DOCSLIB.ORG

A New Paradigm of the African State: Fundi Wa Afrika 191 Conclusion: Toward a Federation of African States (FAS) 211 Notes 217 Bibliography 259 Index 267

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A New Paradigm of the African State: Fundi Wa Afrika 191 Conclusion: Toward a Federation of African States (FAS) 211 Notes 217 Bibliography 259 Index 267 A New Paradigm of the African State pal-muiu2-00fm.indd i 11/7/08 10:08:21 AM This page intentionally left blank A New Paradigm of the African State Fundi wa Afrika Mueni wa Muiu and Guy Martin pal-muiu2-00fm.indd iii 11/7/08 10:08:21 AM a new paradigm of the african state Copyright © Mueni wa Muiu and Guy Martin, 2009. All rights reserved. First published in 2009 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN® in the United States—a division of St. Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Where this book is distributed in the UK, Europe and the rest of the world, this is by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN-13: 978-0-230-60780-4 ISBN-10: 0-230-60780-2 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Muiu, Mueni wa. A new paradigm of the African state : Fundi wa Afrika / Mueni wa Muiu and Guy Martin. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-230-60780-2 1. Africa—Politics and government. 2. Africa—Politics and government— Philosophy. I. Martin, Guy, 1945– II. Title. JQ1875.M82 2009 320.96—dc22 2008021607 A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library. Design by Scribe Inc. First edition: January 2009 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Printed in the United States of America. pal-muiu2-00fm.indd iv 11/7/08 10:08:22 AM To you, African children, so that you may continue to fight for a free Africa pal-muiu2-00fm.indd v 11/7/08 10:08:22 AM This page intentionally left blank Contents Acknowledgments ix Acronyms xi Credits xiii Introduction: The Rationale for a New Theory of 1 the African State 1 Theories of the African State: From Modernization 11 to Reconstructionist 2 Indigenous African Political Systems and Institutions 23 3 The African Colonial and Postcolonial States 49 4 Genocide: African Natural Resources and the West 63 5 Africa in the World Economy: Hegemony, Globalization, 85 and Recolonization 6 The Congo State in Historical Perspective I: 103 Indigenous Congolese Political Systems and Institutions 7 The Congo State in Historical Perspective II: From the 119 Congo Free State to the Democratic Republic of the Congo 8 South Africa: African Indigenous Political Institutions 139 and the Foreign Encounter 9 South Africa: Apartheid, African Indigenous Institutions, 163 and the ANC, 1948–2007 10 A New Paradigm of the African State: Fundi wa Afrika 191 Conclusion: Toward a Federation of African States (FAS) 211 Notes 217 Bibliography 259 Index 267 pal-muiu2-00fm.indd vii 11/7/08 10:08:22 AM This page intentionally left blank Acknowledgments Many debts were incurred in the long and arduous process of bringing this ambitious research project to fruition. Among the many persons and institu- tions who have been most helpful in this regard, Mueni wa Muiu wishes to express her most sincere thanks and appreciation to the following: the late Mwakudua wa Mwachofi—activist and scholar—who triggered her intel- lectual journey; her sister Milcah Kalondu Muiu who provided her with an abode in Rockville, Maryland, where she could conduct full-time research in an inspiring environment and where the idea of Fundi first emerged; Pro- fessor John Cotman (Howard University), in whose class (Introduction to Comparative Politics) Fundi’s seed was planted—it was Cotman’s constantly probing question, “What would future researchers do?” that provoked her into action; Michael Chege (University of Florida), whose constructive criti- cism encouraged her to pursue further research on Fundi; Lungisile Ntse- beza (University of Cape Town), whose probing questions helped her clarify Fundi; Larry Little (Winston-Salem State University), whose input on the nature of the state and resource ownership was helpful in provoking her to clarify who would control the resources; thanks to the students at the Institute of Peace, Leadership, and Governance (IPLG) at Africa University, Mutare (Zimbabwe), who forced Mueni to move from theory to practice by providing the “how” part of Fundi. Thanks are also due to Roger Kirkman and Jackie Foutz (Office of Media Relations, WSSU), who helped with the graphic design of figures and maps for this book. Thanks are also due to Kelechi Kalu, who shared his research on the African state with Mueni as well as to all the colleagues in various academic who challenged her to refine Fundi. The Association of Third World Studies (ATWS) provided the “green- house” within which the idea of Fundi was nurtured and was able to grow and mature. Within ATWS, special thanks are due to Abdul Karim Bangura (The American University), who encouraged Mueni to present the paper on Fundi at the nineteenth annual conference of ATWS (Savannah, GA) in October 2001, where it won the 2001 Harold Isaacs Best Graduate Paper Award, and to Harold Isaacs (editor of the Journal of Third World Studies) for his constant encouragement and support throughout the process, which con- tributed enormously to the development of Fundi. The ATWS also awarded Mueni and Fundi the 2003 Lawrence Dunbar Reddick Memorial Scholarship Award for the best article on Africa published in the Journal of Third World pal-muiu2-00fm.indd ix 11/7/08 10:08:22 AM x Acknowledgments Studies in 2002. Special thanks are due to the anonymous reviewers who took the time to read the manuscript. Their comments and suggestions helped improve the final product. On a personal note, Mueni wishes to dedicate this book to her brother Luveni, who redefines the meaning of life; to her mother Ngii, who continues to question; and to her children Muthoki and Musumbi, who continue to dare her to believe in the impossible. Guy Martin is grateful to the ATWS for awarding his article “The West, Natural Resources and Population Control Policies in Africa in Historical Perspective,” Journal of Third World Studies 22, no. 1 (Spring 2005), 69–107 (which appears in a revised form as Chapter 5 in this book), the Lawrence Dunbar Reddick Memorial Scholarship Award of the Association of Third World Studies for the best article on Africa published in the Journal of Third World Studies in 2005. For Guy, the cherished memory, valued friendship, and invaluable intellectual legacy of Claude Ake, Pierre Haffner, Emman- uel Hansen, Ibrahima Ly, Robert Tiéblé N’Daw, and Rokiatou Tall—who left us much too soon—lives on. Finally, Guy wishes to record his immense debt of gratitude to his late mother, Marie-Berthe Castreman-Martin, who has made him what he is today; to his children Yasmina Muthoki and José- Guy Musumbi, who keep him engaged and who sustain his hopes for a bet- ter Africa; and—last, but not least—to his beloved wife, Mueni, for taking a chance on him and for constantly and gently prodding him into action whenever his energies were flagging. Needless to say, we are both jointly responsible for all the remaining errors of fact and interpretation that may be found in this work. pal-muiu2-00fm.indd x 11/7/08 10:08:22 AM Acronyms ACRI African Crisis Response Initiative AFDL Alliance des forces démocratiques pour la libération du Congo (Alliance of democratic forces for the liberation of Congo) [DRC] AGOA Africa Growth and Opportunity Act (United States) AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ANC African National Congress (South Africa) AU African Union CFA Communauté financière africaine (African financial community) CIAT Comité international qui accompagne la transition (International Committee for the Support of the Transition) [DRC] COMESA Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa COSATU Congress of South African Trade Unions DRC Democratic Republic of the Congo EAC East African Community ECA Economic Commission for Africa ECCAS Economic Community of Central African States ECOMOG ECOWAS Monitoring Group ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States EU European Union FAR Forces Armées Rwandaises (Rwandan Armed Forces) FAS Federation of African States GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade GDP Gross Domestic Product GNP Gross National Product GEAR Growth, Employment & Redistribution (South Africa) GNU Government of National Unity (South Africa) HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction & Development (World Bank) IFI International Financial Institution IFP Inkatha Freedom Party (South Africa) IGAD Intergovernmental Authority on Development (Greater Horn of Africa) IMF International Monetary Fund pal-muiu2-00fm.indd xi 11/7/08 10:08:22 AM xii Acronyms LDCs Less Developed