Study of Solar Thermal Energy in the Industrial Sector Here Goes the Title of the Master's

SAMINT-MILI 20061

Master’s Thesis 30 credits September 2020

Study of Solar Thermal Energy in the Industrial Sector HCaseere on g Multinationaloes the Title Companies of the in M Indiaaster ’s Followed by the subtitle Thesis Chidambaram Sankar Mana Mohan Muniraja

Master’s Programme in Industrial Management and Innovation Masterprogram i industriell ledning och innovation Abstract

Study of Solar Thermal Energy in the Industrial Sector

Chidambaram Sankar and Mana Mohan Muniraja

Faculty of Science and Technology Solar thermal technology is a rapidly evolving technology that still has a smaller market share than other green technologies. Therefore, this study aims to recognize Visiting address: Ångströmlaboratoriet barriers and drivers for the use of solar thermal technologies in the industrial Lägerhyddsvägen 1 sector. House 4, Level 0

Postal address: A literature review summarized the existing literature problems concerning drivers Box 536 and barriers for the use of solar thermal technology in the industrial sector. To 751 21 Uppsala establish drivers and barriers to the use of solar thermal technology in the industrial Telephone: sector and to supplement the literature review, a cross-sectional analysis was +46 (0)18 – 471 30 03 carried out in this study. Case studies have been performed in India, where two Telefax: companies have undergone pilot testing of solar thermal systems in their +46 (0)18 – 471 30 00 manufacturing processes, and one has an option to incorporate solar thermal

Web page: systems. http://www.teknik.uu.se/student-en/ Purposeful sampling was used to select the companies for the interviews, while convenience sampling and the snowball sampling were used to pick interview participants, further in this research six interviews was conducted from 4 different companies in the industrial sector. The findings were presented with thematic analysis. Drivers and Barriers have been divided into themes. Namely, Drivers include futuristic technology and Barriers include high costs, infrastructure requirements, more efficient and cheaper alternatives and lack of institutional support.

Futuristic technology theme explains why this technology is beneficial for industrial adoption in the Indian market. High cost theme explains why this technology is expensive over other renewable sources. Infrastructure requirements theme explains installation barriers influencing the adoption of solar thermal systems in the industrial process. Efficient and cheaper alternatives theme explains competitors influencing the adoption of solar thermal energy in the industrial sector. Lack of institutional support theme explains government and multinational companies that are influencing the adoption of solar thermal energy in the industrial sector.

Aspects covered by the theme, high costs were most frequently mentioned among the respondents, suggesting that barriers play a significant role in implementing solar thermal systems. In contrast, aspects covered by the themes lack institutional support, infrastructure requirements, and more efficient and cheaper alternatives have not been addressed in the literature.

Finally, the study concluded that adoption of solar thermal energy in the Industrial Sector faces various barriers and drivers that must be investigated before the implementation.

Keywords: Solar Thermal Technology, Industrial Sector, Drivers, Barriers and Adoption

Supervisor: Joakim Byström Subject reader: Cajsa Bartusch and Fouad El Gohary Examiner: David Sköld SAMINT-MILI 20061 Printed by: Uppsala Universitet Popular Science Summary

Popular Science Summary Among all primary energy consumers, the industry is the highest consumer of energy. The industrial sector consumes 37% of the world's total energy consumption (Kurhe et al., 2020). Industrial processes depend mainly on electricity or fossil fuels to provide industrial process heat (ibid). At present, fossil fuels play a significant role in meeting the demand for process heating for various applications in industries (Suresh and Rao, 2017). As non-renewable energies come to a halt in future because of its crucial disadvantage of emitting GHG emissions, renewable energy demand is inevitable (Farjana et al., 2018).

The majority of the multinational companies have committed themselves to Paris climate change agreement by developing climate targets according to the restricted global temperature increase to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial and net zero emissions by 2050. To achieve this aim, they are looking to incorporate the use of renewable energy is incorporated into the manufacturing process. Solar energy systems are renewable, abundant, and are viable solutions for industrial customers in future. Around the world, some places have insufficient solar energy resources in which solar industrial process heating maybe not a feasible one. But, Still, many other places will receive ample solar radiations. By implementing Solar energy systems in available areas can shift the drive towards a viable zero-carbon emission in future. Solar thermal systems are used successfully for industrial processes in industrialized and developed regions in Europe, Asia and North America. Solar thermal energy is also becoming popular in various parts of the world. The operational capability of such systems is mainly dependent upon radiation intensity (Farjana et al., 2018). Solar thermal energy is the transformation of solar radiation into heat. The solar thermal energy conversion system uses the solar collector to absorb sunlight. Subsequently, such radiation may be stored or used, for commercial and domestic purposes, directly to air or water heating or for industrial purposes (Kumar, Hasanuzzaman and Rahim, 2019). Using solar collectors as an alternative way of supplying this heat can reduce to a certain extent, the use of fossil fuels. Currently, most of the solar collectors are used in household water heating. For process applications in industries is still maturing (Suresh and Rao, 2017).

The main focus of the study is, therefore, to explore the drivers and barriers for the use of solar thermal energy in the industrial sector limited to the Indian market. For that, this research begins with the literature review to detect the study of solar thermal energy and the existing drivers and barriers of the solar thermal systems in the industrial sector. Through the thematic analysis, the study established one driver theme and four barrier themes influenced the Indian market's adoption of solar thermal energy. Lastly, results are contrasted with existing theories. Acknowledgement

Acknowledgement In collaboration with Absolicon Solar Collector AB, this master thesis took place in the spring of 2020. Both authors iteratively worked on each factor rather than dividing the equivalent workload.

First of all, the authors would like to thank Joakim Byström, CEO and Carlo Matteo Semeraro, Sales manager of Absolicon for giving us this opportunity. They are the external supervisors of the study, and their support and suggestions have significantly helped us in carrying out this thesis. The authors are also grateful to Christer Olsson, Economist for providing all the resources required to carry out this thesis in Absolicon Härnösand office. The authors would also like to thank our internal supervisor Cajsa Bartusch, Researcher & associate professor and Fouad El Gohary, Doctoral Student at the Department of Civil Engineering & Industrial Engineering at Uppsala University for their continuous support, insightful discussions and their efforts in improving the thesis. This study would not have taken the form it took without their professional experience and constructive feedback. Next, the authors wish to thank the case company's interviewees, who took the time to give our study useful insight. Despite the unprecedented pandemic, the interviewees provided information and helped us to adapt to virtual interview formats. Further, the authors want to thank their friends and family members for their continuous support and motivation during the research.

Chidambaram Sankar & Mana Mohan Muniraja Uppsala, 09th October 2020 Table of Contents

Table of Contents

LIST OF TABLES I

LIST OF FIGURES II

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS III

1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Problematization 2

1.2 Objectives and research questions 3

1.3 Delimitations 4

1.4 Thesis disposition 4

2 LITERATURE REVIEW & FRAMEWORK 5

2.1 Solar thermal energy 5

2.2 Solar collectors 6

2.3 Concentrating solar thermal systems 7

2.4 Parabolic trough collector 9

2.5 Opportunities in different types of industrial sectors 10

2.6 Current progress of solar thermal systems 11

2.7 Drivers of solar thermal energy adoption 11

2.8 Renewable energy adoption framework 12

2.9 Adoption & Implementation of renewable technologies 14

2.10 Factors that affect the adoption of renewable technologies 15

2.11 Barriers 16

2.12 Technology diffusion model 18

2.14 Innovation decision process theory 20

2.15 Triple helix model 22

2.16 Supposition 23

Table of Contents

3 METHODOLOGY 24

3.1 Research strategy 24

3.2 Research design 24

3.3 Data collection 26

3.4. Data analysis 28

3.5 Research quality 29

3.6 Ethical Considerations 30

3.7 Limitations 31

4 RESULTS & ANALYSIS 32

4.1 Drivers 32

4.2 Barriers 33

5 DISCUSSION 44

6 CONCLUSION 47

7 REFERENCE 49

8 APPENDIX 58

List of tables

Table 1 Pros and cons of concentrating and non-concentrating solar collectors 7

Table 2 Adopted from (Rogers, 2003). 20

Table 3 Details of interview participants 28

Table 4 Cost comparison (IEA-ETSAP and IRENA, 2015) 35

List of figures

Figure 1 Global C02 related emissions 1

Figure 2 Statistics of industrial thermal Energy usage 2

Figure 3 Solar thermal conversion system 5

Figure 4 Direct normal irradiation (DNI) 8

Figure 5 Status of global technology CSP deployment at the end of 2016 9

Figure 6 Parabolic trough solar collector 9

Figure 7 Application of solar thermal technologies 10

Figure 8 Framework for adoption of renewable Energy 12

Figure 9 Technology diffusion curve with adopter categories 19

Figure 10 Innovation decision model 22

Figure 11 Triple helix model 23

Figure 12 Inductive approach (Author’s own) 24

Figure 13 Data collection methods 25

Figure 14 Drivers and barriers for the adoption of STE 32

Figure 15 Comparison of capital cost in India 33

Figure 16 Current status of various CSP plants in India 34

Figure 17 Comparison of various LCOE renewable technologies 36

Figure 18 Competitive pricing of conventional fuels to solar PV 38

Figure 19 Capital expenditure solar thermal Vs. solar PV FY wise 39

Figure 20 Comparison of countries having better government support for the adoption of RET 41

Figure 21 Triple helix model 41

Figure 22 Case Scenario for the adoption of STE in India. 42

Figure 23 Global adoption of solar thermal energy 44

Figure 24 Current status of solar thermal energy in the Indian market 45

List of abbreviations

B2B Business-to-Business B2C Business-to-Customers CSP Concentrated Solar Power CST Concentrated Solar Technology CSTT Concentrated Solar Thermal Technology DNI Direct Normal Irradiance ETC Evacuated Tube Collector FPC Flat Plate Collector IEA International Energy Agency LFR Linear Fresnel Reflector MENA Middle East and North African MW Megawatts PDC Parabolic Dish Collector PDR Parabolic Dish Reflector PTC Parabolic Trough Collector PVT Photovoltaic Technology RTEs Renewable Technology Energy STE Solar Thermal Electricity STEe Solar Thermal Energy STT Solar Thermal Technology ST Solar Tower

iii

1 Introduction

Energy is a fundamental necessity for any nation in the industrial sector for production, modernisation, and economic growth (Kumar, Hasanuzzaman and Rahim, 2019). Each nation's industrial sector has a significant effect on economic growth (ibid). Recent energy production and consumption patterns in manufacturing industries are incredibly unsustainable as greenhouse gas emissions are increasing rapidly (ibid). Currently, 80% of the world's supply of primary energy comes from fossil fuels (i.e., oil, liquid petroleum, gas), which are now a depleting source of energy and emit significant GHG emissions, including CO2, as seen in the following Figure 1 (ibid). Therefore, the world needs another industrial revolution that provides competitive, available, and renewable energy sources. With this revolution, energy management, recycling, and decarbonisation of our energy systems are essential (Purohit and Purohit,2017).

Figure 1 Global C02 related emissions (Islam et al., 2018, p.988)

Renewable energy sources have a positive influence on the world's environmental, economic, and political issues (Labordena et al., 2017). Research and development of renewable energy resources and systems have taken place throughout the last two decades (ibid). The main advantage of renewable energy systems is the reduction of environmental pollution by the replacement of electricity and conventional fuels by reducing air emissions (ibid). In pricing, renewable energy technology has high initial investment costs, but low operating prices compared with fossil fuels (ibid). In the past 20 years, solar technologies have shown remarkable reductions in costs and gained from support programs to decrease the difference between renewable and traditional energy prices (Bosetti et al., 2012). Due to its natural, inexpensive, and renewable characteristics, solar energy is widely recognised as one of the most attractive alternatives for all renewables. Concentrating solar power (CSP) or solar thermal electricity (STE) is a technology capable of

1 1 Introduction generating utility-scale electricity, providing firm energy and dispatchable power on demand by combining thermal storage or hybrid system, i.e. combined with other renewable technologies (Islam et al., 2018). This study is about implementing one renewable energy technology, solar thermal energy (STEe). Identifying and assessing drivers and barriers that impede and promote solar thermal deployment in the industrial sector. In today’s environment, companies try to make their organisation sustainable by adopting renewable energy mix in their operations due to UN sustainable goals. Adopting the renewable energy mix is considered necessary due to the various application of RETs. The industrial sector also consumes energy in the form of heat apart from electricity to produce its products (Reddy and Ray, 2010). Based on the previous research, the study finds that there are minimal renewable technologies to meet the heat demand in the industrial sector. Therefore, the study considers solar thermal technology has a potential market to meet the heat demand in the industrial sector. By comparing to other alternative renewable energy sources, STEe is still considered to be the early adopter phase. Hence, this study finds different barriers and drivers for adopting STEe for the industrial sector limited to the Indian market. 1.1 Problematization

Currently, fossil fuels play a significant role in meeting the process of heating requirements in industries for different applications (Suresh and Rao, 2017). Most of these processes run between 50°C and 250°C (ibid). The International Energy Agency Solar Heating and Cooling Program (IEA-SHC) has identified the ability of solar thermal collectors to contribute to the commercial and industrial sectors (Fuller, 2011).

