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Sakiz Adasi Ticareti T.C. İSTANBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ AKDENİZ DÜNYASI ARAŞTIRMALARI BİLİM DALI Yüksek Lisans Tezi XIX. YÜZYILDA SAKIZ ADASI TİCARETİ Hazırlayan: Hakan Başaralı 2501090345 Tez Danışmanı: Doç. Dr. Ali Fuat Örenç İstanbul 2012 XIX. Yüzyılda Sakız Adası Ticareti Hakan Başaralı ÖZ Sakız Adası, Cenevizlilerin hakimiyeti altında bulunduğu dönemde olduğu gibi Osmanlı idaresi zamanında da Avrupa, Doğu Akdeniz ve Kuzey Afrika arasındaki hatta seyahat eden ticaret gemilerinin mola verdikleri, seyahat durumuyla ilgili haber edindikleri önemli bir ticaret merkezi konumundaydı. Birçok akademik çalışmada önce XVI. Yüzyıl’da Sakız’ın Osmanlı tarafından fethedilmesiyle adadaki yabancı konsolosların İzmir’e taşınması ve sonra XIX. Yüzyılın başında adada vuku bulan 1821 Rum İsyanı gibi önemli hadiseler neticesinde Sakız Adası’nın ticari bakımdan İzmir’in gölgesinde kaldığı iddia edilerek adanın gerek Osmanlı Devleti gerekse Doğu Akdeniz coğrafyası içerisindeki durumu ihmal edilmiştir. Bu yüzden XIX. Yüzyıl’da Sakız ve Sakızlılar’ın ekonomik ve ticarî durumuna yeterince dikkat çekilmediğinden ada hakkında eksik değerlendirmelerle karşılaşılmaktadır. Bu eksikliğin giderilmesi yolunda mevcut çalışmada özellikle yabancı seyahatnameler, konsolos raporları, arşiv belgelerinden istifade edilerek Sakız Adası’nın XIX. yüzyıldaki ekonomik, ticarî konumu; yüzyıl sonunda inşa edilmiş olan yeni Sakız Limanı’nın oynadığı rol ele alınmıştır. Bunun dışında, 1822 Sakız İsyanı sonrasında adadan muhtelif ülkelere göç etmiş ada ahalisi tüccarlarının gittikleri yerlerde teşkil etmiş oldukları güçlü ticaret, finans ağı ve hâlâ Osmanlı İmparatorluğu topraklarında yaşayan akraba ve hemşehrileriyle olan ekonomik ilişkileri hakkında da ayrıntılı bilgi verilmeye çalışılmıştır. 2 ABSTRACT The island of Chios had occupied a significant position as a commercial center by being a port of call and a source of obtaining information for the merchantships that sail along Europe, Eastern Mediterranean and Northern Africa during the Otoman dominion likewise the precedent rule of Geneose. In various academic works it is asserted that aftermath some crucial events such as the Otoman conquest of Chios in XVI. century and then the Greek riot act of 1821, Chios was overshadowed by İzmir from the point of trade and hence either in Ottoman or Eastern Mediterranean geography the position of the island has been neglected. In other words due to the less attention over Chios and its economic and commercial conditions in XIX. century, it is commonly seen missing considerations about the island. In order to overcome this insufficiency on the present work by using the foreigners travel books, consul reports and archive documents; the island of Chios’ economic and commercial state and beside these the port of Chios which was built at the end of the century have been discussed. Apart from that, it is also tried to put forward a detailed profile of the emigrant Chiot merchants’ strong trade and finance network in various countries they settled after the 1822 Chios revolt and likewise the economical relations with their own relatives and compatriats who were already living in the Otoman Empire. 