DOCSLIB.ORG

What Is Child Abuse and Neglect? Recognizing the Signs and Symptoms

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
What Is Child Abuse and Neglect? Recognizing the Signs and Symptoms FACTSHEET April 2019 What Is Child Abuse and WHAT’S INSIDE Neglect? Recognizing the How is child abuse and neglect defined Signs and Symptoms in Federal law? What are the major The first step in helping children who have been types of child abuse abused or neglected is learning to recognize the and neglect? signs of maltreatment. The presence of a single sign does not necessarily mean that child maltreatment Recognizing signs of abuse and neglect is occurring in a family, but a closer look at the and when to report situation may be warranted when these signs appear repeatedly or in combination. This factsheet is Resources intended to help you better understand the Federal definition of child abuse and neglect; learn about the different types of abuse and neglect, including human trafficking; and recognize their signs and symptoms. It also includes additional resources with information on how to effectively identify and report maltreatment and refer children who have been maltreated. Children’s Bureau/ACYF/ACF/HHS 800.394.3366 | Email: [email protected] | https://www.childwelfare.gov What Is Child Abuse and Neglect? Recognizing the Signs and Symptoms https://www.childwelfare.gov How Is Child Abuse and Neglect To view civil definitions that determine the grounds Defined in Federal Law? for intervention by State child protective agencies, visit Information Gateway’s Definitions of Child Abuse Federal legislation lays the groundwork for State laws and Neglect at https://www.childwelfare.gov/topics/ on child maltreatment by identifying a minimum set of systemwide/laws-policies/statutes/define/. actions or behaviors that define child abuse and neglect. The Federal Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA), as amended and reauthorized by the CAPTA Child Maltreatment reports. These annual Reauthorization Act of 2010, defines child abuse and reports summarize annual child maltreatment neglect as, at a minimum, “any recent act or failure to and neglect statistics submitted by States to the act on the part of a parent or caretaker which results in National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System. death, serious physical or emotional harm, sexual abuse or They include information about victims, fatalities, exploitation (including sexual abuse as determined under perpetrators, services, and additional research. section 111), or an act or failure to act which presents an The reports are available at http://www.acf.hhs. imminent risk of serious harm” (42 U.S.C. 5101 note, § 3). gov/programs/cb/research-data-technology/ statistics-research/child-maltreatment. Additionally, it stipulates that “a child shall be considered a victim of ‘child abuse and neglect’ and of ‘sexual abuse’ if Child Welfare Outcomes Report Data. This the child is identified, by a State or local agency employee website provides information on the performance of the State or locality involved, as being a victim of sex of States in seven outcome categories related trafficking1 (as defined in paragraph (10) of section 7102 of to the safety, permanency, and well-being of title 22) or a victim of severe forms of trafficking in persons children involved in the child welfare system. described in paragraph (9)(A) of that section” (42 U.S.C. § Data, which are made available on the website 5106g(b)(2)). prior to the release of the annual report, include the number of child victims of maltreatment. To Most Federal and State child protection laws primarily view the website, visit https://cwoutcomes.acf.hhs. refer to cases of harm to a child caused by parents or other gov/cwodatasite/. caregivers; they generally do not include harm caused by other people, such as acquaintances or strangers. Some State laws also include a child’s witnessing of domestic violence as a form of abuse or neglect. What Are the Major Types of Child Abuse and Neglect? For State-specific laws pertaining to child abuse and Within the minimum standards set by CAPTA, each State neglect, see Child Welfare Information Gateway’s State is responsible for providing its own definitions of child Statutes Search page at https://www.childwelfare.gov/ abuse and neglect. Most States recognize four major topics/systemwide/laws-policies/state/. types of maltreatment: physical abuse, neglect, sexual abuse, and emotional abuse. Additionally, many States 1 According to the Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000, sex trafficking is categorized as a “severe form of trafficking in persons” and is identify abandonment, parental substance use, and defined as a “situation in which a commercial sex act is induced by force, fraud, human trafficking as abuse or neglect. While some of or coercion, or in which the person induced to perform such act has not attained 18 years of age.” As of May 2017, States are required to have provisions and these types of maltreatment may be found separately, procedures in place as part of their CAPTA State Plans that require “identification they can occur in combination. This section provides brief and assessment of all reports involving children known or suspected to be victims of sex trafficking and…training child protective services workers about definitions for each of these types. identifying, assessing, and providing comprehensive services for children who are sex trafficking victims, including efforts to coordinate with State law enforcement, juvenile justice, and social service agencies such as runaway and homeless youth shelters…” This material may be freely reproduced and distributed. However, when doing so, please credit Child Welfare Information Gateway. This publication is available online at https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/factsheets/whatiscan/. 