Figure 2 Statistics of industrial thermal Energy usage (Kumar, Hasanuzzaman and Rahim, 2019, p.887)

1 Introduction

As shown in Figure 2, over 74 per cent of the industrial energy is used to meet the process of heat demand. Moreover, the considerable heat demands of different industries can be achieved by solar Energy (Kumar, Hasanuzzaman and Rahim, 2019). The solar industrial process heating requirements range from 60°C to 260°C (Kalogirou, 2003). Approximately 30 per cent of the total industrial heat demand is required below 100 ° C and another 27 per cent at temperatures between 100°C and 400°C (Naik, Baredar and Kumar, 2017). The application of solar thermal energy is a renewable and zero-carbon energy future project. Solar thermal systems have been recognised for their energy efficiency, economic viability, and environmental benefits as promising alternatives to fossil fuels in the industrial sector for process heat (Kumar, Hasanuzzaman and Rahim, 2019). 1.2 Objectives and research questions

This study aims to identify and analyse barriers and drivers that prevent or promote the implementation of solar thermal systems in the industrial process. Barriers include several factors that hinder the deployment process and reduce the solar thermal acceptance rate. In response, drivers involve several factors that facilitate solar thermal deployment and increase adoption rates. Furthermore, this study will lead multinational companies in the industry to establish the steps required to develop measures for the intervention of solar thermal systems to minimize their emissions and sustainably meet their heat demands. Therefore, the thesis attempts to address the following research question of the following:

What are the key barriers and drivers for the adoption of solar thermal systems in the industrial sector in the Indian market?

This research is performed in the Absolicon Solar Collector's office in Härnösand on a qualitative basis to address research questions. Absolicon is a public corporation specializing in STE technologies and techniques. Their product range includes several various parabolic trough collectors (PTCs) for generating heat and electricity. Such collectors are ideal for deployment in mid-range (approx.500-meter square in open area) and larger field areas. Therefore, this product is not appropriate for household purposes. So, the company focuses on the business-to-business (B2B) market, including selling to industries and not the B2C. Absolicon is now in a period where, on the one hand, the company is attempting to penetrate the industrial markets involved in incorporating solar collectors into its energy supply. It aims to draw manufacturers, on the other hand, who would like to buy the license to create their own solar collector production facility. This study helps them improve the growth of their presence in the Indian market. Qualitative interviews are conducted in multinational companies with managers and engineers to understand their experiences on the solar thermal systems within the organization. By gaining this exposure, the research will investigate what drivers and barriers exist in adopting solar thermal systems in the industrial process.

1 Introduction

1.3 Delimitations

The present study will analyze drivers and barriers for implementing solar thermal systems with the industrial sector in India, especially in multinational companies. Given this thesis's scope and the time constraints, the study focuses on companies that are interested in incorporating solar thermal systems in their industrial process to meet their heat demands for future emission reduction strategies and a zero-co2 goal (as per the Paris Climate Change Agreement). Another renewable energy that could meet the industry's heat demand is outside the scope of the study.

1.4 Thesis disposition

Introduction: This chapter provides an insight into the context of the research subject that this study explores, along with problematisation, objective & research questions and study delimitations.

Literature Review: This chapter offers an overview of existing literature considerations regarding drivers and barriers in the implementation of solar thermal systems in the industrial process and explains the gaps in current research. Methodology: This chapter discusses the study design, how to collect data, and how to interpret empirical information. It also describes limitations and ethical concerns. Results: This chapter explains the outcomes of the interviews carried out by the companies as well as the findings and interpretation of the Interview answers. Discussion: This chapter summarises the research questions on the Literature Context and explanations for the importance, the relevance of the findings, and the relation to established literature. Conclusion: This chapter provides answers to research questions with some final reflections and suggestion.

2 Literature review

2 Literature review & Framework

As stated above, this thesis aims to analyse the process of the adoption of solar thermal systems among the industrial sectors and to find out whether solar thermal energy in the industrial sectors can play a crucial role in addressing climate change issues.

In the scope of this study, defining and categorizing factors that affect the customer's decision to install solar thermal systems in their organization, the word "factor" consists of both drivers and barriers. Two approaches are used in this study to classify these factors: (a) literature review, (b) organizational interviews. A literature review was conducted to draw up a comprehensive list of drivers and barriers to data collection. Drivers and Barriers defined in the literature review were organized to create a structure that serves a single function. This chapter deals with a comprehensive literature review and study to ensure that the knowledge gained from past studies can be acquired to identify current barriers and drivers in solar thermal systems in the industrial areas. i.e., The factors described in this section can only be understood as potential barriers and drivers of solar thermal systems in the industrial areas. 2.1 Solar thermal energy

Solar thermal energy is a promising source of renewable and reliable alternative electricity in the region, as many countries of the world have proved (Ogunmodimu and Okoroigwe, 2018). The IEA has recognized that the industrial sector is the most important sector that could benefit from the accelerating use of solar thermal energy (Kalogirou, 2004). Many solar thermal systems have been installed and operated throughout the world (ibid). Most of these systems provide the industry with process steam, which can displace fossil fuels such as oil or gas (ibid). Nevertheless, most of these systems supply the industrial process steam between 150°C and 200°C (ibid).

Figure 3 Solar thermal conversion system (Kumar, Hasanuzzaman and Rahim, 2019, p.887).

5 2 Literature review

As shown in figure 3, Solar thermal systems convert solar radiation energy into working internal fluid energy. The solar collector is an essential component for solar thermal installations, which absorbs solar irradiations and transmits them to heat and then transferred to working fluid (either air or water) (Kumar, Hasanuzzaman and Rahim, 2019). The heat energy obtained is performed by the working fluid and can be used directly to feed water or any room heater/cooling equipment or placed in a reservoir of thermal energy that can be used overnight or rainy days (ibid). When Solar thermal systems are properly integrated into an industrial process, it could provide significant progress towards both increased energy production and reduced carbon dioxide emissions (Fuller, 2011). Moreover, most of the thermal energy for industrial processes and factory heating was found to be less than 250°C in the IEA study (ibid). Solar thermal energy has been estimated to supply 3 to 4 per cent of industrial thermal demand (ibid), and the solar heat costs depend heavily on the process temperature of the site, demand continuity, project size, and solar radiation levels (IEA-ETSAP and IRENA, 2015). The selection of solar collectors is mainly focused on operating temperature, prices, O&M requirements, and other factors, including land usage (Quiñones et al., 2020). Solar thermal systems are two types: Concentrated and Non-Concentrated (Naik, Baredar and Kumar, 2017). Non-concentrating solar thermal systems can produce 40°C–70°C fluid temperature because much of the solar radiation incident on the Earth's surface is diffused (ibid). Any of the energy demands can be met within this temperature range, but not all. Industrial energy demands persist at higher temperatures (ibid). However, these demands can be achieved by using concentrated solar thermal systems, where temperatures of 80°C–250°C can be easily reached due to a high concentration ratio (ibid). 2.2 Solar collectors

Solar collectors are often characterized by the solar concentration ratio (Kumar, Hasanuzzaman and Rahim, 2019). It is an essential concept for a solar collector because it concentrates light on higher distribution temperatures (ibid). The definition of a concentration ratio is for evaluating and comparing different solar collectors to produce high temperatures (ibid). Concentrating collectors (PTC, LFR, PDR, and HFR) that can deliver temperatures up to 2000°C can achieve a higher concentration ratio in the range of 15–1500 (ibid). In contrast, non-concentrating collectors (FPC, ETC, or CPC) can make a lower concentration ratio of up to 240° C (ibid). Further, Kumar et al. (2019, p.892) state the different pros and cons of Concentrating collectors, that have many advantages over Non-concentrating collectors.

6 2 Literature review

Pros of concentrating collectors over non- Cons of concentrating collectors over concentrating collectors non-concentrating collectors The concentrated solar system can achieve high It depends on the Concentration ratio thermal efficiency and higher temperatures due and collects less diffuse radiation. to a small amount of heat loss when compared with non-concentrated solar systems. Compared to non-concentrating solar The reflectance of the solar surface collectors, concentrating collectors are cheaper degrades with time, and consequently, in terms of the solar collection area of the regular cleaning is necessary for concentration system's solar collection surface. concentrating solar system.

Table 1 Pros and cons of concentrating and non-concentrating solar collectors (Kumar, Hasanuzzaman and Rahim, 2019, p.892)

2.3 Concentrating solar thermal systems

Concentrated solar thermal technologies are at an early stage of deployment as a technology that is still maturing (del Río, Peñasco and Mir-Artigues, 2018). It has experienced a significant increase in deployment worldwide in the last years, though starting from a shallow base (ibid). In the period 1984 to 1991, the first commercial plants with a capacity of 354 MWe was installed in California, powered by federal and state tax incentives and contractual contracts for long term purchases of electricity (European Commission, 2004; IEA, 2010). It was based on the integrated principle of solar energy (ibid). In 2006, the market re-emerged in Spain and America in response, again, to government measures such as tariff feeds (Spain) and policies which oblige companies to get a share of renewable energy – especially from large-scale solar power (ibid). The majority was deployed in two countries (2300 MW in Spain and 1738 MW in the USA) (del Río, Peñasco and Mir-Artigues, 2018). However, the technology was also used elsewhere, such as India, Morocco, South Africa, the United Arab Emirates, Algeria, Egypt, Australia, China, and Thailand (ibid).

Most of today's CST are still in the prototype or demonstration phase and rely on subsidies to make them competitive (European Commission, 2004). Financiers and planners need to better grasp the technological risk inherent in first project installations and help developers resolve financial barriers (ibid). Researchers and developers also need to understand the critical issues required to make systems effective, secure, safe, and economical (ibid). Moreover, the public must be better educated about this technology's potential and benefits (ibid). Unlike its sister photovoltaic technology, a concentrated solar thermal system requires a direct light line to the sun for optimum performance. Solar thermal technology can only work through direct irradiation, whereas photovoltaics can use directly as well as indirect radiation(European Commission, 2004; IEA, 2010, 2019). The full use of solar thermal technology is therefore limited to those geographical areas in which the annual DNI rates are high (ibid). As seen in the following figure 4, Effective DNI is typically found in arid and semi-arid areas with stable, clear skies, generally at 15 ° to 40 ° North or south latitudes (ibid). The best domains for solar thermal technology are in North

2 Literature review

Africa, South Africa, the Middle East, North-West India, Southwest USA, Mexico, Chile, western China, and Australia. Other suitable areas include the extreme south of Europe and Turkey, other southern US cities, central America, Brazil, Argentina, and other parts of China (ibid).

Figure 4 Direct normal irradiation (DNI) (Global Solar Atlas, 2020; IEA, 2019)

The feature that separates solar thermal technology from other renewables is the ability to equip it with thermal storage (Labordena et al., 2017). During the sunny hours of the day and after sunset, in the night or in periods of adverse weather, the thermal storage device is powered (ibid). Li et al. (2016, p,1) state that “it is stored in the form of bond energy of sorption potential at different cascaded temperatures resulting from solid-gas thermochemical multilevel sorption process.” Parabolic trough collector (PTC), linear Fresnel reflectors (LFR), solar tower (ST), and parabolic dish concentrators (PDC) are the Four primary concentrated solar thermal technologies with different degrees of technical and economic maturity are already implemented at a global level in the heating and power industry (del Río, Peñasco and Mir- Artigues, 2018). In that parabolic trough, the concentrator is probably considered as the most robust of the four concentrated solar technologies (ibid). It dominates the CST market, both in terms of the number of projects and the total capacity (about 85% capacity) (ibid), which can be seen in the following figure 5.

