASF is extremely strong. It has resolved to destroy racial sport. Its officials have been banned by the South African Government and even assassination attempts have been rade on its President, Morgan aidoo. Rugby Rugby is the strong-hold of apartheid sport and of South Africa's ruling whites. South Africa has failed in its fraudulent attempts to convince the world that there was no racial discrimination in rugby. in April 1979 the Transvaal iugby Union returned from France without having played a single match because the m~ayors of four towns had prohibited the racists from using municipal sports grounds. The racist South Lfrican A ugby Board (SA,Z) is composed of 22 white provincial units and two national black affiliates, the Coloured South Lfrican Rugby Federation and the African South African Rugby Assocation. These two black bodies were fored by whites to counter' the dominance of the non-racial South African Rlugby Union which had total monopoly of black rugby,and still has the following of the majority of blacks. The only mixing that takes place in rugby is at second division provincial level where the two national black associations are allowed to participate. This move has effectively sealed off hopes of blacks ever participating in South Africa's premier competitions and it has also made certain that there would be no opposition at national level to any of its racist proposals by loading the voting 22 to 2 in favour of whites. The South African Y1ugby Union is stronger numerically and its quality of rugby is extremely high compared to the combined stooge black affiliates of the white South African Rugby Board. The non-racial South African Pugby Union has made it kaown internationally that it has more than 90 per cent of black plAyers in South Africa.

- 26 - Cricket The white South African Cricket Association, after failing to persuade white Commonwealth countries, Australia, Britian and New Zealand, to continue with bilateral sport exchanges, wooed the African Cricket Association and the Indian President of the relatively powerful non-racial South African Cricket Board of Control into forming a liaison committee. The liaison committee became the umbrella controlling body, the South African Cricket Union. White cricket administrators, in consultation with the Minister of Sport and Recreation, promised blacks mixed provincial inter-club competitions. As soon as the competitions got under way the blacks realized how they had been misled by the white administrators. When blacks were ready to play a match, they irere told that facilities at the club houses were for whites only. The 1'inister for Sport and Recreation announced "mixed teams are out". 1'atches were cancelled because they were not in conformity with the sports policy. Black players had to seek separate accommodations. in fact, the whole exercise had turned into a propaganda showpiece for the outside world - all part of an effort to get South Africa back into international cricket. Although more than 90 per cent of black cricketers withdrew from the racist South African Cricket Union, whites managed to persuade the black President, Rashid Varachia, to stay on. At the moment there are a few blacks who have, for personal reasons, accepted to stay on in the racist cricket leagues, which is otherwise completely white. The majority of blacks re-formed and founded the South African Cricket Board (non-racial). Tennis The white South African Tennis Union (SATU), managed for a while to retain the membership of the black splinter body, South African i- ational Lawn Tennis Association (SAILTA) as its President subscribed to racist tennis. During this period the white SATU, in line with Government policy, declared some of its tournaments "multi-national" and inserted a few blacks into them for international propaganda. Whites also managed to lure, by promises of sponsorship,

- 27 - a talented black junior member of the non-racial Southern Africa Lawn Tennis Union to participate in the "multi-nationals." This black, Peter Lamb, although not one of the best players, was even included in the 1978 Davis Cup Squad to give South Africa credibility. Since the death of the President of SANLTA, the new President, Don Kali, withdrew SANLTA's subservient affiliation to the white SATU. SANLTA and SALTU have now Joined forces and have formed the non- racial Tennis Association of South Africa (TASA). At the time of writing the Southern African Lawn Tennis Union (non-racial) and the SANLTA had jointly resolved to form one strong tennis body to oppose the racist policies of the white South African Tennis Union. Amateur boxing, administered by the White South African Amateur Boxing Association (SAABA), follows very strictly the principles laid down by the Government. The South African Amateur Boxing Union (African), the South African Amateur Boxing Board (Coloured) and the SAABU (Nhite) have formed the ubrella South African Amateur Boxing Federation (SAABF) which receives its directives on "multi-national" tournaments from the Government. As black boxing is organized in townships it has to comply very strictly with discriminatory legislation and has succumbed completely to the apartheid regime's sports policy. Professional boxing Professional boxing is controlled by the South Pfrican National Boxing Board which is a statutory body under the jurisdiction of the South African Government's Department of Sport and 2ecreation. As finance plays the dominant part in professional boxing, black boxers are easily lured to fight under the "multi- national" concept in the hope of receiving high purses. Black boxers from the United States of America make regular visits to South Africa to enhance their earnings. They do not seem to be concerned about the moral issue of race discrimination as long as they are guaranteed higher purses than are obtainable in the United States of America.

- 28 - Government statistics show the earnings of overseas boxers as follows: 1974...... R88 000 ($ 91 000 approx.) 1975...... R313000 ($325000 " ) 1976...... R339000 ($350000 " ) (Hansard - 22 June 1977) The 1978 figures are estimated to be over a million dollars. Darts The non-racial South African Darts Board of Control has been affiliated to the World Darts Federation. However, the White darts association has been mobilizing to get the nonracial board expelled as it refuses to take part in international competitions. The non-racial SADBOC has resolved not to participate in internationals - and thereby give racist South Africa respectability - until the South African society has been normalized. Table-tennis In 1956 the non-racial South African Table Tennis Board was accepted into the International Table Tennis Federation after the vhite South African Table Tennis Union was expelled. Team members of the non-racial Board had their passports withdrawn by the Government after participating in the 1957 World Championships in Stockholm. Since then no player of this Board has been allowed to leave South Africa. The non-racial South African Table Tennis Board has also resolved not to participate in internationals until there is complete non-racialism in South Africa. -29- Other sports The organization and administration of sport in the other disciplines follows a very similar pattern. An odd black is included on the executive of racial bodies to give them a degree of respectability. In some sports like golf, softball, cycling, badminton and weightlifting umbrella controlling bodies are formed at the national level with whites directing all activities and restricting black participation only to "internationals." In fencing and gymnastics blacks are given subservient affiliation and an odd black participant is occasionally included in a competition. The intention behind these so-called multinational umbrella or liaison bodies is to deceive and camouflage what at core is racist sport policy. The playing strengtn of non-racial sports bodies is far superior to the stooge black bodies affiliated to white sports organizations or government controlled "umbrella" bodies. The only exception is football where the quality of plpy is more or less equal. VII. South African Council on Sport (SACOS) _/ Despondent and impatient at the lack of progress towards non-racial sport in South Africa, representatives of a number of national sports organizations gathered in Durban for a conference in September 1970. The conference resolved to tackle a number of problems confronting sport. Among the main resolutions were: (a) To strive for a complete, non-racial sports structure (from school level upwards); (b) To express strong opposition to and expose discrimination in sports and sports sponsorship; (c) To seek facilities that are deserving of all irrespective of colour; and _/ At its Extra-Ordinary Executive Meeting held in Yaounde, Cameroon on 24 and 25 January 1977, the Supreme Council for Sport in Africa granted observer status to SACOS. This decision was ratified at the General Assembly of the Supreme Council for Sport in Africa held in Rabat, 4orocco in November 1977.

- 30 - (d) To form a national, non-racial sports organization. A subsequent meeting of this conference held in 1973 made a detailed study of racialism in sport and the failure of white bodies to show a genuine desire to resolve the situation. At this later conference was born the South African Council on Sport (SACOS). SACOS is now a serious threat to the white Olympic Council and it has geared itself to become a real force in South Africa. In February 1978 SACOS clearly spelt out its demands: "We know we have time on our hands but we need all the allies we can get, especially at the international level. The cards are in our hands, and how we play them will be of great importance for the future development of this country, not only in the sports arena but beyond that. If at this juncture we accept concessions grudgingly given, the reluctant suggestions of amalgamation from our new-found fair-weather friends, and lose sight of our nonracial objectives, we may as well temporarily halt the march towards truly non-racial sports in a truly democratic society. The halt must be a temporary one as the process cannot be stopped. But we can contribute to its being prolonged unless we identify ourselves fully with the forces of progress. We say that what we are offered is not enough. We demand all rights for all citizens of this country whether they are sportsmen or not. We demand the right to have truly non-racial sport, whether soccer or cricket or tennis, at the spectator, player and administrative levels. We demand the right to be selected on merit at all levels. We demand that these rights not only be but be seen to be. When we speak in this manner then, and then only, will we be contributing positively towards the creation of a climate in which the goal of non-racial sport in a nonracial society can be achieved. And we feel that any assistance, whether internal or external, whether national or international that will help to isolate racialism and bigotry in sport, will make an active contribution towards the achieving of such goals."

