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KARAKTERISTIK DAN Ketersedlaan DATA SUMBER DAYA LAHAN PULAU-PULAU Kecll UNTUK PERENCANAAN PEMBANGUNAN PERTANIAN DI MALUKU

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KARAKTERISTIK DAN Ketersedlaan DATA SUMBER DAYA LAHAN PULAU-PULAU Kecll UNTUK PERENCANAAN PEMBANGUNAN PERTANIAN DI MALUKU KARAKTERISTIK DAN KETERSEDlAAN DATA SUMBER DAYA LAHAN PULAU-PULAU KEClL UNTUK PERENCANAAN PEMBANGUNAN PERTANIAN DI MALUKU Andriko Noto Susanto dan Marthen P. Sirappa Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Maluku, JaIan Chr. Soplanit Rumah Tiga, Ambon 97233 ABSTRAK Pembangunan pertanian di Provinsi Maluku, yang didominasi oleh pulau-pulau kecil, memerlukan perencanaan secara spesifik. Salah satu informasi dasar yang dibutuhkan untuk pengembangan pertanian di pulau-pulau kecil tersebut adalah peta sumber daya lahan, yang memberikan informasi penting tentang distribusi, luasan, tingkat kesesuaian, faktor pembatas, dan alternatif pengelolaan lahan yang rasional. Peta yang tersedia untuk perencanaan pembangunan pertanian di Provinsi Maluku adalah peta zona agroekologi yang meliputi seluruh wilayah Provinsi Maluku, sedangkan peta pada tingkat semidetail sampai detail baru tersedia untuk beberapa wilayah, yaitu dataran Waeapo, Kairatu dan Kamariang, serta Pulau Selaru dan Wokam. Berdasarkan data atau peta tersebut, Provinsi Maluku memiliki peluang yang cukup besar untuk pengembangan perkebunan, wanatani, tanaman pangan lahan kering, tanaman pangan lahan basah, padang penggembalaan, dan perikanan tambak. Luas lahan untuk usaha tani tanaman pangan, sayuran dan buah-buahan mencapai 41.012 ha, sementara potensinya seluas 775.586 ha atau tersedia areal ekstensifikasi 734.574 ha. Untuk usaha perkebunan terdapat areal potensial seluas 1.392.712,40 ha, sedangkan lahan fungsional baru mencapai 157.533 ha atau tersedia areal pengembangan 1.235.179,40 ha. Perencanaan pembangunan pertanian secara berkelanjutan harus didasarkan pada keadaan biofisik lahan, komoditas unggulan, dan sosial budaya ekonomi masyarakat. Kata kunci: Karakteristik fisik-kimia tanah, data sumber daya lahan, pembangunan pertanian, Maluku ABSTRACT Characteristics and availability of land resources in small islands for agricultural development planning in Maluku Agricultural development in Maluku Province, which is dominated by small islands, requires specific planning. One of the basic information required for agricultural development in the small islands is land resource map. The map provides important information about distribution, area coverage, land suitability, limiting factors, and alternative land management. The availability of the map for Maluku Province at this time is still limited. Agroecological zone map is available, covering all regions of Maluku Province. However semidetailed and detailed maps are only available for several regions, namely plain of Waeapo, Kairatu and Kamariang, and Selaru and Wokam Islands. Based on the data, Maluku has a great opportunity for estate crops, agro forestry, upland food crops, lowland food crops, pasturing field, and aquaculture development. The present area for food crops, fruits and vegetable is 41,012 ha, whereas its potential area is 775,586 ha, so there is still available land of 734,574 ha for extensification. For the development of estate crops, the available potential land is about 1,392,712.40 ha, while functional land reaches 157,533 ha, so the availability of land for the development is 1,235,179.40 ha. Planning of sustainable agricultural development must be based on the biophysical characteristics of the land (agroecological), profitable commodities, and social-cultural-economic aspects of the people. Keywords: Soil physicho-chemical properties, land resource data, agricultural development, Maluku ilayah Kepulauan Maluku terletak annya didominasi oleh pulau-pulau kecil. 2006) yang tidak termasuk pulau kecil. Wpada posisi 2°30'−9° LS sampai Jumlah pulau di Provinsi Maluku berdasar- Selain Pulau Seram, pulau-pulau lain yang 124°−135° BT (Utrecht 1998), dengan luas kan identifikasi citra satelit dari LAP AN memiliki luas lebih besar dibandingkan wilayah daratan dan lautan 57.326.817 ha. mencapai 1.412 buah (Titaley 2006). dengan pulau-pulau kecil lainnya adalah Luas lautan sekitar 90% atau 52.719.100 Luas pulau-pulau di Maluku berkisar Pulau Yamdena, Buru, Wokam, Kobrour, ha, sedangkan luas daratannya hanya antara < 761−18.625 km2. Pulau dengan dan Trangan. Selebihnya adalah pulau- sekitar 10% atau 4.625.416 ha (Balai Peng- luas kurang dari 1 juta ha dikategorikan pulau kecil dan bahkan terpencil yang kajian Teknologi Pertanian Maluku 1999). sebagai pulau kecil (Monk et al. 2000). jumlahnya mencapai 1.406 buah. Pember- Maluku sering dijuluki dengan Pro- Dengan kriteria tersebut, hanya Pulau dayaan pulau-pulau kecil dengan karakte- vinsi Seribu Pulau, karena wilayah darat- Seram dengan luas 1,86 juta ha (Nanere ristik yang spesifik dalam pembangunan Jurnal Litbang