Black Sea Project Working Papers vol. V Edhem Eldem, Sophia Laiou, †Vangelis Kechriotis THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE PORT-CITIES OF THE SOUTHERN BLACK SEA COAST AND HINTERLAND, LATE 18TH – BEGINNING OF THE 20TH CENTURY ISBN: 978-960-7260-57-4 Corfu 2017 Thales programme. Reinforcement of the Interdisciplinary and/or inter-institutional Research and Innovation Ionian University: “Black Sea and Port Cities from the 18th to the 20th centuries. Development, Convergence and Interconnections to the World Economy” volume 5b_final_2017.indd 1 18/3/2017 9:35:03 μμ Front page: The post card belongs to the private collection of Professor Edhem Eldem. The text in French says: “Dear friend, lately I received a nice post card, but I am complaining because I expected a long letter describing in detail your trip and your impression from beautiful Constantinople. Greetings, Philippe, 14/6/1907”. volume 5b_final_2017.indd 2 18/3/2017 9:35:03 μμ In memory of Vangelis Kechriotis and Evrydiki Sifneos volume 5b_final_2017.indd 3 18/3/2017 9:35:03 μμ Black Sea Project Working Papers Series 1. Constantin Ardeleanu and Andreas Lyberatos (eds), Port-Cities of the Western Shore of the Black Sea: Economic and Social Development, 18th – Early 20th Centuries, Black Sea Working Papers, vol. 1. 2. Evrydiki Sifneos, Oksana Iurkova and Valentina Shandra (eds), Port-Cities of the Northern Shore of the Black Sea: Institutional, Economic and Social De- velopment, 18th – Early 20th Centuries, Black Sea Working Papers, vol. 2. 3. Gelina Harlaftis, Victoria Konstantinova and Igor Lyman (eds), The Port-Cities of the Eastern Coast of the Black Sea, Late 18th – Early 20th Centuries, Black Sea Working Papers, vol. 3. 4. Mikhail Davidov, Gelina Harlaftis, Vladimir Kulikov and Vladimir Mo- rozan, The Economic Development of the Port-Cities of the Northern and Southern Black Sea Coast, 19th – Beginning of the 20th Century. Transport, Industry and Finance, Black Sea Working Papers, vol. 4. 5. Edhem Eldem, Vangelis Kechriotis, Sophia Laiou (eds), The Economic and Social Development of the Port–Cities of the Southern Black Sea Coast, Late 18th – Beginning of the 20th Century, Black Sea Working Papers, vol. 5. 6. Vassilis Colonas, Alexandra Yerolympos and Athina Vitopoulou, Archi- tecture and City Planning in the Black Sea Port-Cities, Black Sea Working Papers, vol. 6. 7. Maria Christina Chatziioannou (ed.), Linkages of the Black Sea with the West. Trade and Immigration, Black Sea Working Papers, vol. 7. 8. Socratis Petmezas, George Kostelenos and Alexandra Papadopoulou (eds), with the Collaboration of Marios Emmanouil, The Development of 24 Black Sea Port-Cities. A Statistical Approach, Black Sea Working Papers, vol. 8. 9. I. Theotokas – A.A. Pallis – M. Lekakou, Shipping, Ports and Cities in Soviet and post-Soviet Period. Reintegration in the Global Economy, Black Sea Working Papers, vol. 9. 10. Evrydiki Sifneos, Imperial Odessa: Peoples, Spaces, Identities, Black Sea Working Papers, vol. 10. 11. Alexandra Papadopoulou, The Intregration of the Black Sea Markets to the Global Economy, 19th Century, Black Sea Working Papers, vol. 11. 12. Anna Sydorenko, The Economic and Social Development of the Crimean City-Ports During the Second Half of the 19th Century, Black Sea Working Papers, vol. 12. 13. Iannis Carras and Eugene Chernukhin, The Balkan Merchants of Nezhin 17th-19th centuries, Black Sea Working Papers, vol. 13. volume 5b_final_2017.indd 4 18/3/2017 9:35:03 μμ Table of Contents Introduction ...................................................................... vii Chapter I: The role of Istanbul in the Black Sea and international trade 1. Sophia Laiou, The Ottoman state and the Black Sea Trade, 18th –beginning of the 19th century ............................... 1 2. Gerasimos Pagratis, The Ottoman Empire and the Ionian maritime enterprises (late 18th-early 19th century) ....... 17 3. Christos Hadziiossif, Parallel lives: Greek shipping and the port of Istanbul ....................................................... 27 4. Katerina Galani, The Galata Bankers and the international banking of the Greek business group in the 19th century 45 Chapter II: The development of the Black Sea economy in the 19th century 1. Edhem Eldem, Scanning the Ottoman Black Sea in 1900 through the Revue commerciale du Levant ............................ 83 2. †Evrydiki Sifneos, “Was the extraction of coal at Kozlu and Zonguldak mines profitable?” An attempt at an answer from the Courdgi papers ............................................... 109 volume 5b_final_2017.indd 5 18/3/2017 9:35:03 μμ vi The Economic and Social Development of Port-Cities, 18th-beginning of 20th c. 3. Ekin Mahmuzlu, The Transformation of the Mercantile Shipping in Eastern Anatolian Black Sea Ports between 1834 and 1914 ............................................................... 