2 What Is Child Abuse and Neglect? Recognizing the Signs and Symptoms https://www.childwelfare.gov Physical abuse is a nonaccidental physical injury to a to the definition of neglect for parents who choose not child caused by a parent, caregiver, or other person to seek medical care for their children due to religious responsible for a child and can include punching, beating, beliefs.4 kicking, biting, shaking, throwing, stabbing, choking, hitting (with a hand, stick, strap, or other object), burning, Sexual abuse includes activities by a parent or other or otherwise causing physical harm.2 Physical discipline, caregiver such as fondling a child’s genitals, penetration, such as spanking or paddling, is not considered abuse as incest, rape, sodomy, indecent exposure, and exploitation long as it is reasonable and causes no bodily injury to the through prostitution or the production of pornographic child. Injuries from physical abuse could range from minor materials. Sexual abuse is defined by CAPTA as “the bruises to severe fractures or death. employment, use, persuasion, inducement, enticement, or coercion of any child to engage in, or assist any other Neglect is the failure of a parent or other caregiver to person to engage in, any sexually explicit conduct or provide for a child’s basic needs. Neglect generally simulation of such conduct for the purpose of producing includes the following categories: a visual depiction of such conduct; or the rape, and in cases of caretaker or interfamilial relationships, statutory Physical (e.g., failure to provide necessary food or rape, molestation, prostitution, or other form of sexual shelter, lack of appropriate supervision) exploitation of children, or incest with children”(42 U.S.C. Medical (e.g., failure to provide necessary medical § 5106g(a)(4)). or mental health treatment, withholding medically indicated treatment from children with life-threatening Emotional abuse (or psychological abuse) is a pattern of 3 conditions) behavior that impairs a child’s emotional development or Educational (e.g., failure to educate a child or attend to sense of self-worth. This may include constant criticism, special education needs) threats, or rejection as well as withholding love, support, Emotional (e.g., inattention to a child’s emotional or guidance. Emotional abuse is often difficult to prove, needs, failure to provide psychological care, permitting and, therefore, child protective services may not be able a child to use alcohol or other drugs) to intervene without evidence of harm or mental injury to the child (Prevent Child Abuse America, 2016). Sometimes cultural values, the standards of care in the community, and poverty may contribute to what is Abandonment is considered in many States as a form perceived as maltreatment, indicating the family may of neglect. In general, a child is considered to be need information or assistance. It is important to note that abandoned when the parent’s identity or whereabouts are living in poverty is not considered child abuse or neglect. unknown, the child has been left alone in circumstances However, a family’s failure to use available information and where the child suffers serious harm, the child has been resources to care for their child may put the child’s health deserted with no regard for his or her health or safety, or or safety at risk, and child welfare intervention could be the parent has failed to maintain contact with the child or required. In addition, many States provide an exception provide reasonable support for a specified period of time. Some States have enacted laws—often called safe haven 2 Nonaccidental injury that is inflicted by someone other than a parent, guardian, relative, or other caregiver (i.e., a stranger) is considered a criminal laws—that provide safe places for parents to relinquish act that is not addressed
Load more

Recommended publications
  • State Definitions of Child Abuse and Neglect
    State Definitions Of Child Abuse and Neglect ORC 2151.031 Abused child defined As used in this chapter, an “abused child” includes any child who: (A) Is the victim of “sexual activity” as defined under Chapter 2907. of the Revised Code, where such activity would constitute an offense under that chapter, except that the court need not find that any person has been convicted of the offense in order to find that the child is an abused child; (B) Is endangered as defined in section 2919.22 of the Revised Code, except that the court need not find that any person has been convicted under that section in order to find that the child is an abused child; (C) Exhibits evidence of any physical or mental injury or death, inflicted other than by accidental means, or an injury or death which is at variance with the history given of it. Except as provided in division (D) of this section, a child exhibiting evidence of corporal punishment or other physical disciplinary measure by a parent, guardian, custodian, person having custody or control, or person in loco parentis of a child is not an abused child under this division if the measure is not prohibited under section 2919.22 of the Revised Code. (D) Because of the acts of his parents, guardian, or custodian, suffers physical or mental injury that harms or threatens to harm the child’s health or welfare. (E) Is subjected to out-of-home care child abuse. ORC 2151.03 Neglected child defined - failure to provide medical or surgical care for religious reasons (A) As used in this chapter, “neglected child”
