DOCSLIB.ORG

LUZ Y FUERZA DEL PUEBLO&Qu

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
LUZ Y FUERZA DEL PUEBLO&Qu SCUOLA DI DOTTORATO UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI MILANO-BICOCCA "Riccardo Massa" Department for Human Sciences PhD program in Cultural and Social Anthropology Cycle XXXI in joint – supervision with École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales PhD program in Social Sciences FIGHTING FOR AND FIGHTING THROUGH ELECTRICITY. AN ETHNOGRAPHY OF THE CIVIL RESISTANCE MOVEMENT "LUZ Y FUERZA DEL PUEBLO", FROM CHIAPAS, MEXICO Phd Candidate: Cao Umberto Registration number: 803149 Tutor: prof. Alice Bellagamba Co-tutor: prof. Valeria Siniscalchi Coordinator: prof. Alice Bellagamba ACADEMIC YEAR 2017-18 Acknowledgments This work has been realized thanks to a Ph.D. Scholarship granted by the University of Milano Bicocca, for the period November 2015 – October 2018. The research has also counted on the support of: the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, the Centre Norbert Elias (UMR 8562), and the IRIS Global Studies at PSL - Paris Sciences et Lettres. During the period October 2016 – February 2018, who writes has been Visiting Ph.D. Student at the CIMSUR – Centro de Investigaciones Multidisciplinarias sobre Chiapas y la Frontera Sur, of the UNAM – Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. The views and opinions expressed in this work belong solely to the author and do not necessarily reflect the positions of any of the aforementioned institutions. The author's deepest thanks go to: the academic supervisors of this work – professors Alice Bellagamba in Milan, Valeria Siniscalchi in Marseille, and José Rubén Orantes García in San Cristóbal de las Casas; the external rapporteurs, professors Alessandro Mancuso and Filippo Zerilli; the language proofreader Sheriff Kora; all persons in Sardinia, Italy, France, and Mexico, that in any form and at any extent have supported and accompanied him during the complex but wonderful years of this doctorate; and above all, the people of Luz y Fuerza del Pueblo. INTRODUCTION 7 PART I - MEXICO TODAY 33 Introduction 33 CHAPTER 1. SOCIOECONOMIC FACTS 34 1.1 Country Profile 34 1.2 The Liberal Turn 39 1.3 Poverty and Inequalities 49 CHAPTER 2. AN ORDINARY STATE OF INSECURITY 54 2.1 Intentional Homicides 56 2.2 Enforced Disappearances, Extrajudicial Killings and Clandestine Mass Graves 59 2.3 Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment 61 2.4 Threats Against Journalists and Human Rights Defenders 63 2.5 Gender-Based Violence 66 2.6 Systematic Impunity and the Lack of Rule of law 67 2.7 Corruption 69 2.8 The "War On Drugs" 72 CHAPTER 3. THE INDIGENOUS "QUESTION" 78 3.1 Socioeconomic Profile of Indigenous Peoples of Mexico 78 3.2 Legal Framework and Political Participation 83 3.2.1 The Case of Indigenous Peoples' Right to Free, Informed and Prior Consultation 87 3.2.2 The Indigenous Participation in Mexican Politics 90 PART II - THEORY 95 CHAPTER 4. THE ANTHROPOLOGY OF SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 96 4.1 Four Standpoints on Social Movements 96 4.2 Social Sciences' Approaches to Social Movements: Main Theoretical Frameworks 102 4.3 Anthropology and Social Movements Studies: Gaining Legitimacy 108 4.4 2008-2018: A Decade of Anthropological Regards on Social Movements 112 CHAPTER 5. AUTONOMY 125 5.1 A struggle between paradigms 126 5.1.1 Decolonization: Self-Determination Paradigm VS Colonial Paradigm 127 5.1.2 Resistance: Autonomic Paradigm VS Assimilationist/Integrationist Paradigm 130 5.1.3 Reconstitution: Autonomic Paradigm VS Multicultural Paradigm 132 5.2 Autonomies in Mexico: A Short Genealogy 135 PART III - ETHNOGRAPHY 145 CHAPTER 6. ORGANIZACIÓN DE LA RESISTENCIA CIVIL "LUZ Y FUERZA DEL PUEBLO" 145 6.1 Introduction and Genesis 145 6.2 Structure, operating mode and rules 154 6.3 Frameworks and Fields of Action 164 6.3.1 Electricity 164 6.3.2 Other Fields of Action 173 6.4 Three Exemplary Cases 180 6.4.1. 