2 Literature review

Figure 5 Status of global technology CSP deployment at the end of 2016 (Ogunmodimu and Okoroigwe, 2018, p.109).

2.4 Parabolic trough collector

The parabolic trough is based on the CSP line-focusing technology, which emerged in the 1980s due to oil crises (Bijarniya, Sudhakar and Baredar, 2016). It has some distinctive features and advantages over other solar systems (Purohit and Purohit, 2017). For example, PTC systems are versatile, since their trough mirror components can be mounted along the focal line (ibid). As shown in following figure 6, It is the simplest type of the CST, which consists of rows of trough-shaped solar panels, usually reflections, with an integrated receiver loop (European Commission, 2004). The collectors are usually mounted in lines, and the entire solar field consists of multiple parallel lines (ibid). It will be connected to a single motor powered by a solar tracking device to ensure the maximum sunlight reaches the concentrating device all day long (ibid). The solar receiver is a black-coated, vacuum glass tube containing either oil or water (ibid).

Figure 6 Parabolic trough collector (Purohit and Purohit, 2017, p.652).

2 Literature review

The concentrated sunlight heats the heat transfer fluid to temperatures up to 400°C so that electricity can then be produced using a turbine and an electrical generator (European Commission, 2004). As shown in the following figure 7, the parabolic trough collector is the best solution for low-temperature applications, such as detoxification, fluid waste recycling, and heating water even at medium temperature (ibid).

Figure 7 Application of solar thermal technologies (European Commission, 2004)

2.5 Opportunities in different types of industrial sectors

In this section, we have discussed various industrial sectors that have been analysed for understanding the additional drivers and barriers for the adoption of solar thermal energy in the industrial sector in India.

2.5.1 Brewery sector Solar heat can be used in the brewing industry for processes such as steam generation, melting, grain stoppage, air cooling, hot air preservation, power supply for washing machines, drying, and ovens (Farjana et al., 2018). Several European countries, China, South Africa, and the USA contribute to reduced carbon dioxide emissions by solar process heating in breweries (ibid). 2.5.2 Pharmaceutical sector The pharmaceutical industry has substantial energy demand for the manufacture and formulation of pharmaceutical products. (Farjana et al., 2018). The manufacturing temperature ranges from 160 to 180 ° C and depends on the manufacturing and the individual product (ibid). The pharmaceutical industries are the most promising in Europe and North America, where economies are subject to these industries (ibid). Today only Egypt and Greece deal with a dependent on solar process heating for the development and cooling of process steam, while various other operations run at low temperatures (ibid).

2 Literature review

2.5.3 Chemical sector In the chemical industry, areas within solar industrial process heating operate exclusively at low process temperatures (Farjana et al., 2018). Water heating, steam heating, washing, and painting are the most common processes for solar water heating (ibid). Various chemical processing processes involve heat at relatively low-temperature levels, where solar energy supplements primary preheating measures with other energy sources (ibid). 2.6 Current progress of solar thermal systems

Among the four different types of concentrated solar thermal technologies, the parabolic trough collector (PTC) and the solar power tower (SPT) are the two current technologies currently being built in many countries, including Spain, USA, China, and India (Islam et al., 2018).

In recent years, some companies have developed concentrated collectors for process heat applications (Martínez, Pujol and Moià, 2012). New thermal energy collectors have opened new possibilities in industrial establishments for the use of solar thermal energy (ibid). They also have two significant benefits for the industrial sector. First, they can meet higher temperature demands, and second, they can coexist with the heat networks installed at the high temperature (Martínez, Pujol and Moià, 2012). Second, Medium temperature collectors must play an essential role in opening new solar thermal energy markets, such as industrial process heat or solar cooling (ibid).

In the next few decades, CST is projected to show opportunities for energy exports to Europe from the Middle East and North African (MENA) desert regions (Islam et al., 2018). Besides, it was found that the demand for electricity in Europe can only be met by extracting from 0.4% of the Sahara Desert (ibid). By using just two per cent of Earth's total land area, the global energy demand can be met entirely (ibid).

2.7 Drivers of solar thermal energy adoption

2.7.1 Financial drivers Solar thermal energy will reduce operating costs and provide energy protection because localized output meets energy needs. Solar thermal technologies have also lowered capital costs due to local production facilities, which have also provided local business opportunities (Kumar, Hasanuzzaman and Rahim, 2019; del Río, Peñasco and Mir-Artigues, 2018). Currently, there is an intense cost-cutting pressure due to highly dynamic markets in Chile, South Africa, and Morocco (ibid). The main drivers for the widespread application of solar thermal technology is an uncertainty associated with price volatility in fossil fuels (ibid). Solar thermal technologies will be able to provide balancing power at a competitive price level. By incorporating thermal storage and co-fired options, it can internalize the cost of compensating for the intermittent nature of the solar energy resource (Viebahn, Lechon and Trieb, 2011). Direct market support for renewable energies (feed-in legislation) and Low intermittent energy sources have an economic advantage over high intermittent energy sources (ibid).

2 Literature review

2.7.2 Technical drivers Solar thermal energy can store energy that makes it easier to adjust to the demand profile and provide firm power even when the sun does not shine. According to del Rìo et al. (2018), substantial cost cuts are generally expected in the near future. Solar thermal technologies do not contain materials related to disputes. More significant still, solar resources are plentiful and inexhaustible, so that disputes over the right to use them are probably not produced. This can prove to be a significant driving force for Solar thermal Technologies (Viebahn, Lechon and Trieb, 2011). From a technical point of view, the objective of security supply is a driving force for solar thermal technologies (ibid). For cogeneration, Solar thermal technologies can be used, and the most crucial use is the joint generation of electricity and heat for running adsorption and desalination plant (ibid). 2.7.3 Social/Cultural drivers The main drivers for the widespread application of solar thermal technology in industrial process heat are the carbon reductions (Kumar, Hasanuzzaman and Rahim, 2019). 2.8 Renewable energy adoption framework

After knowing about the current scenario of the solar thermal systems, it is necessary to how renewable technology is adopted by the Organization. For that, this study chose to explain the critical factors that influence the adoption of renewable energy.

Ayorinde et al. (2020) describe several crucial factors that can help organizations effectively to adopt new technology and services. The following figure 8 illustrates six main success factors for adopting and implementing a renewable energy source. These critical success factors improve consumers' knowledge of renewable energy and eventually evaluate their trust in technology.

Figure 8 Framework for adoption of renewable Energy Adopted from (Ayorinde and Olasebikan, 2020)

2 Literature review

2.8.1 Economic factors Economic growth implies a rise in energy consumption. For that renewable energy, the conversation can help to minimize the energy expenditure by considerably reducing investment, development, operation and maintenance costs (Ayorinde and Olasebikan, 2020). In comparison with all renewable sources, the price of fossil fuels has given Solar energy more attention to economic development (ibid). Before investing in any renewable technologies, its financial prospects, the growth of profitable users and competitive factors are considered to assess the viability of the technology (ibid). 2.8.2 Social factors Social perceptions which are directly impacted by the public interest, social acceptance, community engagement, the trust of the people and the private sector make a significant contribution to adopting renewable energy sources (Ayorinde and Olasebikan, 2020). Among that, Social acceptance will shift when the use of a renewable energy source influences the customer's view (ibid). It is improved by the availability of policies, financial support, insurance, and more developers to make the facility available, affordable, easily utilizable and maintained by the end-users (ibid). Also, the public's understanding of renewable energy's environmental benefits would boost public trust, which is key to adopting any renewable energy source (ibid). 2.8.3 Environmental factors Environmental factors influence the degree of confidence and attitude of people towards new energy sources. Since ecological concerns are a crucial factor in customer decision-making, the environmental impact of the manufacturing process and the impact on the ecosystem should be examined and need to be proven negative (Ayorinde and Olasebikan, 2020). For this reason, renewable energy sources are regarded as the alternative for fossil fuels, since they have substantial environmental adverse effects as they provide clean energy and minimize the Co2 emissions (ibid). Therefore, it should be ensured, before adopting as a renewable energy source, that the energy source is capable of having minimum or zero environmental effects. 2.8.4 Government As the government has an obligation to formulate and enact new policies, the progress of any energy project depends, particularly on the initial stage (Ayorinde and Olasebikan, 2020). For that, the policy built along with the government's public awareness will promote private sector participation in the use of renewable energy (ibid). To increase adoption of the availability of a new energy source, the government should stimulate researchers and developers by giving research grants and monetary loans (ibid). Also, to promote public acceptance, policies such as feed-in tariffs and tendering agreements can be adopted.

2.8.5 Technology It is essential to have the necessary technology available to access renewable energy sources. By doing continuous research and development, it will allow access to emerging innovations and technical skills, which will help to implement new technologies and expand the existing

2 Literature review technologies by improving their application (Ayorinde and Olasebikan, 2020). This improved technology helps to minimize costs, boost the reliability of the technology, increase potential customer retention and loyalty (ibid). Consequently, reduced investment due to low cost of renewable energy sources would promote economic growth and improve the adoption of renewable energy sources (ibid). 2.8.6 Organization and Management The organizational structure includes investors, manufacturers, distributors, and end-users. Their goals and core values influence in the adoption of renewable energy sources and their subsequent growth (Ayorinde and Olasebikan, 2020). Leadership, teamwork, top management support, risk management and stakeholder engagements are the organizations and management factors that influence investors and end-user decisions for the implementation of new technologies (ibid). Creation of consistent guidelines, policies and incentives would enable the identification of more research to speed up its adoption (ibid). It includes Certificates and financial benefits, allocation of resources and training for managers and subordinates involved in the exploration of new technology.

2.9 Adoption & Implementation of renewable technologies

Substantial investments are required to create the advanced technologies necessary to make full use of such renewable resources (Eswarlal, Kumar Dey and Shankar, 2011). Several of Europe's leading solar technology countries – Germany, Denmark and Spain, have used a FIT (Feed-in Tariff) as a political tool to promote investment in technology for renewable energy (Kim et al., 2014). On the other hand, the United States, UK, Japan, and Sweden have used RPS (Renewable Portfolio Standard) to encourage investment in renewable technologies (ibid). Higher amounts of financial capital costs would lower the cost of production and promote the development of renewable energies, which is capital intensive and capital sensitive (ibid). Countries with increased access to financial resources can adopt a more significant number of solar technologies, which will come under the category of capital-intensive type (ibid). Since Solar and wind energies are at the top of the utility curve, which means more adoption has been found mainly in higher-income countries to date (ibid). It could be found in G7 countries due to more concerns about climate change (ibid). Private investors, including pension funds, have progressively become a source of renewable power financing in many developing countries because of high government debt (ibid).

Politicians could use a policy framework for the implementation of renewable energy. For example, Multidimensional policy, approaches are used in practice in some countries like Germany and Denmark (Best and Burke, 2018). Carbon pricing is another particular policy which could influence the implementation of renewable energy (ibid). By implementing this policy, it can help to minimize pollution cost-effectively by offering private agents’ incentives to take advantage of low-cost reductions (Best and Burke, 2018). More number of subsidy prices can be avoided if the carbon pricing strategy is implemented in the adoption stages (ibid). Innovative policy initiatives may also impact the adoption of renewable energy. Countries relying more on innovation could embrace emerging renewable technologies such as solar

2 Literature review thermal energy more rapidly (ibid). In countries like Germany, China, Japan, Italy and the USA, proactive solar policy framing and implementation have been the main drivers for solar power innovations (Kar, Sharma and Roy, 2016). In recent decades, general government efficiency has been essential for the adoption of renewable energy source in of low and middle- income countries (Best and Burke, 2018). Governments that are more active in global political processes will also contribute to international climate targets by supporting renewable energy sources (ibid). Continued technological advancement is required to leverage any form of renewable energy (Eswarlal, Kumar Dey and Shankar, 2011) and increasing the demand of the renewable technologies, The adoption of renewable technologies may be more significant as people have higher views of these energy sources and are more concerned about climate change (Best and Burke, 2018). 2.10 Factors that affect the adoption of renewable technologies

Renewable sources are abundant, but due to a lack of technology and public knowledge, they are still not appropriate for sustainable growth (Eswarlal, Kumar Dey and Shankar, 2011). The manufacturing of many renewable energy technologies is growing, it is still not sufficiently high to achieve substantial economies of scale, and in some cases, instantly it cannot be able to reduce production costs (Geller, 2003). Due to small numbers of production and sales, Marketing and transaction costs can be high (ibid). Consumers may not be aware of renewable energy choices, local sources of suppliers, or opportunities for financing (ibid). In addition to that, they may also lack reliable information on renewable energy options' efficiency, reliability, or economic value. And it can take time or money to get this information (ibid).