Countries MCA Millennium Challenge Account MLC Mouvement pour la Libération du Congo (Movement for the Liberation of Congo) [DRC] MNC Multinational Corporation MONUC United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo [Mission de l’Organisation des Nations Unies au Congo] NEPAD New Partnership for Africa’s Development NGO Non-governmental organization NNP New National Party (South Africa) NP National Party (South Africa) OAU Organization of African Unity ONUC United Nations Operation in Congo (DRC) [Opėration des Nations Unies au Congo] PAC Pan Africanist Congress (South Africa) PTA Preferential Trade Area for Eastern & Southern African States RCD Rassemblement Congolais pour la Démocratie (Congolese Rally for Democracy) [DRC] RDP Reconstruction and Development Programme (South Africa)
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Www .Iomtt.Com RST Superbike TT
    ISLE OF MAN TT RACES FUELLED BY MONSTER ENERGY 27TH MAY - 9TH JUNE 2017 RST Superbike TT - List of Riders Start Pos No. Rider Machine/Entrant Interval 1 1 David Johnson Norton / Norton Motorcycles 00:00:00 2 2 Bruce Anstey Honda / padgettsmotorcycles.com 00:00:10 3 3 James Hillier Kawasaki / JG Speedfit Kawasaki 00:00:20 4 4 Ian Hutchinson BMW / Tyco BMW 00:00:30 5 ----- ----- ----- 6 6 Michael Dunlop Suzuki / Bennetts Suzuki 00:00:50 7 7 Conor Cummins Honda / padgettsmotorcycles.com 00:01:00 8 8 Guy Martin Honda / Honda Racing 00:01:10 9 9 Dean Harrison Kawasaki / Silicone Engineering 00:01:20 10 10 Peter Hickman BMW / Smiths Racing 00:01:30 11 11 Michael Rutter BMW / Bathams SMT Racing 00:01:40 12 12 Gary Johnson Suzuki / ReactiveParts.com 00:01:50 13 ----- ----- ----- 14 14 Dan Kneen BMW / Team Penz 13.com BMW Motorrad M 00:02:10 15 15 William Dunlop Yamaha / Temple Golf Club 00:02:20 16 16 Joshua Brookes Norton / Norton 00:02:30 17 17 Steve Mercer Kawasaki / Dafabet Devitt RC Express Racin 00:02:40 18 18 Martin Jessopp BMW / Riders Motorcycles BMW 00:02:50 19 19 Daniel Hegarty Honda / Top Gun Racing / Keltruck 00:03:00 20 20 Ivan Lintin Kawasaki / Dafabet Devitt RC Express Racin 00:03:10 21 28 Derek Sheils Suzuki / Burrows Engineering Racing 00:03:20 22 29 Jamie Coward BMW / Radcliffe's Racing 00:03:30 23 21 Dan Stewart BMW / Wilcock Consulting 00:03:40 24 22 Horst Saiger Kawasaki / iXS 00:03:50 25 36 Philip Crowe BMW / Handtrans / Fleetwood Grab / Sheffpa 00:04:00 26 30 Sam West BMW / PRL / Worthington 00:04:10 27 25 James Cowton
    [Show full text]
  • In Their Own Words: Voices of Jihad
    THE ARTS This PDF document was made available from www.rand.org as CHILD POLICY a public service of the RAND Corporation. CIVIL JUSTICE EDUCATION Jump down to document ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT 6 HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit research NATIONAL SECURITY POPULATION AND AGING organization providing objective analysis and PUBLIC SAFETY effective solutions that address the challenges facing SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY the public and private sectors around the world. SUBSTANCE ABUSE TERRORISM AND HOMELAND SECURITY Support RAND TRANSPORTATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE Purchase this document WORKFORCE AND WORKPLACE Browse Books & Publications Make a charitable contribution For More Information Visit RAND at www.rand.org Learn more about the RAND Corporation View document details Limited Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law as indicated in a notice appearing later in this work. This electronic representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for non-commercial use only. Unauthorized posting of RAND PDFs to a non-RAND Web site is prohibited. RAND PDFs are protected under copyright law. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of our research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please see RAND Permissions. This product is part of the RAND Corporation monograph series. RAND monographs present major research findings that address the challenges facing the public and private sectors. All RAND monographs undergo rigorous peer review to ensure high standards for research quality and objectivity. in their own words Voices of Jihad compilation and commentary David Aaron Approved for public release; distribution unlimited C O R P O R A T I O N This book results from the RAND Corporation's continuing program of self-initiated research.