24 Militant Families Cut-Off From Electricity. 180 6.4.2 A Compañero Under the Attack of Usurpers. 183 6.4.3 The Young Son of a Compañero Kidnapped 187 CHAPTER 7. WHY JOINING LUZ Y FUERZA DEL PUEBLO? AN ANALYSIS OF MOTIVATIONS. 190 7.1 Poverty and Human Security 191 7.2 The habitus of Organized Social Activism 195 7.2.1 The Tradition of Social Movements 197 7.2.2 Primary Habitus: Family 200 7.2.3 Between Primary and the Secondary Habitus: the Epic of Mexican Revolution(s) 201 7.2.4 Liberation Theology and Catholic Activism 203 7.3 An Habitus, Many Social Movements, Multiple Militancies 208 7.3.1 EZLN and Luz y Fuerza del Pueblo 210 CHAPTER 8. THE POLITICAL AGENDA 217 8.1 Autonomy is the goal 217 8.1.1 Civil Society and Luz y Fuerza: the "Jelly" and the "Frame" 222 8.1.2 Control of The Government 227 8.1.3 Control of the Territory and Environment Protection 230 8.1.4 Place Politics and the Autonomic Gigsaw-Puzzle 238 8.2 Electricity in the Spotlight 242 CHAPTER 9. THE DAILY RESISTANCE TOWARDS.. A NEW HUMANITY 256 9.1 The shape and the practices of a meshwork 256 9.2 Physical Resistance and Danger, Violence and Non-Violence. 263 9.3 Strategic realism 275 CONCLUSIONS 282 Index of tables 298 Index of figures 298 Index of photos 298 Index of annexes 299 Index of interviews quoted 299 Bibliography 300 «We were born of the night. We live in the night. We will die in her. But the light will be tomorrow for others, for all those who today weep at the night, for those who have been denied the day, for those for whom death is a gift, for those who are denied life. For everyone the light. For everyone everything.» Emiliano Zapata, Zapatista Manifesto in Nahuatl, 1918 Introduction «[They are those] who don't exist, even if they do. Who speak no languages, only dialects. Who have no religions, only superstitions. Who make no arts, only crafts. Who have no culture, only folklore. Who are not humans, but human resources. Who have no face, only harms. Who have no name, and are only numbers. Who have no place in history, but only in local crime reports. They are the nobodies. Who are worth less than the bullet that will kill them». Eduardo Galeano, "El libro de los Abrazos", 1989: 52 The anthropologist Vincent Crapanzano once wrote that «we [anthropologists] – do depend on the contingent from the moment we start our research, and this dependency affects the way we do our research» (Crapanzano 2010: 58). Anyone who has ever experienced ethnographic fieldwork research could not agree more. Yet, I find that the "power of the contingent" often invests also the very choice of the study's subject. In the spring of 2014, I travelled across Chiapas for a project of visual anthropology, accompanying a Sardinian mural painter, Crisa. Through a long chain that I may not even retrace anymore, made of shared contacts, "friends of friends" and word of mouth, we came to know a group of people that decided to endorse our project. They opened their houses to us and hosted us in 6 different towns or villages. They provided walls to paint in their communities. With time, they shared their stories with us, their way of existence, and finally, their struggle. They were activists of a social movement named «Organización de la Resistencia Civil "Luz y Fuerza del Pueblo"». It seemed they were very "concerned" with electricity. 7 The more they shared stories and the more I observed their Organization, the more I became intrigued and, to a certain extent, surprised. At the time, I was personally quite aware about the "epic" of the Zapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN) in Chiapas (mostly known for its 1994 armed uprising) and averagely interested in indigenous mobilizations in the Americas (having previously researched about indigenous people, in North America). However, I was experiencing in person that the social arena in Chiapas was "not just about" EZLN - a vision still quite common in Europe, and in Mexico too. It was much more complex and rich. Above all, what had