The banking sector has been a critical funding source for investment in renewable energies. Still, it faces financial regulations in most of the developing countries that prevent long-term financing for energy (Best and Burke, 2018). As fossil fuels still emerge as a cheaper alternative to renewable energy due to lower costs, it can compete strongly against renewable energy projects (Seetharaman et al., 2019). Currently, the overall fuel cost covers the exploration, processing, distribution and use of fuel in almost all countries, but does not include the cost for environmental and social damages (ibid). In the case of developing countries, other significant institutions such as the World Bank and multilateral development banks have avoided financing for renewable energy projects due to their small scale, complexity and greater perceived risk as well as other factors (Geller, 2003). There is limited availability of advanced technology in developing countries, which inhibits renewable energy penetration(Seetharaman et al., 2019). Even if this technology is available, the procurement costs are very high (ibid). The shortage of available equipment, materials and replacement parts would involve a massive rise in manufacturing costs (ibid). Since these goods are being imported from other countries and purchasing at high costs, it will raise the total price of the product (ibid). On the supply side, project developers need reliable data on wind, solar, bioenergy, and geothermal resources (Geller, 2003). It is essential to identify the proper location, size, and installations of renewable energy systems (ibid). But some regions lack renewable energy resource assessments (ibid).

2 Literature review

A considerable expansion of renewable energy lacks from factors such as lack of national policy, legal and administrative barriers, inadequate incentives, impracticable government objectives and a lack of standards or certification (Seetharaman et al., 2019). Besides, the lack of qualified staff, including designers, installers, service and sales managers, policy analysts, scientists, engineers, and researchers, may have an impact on the reliability of the renewable energy systems (Eswarlal, Kumar Dey and Shankar, 2011). The amounts of government subsidies to conventional energy are much higher than renewable energy (Seetharaman et al., 2019). For example, Australian and Indonesian coal companies are still receiving government subsidies for mining and exploration (ibid). Many policymakers prefer traditional fossil fuels and electric generation technologies over renewable power technology, due to the history, familiarity and scale of the conventional energy industries, their economic strength and political impact (Geller, 2003). 2.11 Barriers Some barriers extend to all sorts of renewable resources, while others only extend to solar technology. In this study Barriers to all renewable resources in the Indian context were defined as general barriers and barriers that only apply to solar thermal technology in the study were defined as specific barriers. 2.11.1 General Barriers Financial and Economic Barriers Financing is one of the critical issues in the Indian market for sanctioning of renewable energy projects (Kumar and Pal, 2018). Even though renewables have no fuel costs and low operating costs, the capital costs are high (ibid). Hence the high capital costs can become one of the financing barriers in the Indian market (ibid). Similarly, Luthra et al. (2015) state that initial renewable energy technology costs appear to be high and uncompetitive that can discourage customers from implementing them. Many customers will give more importance to preserving the initial investment cost rather than reducing the operating cost (ibid). Renewable developers are limited and recently promoted so that moneylenders do not take the risk of fostering renewable projects (Kumar and Pal, 2018). The new scheme of subsidies structure provided by the government applies efficiently to conventional energy costs (ibid). As a result, renewable energy costs are higher than traditional energy sources. It is due to an unfair subsidy scheme in the energy sector (Kumar and Pal, 2018). Luthra et al. (2015) also argued that there is a lack of appropriate government incentives or funding mechanisms to enable businesses and industries to implement renewable energy technologies. Based on the findings, the study could find that cost of renewable equipment is high in the Indian market. Therefore, renewable energy sources are expensive when compared to conventional energy sources. Luthra et al. (2015) state that the nation is listed as a developing country, though per capita income is low. As a consequence, most of the people cannot use renewable energy for domestic needs, and small companies cannot use renewable energy for industrial needs because of the high cost (ibid). Therefore, the negative perceptions among people and small companies about renewable technology often act as a barrier (Kumar and Pal, 2018). The country relies on foreign suppliers of different renewable technologies and their services (ibid). It means that

2 Literature review local technology is not more available to use the replacement parts, and thus replacements are not feasible if needed (ibid). Due to the inadequate capacity and export of renewable equipment, there is a large gap exists between demand and supply of renewable energy (ibid). Limited credit availability for renewable energy technology procurement is a significant barrier to the adoption of renewable energy technologies (Luthra et al., 2015). Technical Barriers In India, renewable technologies are in the developing stage (Kumar and Pal, 2018). Due to that, technical risks are very high in this market (ibid). Also, the risks associated with renewable technologies are not clearly known (ibid). Besides, Luthra et al. ( 2015) argue that in the current scenario, most of the renewable systems are complex in nature and lack of proven technical reliability in India is a barrier to the use the renewable technologies. Therefore, Renewable energy efficiency issues are still acting as a barrier to the financing of renewable projects and the anticipated developments of renewable technologies concerning the Indian scenario are not well advanced; moreover, it is not up to date (Kumar and Pal, 2018). There are only a Few R&D centres for renewable technologies (Kumar and Pal, 2018). Because of this, the country's manufacturing units are limited and focus only on replicating the existing equipment (ibid). In addition to that, Luthra et al. (2015) argue that one of the significant investments needed for R&D work is a substantial barrier to the adoption of renewable energy technology. Since renewable energy is intermittent, the storage system is crucial to renewable technology for their daily operations (Kumar and Pal, 2018). But These storage systems will raise the cost of the renewable energy system (ibid). Similarly, Luthra et al. (2015) state that the uninterrupted and continuous power supply requires backup or storage devices. Therefore, Battery storage is essential in this technology. Also, the disposal of the battery in the storage unit is a significant environmental issue. Social Barriers Renewable energy is not available in society, as traditional energy is readily accessible at low cost (Kumar and Pal, 2018). The country's literacy rate is overall around 72 per cent, and it varies with different states (ibid). The rate clearly shows that people cannot grasp the latest technologies (ibid). There is a lack of practical knowledge and general awareness of new technology (ibid). Besides, Low awareness, lack of appropriate product information, technology, costs, advantages & potential of RET, O&M costs, funding sources, etc. have a severe effect on growth and penetration of Renewable Technologies (Kar, Sharma and Roy, 2016). Institutional Barriers The current institutions are not functioning properly for the development of renewable technologies and have no separate research centre to build renewable infrastructure (Kumar and Pal, 2018). The country has no sufficient organizations or laboratories which provide quality standards or certifications for the use of renewable technologies (Kumar and Pal, 2018). Coordination and cooperation between ministries, institutes, agencies, etc. are deficient for the execution of renewable energy policy in India. Such defects minimize investor confidence in

2 Literature review renewable investment ventures (ibid). Trained / skilled workers lack to demonstrate, train, operate and manage sustainable technologies (ibid). Similarly, Luthra et al. (2015) argue that lack of technology operation and management experience, as well as insufficient spare-parts supply and maintenance skills, are the few barriers to the adoption of renewable energy technologies. 2.11.2 Specific barriers of solar technology One of the main bottlenecks is the availability of funds for solar projects. The massive price of debt funding is found to be India's most pressing challenge. In India, higher prices and lower debt levels could increase renewable energy costs by 24–32 per cent compared to the US (Kar, Sharma and Roy, 2016). Comparing the growth of Solar Thermal Systems in India with other countries, nations such as Japan, China and the United States are now well ahead (Srivastava and Srivastava, 2013). Installing the solar plant requires a vast land area to provide power at the utility-scale (Kumar and Pal, 2018). Solar installations in India have comparatively lower capacity utilization factor than conventional sources such as coal and oil installations. It is also lower than other forms of renewables, such as biomass, wind and hydro (Kar, Sharma and Roy, 2016). Solar energy is not present in the night/cloud situation, so backup is required for an uninterrupted supply of energy. This backup system increases solar technology's complexity (Kumar and Pal, 2018). The critical institutional barrier is the participation of several ministries and agencies involved in the authorizing of procedures, and a lack of coordination and cooperation between them, which in turn contributes to delays in the implementation of projects relating to solar energy (Punia Sindhu, Nehra and Luthra, 2016). Different government policies are lacking in consistency in established policy guidelines, installation plan policy and an adequate structure for solar technology promotion (Punia Sindhu, Nehra and Luthra, 2016). Current Indian solar industry companies are not experts in the installation, management and maintenance of solar power equipment. Thus, when there is a fault occurs, it is hard to repair it (Punia Sindhu, Nehra and Luthra, 2016). Commercial and industrial customers are also totally unfamiliar with solar energy. They have significant barriers to purchase solar technology, and they qualified to find low costs to purchase the energy systems (Yenneti, 2012). 2.12 Technology diffusion model

After knowing the drivers and the barriers of technology, it is essential to understand how technology gets diffused in the market. For that, this study chose to explain the S curve in the technology diffusion model in detail. It is often defined as the process of different categories of people at different times adopting the technology. Rogers (2003) divided adoption categories sequentially into five groups. The following figure 9 describes each adopter's non-cumulative shares plotted in the vertical axis with time on the horizontal axis.

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Figure 9 Technology diffusion curve with adopter categories (Schilling, 2013)

Innovators are the first group of adopters. They are the first to embrace innovation. Innovators are audacious and interested in new technologies (Schilling, 2013). Rogers (2003) estimated that the first 2.5% of individuals adopting a new technology fall into the category. Early adopters are the second category of adopters. These individuals have the highest level of leadership among the other adopter categories (Schilling, 2013). Innovative developments are taken by early adopters to try out new technologies and develop their usefulness in society(ibid). Rogers (2003) estimated that the next 13.5% of individuals would continue to adopt innovations at this stage. The Early Majority is the third group of adopters. They embrace innovation well before the average number of social structures (Schilling, 2013). They will also see evidence that innovation works until they are prepared to implement it (ibid). Rogers (2003) estimated that the next 34 per cent of the individuals would continue to adopt innovation at this stage. The Late Majority is the fourth group of adopters. Persons in this group are sceptical about change and only embrace innovation after being evaluated and accepted by the average member of society (Schilling, 2013). They may also have scarce resources and financial capital, which would make them hesitant to invest in adoption until innovation uncertainty has resolved (ibid). Rogers (2003) has estimated that the next 34% of individuals would embrace innovation at this stage. The Laggards are the fifth category of adopters. The people in this category are the last one to innovate (Schilling, 2013). They are more sceptical about change and use their personal experience to assess it (ibid). They need the ultimate evidence of the innovation for the adoption. Rogers (2003) estimated that the last 16% of individuals would continue to adopt innovations in this stage.

2 Literature review

2.14 Innovation decision process theory

S curve, as discussed above, is intended for market diffusion. But, as discussed earlier, this technology is primarily used for industrial purposes. It is, therefore, essential to address how the industry perceives new technology. For that, the study chose to explain Rogers Innovation Decision Process theory in detail.

Rogers (2003) explains, the innovation-decision process is the mechanism by which an individual or other decision-making units moves from innovation's first knowledge to forming an attitude towards innovation, making a decision to embrace or reject, implementing the new idea, and confirming that decision as shown in figure 10. This method includes a sequence of actions and preferences over time by which a person or an organization assesses a new idea and chooses to integrate the new concept into an ongoing practise (ibid). The innovation decision-making process comprises five main stages: They are (1) Knowledge (2) Persuasion (3)Decision (4) Implementation (5) Confirmation. Detailed information on each stage is explained below.