    [Show full text]
  • 11010329.Pdf
    THE RISE, CONSOLIDATION AND DISINTEGRATION OF DLAMINI POWER IN SWAZILAND BETWEEN 1820 AND 1889. A study in the relationship of foreign affairs to internal political development. Philip Lewis Bonner. ProQuest Number: 11010329 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 11010329 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 ABSTRACT The Swazi kingdom grew out of the pressures associated with competition for trade and for the rich resources of Shiselweni. While centred on this area it acquired some of its characteristic features - notably a regimental system, and the dominance of a Dlamini aristocracy. Around 1815 the Swazi came under pressure from the South, and were forced to colonise the land lying north of the Lusutfu. Here they remained for some years a nation under arms, as they plundered local peoples, and were themselves swept about by the currents of the Mfecane. In time a more settled administration emerged, as the aristocracy spread out from the royal centres at Ezulwini, and this process accelerated under Mswati as he subdued recalcitrant chiefdoms, and restructured the regiments.
    [Show full text]
  • Congo : Revue Gnrale De La Colonie Belge = Congo : Algemeen
    Troisième année. Tome I. Février 1922 N° 2. CONQ Revue générale Algemeen tijdschrift de la Colonie belge van de Belgische Kolonie Directeurs : V. DENYN et Ed. DE JONGHE. SOMMAIRE : B. TANGHE. Vexploration de VUbangi (188 i 1891) . 161 D r J. MAES .... Armes de jet des populations du Congo Belge 181 L. BITTREMIEUX en J.LESTAEGHE . Godsdienstbegrippen bij de JSkundus van 't Leopoldmeer 194 J. P. et F. D . Le Çopal (suite et fin) p. 208 MÉLANGES :. Histoire et Politique coloniale : Le refpect des coutumes indigènes, p.-240. — Le foyer mono- gamique, p. 244. — L'évolution des Races et la Sociologie Coloniale, p. 251. — Les Colonies allemandes et l'Angleterre, p 253. — La rupture des négociations anglo-égyptiennes, p. 256. — Questions économiques : La concentration des intérêts coloniaux belges, 258. ASSOCIATION POUR LE PERFECTIONNEMENT DU MATÉRIEL COLONIAL. Le moteur Ruston à haute comj>ression à démarrage à froid, alimenté à l'huile de palme par il. Isbecque, Industriel, p. 263. — Destruction des eaux résiduaires, Système « Beattie » par M. Serin, ingénieur anglais, p 272. — Des amballages au Congo, p. 276. — Importance actuelle des plantations d'Elaeis au Congo Belge et utilisation des bois durs tropicaux, par M. Lepeae, p. 280. RENSEIGNEMENTS DE L'OFFICE COLONIAL DU MINISTÈRE DES COLONIES : Commerce et industrie : Rapport sur la situation du marché des produits coloniaux, à Anvers, p. 285. — Informations : La réclame commerciale au Congo Belge, p. 299. — Les essences de parfumerie au Congo, p. 301 — Commerce extérieur de la Colonie, - p. 302. — Brevets : p. 308. — Marques de Fabrique ou de Commerce : p. 310. Avis d'adjudications : p.