looked really new to me was the object and purpose of their activisms. They struggled for electricity. But also - as I would discover through this study – they struggled through electricity. In social movements literature, I had never found anything alike before. That's in short, how the contingent drove me here five years later and almost two of which was spent on the field in Chiapas to complete this doctoral thesis in anthropology about Luz y Fuerza del Pueblo. The main characters of this study are peasant and poor people from Chiapas, militating in Luz y Fuerza del Pueblo. Where for "peasant" we rely on the definition provided by the anthropologist Eric Wolf: i.e. agricultural producers «who retain effective control of the land» and «aim at subsistence, not at reinvestment» (Wolf 2001: 196). They therefore differ from "tenants", «whose control of land is subject to an outside authority», and from "farmers" who «view agriculture as a business enterprise» (ibid.). They very much look like the "nobodies" (originally, in Spanish: "los nadies") the writer Eduardo Galeano described in the famous tale we quoted in the beginning. Additionally, they are also indigenous, mainly Tojolabal, Ch'ol, Mam, Tzotzil, Q'anjob'al and Chuj. Being peasant, poor and indigenous are features that very often goes together. About 85% of Luz y Fuerza militants are so. Yet, as we'll have the opportunity to argue, Luz y Fuerza is not an indigenous movement. Similar to what the anthropologist George Collier highlighted on EZLN soon after the armed uprising, in this case we are not faced by a movement demanding rights for indigenous peoples: «they are first and foremost calling attention to the plight of Mexico's rural poor and peasants, both indigenous and non-indigenous» wrote Collier (1994: 7).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Outstanding Advances in the Implementation of the Mesoamerica and the Caribbean Climate Services Centre
    NEWSLETTER | | JUNE 2015 he Ministers of Environment of Belize, Colombia, Costa TRica, El Salvador, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama and the Dominican Republic met in Mexico for the IV meeting of the Ministers Council of the Mesoamerican Strat- egy for Environmental Sustainability (EMSA), chaired by Patricia Abreu Fernandez, Deputy Minister of En- vironment and Natural Resources of Dominican Republic, in her capac- ity as Pro Tempore President of the Mesoamerica Project. The Ministers of Environment entered into various agreements under this framework... Read more » OUTSTANDING ADVANCES IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE MESOAMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN CLIMATE SERVICES CENTRE FRANCE AND MEXICO DIA- THE CZECH REPUBLIC AND EXPERTS FROM MEXICO, SPAIN, CUTZAMALA SYSTEM PROJECT LOGUE ON DRINKING WATER, MEXICO STRENGTHEN COOP- USA, THE NETHERLANDS AND IS RECOGNIZED WITH THE DRAINAGE AND SANITATION ERATION ON WATER INFRA- COLOMBIA MET AT THE 11TH “POPULAR CHOICE AWARD OF TECHNOLOGY STRUCTURE TECHNOLOGY NATIONAL CLEAN BEACHES THE WOLRD BANK MEETING In order to drive improvements in Under the framework of his visit to During the Annual World Bank Wa- the services provided by water utili- Mexico, Pavel Solc, Deputy Minister In order to strengthen the Clean ter Week, held at the Washington, ties in Mexico, the Mexican govern- for Industry and Trade of the Czech Beaches Programme strategies, an D.C. offices, senior officials of the ment, represented by Conagua, and Republic met with Emiliano Rodrí- interinstitutional working group on World Bank country offices gathered the French government, through its guez Briceño, Deputy Director for integrated coastal management will to discuss the direction of the “wa- embassy in Mexico, Business France, Planning of Conagua, in order to be installed with the support of ex- ter” agenda and display the projects and the French Development Agen- assess the Mexico-Czech Republic perts from the Netherlands and the that each region holds.