Knowledge Exposure and some Understanding

Persuasion Form a favourable or unfavourable attitude

Decision Engage in activities that lead to the choice of adaptation or rejection

Implementation Make use of Innovation

seek to improve Innovation or reverse previous decisions on the Confirmation acceptance or rejection of Innovation

Table 2 Adopted from (Rogers, 2003). 2.14.1 Knowledge The innovation-decision process starts with the step of information. At this point, a person learns about the nature of Innovation and searches for knowledge on Innovation. "What?" "How"? And "why?" are the crucial questions raised in this stage (Rogers, 2003). During this process, the person seeks to decide what is Innovation and why and how the Innovation works? (ibid). According to Rogers, questions form three forms of knowledge: (1) awareness- knowledge, (2) How to-Knowledge, and (3) Principle-Knowledge (ibid). Awareness Knowledge represents the knowledge of the existence of Innovation (Rogers, 2003). This form of awareness will inspire individuals to learn more about and ultimately embrace Innovation (ibid). It may also encourage a person to learn about two other types of knowledge. How to-Knowledge provides details about how to use Innovation properly (Rogers, 2003). Rogers saw this knowledge as a critical element in the innovation-decision process (ibid). To increase the chances of adapting Innovation, an individual should have a sufficient level of

2 Literature review knowledge before being evaluated for Innovation (ibid). As a result, this knowledge is becoming more critical to relatively complex innovations. Principle- knowledge contains working principles that explain how and why Innovation works (Rogers, 2003). Without this information, Innovation can be implemented, but the abuse of Innovation will lead to its interruption (ibid). In reality, the person may also have all the required expertise, but this does not mean that he or she adopts an innovation since an individual's attitudes often form the acceptance or refusal of an innovation (Sahin, 2006). 2.14.2 Persuasion The persuasion phase happens when the individual has a negative or positive attitude towards Innovation (Rogers, 2003). Still, the development of a favourable or unfavourable attitude towards Innovation does not necessarily lead to acceptance or rejection (ibid). Individuals shape their attitude after they learn about Innovation, and the stage of persuasion parallels the stage of awareness in innovation-decision (ibid). 2.14.3 Decision The decision-making phase in the innovation-decision process occurs when an individual (or other decision-making units) engages in activities leading to the choice of adopting or rejecting Innovation (Rogers, 2003). Adoption is the decision to use Innovation as the best course of action. Rejection is a non-innovation decision. Rogers expressed two types of rejections: (1) active rejection, and (2) passive rejection. In an active rejection situation, an individual tries to innovate and thinks about adopting it but later decides not to embrace it (Rogers, 2003). In a passive rejection (or non-adoption) situation, the individual will not know about the adoption of Innovation (ibid). 2.14.4 Implementation The implementation phase is the method of introducing Innovation. There may still be some degree of uncertainty surrounding the outcomes of Innovation and whether to keep it as opposed to reversing old practices (Rogers, 2003). Reinvention usually takes place at the stage of implementation, so it is an essential part of this stage (Sahin, 2006). It is the degree to which the consumer adjusts or modifies Innovation in the process of adoption and implementation (ibid). Rogers further argued that the more reinvention takes place, the faster Innovation is implemented and institutionalized (ibid). 2.14.5 Confirmation Since the innovation-decision has been made in the above stages, In the confirmation stage, Individuals continue to support their decision. This decision may get reversed if the person faces contradictory innovation messages (Sahin, 2006). However, the person tends to stay away from these messages and finds support messages supporting their decision. Therefore, attitudes become more critical at the confirmation stage. Depending on the support for innovation adoption and perspective of the person, later adoption or discontinuation occurs at this point (Sahin, 2006).

2 Literature review

A discontinuance is a decision to abandon an innovation that was previously accepted. Two forms of discontinuance can occur during the confirmation stage: (1) replacement discontinuance and (2) disenchantment discontinuance. In replacement discontinuance, the person avoids Innovation to pursue a better substitute for Innovation (Rogers, 2003). In disenchantment discontinuance, the decision dismisses the concept due to its disappointment with its results (ibid). Unhappiness may occur because Innovation is not ideal for a person and does not offer a perceived relative advantage over improvements to indigenous practices (ibid).

Figure 10 Innovation decision model (Rogers, 2003)

2.15 Triple helix model

This study previously addressed innovation phases from an industrial perspective, but governments also play an essential role in taking innovation to the market. For that, the study chose to explain the Triple helix model to understand the role of government.

Triple Helix model is an interactive model that consists of relatively independent and overlapping spheres (Morrar, Haj Hamad and Arman, 2018). It is the most suitable model for most countries and regions to promote innovation (Yoon, 2015). As seen in the following figure11, this model defines various collaboration and degrees between the three key innovation actors: government, universities, and industries (Razak and White, 2015). Industries act as the production site; the government act as the source of contractual ties that ensure secure interactions and trade, and the university act as the centre of information and technology and the birthplace of the knowledge economy (Etzkowitz, 2003).

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Figure 11 Triple helix model (Desai, and V.S, 2018)

2.16 Supposition

Global industrial process heat account for more than two-thirds of the total industrial energy consumption, and half of the process heat demand is low to medium (< 400 ° C). There are two types of solar thermal energy technology available. They are concentrated and non- concentrating solar powers. By analysing these two types of technology, Concentrated Solar Technologies (CST) is used for industrial processes due to its higher thermal efficiency and concentration ratio. Among the concentrated solar energy, we have found that the Parabolic Solar Concentrator (PTC) is the most advanced technology and is probably considered to be the most robust of the four CSP technologies to meet all the heat.

The use of solar thermal energy for industrial processes is at its beginning. There is still much work to be done in designing, applying, and studying better design methods. Further expansion of thermal solar energy for industrial applications largely depends on the cost reduction and market developments to compete with the existing renewable players in the market. Improvements in technology are assumed to only come with the learning effects by diffusion, and thus the lack of demand is a constraint to CST's further growth (del Río, Peñasco and Mir- Artigues, 2018).

3 Methodology

The study has employed a qualitative research framework to understand the drivers and barriers that multinationals face in adopting solar thermal systems in the industrial process. In the combination of a cross-sectional study approach, the study seeking to analyse and capture the perspectives, ideas, and opinions of professionals in the case company on incorporating thermal solar thermal systems in the Industrial Process and obtaining a detailed understanding of the current situation. The inductive approach is used in the study, implying that there is no theory to formulate the objective; instead, during the research phase, the concept and the target are created. The analysis used two forms of data: primary and secondary data. Preliminary data was collected through semi-structured interviews with employees of the case companies. Moreover, secondary data was collected through literature review, publicly accessible government, and world bank reports.

3.1 Research strategy

The research approach is a fundamental aspect of research methodology, which directly affects the choice of particular methods of study. This study employed an inductive approach; it means that the study started with a research focus (organization, the problem of the market, economics, etc.), and aimed at developing a theory using various approaches (Greener, 2008). The study's goal was to investigate and explore the drivers and barriers faced by multinational companies in implementing solar thermal systems in their industrial process. Although some drivers and barriers to adopting solar thermal systems in the industrial process are known, this topic is not yet thoroughly explored in market-specific. As seen in the following Figure 12, This study aims at the Indian market, it resulted in developing the theory on drivers and barriers of solar thermal specific to India. This study began with a literature review to gain a deeper understanding of solar thermal systems.

Collecting Spotting the Developing the data patterns the Theory

Figure 12 Inductive approach (Author’s own)

3.2 Research design

Qualitative research methods consist of several research designs. These research designs share the origins of ontology and epistemology and similar characteristics, but each research design has a different emphasis, scope, and methods (Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, 2016).In keeping with many of the research designs, the study chooses the cross-sectional research design. Bryman and Bell (2011, p.63) say “It might be asked what the difference is between a multiple- case study involving several cases and a cross-sectional design. If the focus is on the cases and

24 3 Methodology their unique contexts, it is a multiple-case study and as such is an extension of the case study approach; if the emphasis is on producing general findings, with little regard for the unique contexts of each of the eight cases, it is better viewed as a cross-sectional design”.

Similarly, in this study, the research question focuses on multinational companies, which is answered through interviews with representatives of case companies engaged in the development of solar thermal energy in the industrial process. The aim of interviewing executives from multinational companies was to get a deeper understanding of solar thermal technology as they were the potential customers of this technology. While this study did not focus on understanding the multinational companies as such nor any questions pertaining to specific companies were asked, the interview guide was designed in such a way that all the questions were related to the technology. And finally, a thematic analysis was performed to produce generic results that are specific to the Indian market, but applicable to other companies too. Hence, the RQ of this study is answered through a cross-sectional research design. The related literature on the concept of solar thermal energy was also theoretically used to resolve the research question. 'Figure 13' below displays various data sources used in research queries.

Research Question

Primary Data Secondary Data

Interviews Literature Review Online sources

Figure 13 Data collection methods

3 Methodology

3.3 Data collection

This study used primary and secondary data for data collection. Secondary data was obtained through literature review, publicly accessible government, and world bank reports. The preliminary data was collected through semi-structured interviews with employees at selected case companies.

3.3.1 Literature review

A literature review was carried out to map current solar thermal systems research aspects in the industrial sector and to identify research gaps. It offers an overview of previous work on the use of solar thermal energy in the industrial area in general. The aspects will be compared to the results of the case studies as the research aims to consider existing drivers and the barriers of solar thermal systems in the industrial sector. The comparison of the literature review with the findings of the cases helps to understand which aspects are known in research and which provide new insights and knowledge for research. Older publications were considered because they added substantially to the literature review material. Besides, a variety of online sources (reports, blog posts, newspaper articles) were used to obtain current information on these subjects. Nevertheless, the literature review does not take a systematic approach but instead seeks to include an overview of the current issues.

3.3.2 Interview

The study found that the interviews were the most appropriate to collect the required primary data because they could obtain in-depth information on the respective drivers and barriers to the adoption of solar thermal systems in the industrial process. The authors have chosen to perform semi Structured interviews to be specific to the study context and to discuss the research subject in-depth, while still adhering to the research objective and research question. To find suitable interviewees, the authors use web searches like LinkedIn to recognize possible interview partners who met the eligibility criteria. In total, six companies have been identified through web searches. Since the study has taken the interviews in a multinational company. Conversations were held in the English language to ensure that the two parties were comfortable in formulating questions and answers. In particular, in April and June 2020, the study conducted Six Interviews. After these interviews, the study did not collect new relevant data from the respondents, so it was possible to realize that it entered into the saturation stage. The respondent's interviews lasted about 45-60 minutes, depending on the duration and depth of the responses received. Regardless of the COVID-19 outbreak, all of the meetings occur in online channels via skype and Microsoft teams, which made it difficult for the study to conduct face-to-face interviews. Before the interview, an overview of the subject was given to each respondent to plan and organize some thoughts. Since the respondents gave their permission, the conversations were recorded and transcribed for the data analysis. Finally, the findings of the interview were interpreted and listed in the result section.

26 3 Methodology

3.3.3 Sampling method

Depending on the need and situation, various sampling methods are used in the research to select an appropriate population sample. Initially, Purposive sampling was used in this study to identify the case companies. The main objective of purposive sampling is sampling cases and participants relevant to research questions (Bryman and Bell, 2011). The selection of the case company was made according to the following criteria.

1. The Company should adhere to the 7th goal for sustainable development (Affordable and Renewable Energy) adopted by the United Nations.

2. The Company must have a future emission reduction strategy or zero-co2 target (as set out in the Paris Climate Change agreement).

3. The company need to have a manufacturing facility in India

Aligning with these requirements, several companies were filtered, and an invitation for an interview highlighting the purpose of the study was sent to all the companies through mails. But, due to unforeseen incidents and a global pandemic situation, only a few companies responded to our invitation, which are the Heineken group, the Carlsberg group, AstraZeneca, and AB-InBev group. To select the interview participants from the case companies, the study used a convenience sampling method to get a better acceptance rate of respondents for the interview. Besides, the study also used a snowball sampling method after each interview to identify additional suitable persons with relevant expertise to get a more profound and technical understanding. The goal of the research was to interview participants with similar roles in India. The initial goal was to include ten respondents to answer the RQ, but due to the circumstances of Covid-19, it was challenging to arrange an interview with companies. Hence, to have an acceptable result, this study settled with six participants.

3.3.4 Interview guide

Before conducting interviews, an interview guide was developed and given in the Appendix. The interview guide questions are built on the knowledge gathered through literature review and theory chapters, as well as previous interview experience. To provide the interviewee with an outline, it begins with a short descriptive section about the study itself and the broader context of this research. After this part, the actual interview starts with some introducing questions asking for the interviewee's background and the interviewee's knowledge in solar thermal systems in the industrial sector. After this part, the actual interview starts with some introducing questions asking for the interviewee's background and the interviewee's knowledge in solar thermal systems in the industrial sector.

3 Methodology

3.3.5 Interview participants

During this study, the authors conducted five interviews with topic experts from multi-national companies. The following table 3 provides a summary of the different organizations involved in this study, the sector they belong to, and the working schedule of the respective business. Regardless of the confidentiality reasons, the names of interviewees are not released. However, topic experts are published to increase the transparency and validity of the research.