    [Show full text]
  • MUSLIM LEADERSHIP in U. P. 1906-1937 ©Ottor of ^Liilogoplip
    MUSLIM LEADERSHIP IN U. P. 1906-1937 OAMAV''^ ***' THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF ©ottor of ^liilogoplip IN Jlis^torp Supervisor Research scholar umar cKai Head Department of History Banaras Hindu University VaranaSi-221005 FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES BANARAS HINDU UNIVERSITY VARANASI-221005 Enrolment No.-l 73954 Year 1994 D©NATED BY PROF Z. U. SIDDIQUI DEPT. OF HISTORY. A.M.U. T5235 Poll * TtU. OJfiet : BADUM Hindu Univenity Q»3H TeUphone : 310291—99 (PABX) Sailwaj/Station Vkranui Cantt. SS^^/ Telex ;645 304 BHU IN Banaras Hindu University VARANASI—221005 R^. No..^ _ IMPARWBif 99 HliiOllir 2)ate<i - 9lftlfltilt Bft#fi titii Stall flf Ifti ffti1?t QfilifllfttI !Uiiitii X te*M^ c«rtify tHat ttM thatit •! Sti A^«k Kunat fttl. MiltUd ^Htfllii tM&mw^tp III U.F, ElitwMfi (t9%^im)»* Htm f««i»««^ fdMlAi iHMlit mf awp«rviai«n in tti« D»p«ftMifit of Hitt^y* Facility 9i So€i«d SdL«nc«t« n&ntwmM Hindu Ufiiv«rtity« ™—- j>v ' 6 jjj^ (SUM.) K.S. SMitte 0»»««tMllt of ^tj^£a»rtmentrfHj,,0| ^ OO^OttMOt of Hittflf SaAovoo Hin^ llRiiSaSu^iifi Sec .. ^^*^21. »«»•»•• Htm At Uiivovoity >^otflR«ti • 391 005' Dep«tfY>ent of History FACULTY OF SOCIAL S' ENCES Bsnafas Hir-y Unlvacsitv CONTENTS Page No. PREFACE 1 - IV ARBRBVIATIONS V INTRODUCTION ... 1-56 CHAPTER I : BIRTH OF fvUSLiM LEAaJE AND LEADERSHIP IN U .P . UPTO 1916 ... 57-96 CHAPTER II MUSLIM LEADERSHIP IN U .P . DURING KHILAFAT AND NON CO-OPERATION MO ^fAENT ... 97-163 CHAPTER III MUSLIM POLITICS AND LEADERSHIP IN U.P, DURING Sy/AR.AJIST BRA ...164 - 227 CHAPTER IV : MUSLL\^S ATflTUDE AND LEADERSHIP IN U.P.
    [Show full text]
  • An African Basketry of Heterogeneous Variables Kongo-Kikongo-Kisankasa
    ISSN 2394-9694 International Journal of Novel Research in Humanity and Social Sciences Vol. 8, Issue 2, pp: (2-31), Month: March - April 2021, Available at: www.noveltyjournals.com An African Basketry of Heterogeneous Variables Kongo-Kikongo-Kisankasa Rojukurthi Sudhakar Rao (M.Phil Degree Student-Researcher, Centre for African Studies, University of Mumbai, Maharashtra Rajya, India) e-mail:[email protected] Abstract: In terms of scientific systems approach to the knowledge of human origins, human organizations, human histories, human kingdoms, human languages, human populations and above all the human genes, unquestionable scientific evidence with human dignity flabbergasted the European strong world of slave-masters and colonialist- policy-rulers. This deduces that the early Europeans knew nothing scientific about the mankind beforehand unleashing their one-up-man-ship over Africa and the Africans except that they were the white skinned flocks and so, not the kith and kin of the Africans in black skin living in what they called the „Dark Continent‟! Of course, in later times, the same masters and rulers committed to not repeating their colonialist racial geo-political injustices. The whites were domineering and weaponized to the hilt on their own mentality, for their own interests and by their own logic opposing the geopolitically distant African blacks inhabiting the natural resources enriched frontiers. Those „twists and twitches‟ in time-line led to the black‟s slavery and white‟s slave-trade with meddling Christian Adventist Missionaries, colonialists, religious conversionists, Anglican Universities‟ Missions , inter- sexual-births, the associative asomi , the dissociative asomi and the non-asomi divisions within African natives in concomitance.