- 31 - SACOS has over 20 genuine non-racial sports disciplines affiliated to it and they have resolved unanimously: "SACOS in a declaration of its solidarity with the Supreme Council for Sport in Africa hereby rejects all forms of racialism in sport and accepts a complete moratorium on all sports tours to and from South Africa until all the trappings of apartheid have been removed from South African sport." Despite all the sabotage, police intimidations, prosecutions, etc., SACOS has thus far managed to survive. Some of its affiliates have gained international respect for their uncompromising stand against racist sport. White South Africa regards SACOS and its affiliates as "politically motivated" and "a nuisance." Recently white sports administrators and their black stooges have been active in trying to infiltrate some nonracial organizations, and have managed to induce a few officials to accept certain compromises. SACOS immediately resolved to expel any member who practised "double standards" in non-racial sport. Double standards All SACOS affiliates have accepted the resolution on "double standards" which very simply means that a sports man/woman belonging to an affiliate of SACOS in one code of sport (e.g. football) cannot belong to a racial unit in another code of sport (e.g. athletics). Such a sportsman or woman is barred from all activities of SACOS because of double standards. SACOS hopes, by the resolution on double standards, to rid its membership of corrupt and self-seeking persons. viore and more blacks are now realizing the value of such a resolution and the students, in particular, are beginning to take the lead.

- 32 - Affiliates of SACOS African African African African African African African African African African African African African Amateur Atheltics Board Billiards and Snooker Board of Control Cycling Board Cricket Board Darts Board of Control Hockey Board Rugby Union Soccer Federation (temporarily suspended) Senior Schools Sports Association Softball (Board) Table Tennis Board Amateur Weightlifting and Body Building Federation Women's Hockey Board Associate Member - Durban Golf Club Eastern Province Council on Sport Natal Council on Sport Transvaal Council on Sport Transvaal Council on Sport Western Province Council on Sport South African Amateur Swimming Federation Southern African Lawn Tennis Union Federation Professional League (Football also suspended) VIII. Collaborators and stooges "They that can give up essential liberty to obtain a little safety deserve neither liberty nor safety." Benjamin Franklin Like all oppressive societies, South Africa is not without its share of collaborators. From the time South Africa was first threatened with international expulsion it regularly conscripted blacks to join in subservience. South South South South South South South South South South South South South

- 33 - During the late 1950s white sports administrators began creating disunity among the black groups by requesting municipal authorities to close sports grounds to non-racial bodies as they (blacks) were violating the Government's Group Areas Act. As one ground after another was being closed to non-racial sports organizations the white Football Association of South Africa created a black football splinter body in Johannesburg and named it the South African Bantu Football Association. B.P. Morola, k resident of this splinter body, was taken to the 1962 FIFA Congress in Chile and he became the first black stooge to plead the case of a white sports organization at an international conference. Although the white Football Association of South Africa would not allow any black or black team to participate in white leagues, Morola told the FIFA Congress: "Our problem in South Africa will be solved only with time, goodwill and man's natural evolution of thinking and tolerance. It cannot be imposed from outside, and the world in trying to help us should not put too much pressure on us." (§tar, Johannesburg, 28 May 1962) The South African Government refused passports to representatives of the non-racial Federation who wanted to put an alternative view to the Congress. The "Bantu" Association has since been renamed the Sbuth African National Football Association (SANFA) and its President, G. Thabe, has continued to plead the case of South Africa's whites at football congresses and olympic games. There is, however, a difference between ordinary black sportsmen, particularly Africans, who have been either unwittingly led or seduced into joining racial organizations by being provided with jobs, promised urban residency, etc., and the administrators of these organizations all of whom actively and knowingly assist in maintaining apartheid sport, usually for financial reasons. Those black sports administrators who make statements expressing support for apartheid sport or arguing against an international boycott almost invariably belong to the ambitious, self-seeking, business or merchant class or are in compromised positions. Most of them are employed by the State or by white- owned businesses which propagate aprtheid* It is not surprising that these black officials can be

- 34 - persuaded to support white sports bodies, given their career orientation. Quite often these blacks also make their way up, or are conscripted, into State apartheid institutions, like the case of G. Thabe, who is the Chairman of the Vaal Triangle Community Council - an organ of the Government's Ministry of Black Affairs (Plural Relations). (South African Propaganda Publication - 1978) As these black collaborators are self-seeking and career orientated, they are very articulate and cunning and are, therefore, very discreet in their approach to the South African race problems. In this regard white South Africa's latest plan is to form "umbrella bodies" with all the trappings of apartheid, but elect a black person as president, vice-president or Secretary although de facto control is in the hands of whites. This system, they hope, will provide credibility because these so-called "umbrella" racial organizations are being defended by black puppets. "Certain kinds of sport such as athletics, rugby and several others have already established such umbrella bodies. My department and I are continually working in this direction and we give valuable advice and assistance to the sports bodies, because it is in accordance with policy that such umbrella bodies should be established on which the various population groups should be represented." (P.J. Koornhof - Minister of Sport and Recreation Hansard - 4 June 1976). A few former advocates of non-racial sport have turned out to be collaborators with Government policy. In this respect, too, sport reflects the general changes in South African society. Be it in respect of the bantustans, the Coloureds or the Indians, the racist r~gime is obliged to discover, promote and glorify those blacks who are willing to serve as instruments of its policy. This it does whatever the collaborator's motives because Government machinery is adequate and strong enough to keep him in check. On 18 May 1977 the Minister of Sport and Recreation, stated in the white South African Parliament, "A well-known person who has become known in South Africa as a non-racialist, Mr. Varachia, is presently touring abroad to put in a good word for South Africa because we have found and understood. one another around the conference table." (P.J. Koornhof - Minister of Sport and Recreation Hansard - 18 May 1977).

- 35 - In contrast, South Africa's non-racial sportsmen and sports administrators hav'e always been refused permission to leave the country to put their case to the world. And furthermore, those who have stood up for the principle of non-racial sport have not only had to face police persecution but also have often jeopardized their jobs and careers. IX. White lies and South Africa's propaganda machine South Africa still continues to deceive the world because of the massive propaganda machinery at its disposal. In 1977 the white South African Tennis Union (SATU) published a brochure with numerous pictures showing mixed sport in South Africa - no doubt, all of the photographs were taken at the so-called "multinationals." To gain international respectability, the white Union printed, as its joint publisher, the name of the black South African National Lawn Tennis Association. The publication did impress many west Europeans and South Africa managed to escape expulsion from international tennis. However, in February 1978, it was revealed by the non-racial Southern Africa Lawn Tennis Union that blacks were not party to the publication. The white Union then apologized to the blacks for using their name and for having published the brochure without their consent. It was too late. The damage had been done. Arthur Ashe, the black American tennis star, was at one time not even granted a visa to enter South Africa. But now, white South Africans are making full use of his visits for apartheid purposes. His pictures appear in brochures publicizing sport in South Africa. Tennis racquets, bearing his name, have appeared in advertisements of the racist South African Committee for Fairness in Sport.