Respondents Company Job Title Experience

Global Renewable Energy Programme Topic Expert 1 Heineken 24 years Manager

Topic Expert 2 Heineken Senior Global Lead - Utilities & Energy 21 years

Topic Expert 3 Carlsberg Energy Integration Specialist 9 years

Topic Expert 4 Carlsberg Postdoctoral Researcher 15 Years

Topic Expert 5 Astra Zeneca Sustainability Manager 17 years

Utilities, Renewable Energy & Brewing Topic Expert 6 Ab-InBev 7 years Auxiliaries Procurement Manager

Table 3 Details of interview participants 3.4. Data analysis

A fundamental principle of qualitative research is to conduct data analysis simultaneously with data collection. It helps researchers to slowly concentrate their interviews and observations and determine how to test their findings. Qualitative research approaches fall into three key groups: categorizing approaches {such as coding and thematic analysis}, linking strategies {such as narrative analysis and case studies}, and memos and displays {for a more comprehensive discussion} (Bickman and Rog, 2009). Due to the author's flexibility, this study chooses to follow the thematic Methodology to evaluate the interview transcripts. Thematic Analysis is a 'fundamental tool for qualitative research.' The main aim of this technique is to look for patterns that exist through a data set (such as a series of interviews, observations, documents, or examined websites). It includes researchers coding qualitative data to define themes relevant to their research issue. Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill (2016) state that thematic analysis work

3 Methodology in two types of approaches. (1) Inductive approach and (2) Deductive Approach. In this study, the authors chose to adopt an inductive approach to extract the themes from the data.

3.5 Research quality

Validity and Reliability are essential aspects of all studies. Carefully considering these two factors will differentiate between good research and flawed research. Also, fellow peers consider these factors to ensure the results are trustworthy and accurate (Brink, 1993).

Many researchers defined Validity and reliability of qualitative study in Different perspectives (Golafshani, 2004). Similarly, Brink (1993) argues that many qualitative researchers ignore the terms of Validity and reliability. Instead, they employ conditions such as credibility, Authenticity, Trustworthiness, Truth, Value, coherence, and confirmability to determining the scientific merit of qualitative research. Based on these Considerations, the study opted to choose Lincoln and Guba's Trustworthiness criteria, which is generally acceptable and easily understood parameters to demonstrate the quality of qualitative research.

Lincoln and Guba (1985) developed the trustworthiness principle by adding four factors: credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability parameters, in contrast with the traditional standards of validity and reliability in quantitative assessments.

Credibility

Credibility is the equivalent of internal validity (Bryman and Bell, 2011) and concerns the truth-value component of the study (Nowell et al., 2017). The Credibility Techniques suggested by Lincoln and Guba (1985) are prolonged engagement, persistent observation, triangulation, and member check. Furthermore, Korstjens and Moser (2017) claimed that researchers must decide what kind of strategies are used in research, as he argued that all types of strategies are not be suited for all sorts of research.

In this study, the authors cannot be able to do the Member Checks technique due to the busy schedule of interview participants in the COVID-19 pandemic situation. In the Triangulation technique, Korstjens and Moser (2017) stated there are three types of Triangulation methods that can be used in the research. They are data triangulation, Methodological Triangulation and Investigators Triangulation. Among that Methodological Triangulation is used in the study by using Primary and secondary type of data in the data collection, Investigator Triangulation is used in the research by interpreting the results and coding the data is performed by two authors to avoid the bias and misjudgement of the themes. Prolonged engagement technique is used in the study by conducting all the interviews in 60 -75 minutes time duration to become familiar with the setting and the context and also to get rich data for the study, At last, Persistent observation technique is used in the research by finding the characteristics and elements that are relevant to the issues of the study. Which is detailly explained in the analysis section. Overall, the authors conclude that the credibility is moderate in the study.

3 Methodology

Transferability

Transferability is the equivalent of external validity (Bryman and Bell, 2011), and it applies to the generalizability of the case. It refers only to a case-by-case transition in qualitative analysis (Nowell et al., 2017). However, the researcher's duty has to include thick explanations so that anyone attempting to migrate the findings to their own site can judge the transferability(ibid). Being a Qualitative Research, the transferability of the study is evaluated in two cases. In the first case, transferability is a medium for companies that have renewable energy goals to reduce emissions. In the other case, transferability is very low in the Indian market because the study's findings are applied to the segments of industrial sectors that are limited to emission reductions.

Dependability

Dependency is the equivalent of reliability (Bryman and Bell, 2011), and it refers to the consistency of outcomes over the time and replicability of the findings. It includes interpreting research results, observations, and suggestions by participants to validate all data collected from study participants (Korstjens and Moser, 2017). To make this study more accurate and more useful to open up future research, the study interviewed the executives in a case company who were highly experienced and were in managerial positions as they would have higher knowledge on technology. Therefore, the consistency of outcomes in this study is high. However, the analysis for this study is performed employing qualitative techniques, and the analysis is subjected to change depending upon the researcher’s choice of theory justification and interviewee selection. Hence, the replicability of findings is low in the study.

Confirmability

Confirmability is the equivalent of objectivity (Bryman and Bell, 2011) and it concerns with the neutrality of the findings. This study is solely depending on the interview respondents of the case companies. Besides, the interpretation of results is analysed with existing theories. There are no personal choices of authors influenced in the research to prevent the bias. Therefore, the Study concludes that confirmability is high.

3.6 Ethical Considerations

Ethical issues will arise as researchers; design and organize their work, collect, evaluate, maintain, and report the data for access to organizations and persons. In science, ethics refers to principles of conduct that govern researcher actions concerning the interests of others who are or are influenced by their work (Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, 2016). This study mainly had three ethical considerations, namely (1) anonymity, (2) confidentiality and (3) informant consent. In anonymity & confidentiality, Participants were safeguarded by not disclosing their names in the compilation, interpretation, and recording of the results of the research. In informant consent, before conducting the interviews, authors informed about their research goals to the interview participants.

3 Methodology

3.7 Limitations

In addition to the limits mentioned in section 1.4, This study had some more limitations that are detailed below.

Prospective interviewers were challenging to meet for the interviews. Since the research focuses on solar thermal energy, sustainable managers, and renewable technology specialists were crucial stakeholders in the case companies. However, having a pivotal role in the respective firms, it had to postpone or cancel the interview more than occasionally because of higher priorities. Moreover, the Coronavirus imposed more pressure on daily activities, and already busy potential candidates became less accessible; Consequently, researchers had to tailor the number of participants to the prevailing conditions and goals.

Though the population of this study are the industrial companies in India, the sampling for this study was carried out with a specific criterion; hence the sample does not represent the entire population. This was done because they were the potential customers of this technology, and interviewees felt comfortable in answering the interview question. So that the research questions are answered.

The companies interviewed were in different stages of adopting solar thermal energy in industrial sectors. It means some companies having a plan to adopt solar thermal systems, and very few companies adopted the pilot testing of solar thermal systems in their manufacturing process. Due to this, the sample for this study turned out to be heterogeneous in nature, while homogenous sampling was intended. However, it increased the quality of the study as a wider perspective of opinions recorded in the interviews. Interviews were conducted in the English language, which was not the mother tongue of researchers and respondents, has also become a problem due to difficulties in communicating precisely what the study expected. Subsequently, some details may have been misinterpreted, which would affect credibility.

Very few participants in the case studies, making it impossible to generalize the results. Nonetheless, the findings can be used as a guiding point for other multinational companies that plan to incorporate solar thermal systems in the industrial process. The selected case companies belong to the brewing and pharmaceutical sectors in India, which can yield different results when compared with other sectors and the companies outside India.

4 Results & Analysis

This entire section represents the analysis and observations made from the empirical data, which was conducted through semi-structured interviews. As discussed in the previous section, the empirical data is divided into five themes, which cover the existing drivers and barriers for the adoption of STE in India.

Adoption of solar thermal systems in the Industrial sectors in Indian market

Driver Barriers

Infarstructure More Efficienet & Lack of Institutional Futuristic Technology High Costs Requirements Cheaper Competetiors Support

Figure 14 Drivers and barriers for the adoption of STE As shown in the following figure 14, the results are illustrated in drivers and barriers and divided into five main themes. Namely, the driver includes Futuristic Technology, and barriers include Expensive Options, Infrastructure Development, Efficient and Cheaper Contestants, and Lack of Involvement. 4.1 Drivers

4.1.1 Futuristic technology

The theme of futuristic technology explains two subthemes, which are (1) massive potential in the Indian market (3) carbon footprints reduction. The focus of this theme is to explain why this technology is beneficial for industrial adoption in the Indian market. Since the solar thermal energy is known as the green energy, it has many benefits namely (1) It reduces the dependence of Non- Renewable energy sources and gives the endless amount of

32 4 Results and Analysis energy in the free of charge (2) It reduces the emissions during the operation (3) It can be able to operate in the night time with the help of energy storage systems (Ansari et al., 2013). Similarly, respondent 1 says "I could say that solar thermal energy is one of the renewable sources of energy from the solar family, which will be very useful for companies to reduce carbon footprints and have a positive impact on the environment." India has a favourable position on the solar belt (401S–401N) as one of the most reliable consumers of solar energy. India has immense solar power potential because of its convenient location near the Equator, and it annually gets almost 3000 hours of sunshine equal to 5000 trillion kWh of energy. Similarly, Respondent 3 says "There is a big potential for solar radiation in the Indian market." It is crucial for multinational companies to deal with climate change and to achieve zero co2 emissions strategy. Therefore, it is an essential catalyst for multinational corporations to incorporate solar thermal energy to meet the heat demand in the industrial process. 4.2 Barriers

4.2.1 High costs

According to the analysis of the empirical interviews, this technology is expensive relative to other renewable sources due to higher upfront costs and higher LCOE. The focus of this section is to explain why this technology is costly over other renewable sources. The most significant barrier to the industrial adoption of solar thermal technologies in the Indian market is the high cost compared to conventional fossil fuels and other alternative renewable energy sources (Naik, Baredar, and Kumar, 2017), which can be seen in the following figure 15. Likewise, respondent 3 said “On the other side, if you see in solar thermal energy, it is very expensive, when you compared to other renewable energies.”

Figure 15 Comparison of capital cost in India (Sharma et al., 2018)

4 Results and Analysis

Over the years, considerable developments have been made in solar thermal technologies. But it comes up with a lot of technical issues. For instance, they have a long history of frustrating customers with worse performance than expected, and heat storage thermal losses appeared up to 5 times higher than initially expected (Cédric Philibert, 2006). There were many counterexamples in the 70s and 80s, and many industries led to public mistrust of technology (ibid). After decades of development, most technical barriers had been fixed through technological advancements. After the first wave of development in the 1980s, developments in solar thermal energy technology got stagnated over a long period of time, and the developments have begun again and gained considerable momentum since 2005 (Lovegrove et al., 2011). Around the world, many projects have started in the last ten years (European Commission, 2007). However, the current economic situation with low fossil fuel and electrical energy generation costs has made the operation of concentrated solar power plants financially unsustainable (ibid). Why are technologies always expensive during their initial stages? High investment costs, difficulties in accessing bank loans, and insufficient funding from the government often contribute to the breakdown of new technologies (Naik, Baredar and Kumar, 2017). Investment plays a vital role in any technology to succeed in a market. One of the critical reasons for the restricted use of concentrated solar technologies in India is the lack of investor trust (Bannur, 2018). Economic theory indicates that investors frequently consider emerging technology as expensive because of asymmetric information or comparatively higher payback (Naik, Baredar and Kumar, 2017). Some pilot plants in India have struggled to provide credible data to investors to invest confidently in CST (Bannur, 2018). It could be due to fewer demonstrations of CSP plants installed in India, as shown in the following figure 16.

Figure 16 Current status of various CSP plants in India adopted from(Bannur, 2018).