Pertanian, 26(2), 2007 41 pertanian perlu mendapatkan perhatian tahun 1992 yaitu 102.133 ha. Areal tanam kih, tidak terlalu terpengaruh dan me- serius dari semua pihak. jagung, padi ladang, dan ubi jalar menurun nunjukkan kenaikan nyata sampai tahun Salah satu informasi dasar yang di- cukup tajam, namun areal ubi kayu justru 2004. Areal tanam cengkih tahun 2004 butuhkan untuk meningkatkan produksi meningkat cukup signifikan pada tahun mencapai 35.129,70 ha, lebih tinggi di- bahan pangan dan produk pertanian lain- 1999, yang diduga karena beralihnya pola banding tahun 1998 yaitu 34.965 ha. Oleh nya adalah data spasial (peta) potensi konsumsi pangan masyarakat ke ubi kayu karena itu, cengkih dapat dikembangkan sumber daya lahan, yang memberikan akibat keterbatasan beras dan jagung. sebagai komoditas unggulan Maluku. informasi penting tentang distribusi, luas, Pada tahun-tahun berikutnya, setelah Komoditas lain yang cepat pening- tingkat kesesuaian lahan, faktor pembatas, kondisi sosial masyarakat berangsur- katan luas areal tanamnya pascakonflik dan alternatif teknologi yang dapat di- angsur normal, areal tanam ubi kayu adalah kakao. Pada tahun 2002 dan 2003, terapkan (Suryana et al. 2005). Tersedianya menurun, sementara komoditas lain arealnya berturut-turut 10.480,30 dan informasi potensi sumber daya lahan un- mengalami kenaikan. Hal ini diduga 15.200 ha, padahal tahun 2000 baru men- tuk pengembangan komoditas pertanian sebagai dampak dari mulai tersedianya capai 7.698 ha. Tulisan ini mengulas akan sangat membantu upaya peningkatan beras sebagai sumber pangan, sehingga karakteristik sumber daya lahan di Maluku produksi komoditas pertanian secara minat petani menanam ubi kayu menurun. dan arahan penggunaan lahannya berkelanjutan. Komoditas pertanian yang meng- berdasarkan data spasial yang dibuat oleh Data dan informasi sumber daya alami pemulihan paling cepat adalah padi Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian lahan untuk mendukung pengembangan sawah. Hal ini disebabkan selain telah (BPTP) Maluku dan instansi lain pada agribisnis di Maluku sangat terbatas dan jelasnya status tanah dan gencarnya kurun waktu 1999−2005. heterogen, bukan hanya jumlah, skala dan program peningkatan produksi padi, juga kepentingannya, tetapi juga instansi karena sumber daya manusia yang terlibat pembuat peta masih tersebar dan belum dalam usaha tani padi sawah tidak banyak terkoordinasi dengan baik. Kegiatan yang melakukan eksodus ke luar Maluku. KARAKTERISTIK pemetaan cukup mahal sehingga hasil- Luas areal tanam padi sawah pada tahun PULAU-PULAU KECIL hasil pemetaan yang sudah ada perlu 2003 mencapai 7.968 ha, lebih tinggi dimanfaatkan selain melakukan pemetaan dibanding tahun 1999 yaitu 6.727 ha. Areal Monk et al. (2000) mendefinisikan pulau daerah-daerah baru secara bertingkat tanam tersebut tersebar pada tiga sentra sebagai suatu masa daratan yang seluruh- (Louhenapessy 2005). Oleh karena itu produksi padi sawah yaitu Waeapo, nya dikelilingi oleh air laut, sedangkan ke- perlu dibangun pangkalan data untuk Kairatu, dan Seram Utara. pulauan adalah kumpulan pulau-pulau menampung data dan informasi hasil-hasil Penurunan luas areal panen buah- yang mengelompok secara bersama. pemetaan agar replikasi dan duplikasi buahan selama konflik sosial tahun 1999 Pulau-pulau yang ada di wilayah Maluku hasil-hasil pemetaan dapat dipantau. terjadi pada semua jenis komoditas, ter- umumnya memiliki karakter yang berbeda- Konflik sosial yang terjadi di Maluku utama pisang, jeruk, dan mangga. Namun beda. Perbedaan karakter tersebut di- pada tahun 1999−2001 telah menghancur- pada tahun 2000−2004, luas areal panen sebabkan oleh perbedaan geografis, fisik, kan sebagian besar areal pertanian. Luas komoditas buah-buahan kembali me- iklim, sosial, budaya dan etnis serta tahapan areal tanam pada akhir tahun 2004 jauh ningkat walaupun relatif lambat. Jika tidak perkembangan ekonominya (Sitaniapessy lebih kecil dibanding areal (penggunaan dilakukan percepatan penanaman kembali, 2002). yang sama) pada tahun 1992. Peningkatan dengan pertambahan luas tanam saat ini Beberapa karakteristik pulau-pulau areal tanam sejak tahun 2000 sampai sekitar 100−200 ha/tahun, maka dibutuh- kecil yang perlu mendapat perhatian dalam sekarang masih berjalan lambat, sehingga kan waktu sekitar 25 tahun sejak tahun kaitannya dengan perencanaan pem- berdampak pada rendahnya produksi 2004 untuk mencapai luas tanam seperti bangunan adalah (Sitaniapessy 2002): 1) komoditas pertanian. Pemulihan kembali tahun 1998 yaitu 12.375 ha. rentan terhadap pemanasan global yang (recovery) sektor pertanian dapat diper- Areal tanam sayuran juga menurun mengakibatkan naiknya permukaan air cepat dengan melakukan penataan dan drastis. Areal tanam bawang merah, te- laut, sehingga luas daratan makin ber- pemanfaatan kembali lahan pertanian yang rung, dan kacang panjang tahun 1998 kurang, 2) mempunyai Zona Ekonomi terbengkalai serta menanam tanaman yang
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