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A Linguistic Look at the Olmecs Author(S): Lyle Campbell and Terrence Kaufman Source: American Antiquity, Vol

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A Linguistic Look at the Olmecs Author(S): Lyle Campbell and Terrence Kaufman Source: American Antiquity, Vol Society for American Archaeology A Linguistic Look at the Olmecs Author(s): Lyle Campbell and Terrence Kaufman Source: American Antiquity, Vol. 41, No. 1 (Jan., 1976), pp. 80-89 Published by: Society for American Archaeology Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/279044 Accessed: 24/02/2010 18:09 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=sam. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Society for American Archaeology is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to American Antiquity. http://www.jstor.org 80 AMERICAN ANTIQUITY [Vol. 41, No. 1, 1976] Palomino, Aquiles Smith, Augustus Ledyard, and Alfred V. Kidder 1972 Marriage patterns of the Chajul Ixil. Ph.D. 1951 Excavations at Nebaj, Guatemala. Carnegie dissertation, University of California, Irvine. Institution of Washington Publication 594. 1972 Patrones matrimoniales entre los ixiles de Thompson, J. Eric S. Chajul. Guatemala Indigena, Vol. VII, Nos. 1-2. 1970 Maya history and religion. University of Instituto Indigenista Nacional, Guatemala. Oklahoma Press, Norman, OK. Parsons, Elsie Clews Tozzer, Alfred M. 1936 Mitla, town of the souls. University of 1941 Landa's Relaci6n de las cosas de Yucatian. A Chicago Press, Chicago. translation. Edited with notes. Peabody Proskouriakoff, Tatiana Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology Papers, 1963 Historical data in the inscriptions of Vol. 18. Cambridge, MA. Yaxchilan. Estudios de Cultura Maya 3:149-67. Villa Rojas, Alfonso 1945 The Maya of east central Quintana Roo. Ruz Lhullier, A. Institution of Washington Publication 1954 en 1952. Anales Carnegie Exploraciones Palenque: 559. del I.N.A.H. 6:79-110. Mexico. 1947 Kinship and nagualism in a Tzeltal com- Sahagun, Fray Bernardino de munity, southeastern Mexico. American An- 1961 Florentine Codex: General history of the thropologist 49:578-88. things of New Spain, Book 10, The people, 1963 El nagualismo como recurso de control translated by Charles E. Dibble and Arthur J. social entre los grupos mayances de Chiapas, 0. Anderson. School of American Research and Mexico. Estudios de Cultura Maya 3:243-60. the University of Utah Publication 14, pt. 11. Villacorta Calderon, Jos6 Antonio Saler, Benson 1938 Prehistoria e historia antigua de Guatemala. 1964 Nagual, witch, and sorcerer in a Quiche Topografia Nacional, Guatemala. village. Ethnology, 305-28; reprinted in Magic, Vogt, Evon Z. witchcraft, and curing, edited by John Middle- 1969 Zinacantan, a Maya community in the ton. The Natural History Press, Garden City, highlands of Chiapas. Harvard University Press, NY. Cambridge, MA. A LINGUISTIC LOOK AT THE OLMECS LYLE CAMPBELL TERRENCE KAUFMAN This paper explores the hypothesis that the archaeological Olmecs, at least in part, were speakers of Mixe-Zoquean languages. The hypothesis is supported by not only geographical and temporal correlation, but by Mixe-Zoquean loan words in other Mesoamerican languages, many of which refer to things diagnostic of the Mesoamerican culture area. Also the cultural inventory revealed in Proto-Mixe-Zoquean vocabulary provides additional support. A paper on Olmec linguistics might seem responds closely to that of the Olmec archae- pretentious, since presumably the last Olmec ological sites (Fig. 1, map of Olmec-MZ area), died long before any linguistic records were suggesting as a hypothesis for further investiga- made. However, the linguistic identification of tion that the archaeological Olmecs, at least in the Olmecs is a recurring question in anthropo- part, may have been speakers of Mixe-Zoquean logical literature (cf., for examples, Jim6nez- languages. To our knowledge, this hypothesis Moreno 1942; Coe 1968; Bernal 1969; Joesink- was first presented by Terrence Kaufman Mandeville 1972; Sharer 1974; and others). (1969a, 1973, 1974), who argued that the This interest, however, seems to have generated glottochronological time depth of MZ of 3,500 little more than poorly founded linguistic spec- years (around 1500 B.C.) correlates with the ulations, which would seem to justify a re- first glimmerings of Olmec civilization. examination of the linguistic identification of Although the geographical and temporal the Olmecs. The purpose of this paper is to correlation of MZ languages with Olmec civil- examine one particular hypothesis in depth, ization leads to sympathy for the Olmec-MZ that the Olmecs, at least in part, were speakers identification, the strongest support comes of Mixe-Zoquean languages. from purely linguistic considerations. We will The geographical distribution of speakers of consider first MZ words borrowed into other Mixe-Zoquean (henceforth MZ) languages cor- Mesoamerican languages, followed by implica- I - / A CHALCATZINBO I FIGURE1. OLMEC-MIXE-ZOQUEAREA k ZAPOTES _3 _ / % I / / .