    [Show full text]
  • Early History of South Africa
    THE EARLY HISTORY OF SOUTH AFRICA EVOLUTION OF AFRICAN SOCIETIES . .3 SOUTH AFRICA: THE EARLY INHABITANTS . .5 THE KHOISAN . .6 The San (Bushmen) . .6 The Khoikhoi (Hottentots) . .8 BLACK SETTLEMENT . .9 THE NGUNI . .9 The Xhosa . .10 The Zulu . .11 The Ndebele . .12 The Swazi . .13 THE SOTHO . .13 The Western Sotho . .14 The Southern Sotho . .14 The Northern Sotho (Bapedi) . .14 THE VENDA . .15 THE MASHANGANA-TSONGA . .15 THE MFECANE/DIFAQANE (Total war) Dingiswayo . .16 Shaka . .16 Dingane . .18 Mzilikazi . .19 Soshangane . .20 Mmantatise . .21 Sikonyela . .21 Moshweshwe . .22 Consequences of the Mfecane/Difaqane . .23 Page 1 EUROPEAN INTERESTS The Portuguese . .24 The British . .24 The Dutch . .25 The French . .25 THE SLAVES . .22 THE TREKBOERS (MIGRATING FARMERS) . .27 EUROPEAN OCCUPATIONS OF THE CAPE British Occupation (1795 - 1803) . .29 Batavian rule 1803 - 1806 . .29 Second British Occupation: 1806 . .31 British Governors . .32 Slagtersnek Rebellion . .32 The British Settlers 1820 . .32 THE GREAT TREK Causes of the Great Trek . .34 Different Trek groups . .35 Trichardt and Van Rensburg . .35 Andries Hendrik Potgieter . .35 Gerrit Maritz . .36 Piet Retief . .36 Piet Uys . .36 Voortrekkers in Zululand and Natal . .37 Voortrekker settlement in the Transvaal . .38 Voortrekker settlement in the Orange Free State . .39 THE DISCOVERY OF DIAMONDS AND GOLD . .41 Page 2 EVOLUTION OF AFRICAN SOCIETIES Humankind had its earliest origins in Africa The introduction of iron changed the African and the story of life in South Africa has continent irrevocably and was a large step proven to be a micro-study of life on the forwards in the development of the people.
    [Show full text]
  • Christianity and the Formation of the Ideology of Power in Soyo in the 17Th Century
    Studies in African Languages and Cultures, No 53, 2019 ISSN 2545-2134; e-ISSN 2657-4187 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32690/SALC53.6 Robert Piętek Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities Christianity and the formation of the ideology of power in Soyo in the 17th century Abstract The aim of the article is to present the role of the Christian elements in the formation of the ideology of power in Soyo in the mid of the 17th century. Thanks to its location, the province of Soyo played an important role in Kongo’s relations with Europe. Its location also meant that European influences in this province were stronger than in the rest of the Kingdom of Kongo. A permanent mission of the Capuchin order in Soyo was established as early as 1645. The province became virtually independent from Kongo in the 1640s. By that time, the political elite had formed an ideology of power largely based on the traditional elements of the Kongo culture. While it contained references to Christianity, the emphasis was put on the separateness and uniqueness of Soyo gained in victorious military conflicts with Kongo. The use of the Christian elements in rituals caused occasional conflicts between the secular authorities and the Capuchins. Keywords: Soyo, Kongo, Christianity, ideology of power 1. Introduction During the early modern period, Kongo constituted a fascinating example of an African state whose ruler and a considerable amount of political elites were in- terested in maintaining close relations with Europe, from the very first contacts established with the Portuguese toward the end of the 15th century.
    [Show full text]
  • “Watchdogging” Versus Adversarial Journalism by State-Owned Media: the Nigerian and Cameroonian Experience Endong Floribert Patrick C
    International Journal of English, Literature and Social Science (IJELS) Vol-2, Issue-2, Mar-Apr- 2017 ISSN: 2456-7620 “Watchdogging” Versus Adversarial Journalism by State-Owned Media: The Nigerian and Cameroonian Experience Endong Floribert Patrick C. Department of Theatre and Media Studies, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria Abstract— The private and the opposition-controlled environment where totalitarianism, dictatorship and other media have most often been taxed by Black African forms of unjust socio-political strictures reign. They are governments with being adepts of adversarial journalism. not to be intimidated or cowed by any aggressive force, to This accusation has been predicated on the observation kill stories of political actions which are inimical to public that the private media have, these last decades, tended to interest. They are rather expected to sensitize and educate dogmatically interpret their watchdog role as being an masses on sensitive socio-political issues thereby igniting enemy of government. Their adversarial inclination has the public and making it sufficiently equipped to make made them to “intuitively” suspect government and to solid developmental decisions. They are equally to play view government policies as schemes that are hardly – the role of an activist and strongly campaign for reforms nay never – designed in good faith. Based on empirical that will bring about positive socio-political revolutions in understandings, observations and secondary sources, this the society. Still as watchdogs and sentinels, the media paper argues that the same accusation may be made are expected to practice journalism in a mode that will against most Black African governments which have promote positive values and defend the interest of the overly converted the state-owned media to their public totality of social denominations co-existing in the country relation tools and as well as an arsenal to lambaste their in which they operate.
