CULTURAL RESOURCE ASSESSMENT SURVEY FOR THE STATE ROAD 373 (ORANGE AVENUE) IMPROVEMENTS FROM STATE ROAD 263 (CAPITAL CIRCLE) TO STATE ROAD 61 (S. MONROE STREET) PROJECT DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENT STUDY

REVISED DRAFT Financial Management No.: 437902-1-22-01 ETDM No.: 14239 Leon County, Florida

Prepared for the

Florida Department of Transportation District 3, Chipley, Florida

Prepared by:

DRMP, Inc./ SEARCH - SEARCH2O 700 North 9th Avenue Pensacola, FL 32501

April 2021

The environmental review, consultation, and other actions required by applicable federal environmental laws for this project are being, or have been, carried out by the FDOT pursuant to 23 U.S.C.§327 and a Memorandum of Understanding dated December 14, 2016, and executed by the Federal Highway Administration and FDOT.

CULTURAL RESOURCE ASSESSMENT SURVEY FOR THE STATE ROAD 373 (ORANGE AVENUE) IMPROVEMENTS FROM STATE ROAD 263 (CAPITAL CIRCLE) TO STATE ROAD 61 (S. MONROE STREET) PROJECT DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENT STUDY, LEON COUNTY, FLORIDA

FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT NO. 437902-1-22-01 ETDM NO. 14239 SEARCH PROJECT NO. T18257

PREPARED FOR

DRMP, INC. AND FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, DISTRICT 3 CHIPLEY, FLORIDA

PREPARED BY

SEARCH STEVEN RABBYSMITH, CHRISTOPHER SYPNIEWSKI, MATTHEW NOWAK, AND BRYAN HERLING

DRAFT ______

STEVEN RABBYSMITH, MA, RPA PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR, ARCHAEOLOGY

DRAFT ______

BRYAN HERLING, MA, MDS PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR, ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY

WWW.SEARCHINC.COM

APRIL 2021

SEARCH April 2021 CRAS for the Orange Avenue Improvements, Leon County, Florida (FM# 437902-1) Draft Report

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This report presents the findings of a Phase I cultural resource assessment survey (CRAS) conducted in support of improvements to State Road (SR) 373 (Orange Avenue) from SR 263 (Capital Circle) to SR 61 (S. Monroe Street) Project Development and Environment (PD&E) Study in Leon County, Florida. The Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT), District 3, is proposing to widen 4.5 miles (7.2 kilometers) of Orange Avenue from SR 263 (Capital Circle) to east of SR 61 (S. Monroe Street). The project also proposes the construction of new sidewalks and bike lanes. The roadway widening will take place within the existing and proposed new right-of-way. The project is federally funded.

The project Area of Potential Effects (APE) was developed to consider any visual, audible, and atmospheric effects that the project may have on historic properties defined to include the existing and proposed right-of-way with a buffer that extended to the back or side property lines of parcels adjacent to the right-of-way, or a distance of no more than 328 feet (100 meters) from the maximum right-of-way line. The archaeological APE was defined as the existing and proposed Orange Avenue right-of-way. The architectural survey included the entire APE.

The archaeological survey consisted of a combination of pedestrian reconnaissance and subsurface testing. Because of extensive disturbance from utilities sidewalks and other infrastructure, only 22 shovel tests could be excavated within the project’s archaeological APE (project right-of-way). Survey of the remaining 161 planned test locations were limited to visual inspection of exposed surfaces. Research into the Florida Master Site File (FMSF) indicated that 13 previously recorded archaeological sites (8LE00155, 8LE00165, 8LE00515, 8LE00642, 8LE01609, 8LE01627, 8LE02400-8LE02402, and 8LE02404-8LE2407) are recorded within the project’s archaeological APE. Of these, eight (8LE00155, 8LE00165, 8LE00515, 8LE00642, 8LE01609, and 8LE02400-8LE02402) are indicated in the FMSF as having insufficient information for evaluation, and one (8LE01627) has not been evaluated for the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) by the State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO). The remaining four sites (8LE02404-8LE02407) were evaluated as ineligible for the NRHP by the SHPO. No artifacts were recovered, and no archaeological sites or occurrences, including the 13 previously recorded sites, were identified within the APE. No further archaeological survey is recommended in support of the proposed Orange Avenue improvements.

The architectural survey resulted in the identification and evaluation of 81 historic resources within the Orange Avenue Improvements APE in Leon County, including 17 previously recorded historic resources and 64 newly recorded resources. The previously recorded resources are 14 historic buildings, one railroad, one canal, and one historic cemetery. All 17 previously recorded historic resources have been determined ineligible for listing in the NRHP by the SHPO. These resources have not gained significance since their previous ineligible determinations, and it is the opinion of SEARCH that they remain ineligible for listing in the NRHP.

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The newly recorded historic resources include 56 historic buildings, one bridge, two canals, and five resource groups. One of these resource groups, the Liberty Park Subdivision (8LE06542), is recommended as being eligible for listing in the NRHP under Criterion A as an example of an African American neighborhood that was substantially developed as a result of the 1968 Housing Act. Nine resources within the resource group were determined to be contributing resources but were not of sufficient distinction to be individually eligible for listing. Another resource group, the College Terrace Subdivision (8LE06485), was examined by SEARCH for its potential to be eligible for the NRHP. A local informant described the history of the subdivision related to both the Civil Rights Movement and notable staff and faculty from Florida A&M University, detailed in the Results section of this report. Given the nature of these associations, the location of the project relative to the subdivision, and the potential for significant contributing resources to be located outside the APE, the research needed to confirm the significance of the resource group was determined to be outside the scope of this project. As such, there is insufficient information to evaluate College Terrace Subdivision (8LE06485). Twelve individually ineligible resources within 8LE06484 are potentially contributing resources to the resource group, but cannot be evaluated as such at this time. The remaining 41 resources lack the architectural/engineering distinction, significant historical associations, or integrity necessary to be considered for listing in the NRHP, and all are recommended ineligible.

Three previously recorded structures (8LE02307, 8LE03272, and 8LE06048) were determined to have been demolished since they were last surveyed. Additionally, two resources (8LE03191 and 8LE03192) were initially plotted within the APE, but were determined to be located outside of the APE.

No additional right-of-way will be taken along Orange Avenue in front of the Liberty Park Subdivision (8LE06542); therefore, while the proposed project is within the viewshed of 8LE06542, it will not impact the character-defining features of the resource group, mainly the repeating house forms that evidence the single, rapid phase of construction following the 1968 Housing Act, and will not result in an adverse effect to the resource group.

While the proposed project would involve the acquisition of approximately 21 feet (6.4 meters) of new right-of-way along the southern boundary of College Terrace Subdivision (8LE06485), no resources potentially contributing to the resource group will be physically altered or removed. None of the proposed work will diminish the character-defining features of 8LE06485 that could potentially make it eligible for listing in the NRHP for the associations with the Civil Rights Movement or potentially significant staff and faculty of Florida A&M University. As such, while the proposed improvements take place within the viewshed of the College Terrace Subdivision (8LE06485), they do not rise to the level of having an adverse effect.

Two historic-aged, post-1945 concrete culverts were identified in the APE. FDOT Bridge No. 550037 was constructed in 1957, and FDOT Bridge No. 550103 was constructed in 1975. As such, they fit the description of common bridges within the scope of the 2012 Program Comment Issued for Streamlining Section 106 Review for Actions Affecting Post‐1945 Concrete and Steel Bridges and are excluded from Section 106 consideration (Federal Register

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2012:68793). Further discussion of the application of the Program Comment is provided in the Methods section of this document. No additional architectural history survey is recommended.

Given the results of the CRAS, it is the opinion of SEARCH that the proposed Orange Avenue Improvements project will have no adverse effect on cultural resources listed or eligible for listing in the NRHP. No further work is recommended.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Executive Summary ...... iii Table of Contents ...... vii List of Figures ...... ix List of Tables ...... xi

Introduction ...... 1 Project Location and Environment ...... 4 Location and Modern Conditions ...... 4 Paleoenvironment ...... 4 Historic Overview ...... 6 Native American Culture History ...... 6 Paleoindian Period ...... 6 Archaic Period ...... 7 Woodland Period ...... 10 Mississippian Period ...... 13 Post-Contact History ...... 15 Leon County History ...... 15 Background Research ...... 23 Florida Master Site File Review ...... 23 Historic Map and Aerial Photograph Review ...... 29 Research Design ...... 35 Project Goals ...... 35 NRHP Criteria ...... 35 Cultural Resource Potential ...... 36 Survey Methods ...... 37 Archaeological Field Methods ...... 37 Architectural Field Methods ...... 37 Laboratory Methods ...... 39 Curation...... 39 Certified Local Government Consultation ...... 39 Local Informant Information ...... 39 Procedures to Deal with Unexpected Discoveries ...... 40 Results ...... 41 Archaeological Resources ...... 41 Architectural Resources ...... 41 Architectural Styles Represented in the APE ...... 51 NRHP Evaluations ...... 58 Cemeteries ...... 58 Linear Resource Groups ...... 61 Subdivisions ...... 68 Resource Groups ...... 79

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Conclusion and Recommendations ...... 82 References Cited ...... 84

Appendix A: Marked Field Maps Appendix B: FDHR Survey Log Sheet Appendix C: Misplotted/Demolished Resources Letter Appendix D: Historic Resource Descriptions and Evaluations Appendix E: FMSF Resource Forms

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Location of the Orange Avenue Improvements project area in Leon County, Florida. 2 Figure 2. Location of the Orange Avenue Improvements APE in Leon County, Florida...... 3 Figure 3. Soil drainage characteristics in the Orange Avenue Improvements APE...... 5 Figure 4. Clovis projectile point illustration...... 6 Figure 5. Bolen projectile point...... 8 Figure 6. Middle Archaic projectile points. From left to right: Alachua, Putnam, and Newnan. 9 Figure 7. Swift Creek pottery. Source: Southern Research, Historic Preservation Consultants, Inc. n.d...... 11 Figure 8. Examples of Weeden Island vessels (reproduced from Willey [1949:410])...... 12 Figure 9. Examples of Lake Jackson Incised pottery. Source: Florida Museum of Natural History 2018...... 14 Figure 10. Previously conducted cultural resource surveys intersecting the Orange Avenue Improvements APE...... 25 Figure 11. Previously recorded cultural resources within the Orange Avenue Improvements APE...... 28 Figure 12. 1840 GLO map of Township 1 South, Range 1 West...... 30 Figure 13. 1942 USGS topographic map of Tallahassee, Florida...... 31 Figure 14. 1954 USDA aerial photographs of Leon County, Florida...... 33 Figure 15. 1970 USGS topographic map of Tallahassee, Florida...... 34 Figure 16. Typical soil profile observed in the Orange Avenue Improvements APE...... 37 Figure 17. Archaeological survey results in the western half of the Orange Avenue Improvements APE, map 1 of 2...... 42 Figure 18. Archaeological survey results in the eastern half of the Orange Avenue Improvements APE, map 2 of 2...... 43 Figure 19. Conditions in the Orange Avenue Improvements archaeological APE. Top left: Commercial development in the east end of the APE, view east. Top right: Sidewalks and marked utilities along the north side of Orange Avenue, view east. Center left: Drainage infrastructure and a buried utility marker in the APE, view west. Center right: Buried utility markers in the APE, view west. Bottom left: Drainage ditch in the APE, view northwest. Bottom right: Drainage swale and a utility marker in the APE, view southeast...... 44 Figure 20. Historic resources identified in the Orange Avenue Improvements APE, map 1 of 3...... 45 Figure 21. Historic resources identified in the Orange Avenue Improvements APE, map 2 of 3...... 46 Figure 22. Historic resources identified in the Orange Avenue Improvements APE, map 3 of 3...... 47 Figure 23. Resource 8LE06539, an example of Masonry Vernacular architecture. View facing northeast...... 52 Figure 24. Resource 8LE06550, an example of Frame Vernacular architecture. View facing southwest...... 52

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Figure 25. Resource 8LE06560, a Commercial building. View facing north...... 53 Figure 26. Resource 8LE06534, a Ranch-style house. View facing south...... 54 Figure 27. Resource 8LE06567, an example of Minimal Traditional architecture. View facing south...... 54 Figure 28. Resource 8LE06530, an Industrial Vernacular building. View facing south...... 55 Figure 29. Resource 8LE06532, a Split-Level house. View facing west...... 56 Figure 30. Resource 8LE05711, a Bungalow house. View facing northwest...... 56 Figure 31. Resource 8LE06561, an example of Mixed-style architecture. View facing southeast...... 57 Figure 32. Resource 8LE00644, facing northwest (top left), grave relocation marker (top right), facing northeast (bottom left), and facing southeast (bottom right)...... 59 Figure 33. Resource 8LE05497, facing southeast (left) and facing northwest (right)...... 61 Figure 34. Resource 8LE05208, facing southeast (left) and facing northeast (right)...... 63 Figure 35. Resource 8LE05208 shown on 1938 aerial imagery (USDA 1938a) (top) and shown on 1941 imagery (USDA 1941) (bottom)...... 63 Figure 36. Resource 8LE06579, facing south (left) and facing west (right)...... 65 Figure 37. Aerial imagery from 1937 showing traces of channeling through Black Swamp (USDA 1937) (top) and from 1960, following the drainage development efforts by the City of Tallahassee, showing Munson’s Slough in its fully developed state (USDA 1960) (bottom)...... 66 Figure 38. Resource 8LE06593 facing northwest...... 67 Figure 39. Resource 8LE06484, facing northeast (top left), facing west (top right), facing northeast (bottom left), and facing north (bottom right)...... 69 Figure 40. Resource 8LE06485, facing northwest (top left), facing east (top right), facing west (bottom left), and facing southwest (bottom right)...... 72 Figure 41. Resource 8LE06542, facing southwest (top left), facing south (top right), facing southeast (bottom left), and facing southwest (bottom right)...... 75 Figure 42. Aerial photography from 1954 (top) showing Liberty Park Subdivision plotted out in the early stages of development (USDA 1954). Aerial images from 1966 (middle) show the neighborhood more developed, but with noticeable gaps, particularly on the northern edge of the neighborhood (USDA 1966a). Aerial images from 1973 (bottom) show the rapid development following the passing of the 1968 Housing Act (USDA 1973)...... 77 Figure 43. Resource 8LE06483, facing northwest (left) and facing south (right)...... 79 Figure 44. Resource 8LE06486, facing south (left) and facing southwest (right)...... 81