- 36 - In 1977 a new sports propaganda organization, the International Liaison Committee, was formed jointly by the white South African Olympic and National Games Federation and the Government funded South African Sports Federation. This Committee has sent literature to all national sports bodies bluffing its way into respectability by claiming that it "is a non-governmental, non-political action committee" and has the task "of conveying to the world the factual position of sport in South Africa." This Committee published propaganda material saying that in February 1978 all of South Africa's sports organizations got together to make a declaration on sport. It was later discovered that no such meeting had taken place in South Africa. Anyway non-racial organizations have always insisted that dialogue is useless until whites indicate willingness by both word and deed of their desire to eliminate racism in sport. The Committee for Fairness in Sport has spent astronomical sums of money advertising South Africa's apartheid "multinational" sport in west European and American newspapers. The Committee sought credibility by claiming itself to be a non-governmental body headed by a certain Louis Luyt. EVerybody, including some unsuspecting white South Africans, was mesmerised by the extreme magnanimity of this Luyt until South Africa's information scandal unfolded. It was then revealed that Louis Luyt had received more than $12 million from the Government to publicize its policy as an innocent white moderate businessman. Luyt used about a million dollars of this money to retain South Africa as the venue for the International Motor R1acing Grand Prix Circuit. In 1976 he opened a South African Information Centre in Montreal during the 1976 O1ympic Games. He published a daily newspaper in South Africa, The Citizen, which subtly promoted white racism, especially in sport. A fair amount of this money was used to lure overseas sportsmen to visit South Africa or for South African teams to be invited overseas. It is suspected that overseas sports administrators are bribed into allowing South African sports teems and individuals into their respective countries. kny of these visits take place very secretly. Several European and United States sportsmen have fallen foul to these bribes - especially to visit South Africa.

- 37 - In 1978, Gareth Edwards, a British rugby international revealed in his book why so many overseas sportsmen wish to visit South Africa: "Our welcome in South Africa has always been the best, the most hospitable in the world.., cut off from international competition, and they will always be ready to accept teams of international standing, and look after them superbly. I was privileged to be one of the scrumhalves in a world team which went out to celebrate the centenary of rugby in Pretoria. The moment we arrived, the Transvaal officials demonstrated their appreciation of our efforts to take part. Ie stayed in the best hotel in Pretoria; all expenses put down to our room numbers. No one was to be out of pocket whatever they did. In the three weeks we were allowed three telephone calls home. We were fitted out with a blazer, pair of slacks, a couple of pairs of shoes, even underpants; rugby boots, track suits, badges, cuff links ... you name it, we had the very best. There was even a jersey for every match so that we could exchange one with an opponent if we wanted. "Chatting to Gerald Davies in our hotel room later, we agreed that everyone at home in rugby administration would think this extravagant. "It was on this trip that I met my old pal, Roger Young. Roger was now a dental surgeon in Cape Town, I asked him to dinner at the hotel one night. Ile sat at the table, mulling over the old days, when one of the Western Province boyq came to us and said, 'So glad you two had found each other. Do enjoy your reunion and your dinner. Dizik what you like, have a good bottle, I've told the restaurant manager to put the whole bill on my account.' 'Jith a smile he turned and went. I can almost guarantee that it would not happen in Britain. "Then again, instead of the two match tickets free and two to buy which we are so used to, there erere tickets for everyone who genuinely wanted to repay hosts by giving them seats for the game." (Gareth - The autobiography of a rugby legent). It is also suspected that several sportsmen and sports administrators are paid for supporting and speaking up for racist South Africa at selected overseas venues and to international news correspondents.

During the last twenty years, Gary Player, a wite South Afridan golfer, has always defended his countr's policies with great emotion. Earlier this year it was revealed that Player had admitted accepting Government cash "as part of a public relations exercise." (Daily Express - London - 15 March 1979) She Chairman of Finansbank of South Africa confirmed that his bank and Gary Player had acted as fronts f r the Department of Information in a scheme to bring prominent United States businessmen to South Africa. (Natal Mercury - 15 March 1979) In Iarch 1979 white South African rugby authorities invited a team of international players, mostly from France, ,Britain, New Zealand and Australia. Ian McLaughlan, from Scotland, was barred by his employers from taking unpaid leave for the trip. Nevertheless he still intended on going ahead with the visit which could have resulted in his dismissal from employment. He said, "I will make up my mind on what is or is not moral and I have decided to be part of that world team." (?,and Daily Iail - 6 ,arch 1979). Phil Bennett, a former Welsh rugby captain was also determined to go ahead with his three week visit to South Africa in spite of problems this would mean for his British club,which still had several important matches to play. (Rand Daily Mail - 6 M1arch 1979) Besides The Citizen, South Africa's other whte owned newspapers are also guilty of grossly misrepresenting the sports situation. Until about ten years ago South Africa's English language newspapers denounced outright the race policies of the ruling 11ational Party (because most of these newspapers supported the opposition United Party) and they provided adequate ammunition for opponents of racism by giving examples of race discrimination and also revealed other information about police intimidation, etc. which were only available to white South Africans. But since then the ruling National Party has begun to camouflage its racist policy in a more subtle manner, which has satisfied South Africa's white English language press. (The United Party is now defunct.) - 38 -

- 39 - The English language media although still anti-ITational Party, has never been anti-racist. An analysis of the South African press indicates that it wishes to retain the present sports status quo and its basic editorial aims could be summarized as follows: - to give maximum publicity to views of white South African sportsmen and sports administrators - to provide favourable coverage of international congresses where South Africa participated even if South Africa is expelled or suspended - to give extensive coverage of all international events in which South Africa participants - hore or abroad - to give scant publicity to non-racial events if news coverage is provided at all - to provide favourable publicity for "multinational" events and to provide sufficient space for the views of black collaborators and stooges. By following this policy they expect to boost the morale of South Africa's white sportsmen and wouen who are being increasingly isolated internationally. Furthermore, the exercise is intended to demoralize protagonists of non-racial sport and thereby lure as many blacks as possible into the multinational policy of the Government. If the majority of blacks accept this multinational concept then racist South Africa and its supporters could argue forcefully at international congresses. To ensure that this trick works in toto, the white newspaper groups have also bought all the previously independent black newspapers. Large circulation black newspapers like the Post, Herald, etc., are now controlled by whites although nearly all their staff is black. Any announcements by the Government of its sports policy is hailed as a great improvement and the press praises the Government for normalizing sport. Sometiiaes, the press carries deliberate lies. In June 1978 it was reported in South Africa that its karate team had been invited

- 40 - to tour Mozambique and the press gave all the details of the arrangements. Obviously this was manipulated to frustrate nonracial sportsmen who consider Mozambique as a strong ally in their fight against racism. Dr. Koornhof, the former Minister of Sport and Recreation, publicly thanked the South African media for the manner in which they handled sports reporting: "I want to express my great thanks and appreciation to the Press and the SABC (broadcasting) in the Republic for the responsible way in which they handle the delicate matter of sport... But the unanimity and the assistance which is given behind the scenes are almost incredible. I am aware of this and should not fail to express a word of heart-felt thanks and appreciation to the press and to the radio and television in this connection." (Han sard - 3 June 1976). When international commissions visit South Africa they are told gross lies and are given false assurances. In 1978 the International Tennis Federation Commission was told by the Minister of Sport and Recreation that: "no permit or other legal permission is needed by any player to play on any court in South Africa or to join any club." But the next day, in Pietermaritzburg, Natal, at a mixed football match, police took the names of the players, the gatekeepers and of an official of one of the clubs, because the match was played without the necessary permit from the Department of Sport. (Natal Mercury - 21 February 1978) The Minister of Sport and Recreation was consulted about the decision to bar all but 30 white officials from football matches played in the black townships. The chief opposition spokesman on sport in South Africa's white Parliament said the ban was in direct contradiction to the sports minister's undertaking to the International Tennis Federation. (Rand Daily Mail - 1 April 1978). - 41 - W¢hen South Africa is desperately trying to avoid isolation white sports administrators tell deliberate lies and this is encouraged by the Government. In 19T0 South Africa used all types of manoeuvres to get Britain to accept an all-white cricket team to tour that country. The President of the white cricket association deliberately lied when he said that the team had been picked on a multiracial basis when the whole world knew that mixed sport at any level was forbidden in South Africa. Later the Minister of Sport and Recreation admitted that this was a lie: "I did not even go and deny it because I wanted him (President of the white South African Cricket Association) to succeed with the tour." (F.W. Waring - 14inister of Sport and Recreation Hansard - 12 -lay 1971) . White sports adinistrators and police intimidation of non-racial sportsmen At international congresses white sports administrators lie to the effect that they are not responsible for Government actions and that they are doing everything possible to eliminate racial discrimination in South Africa. In 1976 an official of the South African Council on Sport aptly siinmarized the attitude of white sportsmen and sports administrators: "At a very conservative estimate white enfranchised sportsmen and sports lovers must make up two-thirds of the white electorate. Yet this very same electorate endorsed the racist Government's separatist policies by an overwhelming and increased majority. "If the whites are genuinely concerned about blacks, they should have started with permitting blacks to earn a decent wage, stopping the banishment of innocent black women and children into barren areas, alleviating hunger and providing decent shelter for blacks to live, campaigning for the abolishment of the heinous pass laws, etc., etc., etc. Yet they start with a recreational activity because here it is hurting them most."