3 ÖNSÖZ Sakız Adası Limanı asırlar boyu kabiliyetli tüccarları sayesinde Doğu Akdeniz’in en yoğun limanlarından biri olarak temayüz etti. Ada, coğrafi konumu itibariyle Avrupa ile Doğu Akdeniz arasındaki deniz ticaretinin önemli bir transit noktasındaydı. Ayrıca zengin ahalisi tarafından adanın mamur edilmesi, Sakız Adası’na uzun yıllar boyunca ‘Doğu Akdeniz’in çiçeği’ denilmesini sağladı. 1821 Rum isyanı sürecinde Sakız Adası’nda çıkan 1822 ayaklanmasına kadar ada, Akdeniz’in en müreffeh yerlerinden biri olarak biliniyordu. Bundan sonra İmparatorluğun en işlek limanı haline gelmiş olan İzmir Limanı’nın gölgesinde kaldı. Buna rağmen birikim sahibi Sakızlılar çok geçmeden toparlandılar. Nitekim gerek İzmir, İstanbul gibi İmparatorluğun en önde gelen liman şehirlerinde ve gerekse Avrupa ve Rusya’nın yine önemli limanlarında yakın akrabalık ve hemşehrilik ilişkilerine dayanarak kurmuş oldukları ticaret ve finans ağı sayesinde, Sakızlılık kimliğinden de vazgeçmeyerek, XIX. yüzyılda Osmanlı Devleti, Avrupa ve Rusya’da geniş bir nüfuza ve zenginliğe ulaşmışlardır. 1821 Rum İsyanı sonrasında ada harap olmuş ve ticari faaliyeti büyük zarar görmüştü. Lakin adanın bu isyan sonrasında bir daha eski ticarî canlılığına ulaşamadığı gibi mevcut iddiaların aksine, isyandan yaklaşık 20-30 yıl sonra Osmanlı Devleti’nin Sakız ahalisine tanıdığı bir takım imtiyazlar sayesinde adanın ticarî ve ekonomik durumu güçlendiği, hatta XIX. Yüzyılın sonuna kadar birçok defa meydana gelmiş olan deprem, sel, salgın hastalıklara rağmen Sakız’ın tekrar eski canlılığına eriştiği anlaşılmaktadır. Bu çalışma, XIX. yüzyılda Sakız Adası’nın ticari durumuna ve Sakızlı tüccarların faaliyetlerine ışık tutmak amacıyla hazırlanmıştır. Üç kısımdan oluşan tezin ilk kısmında 1774 Küçük Kaynarca Antlaşması’ndan 1822 Sakız İsyanı’nı takip eden yıllara kadar adanın içinde bulunduğu siyasi ve ekonomik ortam hakkında bir 4 giriş yapılmıştır. Ardından bahsi geçen yüzyılda adanın, ticaret ve nakliyat alanındaki durumu ile Sakızlıların aldıkları imtiyaz beratları sayesinde İmparatorluk dâhilinde birçok noktada faal olan ticaret ve finans faaliyetleri incelenerek analiz edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Tezimizin ikinci kısımda esasen arşiv belgeleri temelinde adanın mevcut en büyük limanının tamir ve temizlenmesi ve yeni bir liman inşa süreci hakkında bilgi verilmiştir. Üçüncü kısımda Sakız Adası dışında yaşamakta olan Sakızlı tüccar- bankacı müteşebbislerinin muhtelif ticaret merkezinde kurmuş oldukları iş ağı ve bu ağ içinde nasıl bir yöntemin işlemekte olduğu muhtelif kaynaklar zemininde detaylı bir şekilde irdenelmeye gayret edilmiştir. Bu çalışmanın hazırlanması esnasında yardımını esirgemeyen kıymetli tez danışmanım Doç. Dr. Ali Fuat ÖRENÇ’e, tezi okuyarak düzeltmeler yapmamı sağlayan Dr. Metin ÜNVER’e, yazım aşamasında yardımını gördüğüm ağabeyim Korhan BAŞARALI’ya, Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi personeli başta olmak üzere yardımını gördüğüm herkese teşekkürü borç bilirim. 