An Illustrated Overview of Psychology’s History

1933 Sigmund Freud’s influence 1905 Alfred Binet develops first continues to build as he successful intelligence publishes New Introductory Lectures Abraham Maslow’s test in France. 1954 1875 First demonstration on Psychoanalysis. Motivation and Personality laboratories are set up helps fuel humanistic movement. independently by William Margaret Washburn James (at Harvard) 1908 Hans Selye introduces publishes The Animal 1936 The cognitive revolution is and Wilhelm concept of stress into the 1956 Mind, which serves as an impetus launched at watershed con- Wundt (at the language of science. for behaviourism. 1958 ference where Herbert Simon, George University of Culver Pictures, Inc . Joseph Wolpe Leipzig). Miller, and Noam Chomsky report

Archives of the History American Psychology, The Center for the History of Psychology - University of Akron launches three major advances in just one day.

© Historical Picture Archive/CORBI S behaviour Sigmund Freud’s increas- 1941–1945 Rapid growth 1909 in clinical therapy with ing influence receives Roger Sperry’s

University of Akron psychology begins in response to his description - formal recognition 1961–1964 of systematic split-brain research as G. S. Hall huge demand for clinical services desensitization and work by David Hubel and Torsten invites Freud created by World War II and its treatment for Wiesel on how cortical cells respond to give lectures aftermath. photbias. to light help rejuvenate the biological

at Clark perspective in psychology. Image courtesy of NAS A University. Clark Hull advocates Courtesy of the Clark University Archives 1943 1879 Wilhelm Wundt establishes modified behaviourism, 1963 Stanley Milgram conducts first research laboratory which permits careful inferences controversial study of obedience in psychology Archives of the History American Psychology , The Center for the History of Psychology about unobservable internal states. to authority, which may be the most famous at Leipzig, single study in psychology’s history. Albert Germany. Bandura publishes landmark research on 1947 Kenneth and Mamie media violence and aggression as his social © CORBIS Clark publish work learning theory adds a cognitive slant to John B. Watson on prejudice that is cited in 1913 behaviourism. PhotoDisc/Getty Image s writes classic behavi- landmark 1954 U.S. ourism manifesto, 1949 Donald O. Hebb publishes Supreme Court decision arguing that The Organization of outlawing segregation. 1971 B. F. Skinner creates furor psychology Behavior. over radical behaviourism should study with his controversial book Beyond only observ- Freedom and Dignity. able behaviour. Wilhelm Wundt establishes Eleanor Maccoby and Stock Montage, Inc. 1881 © Bettmann/CORBIS 1974 first journal devoted to Carol Jacklin publish