    [Show full text]
  • The Winning of the Carbon War
    JEREMY LEGGETT THE WINNING OF THE CARBON WAR POWER AND POLITICS ON THE FRONT LINES OF CLIMATE AND CLEAN ENERGY THE WINNING OF THE CARBON WAR POWER AND POLITICS ON THE FRONT LINES OF CLIMATE AND CLEAN ENERGY JEREMY LEGGETT The Winning of The Carbon War © Jeremy Leggett 2015. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, PO Box 1866, Mountain View, CA 94042, USA. This first edition published 2016 by Jeremy Leggett. Colophon Set in Minion Pro, 11pt on 14pt leading. For Aki Humanity is in a race, a kind of civil war. On the light side the believers in a sustainable future based on clean energy fight to save us from climate change. The dark side defends the continuing use of fossil fuels, often careless of the impact it has on the world. Jeremy Leggett fought for the light side for a quarter of a century as it lost battle after battle. Then, in 2013, the tide began to turn. By 2015, it was clear the the war could be won. Leggett’s front-line chronicle tells one person’s story of those turnaround years, culminating in dramatic scenes at the Paris climate summit, and what they can mean for the world. iv “Given how vital developments in energy and climate will be for the future global economy, a front-line chronicle of events as they unfold in the make-or-break year ahead promises to be fascinating.
    [Show full text]
  • KI LAW of INDIGENOUS PEOPLES KI Law Of
    KI LAW OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES KI Law of indigenous peoples Class here works on the law of indigenous peoples in general For law of indigenous peoples in the Arctic and sub-Arctic, see KIA20.2-KIA8900.2 For law of ancient peoples or societies, see KL701-KL2215 For law of indigenous peoples of India (Indic peoples), see KNS350-KNS439 For law of indigenous peoples of Africa, see KQ2010-KQ9000 For law of Aboriginal Australians, see KU350-KU399 For law of indigenous peoples of New Zealand, see KUQ350- KUQ369 For law of indigenous peoples in the Americas, see KIA-KIX Bibliography 1 General bibliography 2.A-Z Guides to law collections. Indigenous law gateways (Portals). Web directories. By name, A-Z 2.I53 Indigenous Law Portal. Law Library of Congress 2.N38 NativeWeb: Indigenous Peoples' Law and Legal Issues 3 Encyclopedias. Law dictionaries For encyclopedias and law dictionaries relating to a particular indigenous group, see the group Official gazettes and other media for official information For departmental/administrative gazettes, see the issuing department or administrative unit of the appropriate jurisdiction 6.A-Z Inter-governmental congresses and conferences. By name, A- Z Including intergovernmental congresses and conferences between indigenous governments or those between indigenous governments and federal, provincial, or state governments 8 International intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) 10-12 Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) Inter-regional indigenous organizations Class here organizations identifying, defining, and representing the legal rights and interests of indigenous peoples 15 General. Collective Individual. By name 18 International Indian Treaty Council 20.A-Z Inter-regional councils. By name, A-Z Indigenous laws and treaties 24 Collections.
    [Show full text]
  • The Indigenous Uprising in Chiapas As a Praxis of Liberation by Diego Malquori
    The Indigenous Uprising in Chiapas as a Praxis of Liberation by Diego Malquori The Indigenous Uprising in Chiapas as a Praxis of Liberation by Diego Malquori English Abstract In this paper I focus on the indigenous uprising in Chiapas trying to understand its originality as a result of several factors: from the historical process of confrontation between the indigenous people and the white elites; to the influence of the theology of liberation in the awakening of consciousness that generated the uprising; to the transformation of the original revolutionary model in favor of a movement of civil resistance, built around the goal of a multicultural democracy; to the ability to understand and adapt to the decisive changes that the world has experienced in the last four decades. In this sense, this fight can be seen as one of the several anticipations of the struggle against neoliberal globalization. In my view, then, it is the awareness of the concrete problems of the indigenous communities, along with the utopian horizon of their struggle, that molds the originality of the Zapatista movement. Resumen en español En este artículo me centro en el levantamiento indígena en Chiapas tratando de entender su originalidad como resultado de varios factores: desde el proceso histórico de confrontación entre los pueblos indígenas y las élites blancas; a la influencia de la teología de la liberación en el despertar de conciencia que generó el levantamiento; a la transformación del modelo revolucionario original a favor de un movimiento de resistencia civil, construido alrededor del objetivo de una democracia multicultural; a la capacidad de comprender y adaptarse a los cambios decisivos que el mundo ha experimentado en las últimas cuatro décadas.