5 İÇİNDEKİLER ÖZ ...........................................................................................................2 ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………….3 ÖNSÖZ ....................................................................................................4 İÇİNDEKİLER ........................................................................................6 KISALTMALAR....................................................................................10 TABLOLAR LİSTESİ .......……........................................................... 11 GİRİŞ .....................................................................................................12 I. KISIM XIX. YÜZDILDA SAKIZ ADASI’NIN İKTİSADİ VE TİCARİ DURUMU BÖLÜM A. 1774- 1822 ARASI SAKIZ ADASI 1.1. 1774 Küçük Kaynarca Antlaşması Sonrası Sakız Adası ve Sakızlı Tüccarlar…………………………………………………………....... 27 1.2. XIX. Yüzyıl Başından Sakız İsyanı’na kadar Sakız Adası ve Sakızlı Tüccarlar………………………………………………………………33 1.3. 1822 Sakız İsyanı ve Adadaki Etkileri ………………………….36 1.3.1. Sakız İsyanı Sonrasında Adanın Ekonomik Durumu……44 1.3.2. İsyan Sonrasında Ada Dahilinde Ortaya Çıkan İkamet ve Emlak Meselesi……………………………………………………….45 1.3.3. İsyan Sonrasında Sakız Adası’nda Süregiden Güvenlik Meselesi ……………………………………………………………….46 6 1.3.4. Sakız İsyanı’nın Sonuçları………………………………..48 BÖLÜM B. SAKIZLI TÜCCARLAR ve SİGORTACI- BANKACILAR 1.1. Sakız Adası’nda Beratlı Tüccarlar ………………………………50 1.1.1.Doğu Akdeniz Ticaretinde Fransız Tüccarına Büyük Zarar Veren Sakızlı Rum Tüccarların Sahtekârlıkları………………………59 1.2. Sakızlı Adası’nda Patenta Meselesi ……………………………62 1.3. Sakız Adası’nda Sigortacılık……………………………………..67 1.4. Sakızlı Bankacılar………………………………………………...70 1.4.1. Sakızlıların Yunanistan’da Ulusal Bir Tarım Bankası Kurma Teşebbüsü..............................................................................................73 2.1. Sakız Adası Ticaretinde Müslüman Ahali………………………..74 2.1.1. Sakızlı Müslüman Tüccarlar……………………………….79 BÖLÜM C. SAKIZ ADASI’NDA TAŞIMACILIK VE TİCARET 1.1. Sakızlı Gemi Kaptanları………………………………………….80 1.2. Sakız Adası Özel Bahriye Mektebi………………………………83 1.3. Sakız Adası’nın Ticari Filosu………………………………….....88 2.1. Sakız Adası’nın İhracat ve İthalat Kalemleri……………………..94 2.1.1.Sakız Üretimi……………………………………………..101 3.1.Sakız Adası’nın Liman Faaliyeti………………………………….107 7 3.2.Devlet Kayıtlarına Göre Sakız Adası’na Uğrayan Vapurlar……115 3.2.1. Fevaid-i Osmaniye, Aziziye-i Mısır, İdare-i Mahsusa, Kumpanya Vapurları ile Şirket-i Hamidiye………………………...115 3.2.2. Avusturya Lloyd (Nemçe Loyd) Kumpanyası ………..116 3.2.3. Rusya Kumpanyası……………………………………117 3.2.4. İngiliz Asya Minör, Lambro ve Joli Kumpanyaları …...118 3.2.5. İtalya Faver Yuropa Tanbo Kumpanyası...……………119 3.2.6. Fransız Fraissinet (Fresine) Kumpanyası …………….119 3.2.7. Yunan Panelneyon, Pandeliyon, Panenyo Kumpanyaları........................................................................................120 3.2.8. Diğer Vapurlar………………………………………....120 II. KISIM SAKIZ ADASI’NDA YENİ LİMAN İNŞASI BÖLÜM A. SAKIZ LİMANI’NIN İNŞA SÜRECİ 1.1. XIX. Yüzyılda Doğu Akdeniz’de Liman İnşaatları ……………122 1.2. Sakız Limanı’nın Bir “Porto Franko”ya (Serbest Liman) Dönüştürülmesi Meselesi……………………………………………..124 1.3. Sakız Adası Limanı’nın Tamir, Temizleme ve İnşa Faaliyetleri..128 1.3.1. Sakız Limanı’nın İhalesi ………………………. ….133 1.3.2. Sakız Rıhtım ve Liman Şirketi ....………………….138 1.3.3.
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