Several overseas sportsmen defy their Governments' persuasion and visit South Africa to participate in white racist competition. These sportsmen are given the highest praise by white South African sports officials. But these officials will dare not utter a word of condemnation against the Government for institutionalizing racism in sport. Nor do they defy the Government's racial policy on sport. South African white sports administrators accept the Government's plan without any fuss: "If the WRAB (the Government's "Bantu" West Rand Administration Board) doesn't want white spectators in Soweto there won't be any. It is all that simple." (D. Zanoer - Secretary hite Football Association of South Africa - Rand Daily Mail - 2 Narch 1978). In January 1978 white clubs and officials were interviewed about whether they would allow black membership into their rugby clubs. Iot one official stated that they would open membership to blacks. Instead they shield behind Government policy: "But there is one stumbling block - social restrictions that would apply to black members." "Ie do not want to grant conditional membership to peoplewhich is not fair." "If, for instance, we have a dance, what happens about black members? And each time we played with black members we would have to go to the Government in relation to the Group Areas Act." "Black members should surely be able to go to club functions, but in the present circumstances their presence will create problems." "But there are so many social prQblems that we feel until the South African Board (rugby) and the Government resolve these, we will not accept black members." (Sunday 4 pipss - 22 January 1973).

- ".3 - Inside South Africa white sports adinistrators do everything possible to undermine non-racial sport and work very closely with the Government in executing the apartheid sports policy. South Africa's wite sports administrators work out policy statements and advise the Government and its Department of Sport and Recreation on the nature of announcements. It is no coincidence that policy statements are announced Just before international congresses or when South African sportmaen are placed in a tight corner by international pressure. In 1963 the white Football Association of South Africa announced that it would enter a black team for the 1966 World Cup Preliminaries and consequently tried to force the South African Soccer Federation (SASF) to accept subservient affiliation. When the SASW refused, white football administrators retaliated viciously. Vivian Granger, then manager of the wite National Football LeaGue, wrote to a number of Government departments and town councils asking them to ban non- racial clubs frm their grounds. As a result of Granger's letter, Africans were banned from football stadiums throughout South Africa except in townships. The affiliates of the SASF were told by Government departments and municipalities to accept the terris offered by the white SAFA before these restrictions could be lifted. When non-racial sports officials wish to hire sports facilities they are told to apply for Government permits which are invariably refused. However, these very same facilities become available to whites who wish to insert a few blacks in some isolated events so that photographic and other evidence could be gathered to deceive the world. A fair degree of collaboration between white sports officials and Government ministers gets unconsciously exposed when the ruling party is questioned by opposition members in Parlais:Aent. In 1967 the i1inister of Sport and Recreat.on said: "The position is quite clear as set out by Mr. Braun (then President of the South African 01mipic Cormittee) and I want to repeat here what he said in that connection, naely, that sport in South Africa is practised and administered separately by the four different population groups." (Hlansard - i April 1967).

- 44 - In 1970 Arthur Ashe, the black American tennis star, was not allowed to enter South Africa, but when in 1972 the Government was infonied by the white tennis union how his visit could be exploited for propaganda purposes, he W" promptly given a visa. In 1971 Dave Marais, President of the white South African Football Association, stated: "Ue sar we will allow multinational sport at international and at national level. WTe fo~iulated this policy in the verj sure knowledge that South Africans are strong enough, that they have enough character and enough common sense, to see to it that by doing this not a single convention in South Africa will be broken." (Hansard - 12 'Iay 1971) In 1971 South African tennis was under international pressure to select its team on merit and the linister of Sport and f2ecreation exposed connivance between tennis officials and the Government how it could be "manipulated" to bluff the international tennis authorities. "The two representatives of the Tennis Association came to me and said, 'ITe are in the big jam; we have made all arrangements for the Federation Cup, but the Federation Cup tournament is taking place before the Open International. WTe have already said that we were going to pick a team on merit; how are we going to do it? f " ~Eventually after we had discussed the issue, the decision was reached that they could arrange what amounted to a sort of trial match." (F.W. 'aring - Minister of Sport and recreation Hansard - 2 ;ay 1972). In 1974 South Africa was becoming concerned about its impending loss of membership in the International Football Federation and it worked with the Government in starting a top level "iiixed" professional league. This league will only account for about less than 0.01 per cent of the football playing population.

- 45 - The ".nister of Sport and Recreation announced in Parliament: "The Cabinet has agreed to the introduction of such a league by the Soccer Association of South Africa which will arrange these matches in the closest co-operation with the Departaent of Sport and Recreation." (P.J. Koornhof - Unister of Sport and Recreation Hansard - 14 October 1974). White sports administration consults with Government even if it has to arrange a fixture with a black team to be played outside South Africa. In 1970 a black team and a white one from South Africa arranged to play a football match in a neighbouring countr, and H.1r. Evans, Chairman of the white Highlands Park Football Club, said: ".,, and the most important factor in my mind was that Government approval would have to be obtained to stage the match." (Quoted by D.J. larais, President of the white Football Association of South Africa, in Parliament Handsard - 31 August 1970). Finally, on 18 Hay 1977 the ,inister of Sport and Recreation sunined up the connivance of the white sports administration with the Government: "I want to pay warm tribute to the sports administrators today. They co-operate very closely with us." (P.J. Koornhof - 'iUnitter of Sport and Recreation Hansard - 18 :ay 1977). White sports administrators also Work closely with the Government in selecting or-anizaAons and individuals singled out for police intimidation. In 1958 representatives of the non-racial football federation applied for ordinary visitors' passports but the Government knew before hand about their intended visit to the FIFA(football) Congress and they were told that they would not be able to attend the Congress.

In 1962 Frank Braun (then President of the white South African Olympic Games Association) informed the police that Dennis Brutus (President of SAY,-ROC) had violated his banning order. Brutus was immediately removed and charged for the offence. In 1964 South Africa was suspended by FIFA, and, as a reprisal, George Singh, a black la~yer and the architect of non-racial football, was immediately banned and house-arrested. In 1971, Jasmat Dhiraj, a black South African tennis champion, delayed his European tour for two months because the Government had withheld his passport, on the advice of white tennis officials. In 1973, i.-organ I!aidoo, President of the non-racial South African Amateur Swimming Federation, lost employment and was banned by the Government after white South Africa was banned from international swimming. Past and present officials of SACOS have been denied passports. 1M4. Pather (Secretary - SACOS) and M1organ Iaidoo have been intimidated by the police on several occasions. In 1979 assassinati*on attempts were made on the lives of both persons. It was not coincidental that thet attempts were made immediately after their refusal to go along with white sports officials. There have been countless numbers of incidents (too many to enumerate here) of police intimidating blacks at sports grounds, but recently their tactics have become more subtle. Police make private visits to the homes of non-racial sports administrators. These administrators are warned in advance of police brutality if they continue with their non-racial goals. Accounts of police torture in South Africa make one realize why fewer and fewer people wish to criticize the Government's sports policy outright. South African laws give scope for all types of charges to be fabricated against blacks. The law provides for solitary internment up to 180 days without access to legal aid. M1any black students who took part in the Soweto uprisings of June 1976 are still n~t accounted for after being detained by the police.