    [Show full text]
  • Placement of Children with Relatives
    STATE STATUTES Current Through January 2018 WHAT’S INSIDE Placement of Children With Giving preference to relatives for out-of-home Relatives placements When a child is removed from the home and placed Approving relative in out-of-home care, relatives are the preferred placements resource because this placement type maintains the child’s connections with his or her family. In fact, in Placement of siblings order for states to receive federal payments for foster care and adoption assistance, federal law under title Adoption by relatives IV-E of the Social Security Act requires that they Summaries of state laws “consider giving preference to an adult relative over a nonrelated caregiver when determining a placement for a child, provided that the relative caregiver meets all relevant state child protection standards.”1 Title To find statute information for a IV-E further requires all states2 operating a title particular state, IV-E program to exercise due diligence to identify go to and provide notice to all grandparents, all parents of a sibling of the child, where such parent has legal https://www.childwelfare. gov/topics/systemwide/ custody of the sibling, and other adult relatives of the laws-policies/state/. child (including any other adult relatives suggested by the parents) that (1) the child has been or is being removed from the custody of his or her parents, (2) the options the relative has to participate in the care and placement of the child, and (3) the requirements to become a foster parent to the child.3 1 42 U.S.C.
    [Show full text]
  • Kinship Terminology
    Fox (Mesquakie) Kinship Terminology IVES GODDARD Smithsonian Institution A. Basic Terms (Conventional List) The Fox kinship system has drawn a fair amount of attention in the ethno­ graphic literature (Tax 1937; Michelson 1932, 1938; Callender 1962, 1978; Lounsbury 1964). The terminology that has been discussed consists of the basic terms listed in §A, with a few minor inconsistencies and errors in some cases. Basically these are the terms given by Callender (1962:113-121), who credits the terminology given by Tax (1937:247-254) as phonemicized by CF. Hockett. Callender's terms include, however, silent corrections of Tax from Michelson (1938) or fieldwork, or both. (The abbreviations are those used in Table l.)1 Consanguines Grandparents' Generation (1) nemesoha 'my grandfather' (GrFa) (2) no hkomesa 'my grandmother' (GrMo) Parents' Generation (3) nosa 'my father' (Fa) (4) nekya 'my mother' (Mo [if Ego's female parent]) (5) nesekwisa 'my father's sister' (Pat-Aunt) (6) nes'iseha 'my mother's brother' (Mat-Unc) (7) nekiha 'my mother's sister' (Mo [if not Ego's female parent]) 'Other abbreviations used are: AI = animate intransitive; AI + O = tran- sitivized AI; Ch = child; ex. = example; incl. = inclusive; m = male; obv. = obviative; pi. = plural; prox. = proximate; sg. = singular; TA = transitive ani­ mate; TI-0 = objectless transitive inanimate; voc. = vocative; w = female; Wi = wife. Some citations from unpublished editions of texts by Alfred Kiyana use abbreviations: B = Buffalo; O = Owl (for these, see Goddard 1990a:340). 244 FOX
    [Show full text]
  • Parent-Child Interaction Therapy with At-Risk Families
    ISSUE BRIEF January 2013 Parent-Child Interaction Therapy With At-Risk Families Parent-child interaction therapy (PCIT) is a family-centered What’s Inside: treatment approach proven effective for abused and at-risk children ages 2 to 8 and their caregivers—birth parents, • What makes PCIT unique? adoptive parents, or foster or kin caregivers. During PCIT, • Key components therapists coach parents while they interact with their • Effectiveness of PCIT children, teaching caregivers strategies that will promote • Implementation in a child positive behaviors in children who have disruptive or welfare setting externalizing behavior problems. Research has shown that, as a result of PCIT, parents learn more effective parenting • Resources for further information techniques, the behavior problems of children decrease, and the quality of the parent-child relationship improves. Child Welfare Information Gateway Children’s Bureau/ACYF 1250 Maryland Avenue, SW Eighth Floor Washington, DC 20024 800.394.3366 Email: [email protected] Use your smartphone to https:\\www.childwelfare.gov access this issue brief online. Parent-Child Interaction Therapy With At-Risk Families https://www.childwelfare.gov This issue brief is intended to build a better of the model, which have been experienced understanding of the characteristics and by families along the child welfare continuum, benefits of PCIT. It was written primarily to such as at-risk families and those with help child welfare caseworkers and other confirmed reports of maltreatment or neglect, professionals who work with at-risk families are described below. make more informed decisions about when to refer parents and caregivers, along with their children, to PCIT programs.