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Previously Cultural Resource Surveys within the Orange Avenue Improvements APE...... 23 Table 2. Previously Recorded Cultural Resources within the Orange Avenue Improvements APE...... 26 Table 3. Historic Resources Recorded within the Orange Avenue Improvements APE...... 48 Table 4. Major Architectural Styles within the Orange Avenue Improvements APE...... 51 Table 5. Burials from USFS #81-37 Cemetery (8LE00644)...... 60 Table 6. Historic Resources within the College Terrace Subdivision (8LE06485)...... 71 Table 7. Historic Resources within the Liberty Park Subdivision (8LE06542)...... 74 Table 8. Historic Resources within the 2340 Saturday Road Resource Group (8LE06483). .... 79

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INTRODUCTION

This report presents the findings of a Phase I cultural resource assessment survey (CRAS) conducted in support of improvements to State Road (SR) 373 (Orange Avenue) from SR 263 (Capital Circle) to east of SR 61 (S. Monroe Street) Project Development and Environment Study, Leon County, Florida (Figure 1). The Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT), District 3, is proposing improvements to 4.5 miles (7.2 kilometers) of Orange Avenue from SR 263 (Capital Circle) to SR 61 (S. Monroe Street). Proposed roadway improvements include widening the existing two-lane facility to a four-lane facility along with the addition of sidewalks and bike lanes. The roadway widening will take place mostly within the existing right-of-way, but some additional right-of-way, totaling as much as 1.98 miles (3.2 kilometers), is proposed in a few locations along the corridor. The project is federally funded.

The project Area of Potential Effects (APE) was developed to consider any visual, audible, and atmospheric effects that the project may have on historic properties defined to include the existing and proposed right-of-way with a buffer that extended to the back or side property lines of parcels adjacent to the right-of-way, or a distance of no more than 328 feet (100 meters) from the maximum right-of-way line (Figure 2). The archaeological APE was defined as the existing and proposed SR 373 right-of-way. The architectural survey included the entire APE.

The purpose of the survey was to locate, identify, and bound any archaeological resources, historic structures, and potential districts within the project’s APE and assess their potential for listing in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). This study was conducted to comply with Public Law 113-287 (Title 54 U.S.C.), which incorporates the provisions of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) of 1966, as amended, and the Archeological and Historic Preservation Act of 1979, as amended. The study meets the regulations for implementing NHPA Section 106 found in 36 CFR Part 800 (Protection of Historic Properties). This study also complies with Chapter 267 of the Florida Statutes and Rule Chapter 1A-46, Florida Administrative Code. All work was performed in accordance with Part 2, Chapter 8 of the FDOT’s Project Development & Environment (PD&E) Manual (revised July 2020), as well as the Florida Division of Historical Resources’ (FDHR) recommendations for such projects, as stipulated in the FDHR’s Cultural Resource Management Standards & Operations Manual, Module Three: Guidelines for Use by Historic Preservation Professionals. The Principal Investigator for this project meets the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards and Guidelines for Archeology and Historic Preservation (48 FR 44716- 42).

Steven RabbySmith, MA, RPA, served as the Principal Investigator for this project, and Bryan Herling, MA, MDS, served as Architectural Historian. The report was written by Chris Sypniewski, MA, RPA, Matt Nowak, BA, Mr. RabbySmith, Mr. Herling, and Allen Kent, PhD. The fieldwork was conducted by Mikel Travisano, MS, Mark Miragliotta, BA, Mr. Nowak, Mr. Sypniewski, Kyle Feriend, BA, and Drew Kinchen, BA. Melissa Dye, MA, RPA, conducted the quality-control review, and Rasha Slepow, BS, edited and produced the document.

1 Introduction April 2021 SEARCH Draft Report CRAS for the Orange Avenue Improvements, Leon County, Florida (FM# 437902-1)

Figure 1. Location of the Orange Avenue Improvements project area in Leon County, Florida.

Introduction 2 SEARCH April 2021 CRAS for the Orange Avenue Improvements, Leon County, Florida (FM# 437902-1) Draft Report

Figure 2. Location 2. of theFigure Orange Avenue Improvements in Leon County, Florida. APE

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PROJECT LOCATION AND ENVIRONMENT

LOCATION AND MODERN CONDITIONS

The segment of Orange Avenue comprising the project APE generally runs west to east approximately 4.35 miles (7.0 kilometers) between SR 263 and SR 61 in southern Tallahassee. The eastern half of the project APE consists of moderately dense residential and commercial development, while the western half is more rural. Within the Public Land Survey System, the project lies within Sections 5, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12 of Township 1 South, Range 1 West, as depicted on the Tallahassee, Florida 7.5-minute US Geological Survey (USGS) topographic map.

The project area is located in the State Line Hills province of the Ocala Uplift physiographic district (Brooks 1981). This area is characterized by hills and lowlands modified by the solution of underlying limestone (Brooks 1981). Natural vegetation in this region includes mixed oak-pine vegetation, as well as dogwood, gallberry, and farkleberry (Florida Natural Areas Inventory [FNAI] 2010). The most significant drainage features near the APE include Cascade Lake to the west, Lake Hiawatha to the southwest, and Grassy Lake, and Black Swamp to the south. Topography within the project corridor generally consists of relatively elevated ridge tops and ridge slopes situated above a series of lakes, ponds, and swamps. Elevations range between 40 and 70 feet (12.2 and 21.3 meters) above mean sea level (amsl).

Soil drainage within the Orange Avenue Improvements APE ranges from very poorly drained to excessively well drained; however, the majority of the study area exhibits somewhat poorly drained soils (Figure 3). Well drained soils appear to be most concentrated in the western third and a portion of the eastern study area, corresponding with relatively elevated areas.

PALEOENVIRONMENT

Between 18,000 to 12,000 years before present (BP), Florida was a much cooler and drier place than it is today. Melting of the continental ice sheets led to a major global rise in sea level (summarized for long time scales by Rohling et al. 1998) that started from a low stand of -120 meters at 18,000 BP. The rise was slow while glacial conditions prevailed at high latitudes but became very rapid in the latest Pleistocene and earliest Holocene. It became warmer and wetter rather rapidly during the next three millennia. By about 9000 BP, a warmer and drier climate began to prevail. These changes were more drastic in northern Florida and southern Georgia than in southern Florida, where the “peninsular effect” and a more tropically influenced climate tempered the effects of the continental glaciers that were melting far to the north (Watts 1969, 1971, 1975, 1980). Sea levels, though higher, were still much lower than at present; surface water was limited, and extensive grasslands probably existed, which may have attracted mammoth, bison, and other large grazing mammals. By 6000–5000 BP, the climate had changed to one of increased precipitation and surface water flow. By the late Holocene, ca. 4000 BP, the

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aracteristics in the Orange Avenue Improvements APE. ch Soil drainage

Figure 3.

5 Project Location and Environment April 2021 SEARCH Draft Report CRAS for the Orange Avenue Improvements, Leon County, Florida (FM# 437902-1) climate, water levels, and plant communities of Florida attained essentially modern conditions. These have been relatively stable with only minor fluctuations during the past 4,000 years.

HISTORIC OVERVIEW

NATIVE AMERICAN CULTURE HISTORY

Paleoindian Period

The most widely accepted model for the peopling of the New World argues that Asian populations migrated to North America over the Bering land bridge that linked Siberia and Alaska some 14,000 years ago. However, data are mounting in support of migrations that date to before 14,000 years ago (Adovasio et al. 1990; Dillehay et al. 2008; Waters et al. 2011). Alternative migration routes that have been hypothesized for early inhabitants include populations traveling along the Pacific and Atlantic Coasts using boats or following an exposed shoreline (Anderson and Gillam 2000; Bradley and Stanford 2004; Dixon 1993; Faught 2008; Fladmark 1979). These sites would now be inundated as a result of higher sea levels. Regardless of the precise timing of the first occupation of North America, the earliest radiocarbon dates in Florida that are firmly associated with human artifacts come from the Sloth Hole site in Jefferson County (Hemmings 2004) and indicate that Paleoindian people were in Florida by at least 11,000 years BP. These early Native Americans may have been nomadic hunter-gatherers who relied upon Pleistocene megafauna and wild plant foods for their subsistence (Clayton 1983; Dunbar 2006; Webb et al. 1984). However, big-game hunting was not as common in Florida as in other portions of North America, since a rich and diverse Florida habitat during the Pleistocene/Holocene transition favored a generalized subsistence strategy (e.g., Dunbar et al. 2005). The Paleoindian tool assemblage contains lanceolate-shaped projectile points, blades, bola stones, carinate scrapers, drills, end scrapers, thumbnail scrapers, gouges, and Edgefield scrapers, reflecting a reliance on the hunting and butchering of animals and the use of well-made scraping tools for wood working, hide scraping, and other tasks. Large, lanceolate Clovis points (Figure 4), and Cumberland, Redstone, Suwannee, and Simpson points, are typical diagnostic artifacts of the period (Anderson 1990; Dunbar 2006). The end of the Paleoindian period coincided with the Younger Dryas climatic event, a cold period that was followed by rapid warming (Anderson and Sassaman 2012:38). Firestone et al. (2007) has suggested that impact from a comet may have caused the cooling associated with the Younger Dryas, but this remains Figure 4. Clovis projectile point controversial (Anderson and Sassaman 2012:58). illustration.

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Because the climate during the Paleoindian period was cooler and drier than at present, with coastal sea levels and the inland water table as much as 120 meters (393.7 feet) lower (Carbone 1983; Watts et al. 1996; Watts and Hansen 1988), many archaeologists believe that the paucity of potable water sources played a crucial role in the distribution of Paleoindian groups across the landscape. They hypothesize that human groups frequented sinkholes and springs to collect water and to exploit the flora and fauna that were attracted to these locations (Dunbar 1991). Many of these freshwater sources were located in areas of exposed Tertiary-age limestone that had become silicified, providing Paleoindians a raw material source (chert) for tool manufacture. Thus, it is thought that permanent freshwater sources (i.e., sinkholes and springs), along with outcrops of high-quality chert, were primary factors influencing Paleoindian settlement patterns in Florida.

Dunbar and Waller (1983) mapped the distribution of Paleoindian sites and found that evidence of Paleoindian occupation of west-central Florida from Tampa Bay to the Big Bend is extensive and that Paleoindian sites are highly correlated with freshwater springs and chert outcrops. However, they found no sites of this period in the panhandle region. A more recent survey of Paleoindian projectile point finds indicates that lanceolate points have been found in small numbers in the interior regions of Calhoun (n=13), Jackson (n=24), Okaloosa (n=9), and Walton (n=2) Counties (Paleoindian Database of the Americas 2011). Some Paleoindian sites are likely submerged in offshore locations, drowned by rising sea levels since the late Pleistocene (Faught 2004; Faught and Gusick 2011).

A recent study conducted by Thulman (2006) looked at the distribution of lanceolate-shaped forms in Florida, and the results support the hypothesis that Paleoindian groups began to settle into specific river drainages while maintaining social interaction networks with populations living elsewhere. According to this hypothesis, these networks would have enabled Paleoindian groups to colonize the southeastern United States rapidly with small groups of people while maintaining reproductive viability (Anderson 1990; Anderson and Sassaman 2012:50). Thulman’s study may have identified the earliest evidence for regionalization in Florida, which intensified during later periods.

Archaic Period

Around 10,000 BP (8000 BC), the environment and landscape of Florida underwent pronounced changes associated with the onset of the Holocene. These changes were interconnected and included a gradual warming trend, a rise in sea level, a reduction in the width of peninsular Florida, and the spread of oak-dominated forests and hammocks throughout much of the state (Smith 1986; Milanich 1994). Concomitant with these environmental changes was the extinction of the Pleistocene fauna. Native subsistence strategies became more diverse due to the emergence of new plant, animal, and aquatic species. Also occurring at this time was a significant increase in population numbers and density, with native groups developing regional habitat- specific adaptations and material assemblages (Milanich 1994; Smith 1986:10). As conditions became wetter, coastal, riparian, and lacustrine adaptations became increasingly more common. The Archaic period is typically divided into Early, Middle, and Late sub-periods.

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The Early Archaic period (10,000–8500 BP) in Florida is marked by small side- and corner-notched projectile points, such as the Bolen type (Figure 5), and by the invention of the spear thrower or atlatl. This increase in subsistence adaptations was due in large part to the physiographic and climatic changes occurring in Florida during this period. The coastal shoreline was about 60 meters below modern levels, and although generally warmer than the terminal Pleistocene, seasonal variation was greater than it is today, with warmer summer temperatures and colder winters. Research at Page-Ladson, an inundated site in the Aucilla River, indicates that the water table in local sinkholes dropped dramatically at the beginning of the Holocene, suggesting drought-like conditions (Dunbar 2002). The duration of the drought has been dated to about three centuries, based Figure 5. Bolen projectile point. on radiometric dates obtained from Page-Ladson (Dunbar 2002:148). Arid conditions may explain why many Early Archaic sites are found in similar locales as earlier Paleoindian sites, near springs and chert sources, although riverine settings also were exploited (Austin and Mitchell 1999). As with the Paleoindian period, many Early Archaic sites are probably located in offshore locations, which were once exposed when sea levels were lower. By 8,500 years ago, the water table was near modern levels (Dunbar 2002; Watts and Hansen 1988).