- 47 - As sport in South African black community is not a "bread-and-butter" issue, many capable and talented blacks retire into oblivion rather than endure police harassment. In November 1978, 11r. Sorgat, a non-racial sports administrator, reluctantly resigned from cricket administration because of constant police intimidation. Miss Sylvia Coles, a British paraplegic sportswoman, Uho resided in South Africa then, explains the subtlety of intimidation by one of South Africa's white sports disciplines: "March 1970 - National Paraplegic Games - Cape Town 2hese games were 'Observed' by some members from overseas countries. I personally met Sir Ludwig Guttzann, iiss Scruton, Mrs. Dorothy Allott and a gentleman from Sweden. iiy meeting with them took place in the midale of the last night party and prize- giving ceremony, not an ideal place for a serious discussion. However, Hiss Scruton did ask me my opinion of the extent of multi-racialism in disabled sport in South Africa, to which I replied that it was probably true at national executive meetings but I had found almost no evidence of it at club level. Because of the circumstances this was the full extent of the conversation. "I returned to Johannesburg the following morning. At about 10.00 p.m. that same evening I received a phone call from Menzo Barrish (South Afrida National Chainuan) to find out what i had said to iss Scruton, because she had called a special meeting of observers and the national executive that afternoon to find out whether clubs were, in fact, multi-racial, as the observers had been led to believe. ienzo Barrish was furious that I should have made the remark to Miss Scruton and after much argument I agreed to write to her indicating that i was referring to my own observations of the Iandeville Sports and Social Club only. This I did, but also sent a copy to ienzo Barrish together with a suggestion that the national executive investigate the 14andeville Sports and Social Club. "I agreed to write this letter to Miss Scruton because I was honestly afraid. South Africa is a police State, and informers are everywhere willing to report anti-South African 'behaviour' to the security police. i have personally met 3 people

- 48 - iho have been interrogated by these police and all have stated that it was a terrifying and frightening experience. They were made aware that not only they, but also their families, might suffer from police surveillance. I was not prepared to put my parents at risk (they were in South Africa at that time) nor did I want to be interrogated myself. In the light of the nunber of people who have 'accidentally' died during such interrogations, I am not ashamed to admit my fear." XL Sponsorship Sponsorship has always played a major role in the promotion of racist sport in South Africa. As all the large commercial houses and transnational corporations have benefited tremendously by the Government's apartheid policy and will continue to reap profits as long as apartheid remains, it is in their interest to support apartheid sports bodies and institutions. Sponsors and sponsored money play a large part in luring black sportsmen and women into joining racial leagues or the Government-instigated " multinational" competitions. Sponsors "often assist with the organization, provide attractive prize noney and take care of travelling, hotel accommiiodation expense and provide special equipraent, etc." (South African Digest - 16 iarch 1979) Colgate Pa]Wolive provides the top athletes, .fho participate in the multinational championships, an allowance for travelling, equipme nt and medical expenses during the athletics season. (Riand Daily I,.ail - 9 November 1977). Benson and Hedges (cigarette manufacturers) contribute $30,000 for a competition to be run under the auspices of the Government-created Football Council of South Africa. (Star, Johannesburg -17 iNarch 1973). A black cricketer, Duncan Stamper, was lured into multinational cricket by Datsun rissan,which provided him with an education sponsorship.

- 4.9 - To ensure that black clubs do not withdraw from the racist "mixed" leagues in the middle of the season (as happened in cricket in 1977), special incentives were added as bait: "An interesting innovation of both the Federation and the NPSL leagues is the decision to award all teams who fulfil their fixtures a minimum of Rl 000 sponsorship." (Rand Daily Mail - 3 March 1978) Big business has been used in an attempt to manipulate black cricket officials. A veteran fighter against racialism in sport, Hassan Howa, said that people "who are compromising in sport all of a sudden take a huge leap in their everyday lives, financially and otherwise. I know of several administrators who were bankrupt at one stage and who are very rich men today. Is this coincidence? I think not." (Rand Daily Mail, 6 April 1978) In football, for instance, more than $200 000 has been provided by sponsors to ensure that the Government controlled multinational National Professional Soccer League (NPSL) receives adequate national support. Already this showpiece of apartheid has been thoroughly veneered with black officials and administrators. On the other hand non-racial sports bodies are seriously undermined by being deprived of sponsorship. Quite often, they are told indirectly that they ought to subscribe to the policy of multinational sport before their requests are considered. The following are some of the sponsors who help perpetuate racism in South African sport: South African Breweries sponsors football, tennis, boxing, rugby, cricket and athletics. South African Breweries spend over $l million annually on sponsorship. Stellenbosch Farmers Winery sponsorsfootball (17,000), boxing ($27,000) and athletics (45,000).

- 50 - Colgate Palmolive sponsors golf, athletics and tennis. Colgate has an annual budget of about $120,000 for the promotion of multinational sport. General 1,otors provides about $400,000 for atheletics, cycling, bowls, horse-racing and motor sport. United Tobacco Company provides football sponsorship of about $24, uO0. Datsun Nissan sponsors football (10,000) and cricket (l00,000). Holiday Inns (hotel group) sponsors athletics ($70,000) and horse-racing ($120,000). Peugeot-Citroen provide multinational tennis with about $30,000. British Petroleum sponsors football ($24,000). Total (Petrol) provides motor sport with $150,000. (Figures extracted from South African Digest - 16 iMarch 1979 Financial Mail - 26 August 1977 and 24 Larch 1978) The dollar values are approximate as they were converted from the South African rand.

- 51 - Government sponsorship of racial sport 1977 1978 Whites (16.54percentofpopulation) i1417609 22682402 "Bantu" (71.30percentofpopulation) 422137 435792 Coloureds (9.31 per cent of population) 449 112 137 420 Indians (2.85 per cent of population) 20 300 nil Note: 1 1.00 = 4.15 XII. Notable victories against South African racist sport Initially African countries, in conjunction with some of their allies and other agencies, campaigned vigorously for the isolation of racist South Africa. Since 1966 the Supreme Council for Sport in Africa has co-ordinated African efforts to ban South Africa from international sport: 1956 The all-white South African Table Tennis Union was expelled by the International Table Tennis Federation. Affiliation was then granted to the South African Table Tennis Board (non-racial). 1964 South Africa was barred from the 1964 Tolyo Oly pic Gsmes. South Africa was suspended frm international football by FIFA. South Africa was barred from international fencing by the International Fencing Federation (±2I). 1967 Mexico refused to invite South Africa to the Mini-Olympics. 1968 Mexico decided not to invite South Africa to the 1963 Olympic Games. The IOC Executive confirmed this decision by officially withdrawing the invitation. South Africa was expelled from international boxing by AIBA. - 52 - The South African Government refused to allow black South African,Basil D'Oliveira, to tour the country as a member of the English Cricket Team. The English cricketing authorities (MCC) then cancelled their tour of South Africa. 1969 South Africa was barred fron membership of the International Judo Federation. Hungary refused visas to the South African team for the World Pentathlon Championships. 1970 The British Government requested the cancellation of the cricket tour of Britain by the white South African team. The MCC then officially cancelled the tour. South Africa was barred from participating in the World Ietball Championships. South Africa was suspended from the Davis Cup Tennis Competition following boycotts by Socialist countries and demonstrations in Norway, Sweden and Britain. (However, South Africa was readmitted in 1972 into the Latin American Zone.). The International Olympic Committee expelled South Africa from the Olympic Movement. South Africa was banned from participating in the World Cycling Championships, and was barred from membership of the International Cycling Federation. South Africa was barred from participating as a team in international athletics by the IAAF. The following countries withdrew from the South African Games after accepting invitations: Italy, Belgium, United States and the Federal 1epublic of Germany. Australia suspended athletics relations with South Africa. South Africa was suspended from world wrestling by FILA. Australia and Kew Zealand cancelled the cricket tour of the white South African team. South Africa was barred from the World Softball Chap ionabipm held in Japan.

