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An Anthropology of Geographic Orders and Imaginations in the Sierra Mixe

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An Anthropology of Geographic Orders and Imaginations in the Sierra Mixe Territorial Practices: An Anthropology of Geographic Orders and Imaginations in the Sierra Mixe Emiliano Zolla Márquez University College London Territorial Practices: an Anthropology of Geographic Orders and Imaginations in the Sierra Mixe Declaration of Originality I, Emiliano Zolla Márquez, confirm that the work presented in my thesis is my own work. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated. 2 Territorial Practices: an Anthropology of Geographic Orders and Imaginations in the Sierra Mixe 3 Territorial Practices: an Anthropology of Geographic Orders and Imaginations in the Sierra Mixe Acknowledgments This thesis would not have been possible without the help and generosity of a large number of people in Oaxaca, Mexico City and London. In the latter, I benefited from the kind and attentive help of Dr. Nanneke Redclift, my thesis supervisor. She not only advice me before and after returning from the field, but provided me with a wonderful space of intellectual liberty. I thank her thorough reading of countless versions of the thesis and for all the support received during my stay at UCL. I would also like to express my gratitude to my friends and fellow PhD students at the Department of Anthropology for their comments, intellectual encouragement and especially, for sharing the joys and miseries of writing a doctoral thesis. Piero di Giminiani, Inge Mascher, Sergio González Varela, Juan Rojas, David Jobanputra, Natalie Pilato, Tom Rodgers, Sophie Haines, Nico Tassi, Natasha Beranek and David Orr made my days much easier and constantly reminded me that there was more in life than my laptop. I would especially like to thank Alanna Cant for her friendship, intellectual advice and for keeping me sane both in London and Oaxaca. Thanks to the wonders of fictitious kinship, Alejandra del Río, Alfonso Vega, Natalia Best and Alex Stallman became my extended family in this island and made of London a great place to live. In Oaxaca, I was fortunate enough to receive the advice and friendship of Dr. Nemesio Rodríguez who shared his endless knowledge of Mexican indigenous peoples. I also benefited from the advice of Dr. María Luisa Acevedo who guided me through the early stages of the research and gave me enough advice to find my way through the Sierra Mixe. I also would like to express my recognition to CONACYT in Mexico for funding my doctoral studies and to the Central Research Fund of the University of London for the financial support for my first trip to Oaxaca. I would like to thank to Eleazar Martínez Pérez and his family in Tlahuitoltepec who without knowing me, opened the doors of their home and allowed me to enter into the world of the musicians of the Sierra Mixe. 4 Territorial Practices: an Anthropology of Geographic Orders and Imaginations in the Sierra Mixe Don Mauro Delgado, César Delgado, Damián “El Capi”, Leovigildo Martínez and Rubén Martínez allowed me to take part in many of the activities of the CECAM, a privileged viewpoint to understand the life of the peoples of the Sierra. Finally, I would like to dedicate this thesis to my parents, Carlos and Susana, to my sister Cecilia and to my dear cuñado Rafael for their endless love and support. 5 Territorial Practices: an Anthropology of Geographic Orders and Imaginations in the Sierra Mixe 6 Territorial Practices: an Anthropology of Geographic Orders and Imaginations in the Sierra Mixe Table of Contents Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 9 Looking beyond the State: the ethnography of Mixe space .............................................................. 24 CHAPTER I. SPATIAL COSMOLOGIES AND TERRITORIAL PRACTICES IN THE SIERRA MIXE ............ 34 Isolation, remoteness and popular images of the Sierra Mixe ...................................................... 34 Isolation in the ethnography of the Mixe .......................................................................................... 36 Cosmology and political process ...................................................................................................... 39 Place and Space in Santa María Tlahuitoltepec ................................................................................ 44 The vertical archipelago .................................................................................................................... 49 Atmospheric phenomena .................................................................................................................. 51 The Market: diversity and exchange ................................................................................................. 57 Maize varieties .................................................................................................................................. 60 Milpa rituals ...................................................................................................................................... 62 Milpas and the link between worlds ................................................................................................. 68 Milpa rituals as cartographic actions ................................................................................................ 71 Land without fences .......................................................................................................................... 72 Communitarian space and ritual: the cult to the Kigaapj .................................................................. 76 The keeper´s pilgrimage ................................................................................................................... 80 The relocation of the Kigaapj............................................................................................................ 82 The Kigaapj at their new home ......................................................................................................... 86 Tuuwabjp, Mëëkum, Tsejkaats and the influence on climate ........................................................... 88 Women’s rituality and communitarian landscape ............................................................................. 93 Maps, mapping and place-making in the Sierra Mixe ...................................................................... 96 Rituals and place-making ................................................................................................................ 104 Transitions between spaces ............................................................................................................. 109 Ritual experts as geographic specialists .......................................................................................... 111 Chapter II. Centripetal and centrifugal forces in the Sierra Mixe ....................................................... 117 Indigenous communities and the omnipresence of the State .......................................................... 117 Statelessness and decentralization among the Mixe ....................................................................... 124 Indigenous politics: from systems to space ..................................................................................... 126 Rancherias and Centro .................................................................................................................... 130 Space, morality and social order ..................................................................................................... 131 7 Territorial Practices: an Anthropology of Geographic Orders and Imaginations in the Sierra Mixe Centralisation, leadership and fiesta ............................................................................................... 143 The creation of leadership ............................................................................................................... 145 Fiesta and leadership ....................................................................................................................... 146 Tequio and leadership ..................................................................................................................... 152 Chapter III. Centralising the Sierra: State, Caciques and the origins of a nationalist spatial imagination ............................................................................................................................................................ 163 First centralization: the colonial order ............................................................................................ 166 An ethnographic exploration of the post-revolutionary state in the Sierra Mixe ............................ 171 The Caciques of the Sierra .............................................................................................................. 172 Nationalist chronotope and the Myths of Kong’oy ......................................................................... 191 Chapter IV. Teachers, schooling and the making of the communitarian geographic order ................ 198 The Church´s background ............................................................................................................... 200 The Cardenista School in the Sierra Mixe ...................................................................................... 205 Teachers and caciques ....................................................................................................................
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