Early Archaic sites generally are of two types, base camps and smaller extractive stations. The Early Archaic settlement pattern involved seasonal movements of small family-based groups that occupied small short-term camps for part of the year. During the fall, when food was more plentiful, these small groups may have gathered at larger base camps (Bense 1994). Subsistence information for the Early Archaic is limited. Based on preserved plants and animal remains at the Windover site in Brevard County, which date to the latter portion of the Early Archaic, it is presumed that Early Archaic peoples ate a variety of plants and animals, including acorn, hickory, prickly pear, maypop, wild plum, deer, opossum, rabbit, raccoon, and squirrel (Doran and Dickel 1988; Newsom 2002). Analysis of blood residue on side-notched tools from 8LE02105 in Leon County indicates that they were used to kill or process rabbit and bear (Hornum et al. 1996). Evidence of bird species, including duck and heron, and fish, including largemouth bass and catfish, also was recovered from Windover (Doran and Dickel 1988).

The Middle Archaic period (8500–6000 BP) coincided with the climatic episode known as the Hypsithermal, a period in which temperatures peaked and rainfall diminished. This sub-period is poorly understood in northwest Florida. Based on research elsewhere, it is presumed that there was a shift to a system of more nucleated floodplain base camps supported by smaller satellite camps. Subsistence strategies likely involved hunting, fishing, and gathering. Middle Archaic sites in the northwest Florida area are relatively rare, and few have been recorded in the area. Artifacts associated with this period include broad-bladed, stemmed projectile points such as the Hardee, Sumter, Alachua, Putnam, and Newnan types (Figure 6); specialized tools such as microliths, burins, and chopping implements; and an array of expedient tools (Bense 1994).

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Figure 6. Middle Archaic projectile points. From left to right: Alachua, Putnam, and Newnan. During the Late Archaic period (6000–2500 BP), the coastal shoreline was near modern levels, the climate was wetter, and conditions became increasingly more similar to the modern environment (Bense 1994). However, perturbations in sea levels and rainfall did occur, which affected local populations (Austin et al. 2013; Mikell and Saunders 2007). Coastal shell middens began to appear, reflecting a greater reliance on marine resources. The projectile point styles that mark the Late Archaic include broad-bladed, stemmed bifaces that are similar to those of the preceding Middle Archaic period. Ground and polished stone tools and ornaments were developed during this period, and steatite cooking vessels were used (Yates 2000). Toward the end of the Late Archaic, around 4000 BP, the first ceramic vessels appeared. This pottery, which was tempered with plant fibers, is referred to as Norwood in northwest Florida (Milanich 1994). This pottery is usually undecorated or stick impressed. It was later replaced by a sand-tempered ware, some of which also have stick-impressed designs, which were likely derived from the earlier Norwood pottery (Milanich 1994).

A northwest Florida variant of the Late Archaic, termed Elliott's Point, appeared around 4500 BP and is characterized by the presence of artifacts similar to those found at Poverty Point in Louisiana, such as baked-clay objects, stone microliths, and exotic materials. It has been suggested that these materials indicate interaction with the Lower Mississippi Valley (Thomas and Campbell 1991, 1993). An alternative hypothesis is that materials such as baked-clay objects and microliths are widely distributed in space and time, while exotic materials such as steatite and jasper may have arrived on the northwest gulf coast via long-standing trade routes along the major north-south rivers, such as the Apalachicola and the Escambia (Austin et al. 2013; Sassaman 2010; Yates 2000). Elliott’s Point is usually considered a localized expression of the Late Archaic focused around Choctawhatchee Bay; however, recent excavations at 8ES03427 in Pensacola suggest that the Elliott’s Point complex may have extended much farther west (Phillips 2009). Fiber-tempered pottery was adopted by local Elliott’s Point groups beginning around 3000 BP (Campbell et al. 2004), although it appeared earlier (ca. 3900 BP) in the Apalachicola drainage basin to the east (White 2003).

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Although several Elliott’s Point sites have been recorded in Santa Rosa, Okaloosa, and Walton Counties, only a few have received extensive excavation. Meig’s Pasture (8OK00102) and Bayou Park (8OK00898) contain arc-shaped midden deposits, and the latter also contains numerous features including an earth oven, smaller hearths, several large storage and/or refuse pits, smaller refuse pits, and postmolds from at least two structures (Austin et al. 2013; Curren 1987). Subsistence remains at the two sites were similar with an emphasis on estuarine resources, particularly oysters, augmented by a variety of fish and terrestrial species such as deer, squirrel, rabbit, turkey, alligator, and gopher tortoise. Elliott’s Point occupants at Bayou Park also collected and processed various plants including coontie, hackberry, wild grasses, and bottle gourd. The presence of this last species is suggestive of incipient horticulture.

Woodland Period

The widespread use of ceramics, the interment of the dead in mounds, and increased regionalization characterize the Woodland period, which began at around 2500 BP and continued until about 1200 BP.

Deptford

Deptford culture flourished in northwest Florida between about 2500 BP and 1800 BP (500 BC– AD 200). Milanich and Fairbanks (1980:66) describe the Deptford people as primarily a “coastal dwelling culture” that relied heavily on maritime subsistence strategies. Tesar (1994) suggests that Deptford groups forged a transition between the earlier Late Archaic hunter-gatherers and the later, more complex Swift Creek societies. Deptford villages located on the coast are usually found in conjunction with live oak, magnolia, and palm hammocks located near salt marshes. Interior Deptford is found along lakes and streams where hickory and oak are present.

Deptford sites contain plain pottery or ceramics with checked patterns stamped on the exterior of the pot (Milanich 1994). These exterior patterns were produced by impressing or stamping the vessel with carved wooden paddles before firing. These paddled designs have been incorporated into the name of the wares by archaeologists. Deptford ceramics also are marked by a change from fiber-tempering to sand and grit-tempering. Besides check-stamping, surface treatments can be plain, cord-wrapped, brushed, punctated, or malleated, and many have distinctive podal supports (Milanich 1994).

Excavations at two Deptford sites in northwest Florida, Hawkshaw (8ES01287) and Pirate's Bay (8OK00183), have produced information about Deptford subsistence and settlement (Bense 1985; Thomas and Campbell 1984). Both are coastal sites that provide evidence that Deptford people exploited a wide range of local marine and terrestrial food resources. In addition, trade items from the Lower Mississippi Valley and southern Georgia were recovered from both sites, providing evidence of participation in a far-flung exchange network with neighboring cultures.

An important component of Deptford culture in northwest Florida is a mortuary-ceremonial complex referred to as Yent and originally defined by Sears (1962). The Yent Complex included the

Historic Overview 10 SEARCH April 2021 CRAS for the Orange Avenue Improvements, Leon County, Florida (FM# 437902-1) Draft Report inclusion of exotic goods obtained through exchange in mortuary contexts. These exotic items, which included galena, mica, artifacts made of metamorphic rock, and similarities in ceramic vessel design, may have come to Florida via exchange with Hopewell cultures farther north (Milanich 1994). The Yent Complex appears strongest in the Big Bend region of northwest Florida. Farther east, burial mounds and characteristic Yent Complex artifacts are rare (Milanich 1994). Instead, Deptford people disposed of their dead in graves within or adjacent to their villages (Thomas and Campbell 1993).

Santa Rosa-Swift Creek

The Santa Rosa-Swift Creek culture replaced Deptford throughout northwest Florida, beginning about 1800 BP (AD 150), according to Milanich (1994); although Bense (1998) posits that the transition did not occur until about 1600 BP (AD 350) in the Pensacola region. It is marked by two ceramic series, Swift Creek and Santa Rosa. It seems that Swift Creek ceramic designs originated in southern Georgia and were subsequently adopted by Deptford people in Florida. Swift Creek pottery exhibits complicated stamped designs (Figure 7), consisting of scrolls, concentric circles, teardrops, and spirals. Check stamping also was used by Swift Creek potters. Swift Figure 7. Swift Creek pottery. Creek vessel forms include squat bowls and deep Source: Southern Research, Historic cylindrical pots. The replacement of Deptford ceramics Preservation Consultants, Inc. n.d. by Swift Creek in the Florida panhandle took place over several centuries. Santa Rosa ceramics contains incised, punctated, and rocker-stamped designs and appears to be a continuation of ceramic traditions that originated in the Lower Mississippi Valley.

Santa Rosa-Swift Creek villages were located on the coast and in the interior forests and river valleys throughout the panhandle. Excavations at the Bernath Place midden (8SR00986) in Santa Rosa County and Horseshoe Bayou (8WL00036) in Walton County have provided information about Santa Rosa-Swift Creek subsistence, settlement, and socio-political and religious organization (Bense 1998; Phillips 1992; Thomas et al. 2001). A wide range of local marine and terrestrial food resources were exploited (DeFrance 2001; Ruhl 2000). Mounds for the interment of burials also are common features at Santa Rosa-Swift Creek sites (Milanich 1994).

The socio-religious aspect of this culture has been defined as the Green Point complex (Sears 1962), which had associations with the Hopewell interaction sphere and may have developed from the preceding Yent Complex. Through this exchange network, Santa Rosa-Swift Creek people gained access to exotic items, such as copper, mica, ear spools, and ceramics (Bense 1998). Individuals interred with these materials in burial mounds have been interpreted as high- status people, perhaps socio-religious specialists (Milanich 1994).

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Weeden Island/Wakulla

The emergence of Weeden Island cultural attributes in the panhandle of Florida began at about 1450 BP (AD 500). Weeden Island has been defined as a religious-ceremonial complex that was adopted by local regional cultures in southern Georgia and Alabama and along the west coast of Florida (Milanich 1994). In northwest Florida, the early Weeden Island period is generally believed to have lasted until about 1250–1200 BP (AD 750–800) and was followed by the Wakulla period to approximately 800 BP (AD 1200) (Milanich 1994).

Early Weeden Island is characterized by the appearance of complicated stamped pottery along with the characteristic Weeden Island pottery decorated with incised and punctated lines (e.g., Carrabelle Incised, Carrabelle Punctated, Keith Incised, and Weeden Island Incised). There appears to be some continuity between Santa Rosa-Swift Creek and Weeden Island occupations. Not only are both cultural expressions found in the same coastal environmental settings, but these cultures exploited similar marine resources. Fish remains include herring, saltwater catfish, sea catfish, jack, porgies, sheepshead, mullet, flounder, bowfin, drum, and gar. Shell middens indicate a preference for oysters, although conch, Rangia, and other species also are present. Vertebrate faunal remains include white-tail deer, freshwater turtle, and birds. Acorns and hickory nuts were collected as were various plant species, such as yaupon, wild grape, palmetto shoots, and gallberry.

Mortuary ceremonialism reached its peak during early Weeden Island times. Ornately decorated ceramics and those shaped as stylized designs or animal effigies (Figure 8) were interred in burial mounds, often on the mounds’ east side (Milanich and Fairbanks 1980). Early Weeden Island villages also appear to have been arranged in circular patterns as evidence by several “ring” sites that were identified on the Tyndall Air Force Base (Russo et al. 2009).

Late Weeden Island (1250–800 BP; AD 750–1200) is identified by the presence of check-stamped and cob- marked pottery and is referred to as Wakulla Weeden Island (Milanich 1994). Wakulla sites are located on the coast and in the interior of the panhandle, as well as in southwest Georgia and southeast Figure 8. Examples of Weeden Island vessels Alabama. Maize agriculture was adopted in the (reproduced from Willey [1949:410]). panhandle during the Wakulla period (Milanich 1994). The higher frequency of sites and the use of previously uninhabited environments suggest a larger population during the Wakulla period. Wakulla sites also are located on soils not previously preferred by Weeden Island groups. Tesar (1980) suggests that Wakulla people selected home sites based on soils more suitable for agriculture. The nucleated villages and

Historic Overview 12 SEARCH April 2021 CRAS for the Orange Avenue Improvements, Leon County, Florida (FM# 437902-1) Draft Report mound centers that were characteristic of early Weeden Island were absent during the late Weeden Island period. Percy and Brose (1974) suggest that settlement was in single family groups, a trend that ultimately led to population pressure as soils became exhausted by agriculture.

Mississippian Period

Cultural influences emanating from the Mississippi Bottoms began to appear in northwest Florida around 800 years ago. These included maize agriculture, shell-tempered pottery, institutionalized social inequality, a chiefdom level of political organization, and participation in long-distance exchange relations that involved the movement of exotic items and religious iconography throughout the Southeast (Ashley and White 2012). However, these influences were not adopted uniformly, and two regional cultures are recognized for this period, Apalachicola- Fort Walton and Pensacola.

Apalachicola-Fort Walton

The Fort Walton culture was centered in the Red Hills surrounding modern Tallahassee and extended west to the Apalachicola River. It was only in the Red Hills, however, that most of the trappings of the wider Mississippian phenomenon, including maize agriculture, were adopted. In the Apalachicola River Basin, there is limited evidence of maize (all at upper river, interior sites), few large mound centers, and no evidence for complex chiefdoms (White et al. 2012). The lower river basin is low-lying and swampy, offering little opportunity for growing crops but providing abundant aquatic resources. Shell middens are common along the river and in coastal settings.