Commercial banks are, like any other country, will be a significant source of funding. Likewise, in India, the commercial bank finances most of the renewable infrastructure projects (Rathore et al., 2018). Since solar thermal technology is new to India, and it has not yet delivered

4 Results and Analysis efficient results like traditional power projects, it is almost unlikely to obtain financial help from banks due to a lack of knowledge and familiarity (ibid). The interest rate for any renewable energy project in India is higher than 10% (ibid). In comparison, the interest rate for loans in other fields, such as infrastructure and real estate, is much lower, which leads to an uneconomical project (ibid). This comparison is made to show that the fields, such as infrastructure, have shown a growth in revenue generation. Hence, banks find it easier to fund them as they are much familiar with this field when compared to a renewable energy source that is under construction. Financial institutions also pursue performance assurance and business strategies to assess project income and sustainability. Currently, they consider CSP projects as high-risk, contributing to a high return on investment (European Commission, 2007). Similarly, as respondent 1 said "Presently, I could say solar thermal energy needed huge upfront costs and payback periods. But, as of now, we do not want to have operated. And we prefer not to own the solar thermal plant.” As seen in the following table 4, despite the costs of a PTC plant in India are relatively less to Europe and Mexico, the price still remains higher than many other renewable energy supply choices in India, such as wind, solar PV and Biomass. Since the cost of technology in the international market is higher than the Indian market, the Indian market is not appealing to international players. Since there is not much interest from both local as well as international players, the technology is not advancing, and hence, the upfront costs remain almost the same.

Type of Solar Collector Location Cost (USD/m.sq) Europe 650 Parabolic Trough Collector (PTC) India 275- 445 Mexico 400-629

Table 4 Cost comparison (IEA-ETSAP and IRENA, 2015)

The other factor contributing to the expensiveness of solar thermal technology is the Levelized Cost of Electricity. LCOE is a valuable method to assess unit electricity generation costs from different technologies over power plants' operational life (Prakash, Ghosh and Kanjilal, 2020). State, intergovernmental, non-governmental, and academic researchers use it extensively to measure and compare alternative energy sources (ibid). The LCOE of renewable energy differs by product, country, and project dependent on renewable energy capacity, capital and operational costs, and system efficiency/performance (IRENA, 2012). This study discussed the LCOE cost of solar thermal energy and compared it to the LCOE of solar PV in the Indian market to show the difference between LCOE’s of these technologies. Solar PV was chosen to indicate this difference as it is a similar renewable technology under the solar domain, and it is one of the widely adopted energy sources in India. As seen in the following figure 17, The LCOE of solar thermal technologies depends heavily on the capital cost of the plant (Aseri, Sharma and Kandpal, 2020). But the value may vary significantly in terms of the type of concentrator and receiver technology employed and the

4 Results and Analysis hours of storage, location, and other design and operational feature (ibid). Current STT are capital intensive and have High LCOE compared with other renewable technology, such as solar photovoltaics (PV), wind energy, and biomass (Bijarniya, Sudhakar and Baredar, 2016). The initial capital costs of STT compensate for nearly four-fifths of the overall costs, and the remaining is the costs of running, repairing, and ensuring the insurance for the plant (IRENA, 2012). As discussed previously, higher LCOE costs prove to be one of the essential barriers for funding as financiers are not aware of STT; the risk is unfavourable and focuses instead on the lower LCOE. When compared with solar PV, the LCOE of STT is almost two times. One of the significant reasons for reduced solar cell prices per peak watt is significant advances in photovoltaic technology (Sharma et al., 2018). As a result, the LCOE of photovoltaic power plants decreased considerably in the last 3-4 years, making photovoltaic solar energy the preferred choice to generate solar energy in the Indian market (ibid). Similarly, to this analysis, respondent 5 says "In my view, Levelized electricity costs (LEC) of solar thermal systems are still higher than fossil-fuel generation LECs and other renewable energy technologies."

Figure 17 Comparison of various LCOE renewable technologies (Sharma et al., 2018)

STT cost is expected to decrease through technical breakthroughs/innovations and local development of technical components. (Sharma et al., 2018). Similarly, Krothapalli and Greska (2015) state that Advanced technology, mass development, volume saving, and Efficient operations would lead to a sustainable reduction in solar energy production costs over the next 5-10 years.

4 Results and Analysis

4.2.2 Infrastructure requirements The theme of infrastructure development explains 3 subthemes, which are ‘Re-engineering the existing process,’ ‘more footprints,’ and ‘problems in the roof structure.’ The subthemes focus on the installation barriers influencing the adoption of solar thermal systems in the industrial process. While solar thermal energy could save long-term costs, the difficulties of incorporating new heat sources into established processes may pose potential risks that bulk manufacturers seek to avoid (IEA-ETSAP and IRENA, 2015); also, Rawlins and Ashcroft (2013) state that solar thermal systems continue to be seen as more challenging to build, integrate, and maintain than widely available alternatives, such as biomass burners and PV systems. Likewise, respondent 1 says “The main challenge with that really is that the temperature coming out is effectively hot water, so that's that very then have to completely re-engineer its process heat network.” In solar energy, requirements of energy quantify the footprints. But comparing Pv and solar thermal energy, solar thermal energy is more space-efficient and needs less space for operations in the roof and land. If these two technologies compared to other renewable energies like biomass, wind energy, or any other conventional energy systems like fossil fuel, gas, and electricity, it required more space for the installations. Also, there are space limitations for certain customers installing solar thermal systems, E.g., the company will not have sufficient space for the installations. For these criteria, they have only rooftops, which is ideal for installing solar thermal systems. It can reduce the percentage of a site's process of heat energy demand that a solar thermal system can satisfy. Therefore, this barrier will impact the selection of alternative renewable energy for multi-national companies. Similarly, Respondent 6 says, “Large-area is required for the installations.” respondent 3 says, "But yeah, if you consider solar PV, solar thermal, it always needs an additional footprint. If you compared to other conventional energy systems." And respondent 4 says “Yeah, I think footprint is a main problem for the installation if you compare with Biomass.” Some of the companies have a complex room structure; this complexity makes it more complicated when installing solar thermal systems and requires additional installation costs and Labour costs. Similarly, respondent 2 says "In addition to that, we really do have a piece of land. Big enough to put all these solar thermal collectors. But all you have is a roof as well. Even if it made you drive up the roof, then most of the time you need to reinforce the roof structure, that means more money."

4 Results and Analysis

4.2.3 More efficient and cheaper alternatives The theme ‘Efficient and cheaper competitors’ explains the existence of efficient, matured, and value-adding competitor technologies. The focus of the themes is on the competitors influencing the adoption of solar thermal energy in the industrial sector. 4.2.3.1 Solar PV The PV sector features rapidly growing economic niche markets in a range of applications and a well-developed business with an unpredictable annual pace of growth, which can be seen in the following figure 18. The speed of market development will begin to accelerate as the cost reductions in the sector would contribute to more substantial opportunities for PV. Due to the low incoming barriers in this technology, several companies joined in the PV industry in the early stages of growth (Wenzlawski and Tol, 2003). In India, the domestic manufacturing sector has expanded with the government's Make in - India program. It has culminated in many private companies are jumping into solar photovoltaics (Raina and Sinha, 2019).

Figure 18 Competitive pricing of conventional fuels to solar PV adopted from (Khare, Nema and Baredar, 2013)

As seen in the following figure 19, Solar thermal technology's cost curve could not compete with PV. In India, the capital cost for solar PV is Rs 5.87 crore per MW, while that of CSP is Rs 12 crore per MW as per CERC, guidelines 2015-16 (Chandra Bhushan and Aruna Kumarankandath, 2015). It is also exciting and noteworthy that while the capital cost of solar thermal was considered lower than that of solar PV at the beginning of JNNSM in FY 2010- 11, it is nearly half that of solar thermal in FY 2015-16 (ibid). In today's setting, the study concludes that solar thermal technology cannot compete with PV. Similarly, Purohit and Purohit (2017) also stated that as long as the energy price of Solar PV plants remains cheaper than the energy price of Concentrated Solar thermal Plants and continues to fall. Therefore, PV will remain a favoured option for energy investors over STT. Similarly, respondent 4 says “I could say solar PV will be the direct competition for this technology."

4 Results and Analysis

STT need to demonstrate high performance in all three parameters, low thermal-energy-storage prices, energy dispatchability, and reliability as an ancillary solution to remain attractive and competitive against solar photovoltaics (Purohit and Purohit, 2017).

Figure 19 Capital expenditure solar thermal Vs. solar PV FY wise adopted from (Chandra Bhushan and Aruna Kumarankandath, 2015).

4.2.3.2 Biomass India has an abundance of biomass resources to enhance additional energy supplies (Singh and Setiawan, 2013) and currently supplies 32 per cent of its primary energy usage (Rahul, Rohit, and Shrish, 2015). The biomass supply in India was approximately 500 million tons per year in 2015 (Rahul, Rohit, and Shrish, 2015), and its production contributes about one-third of its overall energy consumption (Singh and Setiawan, 2013). Similarly, respondent 4 says, “To meet the head demand in India, we are using Biomass, It very cheap and abundant.” Respondent 3 says, "Whereas for power, it is very common now, for biomass. It is pretty much available in the markets that we think it's feasible.” And respondent 6 says “Biomass is a huge option for the Indian market.” Indian policymakers have promoted strategy and policy for the biomass to minimize long-term reliance on fossil fuels, increase efficiency, and reduce emissions of GHGs. These policies and strategies have emphasized human capital and information creation (Singh and Setiawan, 2013). From small to large scales, the technology has made financial incentives and policy measures significantly advanced and made available both locally and in various sectors (ibid). Policy deployment, articulation, and implementation of Biomass strategies led to the development of stakeholders' networks at local, regional, national, and international levels (Singh and Setiawan, 2013). The network of stakeholders was established at the domestic level by joint initiatives from ministries of central government [e.g., MNRE, Ministry of Finance,

4 Results and Analysis etc.], state governments, village governments, research institutes/universities [e.g., Indian Institute of Science], banks and financial institutions [e.g., NABARD — National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development and IREDA], industries, NGOs, societies (ibid). Internationally, several multinationals and foreign organizations [e.g., USAID – US Agency for International Development] participating in the supply chain of biomass power plants have also influenced the broader stakeholder network (Singh and Setiawan, 2013). Several UN branch organizations are also actively involved in Indian biomass sector growth; namely, the UN Development Plan (UNDP) and the United Nations Industrial Development Organisation (UNIDO) are the most prominent ones (ibid). Based on the above findings, the study finds that Biomass is much-evolved technology, and Solar Pv is experiencing rapid growth in the Indian market due to the continuous reduction of prices. 4.2.4 Lack of institutional support The theme lack of involvement consists of one sub-theme, namely no big players and lack of government policies. The focus of the theme is to explain about the government and multinational companies that are influencing the adoption of solar thermal energy in the industrial sector. The critical success factor in the growth of the STT is addressing the inadequate availability of eligible organizations. It means the industry wants a few trustworthy turnkey developers who can build, create, and run the plant with one hand. Moreover, these businesses need the opportunity to fund and promise completion of a project. The industry wants to shift towards guaranteed turnkey plants. However, considering the limited scale of most existing CST firms, it could be challenging to achieve this target (Wenzlawski and Tol, 2003). Similarly, to this analysis, respondent 1 says “I think that is probably also a challenge for the industry because it's relatively small and its relatively small companies with small balance sheets. And often those systems." and respondent 4 says “Also, I could say there are no big players in the solar thermal market.” The efficiency of the system itself is another significant consideration. First, in the immediate future, precise work will be carried out. Who is executing the next solar thermal systems in the industrial sector is not relevant? Still, the implementation business's technological failure or disintegration will be the worst-case scenario for the STT market penetration during the upcoming commercial projects because It should lead to having an unfortunate name for technology and the entire business. A limited company must be conscious of this. Therefore, it is necessary to improve foreign collaboration to deter these failures (Wenzlawski and Tol, 2003). As seen in the following figure 20, The Indian government is not promoting solar thermal applications in the country, especially in the industrial sector (Chandra Bhushan and Aruna Kumarankandath, 2015). It is evident from the present Scenario that they have no plans to

4 Results and Analysis implement any new policies to encourage it (ibid). Established programs and incentives have ceased to grow. In particular, Central Government of India believes that these technologies should be financially competitive and should not require any kind of assistance, particularly in the form of subsidies (Chandra Bhushan and Aruna Kumarankandath, 2015). Bijarniya, Sudhakar and Baredar (2016) also stated that the lack of government policies is one of the significant factors resisting the development of STT in India. Similarly, respondent 5 says “I could say there is a lack of government policies and support in the Indian market.”

Figure 20 Comparison of countries having better government support for the adoption of RET (Rathore et al., 2018)

A few reputable and fruitful organizations with a track record have to grow to push STT into profitable markets. Such organizations must be robust and efficient enough to be accountable for managing the projects (Wenzlawski and Tol, 2003).