- _ % TSOTBAPAN(vcz) \", " % If * OLUTA(VCM) lA LA VENTA I \ tt ' I * TEXISTEPECV \ * A \ I / SAN ? I t SAYULA(VCM) I !I LORENZO %.. I .- / / ' I / \ I TEAPA I '\ (TZ) / I / _I* .TAPU LAPA (TZ) \ VILLA '\ -% \ / ,C . PUXCATAN(TZ) OXOLOTAN I *ALTA(QM) CHOAPAN (OM) '. \4AGOALENA (CZf) o (TZ) TO)TONTEPEC (OM) m __ / * CHAPULTENANGO(CZ) -om * OCOTEPEC OCOTEPEC (CZ) S * (OM) SANJUAO 0 I I * COPAINALA (CZ) I AYUTLA (OM) UCHIOVI (OM) I SANTA -I CAMOTLAN(OM)* MARIA * oo * * CHIMALAPA(OZ) I USUMACINTA(CZ) / JUQUILA(OM) * COATLAN (OM) ,/p TUXTLA I SAN MIGUEL * * GUTIERREZ (CZ) I" CHIMALAPAIOZ/ OCOZOCAUTLA (CZ) *JUCHITAN e I *YAUTEPEC (OM) * TEHUANTEPEC W % LANGUAGES 1 CZ= CHIAPASZOQUE OZ= OAXACAZOQUE VCZ=VERACRUZ ZOQUE TZ=TABASCO ZOQUE CM=CHIAPAS MIXE O M=OAXACA MIXE VCM=VERACUZ MIXE \ %MILES50 / 1 00 a \ sJM Isis Fig. 1. Olmec-Mixe-Zoque Area. 82 AMERICAN ANTIQUITY [Vol. 41, No. 1, 1976] tions of the reconstructedProto-Mixe-Zoquean struct only a limited PMZ vocabulary (about (PMZ)lexical items for this hypothesis. 450 items). We are relatively certain that as The Olmecs greatly influenced con- more Zoquean material becomes available we temporary groups and later cultures, and some will be able to expand the number of PMZ would claim that all the succeeding Mayan and lexical items. Therefore, items we list as Proto- Mexican cultures have their roots in Olmec Mixean (PMi) which are based on the Mixean civilization.The loan words from MZ into other languages may actually reflect PMZ items for Mesoamericanlanguages seem to reflect this which we as yet lack Zoquean information. extensive Olmec influence. Many of the loans refer to things which are diagnostic of the THE MIXE-ZOQUEAN LANGUAGES Mesoamerican culture area Kirchhoff (cf. Languages of the MZ family are spoken in If a culture must have such items to 1943). the southern Mexican states of Oaxaca, as Mesoamericanand the terms for the qualify Chiapas, Veracruz, and Tabasco. There are two items are borrowed from MZ, then it would main branches, the Mixe branch and the Zoque seem reasonable to assume that of the speakers branch. There are three main groups in the MZ the Meso- languages possessed uniquely branch. Chiapas (CZ) has sub- american and had Zoque Zoque things early enough prestige types: Central Zoque (including that others borrowedfrom them. If MZ Copainala), enough Northern Zoque (includingMagdalena), North- had the items and others lacked it would them, eastern (including Chapultenangoand seem reasonable to MZ with a culture Zoque equate Ocotepec), and Southern Zoque (including known to have had them at the appropriate Tuxtla Gutierrez and Ocozocuautla). Similarly, Like diffused of time, namely Olmec. aspects Veracruz (VZ) has subtypes: Sierra MZ loans extend Zoque Olmec material culture, many Popoluca (including Soteapan and about 25 into remote geographically very languages, other villages), and Texistepec Popoluca never known to have had a common frontier (spoken in Texistepec). Finally, Oaxaca Zoque with MZ (e.g., Xinca, Lenca, Jicaque, Paya, is the third main group (spoken in San the loan (OZ) etc.). Below we present word evidence, Miguel Chimalapa and Santa Maria Chimalapa). but first some comments about sources of our There is also Tabasco Zoque, apparently a the MZ and the identi- information, languages, divergent dialect, but we have no information in order. fication of loan words are on the language. The sources of our linguistic data are: PMZ There are also three main groups in the Mixe (Kaufman 1963), Mayan languages (our own branch. Veracruz Mixe (VM) has the two field notes, Kaufman 1964a, 1969b, Campbell subtypes of Sayula Popoluca (spoken in n.d.a), Nahua (Molina 1571), Totonac (Asch- Sayula), and Oluta Popoluca (spoken in Oluta). man 1962, 1973; Reid and Bishop 1974), Xinca Oaxaca Mixe (OM) also has two subtypes, one (Kaufman and Campbell n.d.), Lenca (Campbell with conservative vocalism (districts of n.d.b; Lehmann 1920), Jicaque (Campbell field Yautepec, Tehuantepec, and Juchitan, in- notes), Paya (Dennis Holt field notes), cluding such towns as Juquila, Camotlan, Cacaopera (Campbell 1975; Lehmann 1920), Coatlan, and San Juan Guichicovi), the other Matagalpa (Lehmann 1920), Miskito (Lehman with innovative vocalism (districts of Villalta 1920), Sumu (Lehmann 1920), Otomanguean and Choapam, including such towns as Toton- Lehmann languages(Rensch 1966;Pickett 1965, tepec and Ayutla).
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