Apalachicola-Fort Walton is believed to have developed directly out of the preceding Weeden Island-Wakulla culture about 1,200 to 1,000 years ago based on similarities in ceramic form, temper, and decoration. Ceramics include most of the diagnostic Fort Walton types, including Lake Jackson Plain and Incised (Figure 9), Cool Branch Incised, Point Washington Incised, and Marsh island Incised. The pottery is tempered primarily with grit with lesser amounts of sand and/or grog (pieces of fired clay). Shell-tempering is rare.

White et al. (2012) document four mound centers, Yon (8LI00002), Cayson (8CA00002), Pierce (8FR00014), and Chattahoochee Landing (8GD00004), distributed along the length of the river. A few burial mounds and at least one cemetery (8JA00007) also are known. The only possible evidence for palisades or embankments is at Waddell’s Mill Pond (8JA00065; Gardner 1966), although White et al. raise doubts about its function and temporal association. A rectangular structure at Waddell’s Mill Pond was interpreted as a town house by Tesar and Jones (2009).

The Apalachee, who inhabited the Tallahassee area in the sixteenth century when Spanish explorers Narvaez and de Soto arrived, were probably the historic descendants of the Fort Walton culture (Payne and Scarry 1998). The Apalachee immediately began dying off as a result of contact with European diseases and were replaced by native groups from the north who

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Figure 9. Examples of Lake Jackson Incised pottery. Source: Florida Museum of Natural History 2018. brought a distinctive type of pottery known as Lamar (White et al. 2012). The evidence for Lamar occupation of the Apalachicola region is scant, and it is possible that without direct Spanish contact, the local Fort Walton populations continued practicing their traditions well into the seventeenth or eighteenth centuries.

Pensacola

The Pensacola culture evolved in place out of the preceding Wakulla Weeden Island culture and was influenced by cultural developments in Alabama (Milanich 1994). These contacts brought new ideas to the indigenous population for organizing larger societies and for developing more intensive and efficient agriculture. The culture was identified originally in the Mobile Bay area in Alabama (Fuller 1985; Stowe 1985) where two phases were defined, Bottle Creek (AD 1200– 1450) and Bear Point (AD 1450–1700). Pensacola was considered to lack many of the key ingredients of Mississippianism, but excavations at the Bottle Creek site identified maize, numerous mounds, plazas, and middens all dating between AD 1250 and 1550 (Brown 2003).

Shell-tempered pottery is the diagnostic ware for Pensacola sites, and it is found throughout southern Alabama and the Florida panhandle as far as the Apalachicola River. Its proportional representation, however, decreases the farther east one goes. There is an area of overlap between Mobile Bay and Apalachicola Bay where both shell-tempered Pensacola Series pottery and grit-tempered Fort Walton Series pottery occur, which has caused confusion in determining cultural relationships. Harris (2012) has suggested that this area may represent a third, as yet

Historic Overview 14 SEARCH April 2021 CRAS for the Orange Avenue Improvements, Leon County, Florida (FM# 437902-1) Draft Report unnamed, regional variant along the Gulf Coast, which shared few characteristics with the core regions to the west and east.

Despite northern influences, the coastal Pensacola culture continued the earlier Weeden Island settlement pattern and subsistence system; the Pensacola culture’s political system does not appear to have been as complex (Harris 2012; Payne 1991). Settlements were located in coastal hammocks with satellite camps in both coastal and upland environments. Hunting, gathering, and fishing were the primary sources of subsistence, and agriculture may not have been as important as during the earlier Wakulla Weeden Island period. There also appears to be fewer ceremonial sites with mounds in the coastal zone occupied by the Pensacola culture when compared to areas to the north and east (e.g., Bottle Creek and Moundville in Alabama and Lake Jackson in Tallahassee). This lack of mounds may reflect the lower agricultural production potential of the coastal soils; greater dependence on hunting, gathering, and fishing; lower population densities; and consequently, less support of a chiefly ruling class.

Although there were fewer mounds than in Weeden Island times, there is some evidence of mound centers, particularly in the Choctawhatchee Bay region. The most impressive example is the Fort Walton Temple Mound, 8OK00006, a large platform mound that is the type site of the Fort Walton culture, although it is more likely to have been a regional center for the Pensacola culture. The mound is associated with an adjacent village midden. The site has been the subject of several investigations that have produced evidence of multiple burials, shell and bone tools, shellfish, and vertebrate fauna, lithics, and mica (Fairbanks 1965).

POST-CONTACT HISTORY

Leon County History

Early Exploration

Florida served as an important stage for early European explorations of North America. Juan Ponce de León left Puerto Rico on March 3, 1513, and landed either north of Cape Canaveral (Milanich 1995:107-108) or south of the Cape near modern-day Melbourne Beach on April 2, 1513 (Eriksen 1994; Gannon 1996:17-20). Despite already being occupied and inhabited for thousands of years by indigenous groups, Ponce de León is claimed to be the discoverer of Florida. Ponce called this land La Florida since it was sighted during the Feast of Flowers (Pascua Florida) (Milanich 1995:108). Ponce was followed by Pánfilo de Narváez in 1528. Narváez landed near Tampa Bay and trekked into the interior of Florida, reaching the Apalachee region of west Florida in several months. He died later in the year when his fleet of ships sank en route to Mexico. Two survivors, Cabeza de Vaca and his companion, Estevan, began their 10-year trek from northwestern Florida, across southern North America, representing the first contact of Europeans with many indigenous groups of the Southeast and Southwest. Cabeza de Vaca’s account of his journey influenced subsequent explorers, particularly Hernando de Soto (Clayton et al. 1993).

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Hernando de Soto landed near Tampa Bay in 1539 and proceeded to march inland through Florida in search of gold. The de Soto trail, as reconstructed, headed north from the village of Ocale (approximately 25 miles [40.2 kilometers] southwest of present-day Ocala) to the west of Gainesville, in the area of the San Felasco Hammock that was inhabited by Potano and Utina bands of Timucua Native Americans. De Soto traveled quickly through Marion and Alachua Counties and stayed at five successive villages (Milanich 1994). De Soto continued his trek through Florida, crossing the St. Marks River and entering present-day Leon County (Clayton et al. 1993). Much of the area to the west of the St. Marks River was described by chroniclers as consisting of large fields overflowing with a variety of agricultural products with scattered Native American settlements spread throughout the fields (Clayton et al. 1993). De Soto encamped in present-day Tallahassee, then proceeded west and north, where he eventually died west of the Mississippi River on May 21, 1542 (Milanich and Hudson 1993).

First Spanish Period

In 1565, Admiral Pedro Menéndez de Avilés established a base somewhere near present-day St. Augustine and attacked a French colony at Fort Caroline near present-day Jacksonville (Tebeau 1971). In response, Ribault formulated a plan to attack St. Augustine from the sea and organized a group of French ships to carry this out. However, the ships ran aground during a hurricane to the south of St. Augustine. With 500 soldiers, Menéndez took advantage of the loss of the French fleet and attacked the poorly defended colony at Fort Caroline on September 20, 1565. Almost all of the settlers were massacred except for approximately 60 women and children who were captured (Gannon 1993:7). About 50 other settlers escaped Menéndez and sailed for France (Milanich and Hudson 1993:241). Menéndez then turned south and engaged the shipwrecked French fleet, killing all but those professing to be Catholic or a musician. The St. Augustine settlement was maintained, and a string of Spanish missions were established west across Florida towards Tallahassee in an attempt to consolidate Spain’s control over Florida. By christianizing Native Americans, Menéndez hoped to make loyal Spanish subjects of them (Tebeau 1971).

Spanish-Indian Contact

Menéndez had been ordered by the Crown to implement a massive missionizing effort among the Native Americans. Menéndez petitioned the Jesuit Order for missionaries, and they arrived in St. Augustine in June 1566 (Thomas 1990:371). The Jesuits focused their missionizing efforts on the native villages around St. Augustine and along the lower St. Johns River, as well as among the Guale and Orista who lived farther north. They were unable to make many converts and abandoned Florida in 1572 (Milanich 1995:163; Thomas 1990:373). Menéndez then turned to the Franciscan Order. The first Franciscan friar arrived at Santa Elena in South Carolina in 1573, and in 1578, a Franciscan friar was assigned to St. Augustine (Milanich 1995:167).

The strategy of the Franciscans involved the establishment of missions in existing native communities, preferably the largest in a region (Bushnell 1990:478-479). Friars assigned to these centralized missions would travel to smaller neighboring communities and attempt to convert the

Historic Overview 16 SEARCH April 2021 CRAS for the Orange Avenue Improvements, Leon County, Florida (FM# 437902-1) Draft Report natives and establish visitas. The entire system formed a doctrina, with the resident Franciscans as doctrineros. The goal was to remake Native American communities into church-centered social units with Native American leadership remaining intact albeit under the direction of missionaries. Support of the local chiefs, called caciques, was considered the key to converting the general populous with the indigenous community remaining a functioning political, social, and economic unit (Spicer 1962:287).

A line of missions was established linking St. Augustine on the east coast to Apalachee province (near Tallahassee) in the panhandle. The Spanish established approximately 128 doctrinas and visitas in La Florida between 1566 and 1704 (Wickman 1999:160). By 1650, the Franciscans claimed that 26,000 Christianized Native Americans lived in Florida with 70 friars operating 40 missions. These numbers were probably inflated, however, to impress church officials. Thomas (1990:378) suggests that 34-50 friars actually served in Florida at any one time. Fifteen years later, 36 missions were established in the northern part of the territory (Gannon 1965). Once the Spanish established the missions, they built a road stretching from San Luis, near Tallahassee, to St. Augustine. The road was intended to facilitate the shipment of grain and Apalachee products to St. Augustine and to avoid French and English pirate ships (Cash 1938).

During the sixteenth century, approximately 50,000 Apalachee Native Americans populated an area from Aucilla River on the east to the Ochlockonee on the west, and from the Gulf to the present-day Georgia line (Hann and McEwan 1998:2). The Spanish colonists had very little contact with the Apalachee region prior to 1608 when informal missionary efforts occurred. Spanish contact was limited due to the Apalachees fierce resistance to Spanish intrusions. In 1612, some Apalachee chiefs requested missionaries to be sent to the region. Missionaries did not arrive until 1633, whereupon they established nine missions in the region, one of which was San Pedro de Patale (8LE00152). Sometime between 1633 and 1655, the Spanish established the San Pedro de Patale mission in Section 20, Township 1 North, Range 2 East (Jones et al. 1991:3). The Spanish also established cattle ranches in Apalachee during the seventeenth century (Paisley 1989:30). Not all Apalachee chiefs desired missionaries, and in 1647, seven missions were burned, one of which was probably San Pedro de Patale (Hann 1990:480-481; Jones et al. 1991:13). Native American resistance to Spanish hegemony was a common theme throughout the colonial experience. The Spanish re-established San Pedro de Patale shortly thereafter, near the St. Marks River. Marcos Delgado, a Spanish rancher, reportedly used the abandoned mission site as a cattle ranch in the late seventeenth century (Jones et al. 1991:3, 16-17).

The Spanish mission system remained intact until the latter part of the seventeenth century when they were destroyed during riots incited by the English. The last of the Spanish missions were destroyed between 1702 and 1704 during raids into Apalachee and Timucua lands led by James Moore, then Governor of South Carolina (Cash 1938). Creek Native Americans, allies of the British, destroyed the Second San Pedro de Patale mission site in June 1704. The Creeks tied many of their captives to the Stations of the Cross and burned them alive and then set fire to the mission (Hann 1990:481-482; Jones et al. 1991:20-22). The Apalachee missions, including Patale, were abandoned after the attacks, and the Spanish Road fell into disuse.

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The British in Florida

By 1684, the Spaniards’ ability to manage their various ventures in the New World was faltering. The English, who had settled in Charleston, South Carolina, had begun to influence the Native Americans to overthrow the Spanish in Florida (Tebeau 1971). In response, the Spanish began build a stone fort in St. Augustine, forcing Apalachee Native Americans to provide labor for its construction (Paisley 1989:30). The Spanish also constructed a wooden fort at the confluence of the Wakulla and St. Marks rivers in present-day Wakulla County. During the ever-shifting alliances between Native American groups and various colonial groups, the Spanish began courting Creek Native Americans to settle in the once thriving Apalachee region. Many took the invitation after the British defeated the Creeks in the Yamassee War of 1715 (Paisley 1989:35). In 1750, the Spanish began constructing a stone fort at St. Marks, but failed to complete it before the British gained control of Florida (Paisley 1989:35-36).

The British continued to vie for Florida, but not until the Seven Years’ War with Spain and England on opposing sides did the British realize their dream. At the end of the war in 1763, the British traded their recent conquest of Havana to Spain for the Florida peninsula. The new acquisition was divided along the Appalachicola River into East and West Florida. Britain took possession of Florida in July 1763 and held control until 1783 (Wright 1975). The British occupied the fort at St. Marks in 1764 but abandoned it in 1769 (Paisley 1989:36).

Prior to British rule, the native population in north Florida had been declining. The native population had been severely affected by war and disease that allowed the Creeks from Georgia and the Carolinas to migrate into the area. In 1765, these migrating Native Americans were referred to with the Spanish term cimarrone, or “wild” and “runaway,” in the field notes accompanying de Brahm’s 1765 map of Florida. The cimarrone Native Americans moved into wild, unsettled territories (Fairbanks 1973). The term “Seminole” is thought to have derived from this reference (Fernald and Purdum 1992).

The Seminoles established permanent towns from the Apalachicola River to the St. Johns River. Instead of the mission system of the Spanish, the British set up several trading posts in Florida. Seminoles traded deer, wild cattle, and furs in exchange for guns, iron tools, cloth, and a variety of ornamental jewelry (Fairbanks 1973). During this time, runaway black slaves from the Carolina colonies fled to Florida and sought refuge either in a black colony outside St. Augustine, where they were to become farmers and, occasionally, soldiers, or in the Seminole settlements in the interior of the colony. The Seminoles helped the runaways form their own settlements and often prevented slave-catchers from recapturing them (Fairbanks 1973).