As discussed in the literature review, according to the triple helix model, government, research universities, and industries must collaborate to bloom a technology in a market. The study argues that there are no better policies from the government to promote solar thermal technologies, and there are no big players in the market, as discussed above. Also, not much research has been conducted by universities in solar thermal energy. To claim it, one of the widely used website Google Scholar was used. Figure 21 Triple helix model (Desai, and V.S, 2018) When searched about Biomass in India, 732,000 articles were present, 149,000 articles were present for solar PV, and only 125,000 articles were current for solar

4 Results and Analysis thermal as of August 2020. From these numbers, it is quite evident that solar thermal is a less focussed renewable technology in the Indian market. Therefore, viewing the current scenario, the Government, industries, and universities must work together to ensure a viable path for the development of solar thermal technology in the Indian market. This could be accomplished by creating a financial and regulatory environment by the Government to support investment in the R&D activities by the university in developing cheaper and more efficient components. At the same time, the industries could provide a platform to exercise these activities practically as well as serve as technical expertise provided to universities. These factors could enable solar thermal technology to be a potential competitor, among other renewable alternatives. Based on our findings, the study analysed that Lack of involvement from government and multinational companies was influenced by two reasons (1) Awareness and (2) Better competitors. As seen in the following figure 22, In the awareness, stage Let us assume two cases.

Lack of Awareness

Awareness

Awareness is Present

Figure 22 Case Scenario for the adoption of STE in India. Lack of Awareness:

As discussed in the literature review, the innovation-decision process has the four stages, In the first stage being ‘knowledge.’ At this stage, a firm/industry learns about the nature of innovation and explores innovation. One of the significant factors promoting ‘knowledge’ is awareness. In this case, the awareness is null, which makes any firm/industry to move forward the primary stage in the decision-making process regarding an innovation. Since the individuals or decision-making units in the company do not have appropriate awareness about solar thermal energy, they cannot implement the innovation or technology as they cannot proceed beyond the primary stage. And hence, it becomes challenging for the adoption of solar thermals systems in the Indian market. As one of the respondents said,

“I think in general is an awareness of solar thermal is lacking”(S1)

Awareness is present:

Discussing only the absence of awareness could make this study biased. Assuming the awareness about solar thermal systems being current in India. The next stage, after acquiring significant knowledge of solar thermal energy in the innovation-decision process, is persuasion. This stage acts as a gate for firms/industries to proceed towards the development

4 Results and Analysis of the innovation or technology. The decision-making units measure any technology on five different characteristics, which are Relative advantage, Complexity, Compatibility, Observability, and Trialability. After measuring these characteristics, the decision-making units will take the decision to either accept or reject the adoption of innovation in the market. Going by the empirical findings of this study, this study argues that solar thermal energy cannot proceed beyond this stage, as competitors such as Biomass, Solar PV, etc. offer relatively higher value. Moreover, installing solar thermal systems in an industry requires complex requirements such as larger area as discussed in the previous sections and solar thermal systems are highly application-specific, for instance, different solar thermal systems are required for different temperatures, which is not the case with solar PV, where a single system could compensate for varying temperatures, making solar thermal systems to be incompatible relatively.

Hence, this study argues that solar thermal systems in the Indian market, cannot proceed beyond the second stage of an innovation-decision process. Therefore, the market share of this technology is significantly less in India.

5 Discussion

The industry uses much of the energy in electrical or thermal form. Electrical energy is used for lighting, air conditioning, and driving the motors (Sharma et al., 2017). In contrast, thermal energy heat is used in process heating applications such as dyeing, bleaching, Distillation, etc (ibid). Reddy and Ray (2010) state that a significant share of industrial energy demand is for process heating. It varies with industry, process types, products manufactured, etc.

The selection of an appropriate STT for meeting the process heating demand of industry mainly depends on four factors: (i) operating temperatures (ii) efficiency of the solar collector (iii) annual energy yield, and (iv) cost (Sharma et al., 2017). Other factors, such as availability of space and possibility of roof integration with the system size, are also crucial as sometimes existing rooftops do not have ample space or strong foundation to support the solar field (ibid). Cost is also a deciding factor that ensures its financial attractiveness. The efficiency of solar thermal technologies depends on many parameters such as the availability of solar radiation, Climatic conditions at the location, properties of the solar collector being used, and process heating conditions such as supply temperatures, pressure, and mass flow levels (Sharma et al., 2017). Heat currently accounts for two-thirds of the overall final energy consumption in India (Häberle, 2012). At present, only 10 per cent of this comes from "modern" renewable power, which excludes the conventional, very inefficient, and sometimes unsustainable use of biomass (Collier, 2020). Even though India has a significant potential to meet the heat demands, it is still lagging behind other emerging economies, including Brazil and Turkey. However, China remains the worldwide leader in solar thermal technologies (ibid), which can be seen in the following figure 23.

Figure 23 Global adoption of solar thermal energy (MNRE, GEF, UNIDO, 2018)

44 5 Discussion

The international solar community sees an extensive solar market in India (Rathore et al., 2018). Still, due to the lack of a single comprehensive policy, the growth of the solar sector is slow even though there are numerous motivating factors, such as ample solar energy, land availability, and low cost in the Indian subcontinent (ibid). Based on our findings, the study argued that Biomass and PV had increased the use of alternative renewable sources in India. To meet the heat demand in the industrial process, most of the companies have their interests adopt biomass as an alternative option to meet their heat demands.

Start-Ups in India

Figure 24 Current status of solar thermal energy in the Indian market

As discussed in the literature review, according to adoption categories, the study argues that there are few companies in the Indian market developing solar thermal technology. Therefore, they are still in the early adopters' stages. Unlike PV, Biomass, and wind, absence of solar thermal technologies from an existing commercial market is pretty apparent. Therefore, there is still no reliable and credible industry and mature technology to compete with these renewable technologies. Implementing any new technology often depends on its applicability and compatibility with the existing system (Naik, Baredar and Kumar, 2017). That is why any new technology is challenging and complicated before deployment. Also, new technologies often take a great deal of time to get implemented on the market because investors lack confidence and awareness (Naik, Baredar and Kumar, 2017). Usually, Companies wait for others to apply it first and decide whether to use or not to use it from their experiences. Further knowledge and encouragement for the use of Solar Thermal technology is key to practical implementation (Naik, Baredar and Kumar, 2017). As discussed in the literature review, according to the framework for the adoption of renewable energy sources, six critical factors allow organizations to achieve success in the implementation of new technologies and resources. Among the six crucial factors, the adoption of solar thermal

5 Discussion systems in the industrial sector lacks in government, Economic, Technology, Social, Organization and Management. In the case of the government factor, there are no appropriate policies and incentives to promote the technology. In the case of the economic factor, there better competitors are well matured on the market. In the case of a technological factor, solar thermal technology is still maturing, and due to more barriers, it is still struggling to reach the next level. In the case of the social factor, there is no general awareness of solar thermal technology on the Indian market. In the case of organization factor, the reliability of the technology is missing due to the absence of big players. Therefore, this study concludes that conventional energies are the most significant competitors in the Indian market and will probably take many years to ensure solar thermal systems can compete at the same cost level. In the Current Scenario, it has to compete with other renewable energies like biomass and PV in the short-term, which is more important for the growth in the Indian market. For that, the adoption of competitive government policy and collaboration between industry, universities, governments, and other stakeholders will play an essential role in the growth of the technology.

6 Conclusion

The goal of this study was to analyse the drivers and barriers to the adoption of solar thermal energy in the industrial sector in the Indian market. The following research question allowed the authors to achieve the purpose of the study in this context: What are the key barriers and drivers for the adoption of solar thermal energy in the industrial sector in the Indian market? This research study conducted six interviews with experts from multi-nationals subject to climate change commitments. Overall, this study identified one driver and four barriers to the adoption of solar thermal energy in the industrial sector. The driver was Futuristic Technology. While the identified drivers found relevant to current literature on the adoption of solar thermal energy in the industrial field, there is no new driver in this sense so far. On the other hand, the identified barriers to the adoption of solar thermal energy in the industrial sectors in the Indian market were High Costs, Infrastructure Requirements, Lack of institutional support, More Efficient & cheaper competitors, and Lack of awareness. Whereas the expensive option and Lack of awareness are in line with existing literature on the adoption of solar thermal energy in the industrial sector in the Indian market. Lack of Institutional Support and Infrastructure Requirement is not matching the existing literature, and It is therefore considered new barriers to the adoption of solar thermal energy in the industrial sector in the Indian market. This study has added three main contributions to the field of renewable energy and industrial management. First, it offers the university, government and industry for working together on the development of solar thermal systems in the Indian market by adopting a triple helix framework. Secondly, it provides the basis for innovation decisions, describing how the Indian industries see the use of solar thermal systems in the industrial sector. Thirdly, this study found some additional barriers, which influences the adoption of solar thermal systems in the industrial sector. They are system integration, Better Alternatives, additional footprints, problems in rooftop installations and lack of institutional support. Among that lack of institutional support is considered as a significant barrier, in which the government and Universities should intensify their attention to the development of solar thermal systems. Most of the solar energy literature illustrates the discrepancies with traditional energy sources and the country-specific adoption of solar technology. Solar technology implies both solar photovoltaic and solar thermal systems. Besides, the knowledge and realistic understanding of the industrial solar thermal systems was limited. This study focuses on the aspect of solar thermal systems, and the conditions are explored by finding drivers and barriers to the use of solar thermal systems in industrial processes. The relation between the theoretical framework and the interview answers from case companies provides an insight into the adoption of solar thermal systems in the Indian market. This study may serve as a basis for providing a holistic view of the deployment of solar thermal

47 6 Conclusion systems in the industrial sector. Also, the factors presented in this study will rapidly change as the technology is relatively young and continually evolving. From the ethical Standpoint, Government, developers, and Firms are the actors for the adoption of solar thermal systems in the industrial sector. Since the adoption of solar thermal systems were considered as sustainable solutions to reduce emissions, the ethical views of the different actors will vary. In the case of developers, they have to create the demand and sell the product to the organisation. But they are facing more difficulties due to financial and technical barriers. By reducing these barriers, Developers can reduce the operational cost to maintain the profit margin. In the case of government, they have to reduce the institutional barriers for the adoption of the technology. By minimising these barriers, it will be helpful for the developers to improve the reliability of the technology. In the case of the firm, they are looking for renewable Mix to meet their heat demands in a sustainable way. For that, they will look to adopt renewable technologies cost-effectively. If solar thermal systems become a reliable technology, then it would be the option for them to embrace it. The findings of the study could be useful for policymakers in eliminating the Institutional barriers to technology through the implementation of new research and development policies, financial encouragement and procurement initiatives for solar thermal systems development. In the case of developers, the results of the study could be useful to strengthen the technology's technological barriers by doing extensive research with the support from the universities. Since this research aimed to explore drivers and barriers for the adoption of solar thermal energy in general, For the future research a similar study should be carried out repeatedly focusing on a specific industry, to obtain generalized results and to learn more about the particularities of that particular field. Furthermore, it would be useful to provide more insights into the subject of drivers and barriers to the use of solar thermal energy in the industrial sector by examining the effect of alternative renewable sources including solar PV, biomass to validate these results and to discover the discrepancies in the Indian market. Besides, future work should also consider the adoption stages of solar thermal energy by companies. This stage could very well influence the view of a company's drivers and barriers.

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8 Appendix

8.1 Interview Guide

Background Questions

• Could you please describe yourself and your job position in this company?

• How long have you been working with this company?

• How is your company impacting climate change issues?

General Understanding of Renewable energy

• What are the sources of renewable energy currently used to produce electricity and heat in your organization? (Biomass, grid electricity, solar PV & Thermal ) • If you decide to purchase renewable energy to your company, what knowledge/considerations are essential to you? Drivers

• What would be the motivation for you to adopt renewable energy in your company?

• How is the management's opinion on renewable energy? Are they supportive or not?

• How is energy demand, operating cost, Co2 emission reductions motivating your company to adopt Renewable energy systems? Barriers

• What challenges have you faced in adopting renewable energy practices in your Industrial heat process?

• How are these barriers perceived by the management in your company?

• What are some key reasons to keep you away from buying renewable energy for your industrial heat process?

• Do you think the low price of fuel/gas/electricity, Investment costs, and government policy could hinder your company from adopting sustainability practices? Conclusion

• Do you have any points you believe to be necessary to our analysis that has not been addressed so far in the interview?

• If we have any more questions, can we contact you shortly?

• If the final report is released, do you wish to obtain a notification