    [Show full text]
  • Child Abuse Packet for KIDS
    Child Abuse Signs & Symptoms; Attitudes & Actions What is Child Abuse? Child abuse, or child maltreatment, is an act by a parent or caretaker that results in or allows the child to be subjected to death, physical injury, sexual assault, or emotional harm. Emotional abuse, neglect, physical abuse, and sexual abuse are all different forms of child abuse. Child abuse is more than bruises and broken bones. While physical abuse might be the most visible, other types of abuse, such as emotional abuse and neglect, also leave deep, lasting scars. The earlier abused children get help, the greater chance they have to heal and break the cycle—rather than perpetuating it. By learning about common signs of abuse and what you can do to intervene, you can make a huge difference in a child’s life. Types of Child Abuse There are several types of child abuse, but the core element that ties them together is the emotional effect on the child. Children need predictability, structure, clear boundaries, and the knowledge that their parents are looking out for their safety. Abused children cannot predict how their parents will act. Their world is an unpredictable, frightening place with no rules. Whether the abuse is a slap, a harsh comment, stony silence, or not knowing if there will be dinner on the table tonight, the end result is a child that feels unsafe, uncared for, and alone. Emotional child abuse Sticks and stones may break my bones but words will never hurt me? Contrary to this old saying, emotional abuse can severely damage a child’s mental health or social development, leaving lifelong psychological scars.
    [Show full text]
  • What Is a Child & Family Team Meeting?
    What is a Child & Family Team When is a Child & Family Team Meeting Location and Time Meeting? Meeting Necessary? We believe that Child & Family Team Meetings should be conducted at a mutu- A Child & Family Team Meeting (CFT) is A child has been found to be at high risk. ally agreeable and accessible location/time a strength based meeting that brings to- A child is at risk of out of home place- that maximizes opportunities for family gether your family, natural supports, and ment. participation. Please let us know your pref- formal resources. The meeting is lead by a Prior to the removal of a child from his erences regarding the time and location of trained facilitator to ensure that all partici- home. your meeting. pants have an opportunity to be involved Prior to a placement change of a child and heard. The purpose of the meeting is already in care. You have the right to…. to address the needs of your family and to Have your rights explained to you in a Prior to a change in a child’s perma- manner which is clear build upon its strengths. The goal of the nency goal. process is to enable your child(ren) to re- When requested by a parent, social main safely at home whenever possible. Receive written information or interpre- worker, or youth. tation in your native language. When there are multiple agencies in- The purpose of the Child & volved. Read, review, and receive written infor- At other critical decision points. mation regarding your child’s record Family Team Meeting is upon request.