Second Spanish Period

The American colonies declared their independence from British rule in 1776. Georgia and South Carolina required their citizens to take a strict oath of loyalty to the causes of the American colonies, thus forcing many British loyalists to seek shelter in British East Florida (Wright 1976). In 1783, the Treaty of Paris ended the American Revolution and returned Florida to Spain. During

Historic Overview 18 SEARCH April 2021 CRAS for the Orange Avenue Improvements, Leon County, Florida (FM# 437902-1) Draft Report the Second Spanish period, Spain continued the British system of negotiating with the Seminoles through trade and supply. Rum became a common trade good, and credit was extended to the Seminoles, who were unable to produce enough skins to balance their accounts because of the decreased deer population. Seminole land was often accepted as payment (Fairbanks 1973). Also, the Seminoles’ friendly manner toward escaped slaves angered the slave-holding border states of Georgia, Alabama, South Carolina, and Mississippi; a factor that would eventually culminate in the Seminole wars.

American Possession and the Seminole Wars

Clashes between Euro-American settlers residing along Florida’s northern border and Seminoles occurred with increasing frequency during the first decade of the nineteenth century. Both sides carried out cattle raids. Anger over runaway slaves seeking refuge in Spanish Florida added to the situation. Border incidents resulting in the loss of American lives led to the appointment of General Andrew Jackson as head of an effort to bring the Seminoles under control. The result was the First Seminole War. General Andrew Jackson, known to the Seminoles as “Sharp Knife,” invaded Seminole territory in Spanish Florida and destroyed Seminole towns. In March 1818, Jackson led a force of 3,500 men, the majority of whom were Creek warriors, against the Seminoles. Short of both guns and ammunition, the Seminoles were no match. Jackson’s forces quickly swept across north Florida and within five months captured the area from St. Marks to Pensacola. Jackson captured the Spanish fort at St. Marks whereupon he executed two Native American leaders (Ellis and Rogers 1999:24). In August 1818, in an attempt to stabilize diplomatic relations with Spain, the United States returned lands captured by Jackson. In 1819, a treaty of cessation was arranged between the United States and Spain. This was followed by another treaty, ratified February 22, 1821, making Florida a territory of the United States.

Jackson was appointed governor and organized the Territory of Florida into two counties, Escambia and St. Johns. The legislative council for Florida met in Pensacola in 1822, and again in St. Augustine in 1823 (Tebeau 1971). The First Seminole War ended with the Treaty of Moultree Creek in 1823, which stipulated that all Native Americans in Florida move onto a reservation in the middle of the state. Most of the state’s white population resided in the northern half of Florida, leaving much of the central and southern half of the state bereft of homesteaders. Because of the Treaty of Moultree Creek, the Native American village of Tallahassee was abandoned and was subsequently chosen as the seat of the territorial government (Ellis and Rogers 1999:35). By 1830, nine years after becoming a territory, 34,730 people called Florida home (Andriot 1993:96).

On December 28, 1824, the US Congress granted to General Marquis de Lafayette, the Revolutionary War hero, $200,000 and a township of land (Carter 1958:199). Lafayette chose Township 1 North, Range 1 East, roughly 23,000 acres in size. Lafayette never settled in the township, but he did attempt to form a slaveless agricultural community located on Lake Lafayette (Ellis and Rogers 1999:35). The colony never materialized, but the agricultural dreams of other immigrants were germinated within the fertile soil of Leon County.

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The northern portions of Leon and Jefferson Counties along with significant portion of Madison, Gadsden, and Jackson Counties constituted Florida’s cotton belt (Paisley 1968:2). Lakes Jackson, Iamonia, Miccusukee, and Lafayette formed a ring around the mostly highly prized cotton land in Leon County. Several prominent plantation owners established themselves in the land around today’s Tallahassee. Francis Eppes, a grandson of Thomas Jefferson, moved to Florida in 1827, whereupon he acquired 1,920 acres in the former Lafayette grant (Paisley 1968:13). By 1850, Eppes owned 69 slaves who worked 700 improved acres of land, growing 3,500 bushels of corn and 230 pounds of cotton (Paisley 1989:221). Green A. Chairs operated a plantation just east of Eppes (Paisley 1968). Chairs produced 350 bales of cotton on his 3,360 acres, of which 2,500 acres were improved, and raised 150 head of cattle, 40 sheep, and 200 swine (Paisley 1968:13-16; Smith 1973:219). Chairs also grew approximately 2,000 pounds of tobacco on his plantation.

The Payne's Landing Treaty of 1832 reversed the Treaty of Moultree Creek and required the Seminoles to relinquish their land within three years and move to reservations on Native American territories in the western United States (Sprague 1964[1848]:72-88,101). When the three years had expired and the Payne's Landing Treaty was to be enforced, a group of 180 Seminole warriors, led by Chiefs Micanopy and Alligator, attacked 108 US Army soldiers led by Major Francis Dade. The attack took place near the Withlacoochee River on December 28, 1835, near present-day Bushnell while Dade and his men were en route from Fort Brooke (present-day Tampa) to Fort King (near present-day Ocala). The attack left only three soldiers alive at the battlefield (Sprague 1964[1848]:89-91; Tebeau 1971). The raid was an overwhelming victory for the Seminoles, who sustained minimal casualties. The battle demonstrated to the US Army that the Seminoles, when organized, represented a considerable military force. In addition, the victory resulted in the capture of more than 100 US Army muskets by the Seminole.

The Second Seminole War lasted from 1835 to 1842. During this conflict, the Seminole guerilla warfare tactics and Florida’s swampy terrain confused Federal forces. Before it ended, the Second Seminole War had spread into south Florida as far as Lake Okeechobee and the Everglades. At the close of the Second Seminole War, the US government shipped several hundred Seminoles to the western territories. In total, this war cost the United States an estimated $40,000,000 and the lives of 1,500 American troops. Casualties to the Seminoles are unknown. The war, however, did slow the number of people moving into the sparsely settled territory. Between 1830 and 1840, the territory’s population increased by only 19,747 to 54,477 (Andriot 1993:96). Leon County’s population grew from 6,494 to 10,713 during the same period (State of Florida 1945:10).

Fertile soil and links to important transportation routes made this county particularly prosperous. A road leading from St. Marks to Tallahassee proved advantageous for area plantations because St. Marks became an important shipping port for region’s agricultural market (Paisley 1989). In 1837, a rail line linking Tallahassee to St. Marks was completed, further enhancing the region’s prosperity (Paisley 1989:97-98). In 1856, the Pensacola and Georgia (P&G) Railroad Company acquired the St. Marks to Tallahassee railroad, improved its lines, and replaced the mules that hauled the cotton with steam locomotives. This rail line was complemented by the P&G rail line that ran east-west through the county (Paisley 1989:157). Many Leon County planters hired out their slaves to construct the rail line (Pettengill 1998:25). The rail line headed east out of

Historic Overview 20 SEARCH April 2021 CRAS for the Orange Avenue Improvements, Leon County, Florida (FM# 437902-1) Draft Report

Tallahassee and picked up its first load of cotton from the Francis Eppes plantation on November 28, 1857 (Paisley 1989:159). The Seaboard Air Line Railway acquired the P&G (Pettengill 1998:130).

Civil War

Action on land and sea was limited in Florida during the Civil War (Tebeau 1971). Union forces raided and occupied Florida coastal communities. In a blockaded south where supplies were difficult to obtain, the Confederate Impressment Act collected food supplies, including beef, pork, rice, and potatoes that were stored in warehouse depots throughout the state. Despite these depots, there were few military objectives in the interior to draw attention, and no Union invasion occurred until 1864, resulting in a Confederate victory at the Battle of Olustee (Tebeau 1971). The Confederate troops retained control of Florida's interior until the end of the war. In late February and early March 1865, Federal troops landed and attempted to extricate Confederate soldiers stationed at the St. Marks fort (Ellis and Rogers 1999:63). Confederate forces from Tallahassee and the surrounding areas were able to prepare for the attack because Union forces were delayed by their ships running aground. A decisive battle occurred at Natural Bridge (8LE00188), located in Section 29, Township 2 South, Range 2 East in a swampy area in southern Leon County where the St. Marks River flows underground. The Confederates repulsed two Union charges on March 6, resulting in 21 Federal deaths, 89 wounded, and 38 missing while the Confederates had three killed and 23 wounded (Ellis and Rogers 1999:66). The Union troops withdrew, escaping by boat. On April 9, 1865, General Lee surrendered his forces at Appomattox, and Union forces occupied Tallahassee on May 20, 1865 (Paisley 1989:209-210).

Post-Bellum

The Civil War disrupted the local plantation economy. Francis Eppes moved to Orange County, Florida, to grow citrus. He sold his plantation for Confederate money during the war, and by 1865, he had lost his investment (Paisley 1968:20). Other planters left the region or the state for greener pastures. The cotton crop of 1865 was bountiful but declined in the following years. African Americans continued to work the plantation fields and were compensated through a wage labor system. This wage labor system evolved into a sharecropping and share-renting arrangement (Paisley 1968:24-29, 1989:210). The sharecropping and share-renting arrangement resulted in African Americans renting 30- and 40-acre tracts on former plantations. At the end of the year, many renters remained in debt that was carried over to the next year (Paisley 1968:28). This system created a cycle of debt that was very difficult to end.

During the 1880s, many plantation owners sold their land and homes for a few dollars an acre (Paisley 1968:72). The majority of plantation purchases were for speculation, winter homes, and a few were operated as farms (Paisley 1968:74). The majority of Leon County cotton lands were worn out by the turn of the twentieth century, and the boll weevil destroyed the remaining cotton crops in 1916 (Paisley 1989:210-211). Northern capitalist purchased these plantations, changing them from growing cotton to hunting quail. Despite the change, many tenant farmers

21 Historic Overview April 2021 SEARCH Draft Report CRAS for the Orange Avenue Improvements, Leon County, Florida (FM# 437902-1) still operated on the lands. These quail plantations totaled more than 100,000 acres in the northern half of Leon County (Paisley 1989:212).

In the twentieth century, state and local government came to dominate the economy. Tallahassee’s position as the state capital meant the influx of state funds to run the various branches of Florida’s government. In the 1920s, leaders organized numerous “beautification” projects for the capital city, and improvements to roadways, electricity, and sanitation were a priority in the first few decades of the twentieth century, especially in the downtown areas. With two universities operating in the city, Tallahassee saw a continued influx of new residents and activity. Additionally, New Deal programs put in place to bring the country out of the Great Depression brought federal funds to the area and especially focused on improving public buildings and bettering healthcare in the capital city. The onset of World War II helped bring most of the country out of the worst days of the Depression, and Leon County was no different. Tallahasseans pitched in to the war effort and helped provide soldiers and materials, and the city also housed many soldiers in training for overseas combat (Ellis and Rogers 1999:112-122, 149- 155).

During the 1940s and 1950s, returning African American soldiers and college students took part in a local Civil Rights struggle that was part of a larger, national movement. In 1956, students from Florida A&M University organized a bus boycott in Tallahassee to protest segregated seating; working with local religious leaders and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), they successfully pushed for the repeal of the city’s segregation ordinance in 1957. Civil Rights activity continued into the 1960s and included restaurant sit-ins and wade-ins at area pools to protest segregated facilities, and voter registration campaigns (Barnes and Roberts 2000). Florida State University (FSU) also was integrated in the 1960s, with the first African American student receiving a degree in 1965 (Woodward 2012:114).

Leon County saw substantial growth in the postwar period, with a rise in population from more than 31,000 in 1940, more than 51,000 in 1950, and a nearly 50 percent jump to more than 74,000 in 1960 (Forstall 1995). Government motions to move the state capital to the more centrally located Orlando in the late 1960s threatened to take away a major portion of Tallahassee’s economy; however, these efforts were thwarted, and a there was a renewed focus on updating the dilapidated, nineteenth-century and piecemeal state government facilities. A new capitol building was constructed and opened in 1977 (Rockwell 2012). Another major employer, Tallahassee’s universities, also saw substantial growth in the 1960s and 1970s, with FSU more than doubling from 9,000 students in 1960 to more than 22,000 in 1980 (FSU Office of Institutional Research 2015). Leon County’s population continued to rise on a large scale, with 103,000 residents in 1970, nearly 150,000 in 1980, and more than 192,000 in 1990 (Forstall 1995). This growth did not slow in the early twenty-first century, with an over 50-percent increase in the population in the three decades from 1990 to 2019 (population estimate 296,499). Today, more than 26 percent of Leon County’s residents are employed in the Business and Professional Services sector (Florida Office of Economic and Demographic Research 2020).

Historic Overview 22 SEARCH April 2021 CRAS for the Orange Avenue Improvements, Leon County, Florida (FM# 437902-1) Draft Report

BACKGROUND RESEARCH

FLORIDA MASTER SITE FILE REVIEW

Florida Master Site File (FMSF) data from April 2020 were reviewed to identify any previously recorded cultural resources within the project APE. The FMSF review indicates that 23 previous cultural resource surveys have been conducted within the current project APE (Figure 10; Table 1).