- 53 - 1971 The South African women's hockey team was barred from competing in the International Women's Hockey Tournament in Auckland, New Zealand. 1971 The South African golf team was barred from participating in the Centennial Golf Tournament in Auckland, New Zealand. 1973 The Supreme Council for Sport in Africa repeated its c&ll for the expulsion of all racist South African organizations from international sports federations and decided to grant affiliation to non-racial organizations which apply for membership of African sports confederations. The New Zealand Government refused entry visas to the South African Federation Cup Team (Tennis). FIFA President, Sir Stanley Rous, was forced to back down and reverse the decision taken by the FIFA executive to temporarily lift South Africa's suspension to allow international football matches at the South African Gmies. Prior to the reversal of the decision both Brazil and the German Federal -Iepublic had been forced to withdraw their teams. The Australian Government under Gough 1hitlam decided to refuse all visas, including transit visas, to all South African sportsmen belonging to racial sporting bodies. The non-racial South African Amateur Swimming Federation was given full membership of the African Swimming Confederation. 17 ialaysia refused visas to the South African golf team for the World Cup Golf Tournament. Japan announced its ban on all racist South African sportsmen from entering its country. South Africa was barred from participating in the World Gymnastics Championships held in Varna, Bulgaria. India refused to play South Africa in the final of the Davis Cup (Tennis). Italy cancelled the tour of the South African Rugby team.

- 54 - 1975 Mexico refused visas to the South Africans to play in the Davis Cup Competition. The Australian cricket team's visit to South Africa was cancelled after the Australian Government applied pressure on the Australian Cricket Board of Control. ilaysia refused the South Africans visas to take part in the World Hockey Tournament held in Kuala Lumpur. New Zealand cancelled the tour of the racist South African W. Diggers Rugby Team. Canada withdrew its invitation to the South African athletics team for the Pre-Olympic Competition. iexico banned South Africans from participating in the World Tennis Doubles Championships and expelled them from the country. The British Goverrmient forced the organizing committee to ban the South Africans from participating in the Waterskiifig and Yachting Internationals. 1976 Brazil announced ban on all sporting contacts with South African sports teams. The Federal Republic of Germany withdrew the invitation to the South African wrestling team to visit their country after being warned by the International Wrestling Federation. Guyana announced ban on all non-Guyanese iho participated in South Africa from entering its country. Mdexico refused to play South Africa in the Davis Cup CompetJ tion. The British Government forced the South Africans out of World Sqaash Team Championships. South Africa expelled from international athletics by the IA.A'F. After being suspended for 12 years South Africa was finally expelled from international football (FIFA).

- 55 - 1976 19 African countries withdrew from the 1976 Montreal Olympic Games in protest at New Zealand's collaboration with racist South African rugby and New Zealand's blatant disregard of African appeals. Guyana and Iraq also withdrew in solidarity with Supreme Council for Sport in Africa. The -Socialist Countries withdrew from the 1976 Federation Cup competition (Tennis) held in the USA in protest against South Africa's participation. 1977 Canada banned its Olympic coach, Deryk Snelling, from being associated with the 1978 Commohwealth Games for visiting South Africa. Dulwich College (England) refused to play a South African schools rugby team. The Australian Government banned all South African sportsmen and sports teams from entering its country. It also encouraged all its sports organizations to vote for the expulsion of South Africa at international sports federations. Argentina refused to allow the South African Golf team to enter its country-. Philippines refused entry to South Africa to participate in an international Golf tournament. The Comnmonwealth Covernments announced a strict code, called the Gleneagles Declaration, urging all Commonwealth citizens not to participate with teams or individuals from South Africa. South Africa was suspended from the World Chess Federation after being allowed to compete for a year. The Japanese Government refused to allow South African. Ian Schekter, to participate in its Grand Prix (Motor Racing). South Africa was forced to withdraw from the World Pentathlon Championships held in the USA because socialist countries threatened to boycott the Championships .

- 56 - 1978 Britain refused to invite South Africa to the World Surf Lifesaving Championships. The venue was then changed to the USA. Australia denied visas to the South African team to compete in the World Waterskiing Championships. The Canadian Government declared that no sports team or individual representing South Africa would be allowed into Canada. The British Government notified all its sports bodies that it would not make grants available to them if they participatewith representatives of South African sports organizations. Indonesia walked out of the ,All England Badminton Championships because of the presence of South Africa. The South Africa vs. Rhodesia football match was stopped from taking place. Black American fencer. Phillip Mathis. refused to accompany the USA team to South Africa. South Africa was excluded from the World Amateur Snooker Championships held in Malta. The venue for the World Cup for Golf was changed from Ireland to Hawaii, USA, because of protests by the Irish Anti-Apartheid Movement. The Scottish Rugby Union cancelled its tour of South Africa. The British Lions Rugby Team cancelled its tour of South Africa. The World Boxing Association's (WBA) Congress. scheduled for South Africa, was moved to Venezuela. The International Basketball Federation expelled South Africa and Rhodesia. A South African boys' cricket team was forced to cancel a tour of British private schools.

- 57 - 1978 Australia excluded South Africa in its plan to promote international junior cricket. Finland and the Socialist countries boycotted the World Gliding Championships in France because of South Africa's presence. The Colombian Government vetoed the participation of South Africa and Rhodesia in the World Pairs Golf Championships held near Bogota. South Africa was forced to withdraw from the Women's World Softball Championships held in San Salvador because of threats of boycotts from other participating countries. South Africa and Rhodesia were forced to withdraw from the World Snooker Championships held in South Korea. South Africa was forced out of the World Tug-of-War Championships held in Dundalk. Ireland. because of pressure from the Irish Anti-Apartheid Movement. South Africa barred from participating in a waterskiing competition in Australia. South Africa barred from competing in an international canoe race in Spain. New Zealand and Scotland withdrew invitations to South African angling teams. Brazil barred South Africa from competing in International Surfriding Championships. Fiji refused entry to South Africa to compete in the World Championships in Golf. The South African fencing team was forced out of the International Fencing Championships because of boycott threats from other participating cuntries. Argentina barred South Africa from participating in the World Roller Skating Championships. Australia refused entry to South Africa to participate in the Federation Cup (Tennis) Tournament.

- 58 - 1978 South Africa was barred from participating in the World Cup Tournament (Women's Cricket) held in the West Indies. Mexico refused entry to the South African Softball team to participate in the World Championships. Thailand, Australia and New Zealand withdrew invitations to South Africa to participate in World Yachting Championships. Australia refused South Africans visas to take part in the World Trampolining Championships. The venue was then changed to Hawaii. USA. where South Africa participated. Mexico barred South Africa from participating in the Mr. World Contest. South Africa was forced out of the World Gymnastics Championships held in France because of boycott threats by the powerful Socialist gymnastics teams,

- 59 - 1979 South African athletes were banned from participating in the Boston Marathon after they had secretly entered as United States students. Muhammad Ali refused to tour South Africa. French Government banned its national golf team touring South Africa. South Africa was forced to withdraw from the World Gymnastics Championships because Socialist countries threatened to withdraw if South Africa was allowed to participate. France cancelled its invitation to the South African Golf Team after advice from its Government. The Government of Colombia refused visas to the South African golf team for an international tournament in Bogota. The Greek Government barred the South African golf team from participating in the World Cup Tournament. Swaziland withdrew its karate team from the Southern African Karate Championships held in Durban. The Japanese Government barred the South African karate team from participating in the World Karate Championships held in Tokyo. South African Ian Scheckter was barred from competing in the Japanese Motor Grand Prix but another South African, Jody Scheckter, sneaked in with a British passport. South Africa was expelled from the International Netball Federation at its meeting held in Port of Spain, Trinidad. South Africa'a provincial rugby team, Transvaal, was foroed to return from France without playing a match because several municipalities refused to grant them playing facilities. The French Government banned the Springbok rugby team from touring the country. The Lothian Council banned its employee, Ian McLaughlan (Scotland) going to South Africa to play rugby. Black rugby star, Carel Smith, refused to tour South Africa with his Welsh club-. The Irish Government banned the racially selected South kf-'lnsm Ia'barians rugby team touring Ireland.