    [Show full text]
  • The California Child Abuse & Neglect Reporting Law Issues and Answers for Mandated Reporters
    The California Child Abuse & Neglect Reporting Law Issues and Answers for Mandated Reporters California Department of Social Services Office of Child Abuse Prevention Table of Contents Acknowledgements i Introduction ii The Reporting Law. 1 Why What Who When To whom Immunity Other protections Liabilities Feedback Identification . 7 Environment Problems Parental clues Physical indicators Behavioral indicators Guidelines to Determine Reasonable Suspicion . 10 Assessment with a verbal child Physical abuse Sexual abuse Neglect Emotional abuse Additional factors in the assessment process Assessment with a nonverbal child Assessment with the family What to tell the parents/caretakers Assessment of false allegations The Major Treatment Issues. 16 Confidentiality Therapist’s reactions to working with abuse Helpful interventions Non-helpful interventions Questions Often Asked . 21 1. Who am I to say what is abusive? 2. What if I make a mistake? 3. What is the fine line between abuse and discipline? 4. What if the abuse occurred in the past? 5. What if an adult state he/she was abused as a child? 6. What about testifying in court? 7. What age child is most at risk of abuse? 8. What is the difference between children’s "normal" sex play and sexual abuse? 9. What is the reporting responsibility regarding sexually active minors? 10. Are clergy mandated to report? 11. Are alcoholism programs exempt from reporting? 12. May I make an anonymous report? 13. What happens after a report is made? 14. Does a positive toxicology screen at the time of delivery require a child abuse report? 15. Should a person’s culture be considered in determining if a report should be made? 16.
    [Show full text]
  • Convention on the Rights of the Child
    Convention on the Rights of the Child Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 44/25 of 20 November 1989 entry into force 2 September 1990, in accordance with article 49 Preamble The States Parties to the present Convention, Considering that, in accordance with the principles proclaimed in the Charter of the United Nations, recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world, Bearing in mind that the peoples of the United Nations have, in the Charter, reaffirmed their faith in fundamental human rights and in the dignity and worth of the human person, and have determined to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom, Recognizing that the United Nations has, in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and in the International Covenants on Human Rights, proclaimed and agreed that everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth therein, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status, Recalling that, in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the United Nations has proclaimed that childhood is entitled to special care and assistance, Convinced that the family, as the fundamental group of society and the natural environment for the growth and well-being of all its members and particularly children, should be afforded
    [Show full text]
  • Differences in Narcissistic Presentation in Abused and Non- Abused Children and Adolescents
    The University of Southern Mississippi The Aquila Digital Community Dissertations Summer 8-2014 Differences in Narcissistic Presentation in Abused and Non- Abused Children and Adolescents Mallory Laine Malkin University of Southern Mississippi Follow this and additional works at: https://aquila.usm.edu/dissertations Part of the Applied Behavior Analysis Commons, Child Psychology Commons, Clinical Psychology Commons, School Psychology Commons, and the Social Psychology Commons Recommended Citation Malkin, Mallory Laine, "Differences in Narcissistic Presentation in Abused and Non-Abused Children and Adolescents" (2014). Dissertations. 274. https://aquila.usm.edu/dissertations/274 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by The Aquila Digital Community. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of The Aquila Digital Community. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The University of Southern Mississippi DIFFERENCES IN NARCISSISTIC PRESENTATION IN ABUSED AND NON-ABUSED CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS by Mallory Laine Malkin Abstract of a Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Southern Mississippi in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy August 2014 ABSTRACT DIFFERENCES IN NARCISSISTIC PRESENTATION IN ABUSED AND NON-ABUSED CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS by Mallory Laine Malkin August 2014 The present study examined whether children and adolescents who have been victims of sexual or physical abuse report higher levels of narcissistic tendencies than children and adolescents who have not been victims of abuse. Inaddition to narcissism, internalizing symptoms, externalizing behaviors, and risky behaviors were evaluated, as such issues have been associated with both maltreatment (Baer & Maschi, 2003) and narcissism (Barry & Malkin, 2010; Bushman & Baumeister, 1998).