Table 1. Previously Cultural Resource Surveys within the Orange Avenue Improvements APE. FMSF Title Year Reference No. Archaeological Resources Assessment Survey SR-263/Capital Circle, 2490 1990 FDOT SR-10/US-90 to Springhill Road Historic Resources Assessment Survey for a Portion of Capital Circle 3621 1990 FDOT from SR-10 to Springhill Road Phase I Cultural Resources Survey of SR 263 (Capital Circle Southwest) R. Christopher Goodwin 4618 1996 to Wahnish Way, Leon County, Florida & Associates, Inc. Cultural Resource Assessment Survey of the State Road 363 (South 4688 Adams Street) Improvements Alignment from South of State Road 1995 Janus Research, Inc. 373 (Orange Avenue) to North of Palmer Street, Leon County, Florida Archaeological 4913 Tallahassee Neighborhood Survey Phase IV 1997 Consultants, Inc. Phase II Cultural Resources Assessment of the Proposed State Road Post, Buckley, Schuh, & 4993 371 and 373 (Orange Avenue) Improvements from State Road 263 1997 Jernigan (PBS&J) (Capital Circle Southwest) to Wahnish Way Archaeological Investigations for the Orange Avenue Widening 5864 2000 J. K. Duvall & Associates Project from South Monroe Street to Blair Stone Road A Cultural Resource Assessment of the Council P.U.D./University Club 6609 2000 PBS&J Apartments Tract, Leon County, Florida Cultural Resource Assessment Survey of the Gopher, Frog, & Alligator 8324 1996 Janus Research, Inc. (GF&A) Rail Trail Corridor, Wakulla and Leon Counties, Florida An Archaeological Assessment of the Wahnish Way-Orange Avenue 8898 2003 PBS&J Intersection Improvements Cultural Resource Assessment: Archaeology 11 Stormwater Archaeological 11163 2005 Management Facilities, Capital Cascades trail, Leon County, Florida Consultants, Inc. A Cultural Resources Assessment of the Bradford Overlook 11475 2005 PBS&J Development Parcel, Leon County, Florida Cultural Resource Assessment Survey Capital Circle NW/SW (SR 263) Archaeological 12028 from South of Orange Avenue (SR 371) to Tennessee Street (SR 10, US 2005 Consultants, Inc. 90) Leon County, Florida Cultural Resource Assessment Survey Florida State University Archaeological 12520 2005 Aquatics Center, Leon County, Florida Consultants, Inc. A Phase I-Level Cultural Resources Assessment of the Lake Bradford 13930 2007 PBS&J Development Tract, Leon County, Florida Cultural Resource Assessment Survey Capital Cascades Trail, Leon Archaeological 13959 2006 County, Florida Consultants, Inc.

23 Background Research April 2021 SEARCH Draft Report CRAS for the Orange Avenue Improvements, Leon County, Florida (FM# 437902-1)

Table 1. Previously Cultural Resource Surveys within the Orange Avenue Improvements APE. FMSF Title Year Reference No. Cultural Resource Assessment Survey Proposed Ponds and Mitigation Areas Technical Memorandum Capital Circle NW/SW from South of Archaeological 16126 2007 Orange Avenue (SR 371) to Tennessee Street (SR 10/US 90) Leon Consultants, Inc. County, Florida Cultural Resource Assessment Survey City of Tallahassee Transmission Archaeological 16905 2009 lines through the Apalachicola National Forest, Leon County, Florida Consultants, Inc. Phase I Cultural Resource Assessment Survey of Capital Circle 17750 Southwest from Crawfordville Road to Orange Avenue, Leon County, 2009 SEARCH, Inc. Florida Cultural Resource Assessment Survey for the Replacement of the SR 20376 373/Orange Avenue Bridge (Bridge No. 550052) Over the St. Marks 2013 SEARCH, Inc. Trail in Leon County, Florida Cultural Resource Assessment Survey in Support of the SR 22578 2015 SEARCH, Inc. 371/Orange Avenue Sidewalk Project, Leon County, Florida Technical Memorandum Cultural Resource Assessment Survey of Five Proposed Ponds along State Road (SR) 263/Capital Circle from East of 23027 2016 SEARCH, Inc. CR 2203 (Springhill Road) to North of SR 371 (orange Avenue), Leon County, Florida Phase I Cultural Resource Assessment Survey of the Saturday Road 26533 2019 Edwards-Pitman, Inc. Property, Tallahassee, Leon County, Florida

Of these surveys, the most relevant to the current investigation are FMSF Survey Nos. 4618, 4913, 4993, 6609, 17750, and 20376. FMSF Survey No. 4618 included a Phase I survey of SR 263 from Capital Circle to Wahnish Way, which overlaps much of the current project’s archaeological APE. Pedestrian survey and subsurface testing conducted on both sides of the right-of-way identified nine newly recorded archaeological sites (8LE02400-8LE02408) and relocated and delineated four previously recorded sites. Twelve of these sites (8LE00155, 8LE01609, 8LE02338, and 8LE02400-8LE02408) are within current project APE. FMSF Survey No. 4913 was a historic resource survey that documented 1,622 historic buildings throughout Tallahassee. Four of these historic structures (8LE02834, 8LE02871, 8LE03191, and 8LE03192) are within the current project APE. FMSF Survey No. 4993 was a Phase II archaeological site evaluation based on recommendations resulting from FMSF Survey No. 4618. This survey conducted additional shovel testing and test unit excavation to further evaluate 8LE00155, 8LE01609, and 8LE02400. No further work was recommended, and the sites were determined to be ineligible. FMSF Survey No. 17750 conducted surface and subsurface testing of Capital Circle Southwest from Crawfordsville Road to Orange Avenue. This survey, which overlaps about 0.49 miles (0.79 kilometers) of the current APE, identified and evaluated four archaeological sites and 24 historic resources. Among these resources, two archeological sites (8LE02400 and 8LE02402) and six historic resources (8LE05710-8LE05713, 8LE05716, and 8LE05717) are within the current project APE. FMSF Survey No. 20376 conducted architectural survey for the replacement of SR 373/Orange Avenue Bridge over the St. Marks Trail. This investigation resulted in the documentation and evaluation of three historic resources, two of which (8LE05497 and 8LE06048) are in the current project APE.

Background Research 24 SEARCH April 2021 CRAS for the Orange Avenue Improvements, Leon County, Florida (FM# 437902-1) Draft Report

Previously conducted cultural resource surveysthe intersecting Orange Avenue Improvements APE.

Figure 10. Figure

25 Background Research April 2021 SEARCH Draft Report CRAS for the Orange Avenue Improvements, Leon County, Florida (FM# 437902-1)

The FMSF review also indicates that 19 archaeological sites, 14 historic structures, one cemetery, two resource groups, and one historic bridge have been recorded within the overall Orange Avenue Improvements APE (right-of-way plus buffer), as shown in Figure 11 and Table 2. Of the 19 archaeological sites in the overall APE, 13 (8LE00155, 8LE00165, 8LE00515, 8LE00642, 8LE01609, 8LE01627, 8LE02400-8LE02402, and 8LE02404-8LE2407) are within the APE for archaeological resources (project right-of-way). All but two of the previously recorded sites in the overall APE have aboriginal components, three have a non-aboriginal nineteenth-century American component, and seven have a non-aboriginal twentieth-century American component. Specific Native American cultural periods represented among the sites in the APE include Early Archaic, Late Archaic, Deptford, Swift Creek, Weeden Island, Ft. Walton, and Leon Jefferson. Of the 13 sites in the archaeological APE, eight (8LE00155, 8LE00165, 8LE00515, 8LE00642, 8LE01609, and 8LE02400-8LE02402) are indicated in the FMSF as having insufficient information for evaluation, and one (8LE01627) has not been evaluated for the NRHP by the State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO). The remaining four sites (8LE02404-8LE02407) were evaluated as ineligible for the NRHP by the SHPO. Notably, two of the eight sites (8LE00155 and 8LE02400) indicated in the FMSF database as having insufficient information were determined ineligible by the SHPO as a result of Phase II archaeological testing in 1997 (FMSF Survey No. 4993).

Table 2. Previously Recorded Cultural Resources within the Orange Avenue Improvements APE. Historic Structures FMSF No. Address Year Built Surveyor Evaluation SHPO Evaluation 8LE02308 2635 South Adams Street ca 1945 Ineligible for NRHP Ineligible for NRHP 8LE02834 1500 Lake Bradford Road ca 1942 Ineligible for NRHP Unevaluated 8LE02846 19 Howard Street ca 1942 Ineligible for NRHP Unevaluated 8LE02871 1490 Lake Bradford Road ca 1940 Ineligible for NRHP Unevaluated 8LE03191 108 Polk Drive ca 1936 Ineligible for NRHP Unevaluated 8LE03192 112 Polk Drive ca 1936 Ineligible for NRHP Unevaluated 8LE03272 2606 Springhill Road ca 1930 Ineligible for NRHP Ineligible for NRHP 8LE05710 2340 Saturday Road Building 1 ca 1947 Ineligible for NRHP Ineligible for NRHP 8LE05711 2340 Saturday Road Building 2 ca 1947 Ineligible for NRHP Ineligible for NRHP 8LE05712 2340 Saturday Road Building 3 ca 1947 Ineligible for NRHP Ineligible for NRHP 8LE05713 2900 Orange Avenue ca 1962 Ineligible for NRHP Ineligible for NRHP 8LE05716 3045 Orange Avenue Building 1 ca 1954 Ineligible for NRHP Ineligible for NRHP 8LE05717 3045 Orange Avenue Building 2 ca 1954 Ineligible for NRHP Ineligible for NRHP 8LE06049 901 Orange Avenue ca 1958 Ineligible for NRHP Ineligible for NRHP Archaeological Sites FMSF No. Name Time Period Surveyor Evaluation SHPO Evaluation Twentieth Century American 8LE00030 Cascade Lake (1900-Present); Ft. Walton, Ineligible for NRHP Ineligible for NRHP A.D. 1000-1500 Twentieth Century American Florida State (1821-Present); Ft. Walton, Insufficient Insufficient 8LE00155 University Golf A.D. 1000-1500; Leon-Jefferson; Information Information Course Weeden Island, A.D. 450-1000 Orange Ave Prehistoric; Weeden Island, Insufficient Insufficient 8LE00165 Site A.D. 450-1000 Information Information Insufficient 8LE00515 Unnamed Prehistoric Ineligible for NRHP Information

Background Research 26 SEARCH April 2021 CRAS for the Orange Avenue Improvements, Leon County, Florida (FM# 437902-1) Draft Report

Table 2. Previously Recorded Cultural Resources within the Orange Avenue Improvements APE. Archaeological Sites FMSF No. Name Time Period Surveyor Evaluation SHPO Evaluation Insufficient Insufficient 8LE00642 A-2 Weeden Island, A.D. 450-1000 Information Information Early Archaic; Late Archaic; Deptford, 700-300 B.C.; More Work 8LE01432 Cypress Cove Ft. Walton, A.D. 1000-1500; Swift Unevaluated Recommended Creek, 300 B.C.-A.D. 450; Weeden Island, A.D. 450-1000 Nineteenth Century American (1821-1899); Twentieth Century Insufficient Insufficient 8LE01609 Power Station American (1821-Present); Information Information Ft. Walton A.D. 1000-1500; Leon- Jefferson 8LE01627 Rug Prehistoric Ineligible for NRHP Unevaluated Early Archaic; Weeden Island, 8LE01616 Inside Curve Ineligible for NRHP Ineligible for NRHP A.D. 450-1000 Insufficient Insufficient 8LE02338 A-1 Prehistoric Information Information Twentieth Century American Insufficient 8LE02400 B-1 Ineligible for NRHP (1821-Present); Leon-Jefferson Information Twentieth Century American Insufficient Insufficient 8LE02401 B-2 (1821-Present); Prehistoric Information Information Twentieth Century American Insufficient Insufficient 8LE02402 B-7 (1821-Present); Prehistoric Information Information Nineteenth Century American 8LE02403 C-1 Ineligible for NRHP Ineligible for NRHP (1821-1899) Nineteenth Century American 8LE02404 C-2 (1821-1899); Twentieth Century Ineligible for NRHP Ineligible for NRHP American (1900-Present) 8LE02405 C-3 Leon-Jefferson Ineligible for NRHP Ineligible for NRHP 8LE02406 C-4 Prehistoric Ineligible for NRHP Ineligible for NRHP 8LE02407 C-5 Leon-Jefferson Ineligible for NRHP Ineligible for NRHP 8LE02408 C-6 Prehistoric Ineligible for NRHP Ineligible for NRHP Cemeteries FMSF No. Name Year Established Condition SHPO Evaluation 8LE00644 USFS #81-37 ca. 1860 Not maintained; hard to identify Ineligible for NRHP Resource Groups FMSF No. Name Period of Significance SHPO Evaluation 8LE05208 Central Drainage Ditch Twentieth Century American (1900-Present) Ineligible for NRHP Tallahassee-St Marks Nineteenth Century American (1821-1899); 8LE05497 Ineligible for NRHP Historic Railroad Twentieth Century American (1900-Present) Historic Bridge FMSF No. Name Year Built SHPO Evaluation 8LE06048 Bridge No. 550052 ca. 1949 Ineligible for NRHP

Historic structures recorded in the APE are primarily residences that date between ca. 1930 and 1962. Nine of these buildings have been evaluated as ineligible for the NRHP by the SHPO, and five are unevaluated. Resource groups present in the APE include the Central Drainage Ditch (

27 Background Research April 2021 SEARCH Draft Report CRAS for the Orange Avenue Improvements, Leon County, Florida (FM# 437902-1)

Background Research 28 SEARCH April 2021 CRAS for the Orange Avenue Improvements, Leon County, Florida (FM# 437902-1) Draft Report

8LE05208) and the Tallahassee-St. Marks Historic Railroad (8LE05497). The historic cemetery recorded in the APE, USFS #81-37 (8LE0644), is an unmaintained graveyard that dates to ca. 1860. The historic bridge in the APE, 8LE06048, is a ca. 1949 span that carries Orange Avenue across a series of small ponds. The resource groups, cemetery, and bridge have all been evaluated as ineligible for the NRHP by the SHPO.