    [Show full text]
  • A Glance at Member Countries of the Mesoamerica Integration and Development Project, (LC/MEX/TS.2019/12), Mexico City, 2019
    Thank you for your interest in this ECLAC publication ECLAC Publications Please register if you would like to receive information on our editorial products and activities. When you register, you may specify your particular areas of interest and you will gain access to our products in other formats. www.cepal.org/en/publications ublicaciones www.cepal.org/apps Alicia Bárcena Executive Secretary Mario Cimoli Deputy Executive Secretary Raúl García-Buchaca Deputy Executive Secretary for Administration and Analysis of Programmes Hugo Eduardo Beteta Director ECLAC Subregional Headquarters in Mexico This document was prepared by Leda Peralta Quesada, Associate Economic Affairs Officer, International Trade and Industry Unit, ECLAC Subregional Headquarters in Mexico, under the supervision of Jorge Mario Martínez Piva, and with contributions from Martha Cordero Sánchez, Olaf de Groot, Elsa Gutiérrez, José Manuel Iraheta, Lauren Juskelis, Julie Lennox, Debora Ley, Jaime Olivares, Juan Pérez Gabriel, Diana Ramírez Soto, Manuel Eugenio Rojas Navarrete, Eugenio Torijano Navarro, Víctor Hugo Ventura Ruiz, officials of ECLAC Mexico, as well as Gabriel Pérez and Ricardo Sánchez, officials of ECLAC Santiago. The comments of the Presidential Commissioners-designate and the Executive Directorate of the Mesoamerica Integration and Development Project are gratefully acknowledged. The views expressed in this document are the sole responsibility of the author and may not be those of the Organization. This document is an unofficial translation of an original that did not undergo formal editorial review. The boundaries and names shown on the maps in this document do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. Explanatory notes: - The dot (.) is used to separate the decimals and the comma (,) to separate the thousands in the text.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecologics : Wind and Power in the Anthropocene / Cymene Howe
    Ecologics This page intentionally left blank Ecologics Wind and Power in the Anthropocene Cymene Howe Duke University Press Durham and London 2019 © 2019 DUKE UNIVERSITY PRESS ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMER I CA ON ACID- FREE PAPER ∞ DESIGNED BY COURTNEY LEIGH BAKER AND TYPESET IN MINION PRO AND FUTURA STANDARD BY WESTCHESTER PUBLISHING SER VICES Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Names: Howe, Cymene, author. Title: Ecologics : wind and power in the Anthropocene / Cymene Howe. Other titles: Wind and power in the Anthropocene Description: Durham : Duke University Press, 2019. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: lccn 2018050150 (print) lccn 2019000665 (ebook) isbn 9781478004400 (ebook) isbn 9781478003199 (hardcover : alk. paper) isbn 9781478003854 (pbk. : alk. paper) Subjects: lcsh: Wind power— Research— Mexico— Tehuantepec, Isthmus of. | Renewable energy sources— Mexico— Tehuantepec, Isthmus of. | Renewable energy sources— Political aspects. | Electric power production— Mexico— Tehuantepec, Isthmus of. | Energy industries— Mexico— Tehuantepec, Isthmus of. | Energy development— Political aspects. | Energy policy— International cooperation. | Geology, Stratigraphic— Anthropocene. Classification: lcc tj820 (ebook) | lcc tj820 .h69 2019 (print) | ddc 333.9/2097262— dc23 lc rec ord available at https:// lccn . loc . gov / 2018050150 Cover art: Bat falcon in flight. Photo © Juan Carlos Vindas / Getty Images. This title is freely available in an open access edition thanks to
    [Show full text]
  • Zapatista Children and the Secrets of War
    Zapatista Children and the Secrets of War “Children can make wars and loves, meetings and misunderstandings” By Alex Contreras Baspineiro Narco News South American Bureau Chief May 11, 2004 La Realidad, Chiapas, Mexico: The children of the Zapatista-sympathizing autonomous municipalities of Chiapas seem introverted, but they live in freedom and equality. They look extremely timid, but are really sociable and caring. They appear to be unfriendly, but they are both affectionate and dignified. At their young age, they already know war… but also love. In the rebel towns of the Mexican state of Chiapas, there are dozens, hundreds, thousands of boys and girls struggling among war and poverty. They are an active part of the Zapatista revolution. “We live in a bit of poverty, a little bit,” Hugo, 12, told us in this Zapatista village. “But the important thing is that we are happy and free, the same as our parents.” This boy has lived alone with his mother since he was three. Still very young, he took on an adult role in the family, cutting firewood, clearing paths and grinding coffee, and participating in communal work. All families Zapatista boys riding on the roof of a bus here, as in other Zapatista towns, must send from the autonomous municipalities. representatives to help in communal projects. Photo: Alex Contreras Baspineiro, D.R. During part of the year, he must attend school as well. 2004 Now, however, is the time of the year when people in these autonomous lands sow their fields, especially their cornfields, and classes are suspended. While the youngest are on vacation, high-school students attend classes to learn to be teachers.