research in psychology. Sir Francis their landmark review of research Chuck Painter/Stanford News Servic e 1888 McGill University Archives, Chris F. Payne, \PR000387, Galton reproduced in The McGill News, Vol. 51, No. 3, May 1970, p. 3. on gender differences, which galvanizes research in this area. develops the concept © Ted Streshinsky/CORBIS of correlation that Leta Hollingworth G. Stanley Hall establishes 1914 1883 will allow generations publishes pioneering Early1950 1950s John Bowlby begins America’s first research influential research of scientists to quantify work on the psychology of women. Martin Seligman laboratory in psychology at Johns HE on the nature of the attachment bond Late 1990s associations between T Herbert Simon wins Nobel launches the Hopkins University. between mothers and infants. 1978 variables. PRINCIPLES Prize (in economics) for positive psychology movement. OF research on cognition. PSYCHOLOGY Carl Rogers helps 1951 Courtesy of Elizabeth Loftu s William James publishes launch humanistic 1890 William James The repressed his seminal work, The movement with 1990s 1980s Increased global inter- memories Culver Pictures, Inc publication of Archives of the History American Psychology, The Center for the History of Psychology - University Akron Principles of Psychology. Archives of the History American Psychology, The Cente r for the History of Psychology - University Akron dependence and cultural controversy stimulates Client-Centered diversity in Western societies spark © Bettmann/CORBIS Widespread Culver Pictures, Inc. influential research by 1914–1918 Therapy. surge of interest in how cultural intelligence Elizabeth Loftus and factors mould behaviour. Courtesy of Martin 1892 G. Stanley Hall founds testing is begun by military Seligman others on the malleability 1891 James Mark Baldwin American Psychological during World War I. and fallibility of human establishes the first Association. memory. experimental laboratory in 1981 Roger Sperry wins Nobel psychology in Canada at the Prize (in physiology and Evolutionary Reprinted with permission from Science, Drawing of Psychological Laboratory in the University of Toronto from James Mark Baldwin, Vol. 19, p. 143-144. Copyright 1892 AAAS . Lewis Terman publishes Early1950 1990s 1916 medicine) for split-brain studies. psychology University of Toronto. Stanford-Binet Intelligence Ivan Pavlov shows how B. F. Skinner publishes his emerges as a major new 1904 Scale, which becomes the world’s 1953 © Bettmann/CORBIS theoretical perspective. conditioned responses foremost intelligence test. influential Science and are created, paving the way for Human Behavior, advocating radical stimulus– behaviourism similar 2000 Eric Kandel wins Nobel response 1888 to Watson’s. Prize (in physiology and psychology. 1920s Gestalt medicine). for his research on the John Wallace psychol- biochemistry of memory. Baird is the ogy nears its peak Research first Canadian influence. 1988 to be elected psycholo- 2002 Daniel Kahneman wins Nobel president of gists form the Amer- Prize (in economics) for his research on. decision making. the American Culver Pictures, Inc . ican Psychological Psychological Society (APS) to serve

Culver Pictures, Inc Association. as an advocate for the CP Photo/Chuck Mitchell science of psychology. Archives of Manitoba, Events 173/3 (N9905). Political Equity League petition. Don Murray/Getty Image s © Bettmann/CORBIS 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

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01_ch01.indd 24 1/24/12 4:03 PM 1933 Sigmund Freud’s influence 1905 Alfred Binet develops first continues to build as he successful intelligence publishes New Introductory Lectures Abraham Maslow’s test in France. 1954 1875 First demonstration on Psychoanalysis. Motivation and Personality laboratories are set up helps fuel humanistic movement. independently by William Margaret Washburn James (at Harvard) 1908 Hans Selye introduces publishes The Animal 1936 The cognitive revolution is and Wilhelm concept of stress into the 1956 Mind, which serves as an impetus launched at watershed con- Wundt (at the language of science. for behaviourism. 1958 ference where Herbert Simon, George University of Culver Pictures, Inc . Joseph Wolpe Leipzig). Miller, and Noam Chomsky report

Archives of the History American Psychology, The Center for the History of Psychology - University of Akron launches three major advances in just one day.

© Historical Picture Archive/CORBI S behaviour Sigmund Freud’s increas- 1941–1945 Rapid growth 1909 in clinical therapy with ing influence receives Roger Sperry’s

University of Akron psychology begins in response to his description - formal recognition 1961–1964 of systematic split-brain research as G. S. Hall huge demand for clinical services desensitization and work by David Hubel and Torsten invites Freud created by World War II and its treatment for Wiesel on how cortical cells respond to give lectures aftermath. photbias. to light help rejuvenate the biological at Clark perspective in psychology. Image courtesy of NAS A University. Clark Hull advocates Courtesy of the Clark University Archives 1943 1879 Wilhelm Wundt establishes modified behaviourism, 1963 Stanley Milgram conducts first research laboratory which permits careful inferences controversial study of obedience in psychology Archives of the History American Psychology , The Center for the History of Psychology about unobservable internal states. to authority, which may be the most famous at Leipzig, single study in psychology’s history. Albert Germany. Bandura publishes landmark research on 1947 Kenneth and Mamie media violence and aggression as his social © CORBIS Clark publish work learning theory adds a cognitive slant to John B. Watson on prejudice that is cited in 1913 behaviourism. PhotoDisc/Getty Image s writes classic behavi- landmark 1954 U.S. ourism manifesto, 1949 Donald O. Hebb publishes Supreme Court decision arguing that The Organization of outlawing segregation. 1971 B. F. Skinner creates furor psychology Behavior. over radical behaviourism should study with his controversial book Beyond only observ- Freedom and Dignity. able behaviour. Wilhelm Wundt establishes Eleanor Maccoby and Stock Montage, Inc. 1881 © Bettmann/CORBIS 1974 first journal devoted to Carol Jacklin publish