    [Show full text]
  • Unilever Annual Report 1951
    UNILEVER TRANSLATION OF ANNUAL REPORT AND STATEMENT OF ACCOUNTS 1951 UNILEVER N+V+ DIRECTORS PAUL RIJKENS Chairman SIR GEOFFREY HEYWORTH Vice-Chairman e. M. G. DE BAAT JAMES LAURENCE HEYWORTH JAMES P. VAN DEN BERGH ROGER HARDMAN HEYWORTH SIDNEY J. VAN DEN BERGH RALPH ESTILL HUFFAM CHARLES HUGH CLARKE RUDOLF G. JURGENS GEORGE JAMES COLE FRANCIS DAVID MORRELL SIR HERBERT DAVIS FRANK SAMUEL W. A. FAURE A. E. J. SIMON THOMAS JOHN HENRY HANSARD ARTHUR HENRY SMITH HAROLD HARTOG F. J. TEMPEL ADVISORY DIRECTORS J. M. HONIG JHR. J. A. G. SANDBERG RUDOLF JURGENS H. L. WOLTERSOM K. P. VAN DER MANDELE SECRETARY E. A. HOFMAN AUDITORS PRICE WATERHOUSE & Co. COOP&R BROTHERS & Co. 3 i CONTENTS Unilever .N.V., the Dutch Company, is referred to as ccN.V.’y Unilever Limited, the English Company, is referred to as “LIMITED.” They are referred to jointly as cc The Parent Companies.” 8. PAGE SALIENT POINTS 6 REPORT OF THE DIRECTORS 7-17 TURNOVER CHARTS 18 FINANCIAL CHARTS 19 CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS 20-2 1 CONSOLIDATED PROFIT AND LOSS ACCOUNTS 22-23 APPROPRIATION OF PROFITS 24-25 REPORTS OF THE AUDITORS 24-25 CAPITAL AND REVENUE RESERVES AND EXCHANGE SURPLUSES 26 LAND, BUILDINGS, PLANTATIONSy SHIPS, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT 27 BALANCE SHEET-N.V. 28-29 BALANCE SHEET-LIMITED 30-3 1 TURNOVER 32 PENSIONS 32 SUMMARY OF CONSOLIDATED FIGURES, 1945-19 33 5 i SALIENT POINTS J1 All &pres relate to the N. V. and LIMITED GroupJ combined; details are set out in the accompanying Statements and should be considered in conjunction with tke Notes thereon.