- 6o 1979 Australia refused visas to South African squash players for International Amateur Championships. Sri Lanka banned South Africa from participating in the World Snooker Championships held in Colombo. South Africa was barred from participating in the 1979 Davis Cup and Federation Cup Tennis ChampionshipsAustralian Government banned South Africa from competing in the World Yachting Championships held in Perth.

- 61 - 'i. Sou'h Africa's present position in international sport Suvmary UlImpic sports: Archery...... Athletics ...... Basketball ...... Bobsleigh and tobogganing .. Canoein...... 0 . . Cycling ...... i questrian sport . . .. . 2encin ...... F'ootball ...... Gyinastics . . . *...... Handball ...... Hockey o o . Ice hockey ...... J udo Luge ...... Ulyrpic games . . .o.... Pentathlon and biathlon . . . Rowing ...... Shooting ...... Skating o#o*a& Skiing ...... Swimming ...... 0, a Volleyball ...... ifeightlifting ...... Wrestling ...... Yacht racing ...... full mefber expelled in 1976 expelled in 1978 not a member expelled in 1968 suspended, out participates in international competition expelled in 1970 full ember full member, but suspended from world champ ionships expelled in 1976 full member not a member full member, but does not take part in world charapionships full member not a member not a member expelled in 1970 full meaber full member, but does not take part in world championships full miember full member not a member expelled in 1973 not a member expelled in 1972 expelled in 1970 full member

- 62 - Other sports Aeronautics . . . # . . . . . Baseball ...... 3od~rbuilding ...... *130ohin . . a...... Casting ...... chess...... Cricket (men's) ...... Cricket (women's ...... Darts . . .. Golf ... KaratI'e ...... 1Motor sports ...... Ketball ...... Orienteering . . . . . o . Paraplegics ...... Pin bowlnc ...... RoIIe r-s katilnz ...... ugby ...... Silent sports ...... Softball ...... Squash rackets ...... Table tennis ...... Taclkrondo ...... Ternis . e ...... TrampolininG ...... luG-of-wrar . , ...... Universit sports ...... tlater-skiing ...... full member suspended full member (vide notes) vide notes full ;mPember full member full member suspended .ebersh~p cancelled full member vide notes full member full member full member expelled not a member full member not a member full member vide notes full member full member full member vide notes not a member full member full member full member not a member full member, but not allowed to participate in world championships According to .he House of Assembly Debates (Hansard) of the whie South African Parliament of 4 April 1978, 3outh firica can also participate internationally in the following sports: Croquet Cruis ing 2ishing and anSling Lifesaving ,aster athletics ..Iodel boating Polocrosse Power boating 2urfriding Unde-nrater sports Veteran and vintage cars

- 63 - Details regarding each sport discipline Aeronautics South Africa is a member of the International Aeronatuics Federation (2AI) which caters for hang-gliding, Eliding and parachuting. 'Me 1977 World Hang-gliding Chaipionships scheduled for South Africa were cancelled because several countries had refused to participate. South Africa took part in the World Gliding Championships at Chateauroux, France, in October 1978. Angling and fishing South Africa is a suspended member of the Club International de Peche Sportive (CIPS). There are various other anglinG and fishing organizations which allow South Pfrica to participate. The Minister of Sport and Recreation announced in Parliarzent on 4 April 1978 that the following angling and fishing organizations were members of international associations: South African Target Casting Association; South African Light Tackle Boat Anglers Association; South African Rock and Surf Angling Association; South African Ski Boat Angling Association; Gane Fish Association of South Africa; South African Fresh Water Anglers Union; South African Casting Association. Archery South Africa was barred from participating in the World Archery Championships held in Australia early 1977, because of the refusal of the Australian Government to grant entry visas. South Africa participated in the World Archery Championships held in West Berlin in July 1979. Ten countries withdrew in protest. Athletics South Africa was expelled from the International Amateur Athletic Federation (IAAF) on 22 July 1976 at its Congress in ' ntreal. Badminton Although South Africa is still a member of the International Badminton Federation (IBF) it has been barred from participation in world championships.

In late 1977, because of dissatisfaction with its administration, many third-world countries withdrew from the IBF and formled the World Badminton Federation in Kuala Lumpur, i-ialaysia. South Africa is not a member of the World Badminton Federation. Baseball South Africa is listed as a member of the International Aateur Baseball Federation but has defaulted by not paying its subscriptions. Basketball South Africa was expelled from the International Basketball Federation (FIBA) in 1978, but it has not been banned from negotiating bilateral exchanges. Biathlon . Although South Africa is a full member of the International iModern Pentathlon and Biathlon Union, it does not take part in biathlon events. Billiards and snooker In 1976, the World Snooker Championships was held in South Africa. Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Northern Ireland, Isle of IM1an, England, M4alta and Scotland took part. India and Sri Lanka refused to participate. South Africa was barred from the 1977 World Championships held in Australia. It was also barred frobi participating in the World Championships in Malta. Bobsleigh and tobagganing South Africa is not a member of the International Bobsleigh and Tobogganing Federation (FIBT). Body building South Africa is a full member of the International Body Building Federation (IBBF). It was barred by the Mexican Government from particp ating in the 1978 Mr. World Contest. - 64 -

- 65 - Bowls South Africa's women's team was barred from participation in the World Women's Bowls Championships held in England in 1977. It was barred .by the Australian Gover from taking part in the 1979 World Championships held in Melbourne. Boxing South Africa was expelled from the International Amateur Boxing Association (AIBA) in 1968. Professional boxing is very loosely organized around two bodies, viz., the World Boxing Council (WBC) and the World Boxing Association (WBA). The 1978 WBA Congress was scheduled to take place in South Africa in October 1978, but was moved to Venezuela at the last minute. The South African National Boxing Board of Control is a statutory board under the jurisdiction of the racist Government's Department of Sport and Recreation. Canoeing South Africa has been conditionally suspended by the international body. South Africans may participate individually in certain competitions. Casting (See Angling). Chess The International Chess Federation (FIDE) suspended South Africa in June 1974 but the suspension was lifted in 1976 at the FIDE Congress held in Israel. However, in July 1977, FIDE again suspended South Africa until it is definite that there is no racial discrimination in chess in that country. Cricket The South African Cricket Association ceased to be a member of the Imperial Cricket Conference (later re-named International Cricket Conference - ICC) in 1961, after South Africa left the Commonwealth. However, it maintained bilateral relations with member countries of the ICC. A tour of the United Kingdom was called off in 1970 after Governuent intervention, and the MCC (English cricket

- 66 - authorities) announced it would not play South Africa until cricket in that country mW completely mixed. A tour of Astralia in 1971 was cancelled by the Australian Cricket Board. The Australian Cricket Board also cancelled a tour of South Africa for the 1975-1976 season. In effect, South Africa has been excluded from international cricket since 1970. CYcling The International Amateur Cycling Federation (FIC) decided in iiiarch 1970 not to accept the application of the South African Cycling Federation. This decision was confinled in January 1973. However, South Africa still invites overseas cyclists (especially from Belgium, France, Italy and Portugal) to participate in meetings. Darts The World Darts Federation (WDF) was inaugurated in London on 21 M4arch 1976 and it accepted the non-racial South African Darts Board of Control (SADB0C)as a member. The non-racial SADDOC has pledged that until there is complete freedom in the movement of play in South Africa, it will not accept any invitation to play in the world fixtures. Davis Cup The management co.uittee of the ITF decided at a special session held on 23 I1arch 1970 to bar South Africa from the Davis Cup Competition as its presence was endangering the Davis Cup prosraxmie. South Africa w.as excluded from the Competition in 1971 and 1972. Howeve-, since 1973 South Africa has been allowed to play in various American zones. In February 1973 South Africa has been allowed to play in various Ax.erican zones. In ?ebruary 1978, an ITF Coin~ission visited South Africa to investigate the arbiinistration of tennis in that country. Since then South Africa has been excluded from the Davis Cup and the Federation Cup Competitions.