    [Show full text]
  • Definitions of Child Abuse and Neglect
    STATE STATUTES Current Through March 2019 WHAT’S INSIDE Defining child abuse or Definitions of Child neglect in State law Abuse and Neglect Standards for reporting Child abuse and neglect are defined by Federal Persons responsible for the child and State laws. At the State level, child abuse and neglect may be defined in both civil and criminal Exceptions statutes. This publication presents civil definitions that determine the grounds for intervention by Summaries of State laws State child protective agencies.1 At the Federal level, the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment To find statute information for a Act (CAPTA) has defined child abuse and neglect particular State, as "any recent act or failure to act on the part go to of a parent or caregiver that results in death, https://www.childwelfare. serious physical or emotional harm, sexual abuse, gov/topics/systemwide/ or exploitation, or an act or failure to act that laws-policies/state/. presents an imminent risk of serious harm."2 1 States also may define child abuse and neglect in criminal statutes. These definitions provide the grounds for the arrest and prosecution of the offenders. 2 CAPTA Reauthorization Act of 2010 (P.L. 111-320), 42 U.S.C. § 5101, Note (§ 3). Children’s Bureau/ACYF/ACF/HHS 800.394.3366 | Email: [email protected] | https://www.childwelfare.gov Definitions of Child Abuse and Neglect https://www.childwelfare.gov CAPTA defines sexual abuse as follows: and neglect in statute.5 States recognize the different types of abuse in their definitions, including physical abuse, The employment, use, persuasion, inducement, neglect, sexual abuse, and emotional abuse.
    [Show full text]
  • 3344-95-02 Definitions
    3344-95-02 Definitions. (A) Child abuse An “abused child” includes any child who: (1) Is the victim of sexual activity, which includes children who are the victim of statutory rape, sexual assault. (2) Is endangered as defined in section 2919.22 of the Revised Code. A child is endangered if the person who is the parent, guardian, custodian or is in loco parentis of a child creates a substantial risk to the health or safety of the child. Specific examples include child abuse, torture, excessive corporal punishment that creates a substantial risk of serious physical harm or impairment to the child’s mental health and encouraging, permitting or compelling a child to act, model or otherwise participate in the production, presentation, dissemination or obscene, sexually oriented material. (3) Exhibits evidence of any physical or mental injury or death, inflicted other than by accidental means, or an injury or death, which is at variance with the history given of it. (4) Because of the acts of his parents, guardian, or custodian, suffers physical or mental injury that harms or threatens to harm the child’s health or welfare. (5) Is subjected to out-of-home care child abuse. (B) Neglected child A “neglected child” includes any child who: (1) Is abandoned by the child’s parents, guardian, or custodian. (2) Who lacks adequate parental care because of the faults or habits of the child’s parents, guardian, or custodian. 3344-95-02 2 (3) Whose parents, guardian, or custodian neglects the child or refuses to provide proper or necessary subsistence, education, medical or surgical care or treatment, or other care necessary for the child’s health, morals, or well-being.
    [Show full text]
  • Recovering from Childhood Abuse
    Recovering from Childhood Abuse Sarah Kelly and Jonathan Bird This book is written by survivors for all survivors who experienced any form of abuse or neglect in childhood and for those who provide support. 2014 Copyright © NAPAC 2014 1 Dedication To all the brave survivors and their supporters who have helped us learn what works in recovering from childhood abuse. In memory of those people who could not find the support they needed to survive as adults and tragically took their own lives. All happy families are alike; each unhappy family is unhappy in its own way. Leo Tolstoy, Anna Karenina People are not disturbed by things, but by the view they take of them. Epictetus, first century AD Thanks to BIG Lottery and all our other generous funders and donors who have made NAPAC’s work and this book possible. Grateful thanks also go to Peter Saunders, Helen Munt, Julie Brock, Kathryn Livingston and Melanie Goodwin of First Person Plural, and Tracey Storey of Irwin Mitchell, who have all contributed to the writing of this book. Proof reading and layout were kindly donated by James Badenoch QC, Ann Watkins and Katie John, and our thanks go to them for their time and efforts. Copyright © NAPAC 2014 2 Contents Page About the authors 4 Foreword – Tim Lambert 5 Introduction 6 Chapter 1: What is abuse? 9 Chapter 2: Maladaptive coping strategies 25 Chapter 3: Mental health 32 Chapter 4: Dissociative spectrum – Katherine and Melanie of FPP 41 Chapter 5: Impacts 49 Chapter 6: Therapy and appropriate coping mechanisms 56 Chapter 7: Transfer of responsibility 67 Chapter 8: How to disclose and how to hear disclosure 80 Chapter 9: The legal process – Tracey Storey, solicitor, Irwin Mitchell 86 Conclusions 96 Bibliography 98 Useful contacts 99 Copyright © NAPAC 2014 3 About the authors Sarah Kelly is a survivor of childhood emotional and sexual abuse.
    [Show full text]