HISTORIC MAP AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH REVIEW

Historic maps and aerial photographs were examined in order to identify past land use in the vicinity of the Orange Avenue Improvements APE. The earliest detailed maps consulted were General Land Office (GLO) survey maps. The GLO maps were created by government land surveyors during the nineteenth century as part of the surveying, platting, and sale of public lands. These maps characteristically show landscape features such as vegetation, bodies of water, roads, and other features. The level of detail in GLO maps varies, with some also depicting structures, Native American villages, railroads, and agricultural fields. A GLO map of Florida Township 1 South, Range 1 West created in 1840 shows no clear signs of development within the APE (Figure 12) (GLO 1840). The only feature illustrated in the vicinity is the Pensacola and Georgia Railroad to the north, though this line was not chartered until the 1850s and was not present when this map was created (Turner 2008:61). Though the first railroad in Florida—the Tallahassee Railroad, connecting Tallahassee with St. Marks to the south—was operational by the late 1830s and is evident on an 1839 map of Leon County, it is not illustrated on this GLO map (Tanner 1839; Turner 2008:34).

An 1863 map illustrates this southward railroad, as well as a rail line traveling east-west through Tallahassee and Leon County. Though the latter is labeled as part of the Florida, Atlantic, and Gulf Central, the route from Tallahassee eastward to Lake City was constructed by the above- mentioned Pensacola and Georgia (Johnson 1863; Turner 2008:58, 61). By the late nineteenth century, both lines had become part of the Florida Central and Peninsular railroad, as shown on an 1890 map of the county. This map also shows roadways traveling to the north, west, and south out of Tallahassee (Norton 1890). A 1926 state highway map illustrates railroad lines traveling southwest, south, and southeast then east from the city. All of these lines appear to have been part of the Seaboard Air Line by that point, with the exception of the southwestward line, which is labeled as the Georgia, Florida, and Atlantic (Florida State Road Department [FSRD] 1926).

However, the latter line also was part of the Seaboard on a 1942 topographic map of Tallahassee (Figure 13) (USGS 1942). Both this route and the railroad to St. Marks cross through the east- central portion of the APE. Several roads pass through the APE; namely, a road travels northeast from Lake Bradford and crosses into the APE before turning eastward through the center of the APE then turning northward toward Tallahassee. Another roadway continues eastward through the extent of the APE, intersecting with a north-south highway that also crosses through the APE. The latter is labeled part of US 319, though the other two roads are unnamed. Another north- south improved road running roughly parallel to US 319 also crosses through the APE.

29 Background Research April 2021 SEARCH Draft Report CRAS for the Orange Avenue Improvements, Leon County, Florida (FM# 437902-1)

Range Range 1 West. ap of Township 1 South, 1840 GLO m

Figure 12. Figure

Background Research 30 SEARCH April 2021 CRAS for the Orange Avenue Improvements, Leon County, Florida (FM# 437902-1) Draft Report

. lorida ap of Tallahassee, F ap of Tallahassee, m opographic 1942 USGS t

Figure 13. Figure

31 Background Research April 2021 SEARCH Draft Report CRAS for the Orange Avenue Improvements, Leon County, Florida (FM# 437902-1)

Unimproved roads cross through the western portion of the APE north of Lake Bradford, and as many as 25 structures fall within the APE.

One specific change is evident on a 1954 aerial photograph (Figure 14) (USDA 1954). A new portion of the road from Lake Bradford now turns the route northeastward out of the APE before reaching the railroad line. Otherwise, the lines of transportation within and through the APE appear to follow similar routes. The land inside the project boundaries is mixed between tree- and plant-covered, cleared agricultural land, and neighborhood groupings of houses. By 1972, a highway had been constructed through the western portion of the APE, continuing along the route of the Lake Bradford Road; this road is labeled both as Lake Bradford Road and SR 371 (Figure 15) (USGS 1972). The road that continues eastward through the APE after Lake Bradford Road turns to the northeast is labeled Orange Avenue. Thirty-five or more structures fall at least partially within the APE, though some areas within the APE are shaded red to indicate a density of structures and do not illustrate individual buildings. At least part of Nims Jr. High school falls within the APE.

Background Research 32 SEARCH April 2021 CRAS for the Orange Avenue Improvements, Leon County, Florida (FM# 437902-1) Draft Report

14. 195414. USDA aerial photographs of Leon Florida. County, Figure

33 Background Research April 2021 SEARCH Draft Report CRAS for the Orange Avenue Improvements, Leon County, Florida (FM# 437902-1)

USGS topographic map of Tallahassee, Florida. 0 15. 19715. Figure

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RESEARCH DESIGN

PROJECT GOALS

A research design is a plan to coordinate the cultural resource investigation from inception to the completion of the project. This plan should minimally account for three things: (1) it should make explicit the goals and intentions of the research; (2) it should define the sequence of events to be undertaken in pursuit of the research goals; and (3) it should provide a basis for evaluating the findings and conclusions drawn from the investigation.

The goal of this cultural resource survey was to locate and document evidence of historic or prehistoric occupation or use within the APE (archaeological or historic sites, historic structures, or archaeological occurrences [isolated artifact finds]), and to evaluate these for their potential eligibility for listing in the NRHP. The research strategy was composed of background investigation, a historical document search, and field survey. The background investigation involved a perusal of relevant archaeological literature, producing a summary of previous archaeological work undertaken near the project area. The FMSF was checked for previously recorded sites within the project corridor, which provided an indication of prehistoric settlement and land-use patterns for the region. Current soil surveys, vegetation maps, and relevant literature were consulted to provide a description of the physiographic and geological region of which the project area is a part. These data were used in combination to develop expectations regarding the types of archaeological sites that may be present and their likely locations (site probability areas).

The historical document search involved a review of primary and secondary historic sources as well as a review of the FMSF for any previously recorded historic structures. The original township plat maps, early aerial photographs, and other relevant sources were checked for information pertaining to the existence of historic structures, sites of historic events, and historically occupied or noted aboriginal settlements within the project limits.

NRHP CRITERIA

Cultural resources identified within the project APE were evaluated according to the criteria for listing in the NRHP. As defined by the National Park Service (NPS), the quality of significance in American history, architecture, archaeology, engineering, and culture is present in districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects that possess integrity of location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association, and:

A. that are associated with events or activities that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of our history; or B. that are associated with the lives of persons significant in our past; or

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C. that embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction, or that represent the work of a master, or that possess high artistic values, or that represent a significant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction; or D. that have yielded, or may be likely to yield, information important in prehistory or history.

NRHP-eligible districts must possess a significant concentration, linkage, or continuity of sites, buildings, structures, or objects united historically or aesthetically by plan or physical development. NRHP-eligible districts and buildings must also possess historic significance, historic integrity, and historical context.

CULTURAL RESOURCE POTENTIAL

The potential for prehistoric sites to be identified within the project area was assessed based on an examination of environmental variables (soil drainage, access to streams and wetlands and marine resources, relative elevation), as well as the results of previously conducted surveys. Based on the variation in soil drainage and proximity to fresh water, as well as the results of previous surveys, the probability for unrecorded prehistoric sites within uninvestigated portions of the Orange Avenue Improvements APE is high, with the highest probability for prehistoric sites occurring on elevated well drained landforms near freshwater resources. However, due to the extensive degree of previous investigations in the APE, the likelihood of encountering undocumented prehistoric sites in previous surveyed areas is low.

A review of original Leon County land survey map of 1840 (GLO 1840) shows no development or structures in or near the APE at that time, although Lake Bradford and nearby depressional wet areas are shown as more expanded and interconnected than currently. The earliest available depictions of Tallahassee and its surrounding development are on maps dating to 1940 (USGS 1940). By this time, the maps show Florida Agricultural and Mechanical College, Florida State University (labeled “State College” on the map), state roads, churches, dwellings, and urban and rural roads throughout the area. A small “municipal airport” (no longer extant) is labeled north of the APE, while the existing Tallahassee International Airport south of the study area is not present on the 1940 map. The eastern two-thirds of the APE are much the same in the 1940 map as they are today. However, west of South Lake Bradford Road, Orange Avenue partially exists as an unimproved road that diverges into several similar roads north of Lake Bradford. The current western route of Orange Avenue is not present on USGS maps until 1970 and corresponds with greater development around Lake Bradford and throughout the study area in the latter half of the twentieth century. Historic aerial photography from 1941 and 1960 supports this assessment (USDA 1941, 1960). Based on the map review and on the high number of historically developed parcels as indicated by the Leon County Property Appraiser’s database, the Orange Avenue Improvements APE has moderate probability for previously unrecorded historic archaeological resources and a high probability for unrecorded historic structures.

Research Design 36 SEARCH April 2021 CRAS for the Orange Avenue Improvements, Leon County, Florida (FM# 437902-1) Draft Report

SURVEY METHODS

Archaeological Field Methods

Due to high levels of disturbance from buried utilities, drainage features, and other infrastructure in the APE, archaeological field survey consisted primarily of pedestrian reconnaissance, with systematic shovel testing occurring where field conditions allowed. In areas where severe or obvious disturbance or marked utilities prevented shovel testing, “no-dig” points were recorded on Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) -enabled handheld Global Positioning System (GPS) units. “No-dig” points were collected to demonstrate field-verified locations where archaeologists attempted to conduct subsurface testing but were impeded by existing conditions. In these locations, exposed ground surfaces were examined for artifacts and cultural features. Additionally, field conditions were documented using digital photography and marked on aerial photographs of the project APE.

Shovel test locations were examined at 25-, 50-, and 100-meter (82-, 164-, and 328-foot) intervals according to the probability for archaeological resources. High probability areas in the APE were characterized by well drained to excessively drained soils on relatively level terrain in relatively close proximity to fresh water (within 492 feet [150 meters]); high probability areas also incorporated previously recorded site locations regardless of the presence of high probability environmental correlates. Moderate probability areas in the APE were characterized by somewhat poorly drained to somewhat well drained soils on level terrain where access to fresh water was more difficult (outside 492 feet [150 meters]). In areas of low probability, the APE was characterized by poorly drained soils, sloping landforms, and lack of close proximity to fresh water. Shovel tests measured approximately 50 centimeters (19.7 inches) in diameter and were excavated to a minimum depth of Figure 16. Typical soil profile observed in 100 centimeters below surface (cmbs) (39.4 inches), the Orange Avenue Improvements APE. subsurface conditions permitting (Figure 16). All excavated sediments were screened through 0.6-centimeter (1/4-inch) mesh hardware cloth. The location of each shovel test was marked on aerial photographs and recorded on GPS units. The cultural content, soil strata, and environmental setting of each shovel test were recorded on field forms. Marked field maps are provided in Appendix A.

Architectural Field Methods

The architectural survey for the project utilized standard procedures for the location, investigation, and recording of historic properties. In addition to a search of the FMSF for

37 Research Design April 2021 SEARCH Draft Report CRAS for the Orange Avenue Improvements, Leon County, Florida (FM# 437902-1) previously recorded historic properties within the project area, USGS quadrangle maps were reviewed for structures that were constructed prior to 1976. The field survey inventoried existing buildings, structures, and other aspects of the built environment within the project APE. The identified historic resources were photographed with a digital camera, and all pertinent information regarding architectural style, distinguishing characteristics, and condition was recorded on FMSF structure forms.

Upon completion of fieldwork, forms and photographs were returned to the SEARCH offices for analysis. The date of construction, design, architectural features, condition, and integrity of each resource, as well as how each resource relates to the surrounding landscape, were elements carefully considered. The resources were evaluated regarding their eligibility for listing in the NRHP and recommended eligible or not eligible. The resources were generally recorded in a geographic sequence from west to east, using dates of construction from the available Leon County Property Appraiser parcel records, unless the presented dates were considered to be inaccurate.

Subdivisions

Within the APE, one previously recorded resource (8LE03230) and two newly recorded resources (8LE06599 and 8LE06600) are located within the Capital View Acres subdivision. In 1997, the surveyor recommended that 8LE03230 was a potentially contributing resource to a historic district but did not recommend the Capital View Acres subdivision as NRHP eligible, nor record the subdivision as a resource group (ACI 1997). In the accompanying Tallahassee Neighborhood Survey (FMSF Survey No. 4913), the subdivision was described as a collection of vernacular style residences, threatened by commercial development and by the widening of Orange Avenue and South Monroe Street (ACI 1997). SEARCH architectural historians examined the subdivision and determined that it had been extensively modified since the 1997 survey. No residential buildings remain adjacent to Orange Avenue within the APE, and no features identifying the subdivision as a cohesive neighborhood could be located. Because of this, SEARCH is not recording the subdivision as a resource group and is not recommending the three resources within the subdivision boundaries as contributing resources to a historic district.

Post-1945 Concrete and Steel Bridges

FDOT Bridge No. 550037 was erected in 1957, and Bridge No. 550103 was erected in 1975, according to the FDOT Bridge Maintenance Inventory’s Florida Bridge Information list (FDOT 2020, 2nd Quarter). Both bridges are concrete culverts.

The 2012 Program Comment Issued for Streamlining Section 106 Review for Actions Affecting Post‐1945 Concrete and Steel Bridges (Federal Register 2012:68793-68795) “relieves federal agencies from the Section 106 requirement to consider the effects of undertakings on the bridge types identified in Section V of this Program Comment” if a bridge does not meet three considerations listed in Section IV (Federal Register 2012:68793). Using these three considerations, SEARCH examined Bridge Nos. 550037 and 550103 to determine if these bridges meet the qualifications for application of the Program Comment.