    [Show full text]
  • A Linguistic Look at the Olmecs Author(S): Lyle Campbell and Terrence Kaufman Source: American Antiquity, Vol
    Society for American Archaeology A Linguistic Look at the Olmecs Author(s): Lyle Campbell and Terrence Kaufman Source: American Antiquity, Vol. 41, No. 1 (Jan., 1976), pp. 80-89 Published by: Society for American Archaeology Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/279044 Accessed: 24/02/2010 18:09 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=sam. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Society for American Archaeology is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to American Antiquity. http://www.jstor.org 80 AMERICAN ANTIQUITY [Vol. 41, No. 1, 1976] Palomino, Aquiles Smith, Augustus Ledyard, and Alfred V.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Frontline of the Community's Struggle to Defend Mother Earth
    Guatemala’s Indigenous Women in Resistance: On the Frontline of the Community’s Struggle to Defend Mother Earth and her Natural Assets Authors: María Giovanna Teijido and Wiebke Schramm Production: Montserrat García, Kerstin Reemtsma, Eva Scarfe, Estefanía Sarmiento and Cristina Barbeito of the PBI-Guatemala project English translation: Timothy Gilfoil Edited and distributed by: Brigadas de Paz Internacionales (PBI) Photos: PBI, Puente de Paz, Pastoral Social de Ixcán y Municipalidad de Ixcán (El Quiché). Design and layout: El Gos Pigall Printing: Imprenta Romeu, S.L. Printed on 100% recycled and bleach-free paper May 2010 This publication was made possible by funding from the German Peace Service. Content Presentation 6 Methodology and Basic Concepts 8 Objectives and Methodology Clarification of Terms Introduction 10 National and International Policies and the Reality of Guatemalan Indigenous Women 13 1. Indigenous Peoples, Rural Women and Poverty 14 2. Machismo, Feminism and Violence 15 2.1. Patriarchy, Machismo and Racism 15 2.2. Women’s Movements in Guatemala 16 2.3. Structural Violence against Women: Femicide and Domestic Violence 17 3. Economic, Social and Cultural Rights of Indigenous Woman in Guatemala 18 3.1. Access to Land 18 3.2. Access to Education and Health 20 3.3. Access to Employment 21 4. Are the Rights of Indigenous Women Guaranteed in Guatemala? 21 4.1. Political participation and the right to full citizenship 21 4.2. Guatemalan Policies and Institutions 23 4.3. International Instruments for the Protection of Human Rights 25 Xinca, Q’eqchi and Kaqchikel Women Defending Nature’s Assets 27 1. Xinca Women Raise Community Awareness: Ayajli, hurakli xinkali na Xalapán, horo huta naru 29 1.1.
    [Show full text]
  • Tactical Dramaturgies: Media, the State, and the Performance of Place-Based Activism
    Tactical Dramaturgies: Media, the State, and the Performance of Place-Based Activism by Jeffrey Gagnon A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Centre for Drama, Theatre, and Performance Studies University of Toronto © Copyright by Jeff Gagnon 2021 Tactical Dramaturgies: Media, The State, And the Performance of Place-Based Activism Jeff Gagnon Doctor of Philosophy Centre for Drama, Theatre, and Performance Studies University of Toronto 2021 Abstract This dissertation seeks to develop a theory of protest as it relates to the tactics and mobilizations of specific groups and the performance of their ethical, aesthetic, and philosophical responses to the contested relationships between state and space. In doing so, I make use of theoretical frameworks provided by performance, the social production of space, and media theories in order to develop a theoretical analysis of resistant practices of Idle No More, Occupy Wall Street, and the Zapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN). In these sites I explore moments of performative resistance that challenge the supremacy of state power, dominion over language and voice, control of the body, and agency over space. Primarily informed by Marxist spatial theory, supplemented by additional postcolonial and feminist theory and Indigenous knowledges, I examine digitally-enabled networks of solidarity and place-based activism that take up a critical stance towards digital networks, technologies, and cultures. My theoretical fusion of Henri Lefebvre, Brechtian performance traditions, and Glen Coulthard’s challenge to recognition politics, generates for me a form of critique that makes the case for an inclusive and empowering spatial ethics.