- 67 - Equestrian sport South Africa is a full member of the International Equestrian Federation (FEI). Fenc ing South Africa is still a member of the International Fencing Federation (FIE). A motion to expel South Africa was defeated by 22 votes to 14 at the FIE Congress held in lnte Carlo in iVAay 1978. South Africa is not allowed to participate in World Championships. Football South Africa was expelled from the International Football Federation (F(FA) by 78 votes to 9 at its Congress held in i:ontreal on 15 July 1976. Golf South Africa is a member of the World Amateur Golf Council. The World Cup Golf Tournwment (for professionals) was scheduled for Ireland in July 1978. The venue was changed to Hawaii because of the threat of demonstrations against South Africa's participation by Irish anti-apartheid groups. South Africa was barred frou participating in the Eisenhower Cup held in Fiji in 1979. Gy~mastics South Africa is a member of the International Gymnastics Federation (FIG) but it has been barred from participation in world championships since 1970. At the Gymanstics Congress held in "lome in ihoveniber 1977, the motion to expel South Africa was defeated by 25 votes to 16. An Algerian notion that South Africa should be suspended until apartheid ended received 22 votes in favour and 21 against, but was not carried as it required a 75 per cent majority. Handball South Africa is not a member of the International Handball Federation (11F).

- 68 - Hockey South Africa is a member of the International Hockey Federation (FIH). However, African members have managed to bar South Africa from world championships. South Africa is a full member of the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF). Judo South Africa is not a member of the International Judo Federation, nor has it ever applied to join. Karate South Africa is a full member of the International Karate Federation. An English karate team toured South Africa in 1977. LifesavingZ $outh Africa is a member of the international organizations catering for both still- water and surf lifesaving. The last World Surf Lifesaving Congress was held in South Africa in 1977, South Africans hold senior offices in the World Surf Lifesaving Association. Motor sport International Grand Prix racing is sponsored mainly by commercial concerns dealing with motor parts and accessories. The South African Grand Prix forms part of the ,1orld Grand Prix Motor Championship circuit. South Africans were barred from the 1977 WJorld Motor Cycle Championships held in Yugoslavia. In recent years South Africans have evaded the ban in the Socialist countries and in Jvpan by using British passports. Netball South Africa has been suspended from participation in world championships since 1970. In 1979 South Africa was expelled from the International Netball Federation. Olympic Games South Africa was barred from the Olympic Games in 1964 and 1968. In 1970 the International Olympic Coimittee (IOC) expelled South Africa from the Olympic Movement.

-e- Paraplegics Racist South Africa has retained its international membership under the pretext that it is a non-racial organization. It has been barred by the Dutch Government from participating in the 1980 Para-Olympics to be held in Arnhem, Holland. Pentathlon and biathlon The 1977 World Modern Pentathlon Chapionship was held in the United States and South Africa's entry was withdrawn'(see also under Biathlon). Pin-bowlinE South Africa is not a member of the International Pin Bowling Federation. Polo South Africa has bilateral relations in this sport with several Latin American countries. Roller-skating South Africa is a member of the international body catering for roller-skating, but is forbidden to participate in world championships. iiowing South Africa is a member of the International Rowing Federation (FISA), but it has been barred from participating in world championships. South Africa is not a member of the Fd~ration Internationale de Rugby Amateur. However, white countries of the old British Empire formed the International Rugby Board (1,1B). Member countries of the Board arrange bilateral tours. The IRB now consists of England, Scotland, Wales, Ireland, ! ew Zealand, Australia, South Africa and France. The 1976 rugby tour by the New Zealand team sparked off the withdrawal of 19 African countries, Iraq and Guyana from the 1976 Olympic Games in Montreal.

- 70 - In 1978, Scotland called off a tour of South Africa, and Britain cancelled its invitation to a South African team. However, in 1979, Britain invited a racially selected rugby team from South Africa; and Britain is now scheduled to tour South Africa in May of this year. Shootina South Africa is a full member of the International Shooting Union (UIT), but it was barred from particirating in the 1978 World Championships. Silent sports South Africa is a member of the International Committee of the Silent Sports (CISS). At the 1977 Congress of CISS, held in Bucharest, some countries objected to South Africa's membership but the matter was put in abeyance as South Africa was not present at the meeting. Skating South Africa is a full member of the International Skating Union (ISU), but it is not allowed to participate in the world championships. Belgium is the only country that has allowed South Africa to participate. Skiing South Africa is not a member of the International Ski Federation but it has applied for affiliation. Snooker (see Billiards) Soccer (see Football) Softball South Africa was suspended by the International Softball Federation in 1976, but in April 1977 the Federation lifted the suspension. Sauash South Africa is a member of the International Squash Rackets Federation. It was barred from participating in the 1977 1rorld Championships held in Canada, and an expulsion motion, introduced by Nigeria, failed to receive the necessary two- thirds vote for passage.

- 71 - Surf lifesaving (see Lifesaving) Surf rLding The World Surfriding Championship was held in South Africa in 1978. South Africa participates in international surfriding competitions held in the United States. swimming The South African Amateur Swimming Union (SAASU) was expelled from international swimming in August 1973. The non-racial South African Amateur Swimming Federation (SAASWIF) has applied for affiliation to the International Swimming Federation (FINA). The white SAASU has also reapplied. Table tennis The white South African Table Tennis Union was expelled from the International Table Tennis Federation in 1956 and the nonracial South African Table Tennis Board was accepted as a member. When members of the non-racial South African Table Tennis Board returned after participating in the World Championships in 1957 the South African Government confiscated their passports, The Non-Racial Board has now announced that it will not participate in international competition until conditions in South Africa are conducive to non-racial play at all levels. Tennis The International Tennis Federation (ITF) has rejected proposals since 1965 for the exclusion of the white South African Tennis Union (SATU). The weighted voting system and the proviso that an expulsion motion must be "carried by a majority of at least four-fifths of the votes properly recorded at a General Meeting" have made it extremely difficult to expel South Africa from the ITF. (Two h~ropean countries, Britain and France, have more votes than the whole of Africa put together.)

- 72 Trampol ining The 1978 World Championship was scheduled to take place in Australia but was moved to the United States because the Australian Government would not grant the South Africans entry visas. Tug of war In October 1976, the World Championship was held in South Africa. The apartheid Government donated R70,O00 towards the cost of staging the championships. South Africa was barred from participating in the 1978 World Championship held in Dundalk, Ireland. University sports South Africa is not a member of the International University Sports Federation but has bilateral relations with some 'West European countries. Recently the South African Universities Football Team toured several South American countries. Volleyball South Africa is not a member of the International Volleyball Federation (FIVB). Water skiing South Africa was barred from participating in the orld Championships held in Milan, Italy, on 1 September 1977. South Africa is not allowed to participate in world championships until 1980 when the matter will be reviewed. However, South Africa has participated in international vmter-skiing events staged in France, Italy and West Germany in 1978. Weightlifting South Africa was expelled from the International TJeightlif-ing Federation (l- IWF) in 1972. South Africa has established bi-lateral exchanges with Taiwan, another expelled member. Wrestling South Africa was suspended from international wrestling in 1970. It is now "not affiliated to the International Amateur Wrestling Federation (FILA)". On 26 February 1979 the South African Minister of Sport and Recreation said that 4 countries took part in an international match in South Africa in 1978. Yacht racing South Africa was barred from the World Championship held in Australia in 1976 and in 1979. However, in 1977, it took part in world championships in some of the "classes" held in -Jest Geriaany, Ireland and France. diest E uropean and American countries thwarted an expulsion motion at the IYRU meeting held in London in jioveriber 1978.