123 4. Stavros Anestidis, Samsun (Amisos). Aspects of financial development and cosmopolitanism in the late 19th centu- ry ............................................................................... 157 5. Şahika Karatepe ‒ Mustafa Batman, The Rising of a Muslim Merchant Family: The Nemlizade’s ................. 167 6. Mehmet Yavuz Erler ‒ Mucize Ünlü, Refugees in the basin of the Canik mines: Greek Orthodox from mining to agriculture (1790-1884) ............................................ 183 Chapter III: Politics, Administration and the Ottoman Greek communities in the Black Sea 1. Kudret Emiroğlu, The Interaction of the State with the Communities in Trabzon based on the Salnames, the Official Year-Books (1869-1904) ................................... 221 2. Hamdi Özdiş, Some Observations on the Structure of Pow- er Relations and Ottoman Administration in the Late Nineteenth-Century Trabzon Vilayet ........................... 293 3. †Vangelis Kechriotis, Greek-Orthodox in politics and the economy of the Black Sea port cities at the end of the Empire ......................................................................... 305 4. Elia Kyfonidou, The Greek-Orthodox communities of Pontus at the beginning of the twentieth century: A glimpse at the Greek bibliography ................................ 315 volume 5b_final_2017.indd 6 18/3/2017 9:35:04 μμ Introduction Edhem Eldem – Sophia Laiou The southern coast covers the Ottoman and later Turkish area from Istanbul to east of Rize, an area populated until the beginning of the twentieth century mostly by Muslims, but with also a significant non-Muslim population both in the port-cities and the hinterland. From the fifteenth century until the treaty of Küçük Kaynarcı in 1774 after the Russo-Ottoman war (1768-1774) the Black Sea re- mained an “Ottoman lake”, since no foreign ship was allowed to pass the Straits. In this way, the Ottoman empire wished to fully control the Black Sea trade and impose Istanbul as the obligatory transit station for all the trade routes. Only with the afore men- tioned treaty and the treaty of Aynalı Kavak in 1779 Russia and other foreign states managed to trade freely in the Black Sea and pass through the Straits. Since then and throughout the nineteenth century, the Ottoman Black Sea coast and its hinterland developed economically, and the two port cities, Samsun and Trebizond, served as transit stations for the connection between East,- especially Iran-, Anatolia, the Russian coast and Istanbul1. The volume on the Ottoman Black Sea is divided into sections based on thematic criterion. In the first section the focus is on Istan- bul as the prominent economic and consuming centre, which con- nected the Black Sea with the eastern Mediterranean and the West. The enormous consuming demands of the Ottoman capital had already urged for a close economic relation between the imperial centre and the Western Black Sea coast, that is the Ottoman prov- ince of present day Bulgaria and the then autonomous Danubian Principalities (today Moldavia and Wallachia); for centuries both regions supplied Istanbul with significant amounts of grain, dairy, animals and other products. From the eighteenth century onwards, 1. X. de Planhol, “Kara Deniz”, Encyclopedia of Islam, 2nd ed., v. IV,p. 575-577. volume 5b_final_2017.indd 7 18/3/2017 9:35:04 μμ viii The Economic and Social Development of Port-Cities, 18th-beginning of 20th c. when the trade with the Russian part of the Black Sea increased and the latter gradually ceased to be exclusively under Ottoman control, the Black Sea trade became all the more important for both economic and political reasons. The state, on its behalf, regular- ized the provision trade from the western Black Sea and imposed specific rules to those who engaged in it, in order to continue the smooth provision of the capital with foodstuff. On the other hand, the policy of granting official permission for free navigation in the Black Sea by the Ottoman administration empire in 1780s until the beginning of the nineteenth century demonstrated the Ottomans’ effort to control the economic competition between Ottoman, Rus- sian and European merchants and ship-owners in an area that was considered by them of vital economic and strategic importance; more so because it became apparent that the trade especially with the Russian part of the Black Sea was more profitable than with the western coast. In this respect, it was not only the geographical location of Is- tanbul-at the entrance to the Black Sea- but also the political power concentrated in the City that made up the Istanbul’s image. In this framework “the ‘port city’ identity of Istanbul was always