    [Show full text]
  • Update on Megaproject Megaproject
    The Oil Drum | Update on Megaproject Megaproject http://www.theoildrum.com/node/3347 Update on Megaproject Megaproject Posted by Stuart Staniford on December 10, 2007 - 11:00am Topic: Supply/Production Tags: megaprojects, peak oil, plateau [list all tags] New liquids capacity with first oil in each year as estimated from Petroleum Review megaproject reports (last available estimate in each case), and interim estimates from Wikipedia table as of December 10th, 2007. Error bars on Petroleum Review figures are as documented in Is the Decline of Base Production Accelerating. The Wikipedia Oil Megaprojects task force (Khebab, Ace, and I) has been busy over the last few weeks. With some assistance from helpful strangers, we have been ploughing through press releases and annual reports, adding projects to the Wikipedia page on Oil Megaprojects. I introduced this project two weeks ago, and today I want to give an interim progress report. As of now, we've reached about 350 citations used in collating the information. I have mainly been working on the past - the years 2003-2006 - while the years from 2007 onwards have mainly been handled by Ace and Khebab (though there is some crossover both ways). The 2003-2006 projects, of which there are currently 108, depend on about 140 citations. In attempting to assure completeness and quality of the list, I have reviewed the 2003-2006 annual reports, and/or all press releases, for the following companies: Anadarko Apache Page 1 of 7 Generated on September 1, 2009 at 2:51pm EDT The Oil Drum | Update on Megaproject
    [Show full text]
  • The 2000 Presidential Elections and the Zapatistas Map of Mexico
    Map of Mexico The 2000 Presidential Elections and the Zapatistas An Overview of Mexican Politics Historical Background The PRI Administrations The Conflict in Chiapas and the Peace Process The 2000 Presidential Elections Fox Administration’s Policies toward the Zapatistas A Brief History of Mexico Overview of Mexican Politics • 1521 the Aztec and Mayan civilizations conquered by the Spanish, followed by 300 • Until the late 1980s, Mexico’s official party- years of oppression and exploitation (serfdom, silver, plantations) of Mexico as a government system was the most “stable” regime in Spanish colony. • 1720s. Disease and overwork reduce Indios from 12 million in 1520 to 1 million. Latin America. • 1810 first anti-Spanish revolt, demand of land redistribution, suppressed. • 1814 second revolt, suppressed but guerilla warfare continued. • Institutionalized. Not a personalistic regime. Dealt • 1821 Guerrero revolt, successfully with two problems of non-democratic • 1823 Mexico becomes a republic · systems: elite renewal and executive succession. • 1845 annexation of Texas by U.S., followed by defeat of Mexican forces and 1848 annexation of Utah, Texas, Nevada, California, New Mexico, Colorado. • Inclusive. State corporatism, i.e. incorporation and • 1855-1876 Reform Period, new, liberal constitution. • 1876 Porfirio Diaz seizes power and establishes power monopoly, Porfiriato. cooptation of mass organizations within the • 1910 Mexican revolution started by middle class under leadership of Francesco “official” party. Madero, later joined by peasants under popular leadership of Pancho Villa and Emilio Zapata. • BUT, Regime Stability has been the top priority! As • 1920 Demobilization of the masses by the new regime with crush of Villa and Zapata forces. confronted with un-cooptable opposition (Students in • 1929 The "Revolutionary Party" (now PRI) is established as outcome of 1968, the Political left 1987-1994, Zapatistas since revolutionary nationalism and rules Mexico for 71 years! January 1, 1994), the regime responded harshly.
    [Show full text]