research in psychology. Sir Francis their landmark review of research Chuck Painter/Stanford News Servic e 1888 McGill University Archives, Chris F. Payne, \PR000387, Galton reproduced in The McGill News, Vol. 51, No. 3, May 1970, p. 3. on gender differences, which galvanizes research in this area. develops the concept © Ted Streshinsky/CORBIS of correlation that Leta Hollingworth G. Stanley Hall establishes 1914 1883 will allow generations publishes pioneering Early1950 1950s John Bowlby begins America’s first research influential research of scientists to quantify work on the psychology of women. Martin Seligman laboratory in psychology at Johns HE on the nature of the attachment bond Late 1990s associations between T Herbert Simon wins Nobel launches the Hopkins University. between mothers and infants. 1978 variables. PRINCIPLES Prize (in economics) for positive psychology movement. OF research on cognition. PSYCHOLOGY Carl Rogers helps 1951 Courtesy of Elizabeth Loftu s William James publishes launch humanistic 1890 William James The repressed his seminal work, The movement with 1990s 1980s Increased global inter- memories Culver Pictures, Inc publication of Archives of the History American Psychology, The Center for the History of Psychology - University Akron Principles of Psychology. Archives of the History American Psychology, The Cente r for the History of Psychology - University Akron dependence and cultural controversy stimulates Client-Centered diversity in Western societies spark © Bettmann/CORBIS Widespread Culver Pictures, Inc. influential research by 1914–1918 Therapy. surge of interest in how cultural intelligence Elizabeth Loftus and factors mould behaviour. Courtesy of Martin 1892 G. Stanley Hall founds testing is begun by military Seligman others on the malleability 1891 James Mark Baldwin American Psychological during World War I. and fallibility of human establishes the first Association. memory. experimental laboratory in 1981 Roger Sperry wins Nobel psychology in Canada at the Prize (in physiology and Evolutionary Reprinted with permission from Science, Drawing of Psychological Laboratory in the University of Toronto from James Mark Baldwin, Vol. 19, p. 143-144. Copyright 1892 AAAS . Lewis Terman publishes Early1950 1990s 1916 medicine) for split-brain studies. psychology University of Toronto. Stanford-Binet Intelligence Ivan Pavlov shows how B. F. Skinner publishes his emerges as a major new 1904 Scale, which becomes the world’s 1953 © Bettmann/CORBIS theoretical perspective. conditioned responses foremost intelligence test. influential Science and are created, paving the way for Human Behavior, advocating radical stimulus– behaviourism similar 2000 Eric Kandel wins Nobel response 1888 to Watson’s. Prize (in physiology and psychology. 1920s Gestalt medicine). for his research on the John Wallace psychol- biochemistry of memory. Baird is the ogy nears its peak Research first Canadian influence. 1988 to be elected psycholo- 2002 Daniel Kahneman wins Nobel president of gists form the Amer- Prize (in economics) for his research on. decision making. the American Culver Pictures, Inc . ican Psychological Psychological Society (APS) to serve

Culver Pictures, Inc Association. as an advocate for the CP Photo/Chuck Mitchell science of psychology. Archives of Manitoba, Events 173/3 (N9905). Political Equity League petition. Don Murray/Getty Image s © Bettmann/CORBIS 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

NEL The Evolution of Psychology 25

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