    [Show full text]
  • UNIVERSIDADE DO ESTADO DA BAHIA - UNEB DEPARTAMENTO DE EDUCAÇÃO - DEDC/CAMPUS I PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM EDUCAÇÃO E CONTEMPORANEIDADE - Ppgeduc
    1 UNIVERSIDADE DO ESTADO DA BAHIA - UNEB DEPARTAMENTO DE EDUCAÇÃO - DEDC/CAMPUS I PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM EDUCAÇÃO E CONTEMPORANEIDADE - PPGEduc MILLE CAROLINE RODRIGUES FERNANDES DE ANGOLA À NILO PEÇANHA: TRAÇOS DA TRAJETÓRIA HISTÓRICA E DA RESISTÊNCIA CULTURAL DOS POVOS KONGO/ANGOLA NA REGIÃO DO BAIXO SUL Salvador 2020 2 MILLE CAROLINE RODRIGUES FERNANDES DE ANGOLA À NILO PEÇANHA: TRAÇOS DA TRAJETÓRIA HISTÓRICA E DA RESISTÊNCIA CULTURAL DOS POVOS KONGO/ANGOLA NA REGIÃO DO BAIXO SUL Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação e Contemporaneidade/PPGEduc- UNEB, no âmbito da Linha de Pesquisa I - Processos Civilizatórios: Educação, Memória e Pluralidade Cultural, como requisito para a obtenção do Título de Doutora em Educação e Contemporaneidade. Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Jaci Maria Ferraz de Menezes Co-orientador: Prof. Dr. Abreu Castelo Vieira dos Paxe Salvador 2020 3 4 5 Disêsa Ngana! (Licença Senhores/as!) Às pessoas mais velhas e às crianças, peço Nsuá (Licença). À minha Avó Mariazinha, à Minha Mãe e Madrinha Valdice Herculana (Mamãe Didi) e à minha Mãe biológica Maria José (Mamãe Zezé), as primeiras mulheres com quem aprendi a reverenciar os antepassados, a benzer com as folhas e a encantar o alimento. À Angola por ter sido acalento e cura para minh’alma. Aos Reis, Rainhas, Jindembo, Osoma, N’gola e Sekulos, por terem reconhecido minha origem angolana, pelo doce acolhimento, por me (re)ensinar a importância da nossa ancestralidade e por verem em mim ‘Makyesi’ (Felicidade). 6 AGRADECIMENTOS Agradecer às pessoas que trilharam conosco os caminhos mais difíceis e, muitas vezes, até improváveis, é uma singela forma de tentar retribuir, recompensar em palavras e gestos, mas é também tentar tornar-se digna de tanta generosidade encontrada nesta intensa e maravilhosa travessia.
    [Show full text]
  • REVISTA DE HISTÓRIA COMPARADA 2011 Ano 5 Volume
    ISSN: 1981-383X Programa de Pós-graduação em História Comparada / UFRJ REVISTA DE HISTÓRIA COMPARADA 2011 Ano 5 Volume 5 Número 1 1 Revista de História Comparada (2011) – Ano 5 – Volume 5 – Número 1 – ISSN: 1981-383X Copyright© by Silvio de Almeida Carvalho Filho, Andréia Cristina Lopes Frazão da Silva, Fábio de Souza Lessa e Leila Rodrigues da Silva (editores) et alii , 2011. Revista de História Comparada. Programa de Pós-graduação em História Comparada/UFRJ. Ano 5, v. 5, n. 1. Rio de Janeiro: PPGHC, 2011. Semestral ISSN: 1981-383X História Comparada. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Programa de Pós-graduação em História Comparada. Programa de Pós-graduação de História Comparada Endereço: Largo de São Francisco de Paula n 1o., sala 311 – Centro – Rio de Janeiro – RJ BRASIL – CEP 20051-070 Tel.: 0 XX 21 2221-4049 Tel e Fax : 0 XX 21 22214049 Fax: 0 XX 21 2221-1470 E-mail: [email protected] Site : http://www.hcomparada.ifcs.ufrj.br Revisão: Edson Moreira Guimarães Neto Apoio Técnico: Edson Moreira Guimarães Neto, Marcelo Fernandes de Paula, Rafael Pinheiro de Araújo, Rodrigo Ballasteiro Pereira Thomaz 2 REVISTA DE HISTÓRIA COMPARADA Número 1 - Volume 5 – 08 - 2011 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO DE JANEIRO Reitor: Prof. Dr. Aloísio Teixeira INSTITUTO DE HISTÓRIA Diretor: Prof. Dr. Fábio de Souza Lessa PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM HISTÓRIA COMPARADA Coordenador: Profa. Dra. Gracilda Alves COMITÊ EDITORIAL Prof. Dr. Silvio de Almeida Carvalho Filho Profª. Dra. Andréia Cristina Lopes Frazão da Silva Prof. Dr. Fábio de Souza Lessa. Profª. Dra. Leila Rodrigues da Silva COMITÊ DE APOIO TÉCNICO Prof.
    [Show full text]