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First, based on a review of the FMSF, SEARCH determined that neither bridge is listed in the NRHP, nor have they been determined eligible for such listing. Furthermore, the bridges are not located adjacent to or within a NRHP‐listed or -eligible historic district. SEARCH personnel examined records for Bridge Nos. 550037 and 550103 and determined that they do not constitute an example of one of the following bridge types: an arch bridge; a truss bridge; a bridge with movable spans; a suspension bridge; a cable‐stayed bridge; or a covered bridge. Finally, Bridge Nos. 550037 and 550103 are not identified by the latest statewide bridge survey (Archaeological Consultants, Inc. [ACI] 2012) as having “exceptional significance for association with an event or individual, or being a very early or particularly important example of its type in a State or the nation, having distinctive engineering or architectural features that depart from standard designs, such as an aesthetic railing or balustrade, includes spans of exceptional length or complexity, or displaying other elements that were engineered to respond to a unique environmental context,” which would except it from the Program Comment (Federal Register 2012:68794).

Bridge Nos. 550037 and 550103 are examples of post-1945 concrete culverts. Based on the above considerations for the Program Comment, these bridges are excluded from Section 106 consideration (Federal Register 2012:68793). For this reason, the bridges were not evaluated by the present survey. The Section 106 responsibilities of FDOT and the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) have been completed with regard to Bridge Nos. 550037 and 550103.

Laboratory Methods

No artifacts were recovered as a result of this survey; therefore, no laboratory analysis was required.

Curation

The original maps and field notes are presently housed at the Newberry, Florida, office of SEARCH. The original maps and field notes will be turned over to the FDOT, District 3, upon project completion; copies will be retained by SEARCH.

Certified Local Government Consultation

On June 18, 2020, SEARCH archaeologist, Matt Nowak emailed Melissa Stoller, PhD, the Certified Local Government (CLG) representative for Tallahassee/Leon County, to inquire about any concerns the CLG might have regarding the Orange Avenue Improvements project. As of the writing of this report, there has been no response from the Tallahassee/Leon County CLG.

Local Informant Information

On March 22, 2021, College Terrace Neighborhood President Allen Hill sent an email to Tallahassee Mayor John Dailey with a variety of concerns related to the neighborhood. Among

39 Research Design April 2021 SEARCH Draft Report CRAS for the Orange Avenue Improvements, Leon County, Florida (FM# 437902-1)

Mr. Hill’s concerns was potential noise issues related to Orange Avenue improvements. Therefore, Mr. Hill’s email was provided to the FDOT and eventually forwarded to the project consultants. In the email, Mr. Hill noted that the College Terrace neighborhood contained homes that he considered to be significant landmarks due to their association with local and national figures involved with the Civil Rights Movement, including Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.

Procedures to Deal with Unexpected Discoveries

Every reasonable effort has been made during this investigation to identify and evaluate possible locations of prehistoric and historic archaeological sites; however, the possibility exists that evidence of cultural resources may yet be encountered within the project limits. Should evidence of unrecorded cultural resources be discovered during construction activities, all work in that portion of the project area must stop. Evidence of cultural resources includes aboriginal or historic pottery, prehistoric stone tools, bone or shell tools, historic trash pits, and historic building foundations. Should questionable materials be uncovered during the excavation of the project area, representatives of the FDOT, District 3, will assist in the identification and preliminary assessment of the materials. If such evidence is found, the FDHR will be notified within two working days.

In the unlikely event that human skeletal remains or associated burial artifacts are uncovered within the project area, all work in that area must stop. The FDOT, District 3, Cultural Resources Coordinator must be contacted. The discovery must be reported to local law enforcement, who will in turn contact the medical examiner. The medical examiner will determine whether or not the State Archaeologist should be contacted per the requirements of Chapter 872.05, Florida Statutes.

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RESULTS

ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCES

The archaeological survey consisted of a combination of pedestrian reconnaissance and subsurface testing. Because of extensive disturbance from utilities, sidewalks, and other infrastructure, only 22 shovel tests could be excavated within the project’s archaeological APE (project right-of-way) (Figures 17 and 18). Survey of the remaining 161 planned test locations were limited to visual inspection of exposed surfaces. A high level of scrutiny was applied to portions of the APE that intersected previously recorded sites, particularly those that the FMSF indicates as unevaluated or as having insufficient information for evaluation. Field conditions limited shovel testing primarily to areas in the proposed right-of-way within the western half of the APE where residential and commercial development was less extensive (see Figure 17). A typical shovel test exhibited a soil profile with three strata, which included mottled very dark brown (10YR 2/2) and very dark grayish-brown (10YR 3/2) sand from 0 to 40 cmbs (0 to 15.7 inches), pale brown (10YR 6/3) fine sand from 40 to 70 cmbs (15.7 to 27.6 inches), and very pale brown (10YR 7/3) fine sand from 70 cmbs (27.6 inches) to the base of the excavation at 100 cmbs (39.4 inches) (see Figure 16). None of the 22 shovel tests excavated within the APE produced artifacts or archaeological features. These negative tests include four excavated within the mapped site boundaries of 8LE00155 and two within the mapped boundaries of 8LE01609 (see Appendix A). Shovel testing in the boundaries of the other seven unevaluated sites indicated in the archaeological APE (8LE00165, 8LE00515, 8LE00642, 8LE01627, and 8LE02400-8LE02402) was not feasible due to the presence of buried utilities, drainage ditches, and other infrastructure. Representative views of the existing conditions in the APE are depicted in Figure 19. Pedestrian reconnaissance identified no artifacts or other cultural remains within the mapped locations of previously recorded sites or elsewhere in the project APE. Based on these results, no archaeological sites or occurrences were identified during the current survey; no further archaeological survey is recommended. Because no evidence of the 13 sites previously documented within the archaeological APE were found during the current survey, FMSF resource forms for these sites were not updated. A survey log sheet is included as Appendix B.

ARCHITECTURAL RESOURCES

The architectural survey resulted in the identification and evaluation of 81 historic resources within the Orange Avenue Improvements APE in Leon County, including 17 previously recorded historic resources and 64 newly recorded resources (Table 3; Figures 20-22). The previously recorded resources are 14 historic buildings, one railroad, one canal, and one historic cemetery. All 17 previously recorded historic resources have been determined ineligible for listing in the NRHP. These resources have not gained significance since their previous ineligible determinations, and it is the opinion of SEARCH that they remain ineligible for listing in the NRHP.

41 Results April 2021 SEARCH Draft Report CRAS for the Orange Avenue Improvements, Leon County, Florida (FM# 437902-1)

ap 1 of 2. , m , Archaeological survey results thein western half of the Orange Avenue Improvements APE

Figure 17.

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2. ap 2 of , m , Archaeological survey results thein eastern half of the Orange Avenue Improvements APE

Figure 18.

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Figure 19. Conditions in the Orange Avenue Improvements archaeological APE. Top left: Commercial development in the east end of the APE, view east. Top right: Sidewalks and marked utilities along the north side of Orange Avenue, view east. Center left: Drainage infrastructure and a buried utility marker in the APE, view west. Center right: Buried utility markers in the APE, view west. Bottom left: Drainage ditch in the APE, view northwest. Bottom right: Drainage swale and a utility marker in the APE, view southeast.

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Table 3. Historic Resources Recorded within the Orange Avenue Improvements APE. Eligibility FMSF No. Name or Address Architectural Style Date Recommendation 8LE00644 USFS #81-37 Cemetery No style ca. 1860 Ineligible Betty’s Bargain Barn 8LE02308 Masonry Vernacular ca. 1945 Ineligible 2635 South Adams Street 8LE02834 1500 West Orange Avenue Frame Vernacular ca. 1959 Ineligible Individually Ineligible, 8LE02846 619 Howard Street Masonry Vernacular ca. 1942 Potentially Contributing to 8LE06485 8LE02871 1490 Lake Bradford Road Frame Vernacular ca. 1940 Ineligible 8LE03230 314 West Orange Avenue Frame Vernacular ca. 1936 Ineligible 8LE05208 Central Drainage Ditch No style ca. 1930s Ineligible Tallahassee-St. Marks Historic 8LE05497 No style ca. 1836 Ineligible Railroad 8LE05710 2340 Saturday Road – Building 1 Frame Vernacular ca. 1947 Ineligible 8LE05711 2340 Saturday Road – Building 2 Bungalow ca. 1947 Ineligible 8LE05712 2340 Saturday Road – Building 3 Frame Vernacular ca. 1947 Ineligible 8LE05713 2900 Orange Avenue Contemporary ca. 1962 Ineligible 8LE05716 3045 Orange Avenue – Building 1 Masonry Vernacular ca. 1954 Ineligible 8LE05717 3045 Orange Avenue – Building 2 Masonry Vernacular ca. 1954 Ineligible 8LE05718 2745 Lake Bradford Road Masonry Vernacular ca. 1959 Ineligible 8LE05719 2755 Lake Bradford Road Frame Vernacular ca. 1959 Ineligible 8LE06049 901 West Orange Avenue Industrial Vernacular ca. 1958 Ineligible 2340 Saturday Road 8LE06483 No style ca. 1947 Ineligible Resource Group Callen Subdivision ca. 1970s- 8LE06484 No style Ineligible Resource Group 1990s College Terrace Subdivision 8LE06485 No style ca. 1960s Insufficient Information Resource Group Orange Park Trailer Park ca. 1961- 8LE06486 No style Ineligible 3501 West Orange Avenue 2002 8LE06487 2807 Monroe Street Commercial ca. 1973 Ineligible 8LE06529 3701 West Orange Avenue Masonry Vernacular ca. 1965 Ineligible 8LE06530 3659 West Orange Avenue Industrial Vernacular ca. 1974 Ineligible 8LE06531 3655 West Orange Avenue Commercial ca. 1963 Ineligible 8LE06532 2825 West Orange Avenue Split Level ca. 1972 Ineligible 8LE06533 2811 West Orange Avenue Split Level ca. 1970 Ineligible 8LE06534 2615 West Orange Avenue Ranch ca. 1966 Ineligible 8LE06535 2610 Pottsdomer Street Ranch ca. 1973 Ineligible 8LE06536 2611 Pottsdomer Street Ranch ca. 1958 Ineligible 8LE06537 2710 Catherine Ross Lane Frame Vernacular ca. 1944 Ineligible 8LE06538 1607 West Orange Avenue Masonry Vernacular ca. 1972 Ineligible 8LE06539 1606 West Orange Avenue Masonry Vernacular ca. 1958 Ineligible 8LE06540 1605 West Orange Avenue Masonry Vernacular ca. 1972 Ineligible 8LE06541 1519 West Orange Avenue Masonry Vernacular ca. 1960 Ineligible Liberty Park Subdivision 8LE06542 No Style ca. 1950 Eligible Resource Group Contributing to 8LE06543 1417 West Orange Avenue Frame Vernacular ca. 1972 8LE06542, Individually Ineligible

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Table 3. Historic Resources Recorded within the Orange Avenue Improvements APE. Eligibility FMSF No. Name or Address Architectural Style Date Recommendation Contributing to 8LE06544 1415 West Orange Avenue Masonry Vernacular ca. 1972 8LE06542, Individually Ineligible Contributing to 8LE06545 1413 West Orange Avenue Minimal Traditional ca. 1972 8LE06542, Individually Ineligible Contributing to 8LE06546 1411 West Orange Avenue Frame Vernacular ca. 1972 8LE06542, Individually Ineligible Contributing to 8LE06547 1405 West Orange Avenue Masonry Vernacular ca. 1972 8LE06542, Individually Ineligible Contributing to 8LE06548 1403 West Orange Avenue Frame Vernacular ca. 1972 8LE06542, Individually Ineligible Contributing to 8LE06549 1401 West Orange Avenue Masonry Vernacular ca. 1969 8LE06542, Individually Ineligible 8LE06550 1399 West Orange Avenue Frame Vernacular ca. 1950 Ineligible Contributing to 8LE06551 1397 West Orange Avenue Masonry Vernacular ca. 1972 8LE06542, Individually Ineligible Contributing to 8LE06552 1395 West Orange Avenue Masonry Vernacular ca. 1972 8LE06542, Individually Ineligible 8LE06553 1142 West Orange Avenue Commercial ca. 1963 Ineligible 8LE06554 1133 West Orange Avenue Masonry Vernacular ca. 1969 Ineligible 8LE06555 1122 West Orange Avenue Ranch ca. 1957 Ineligible 8LE06556 1115 West Orange Avenue Industrial Vernacular ca. 1967 Ineligible 8LE06557 1116A West Orange Avenue Masonry Vernacular ca. 1954 Ineligible 8LE06558 1116B West Orange Avenue Frame Vernacular ca. 1954 Ineligible 8LE06559 1113 West Orange Avenue Frame Vernacular ca. 1940 Ineligible 8LE06560 802 West Orange Avenue Commercial ca. 1972 Ineligible Nims Middle School Mixed, None 8LE06561 ca. 1960 Ineligible 723 West Orange Avenue Dominant 8LE06562 720 West Orange Avenue Commercial ca. 1968 Ineligible 8LE06563 716 West Orange Avenue Commercial ca. 1972 Ineligible 8LE06564 702 West Orange Avenue Commercial ca. 1974 Ineligible Individually Ineligible, 8LE06565 617 Howard Avenue Minimal Traditional ca. 1950 Potentially Contributing to 8LE06485 Individually Ineligible, 8LE06566 613 Howard Avenue Ranch ca. 1959 Potentially Contributing to 8LE06485 Individually Ineligible, 8LE06567 611 Howard Avenue Minimal Traditional ca. 1955 Potentially Contributing to 8LE06485

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Table 3. Historic Resources Recorded within the Orange Avenue Improvements APE. Eligibility FMSF No. Name or Address Architectural Style Date Recommendation Individually Ineligible, 8LE06568 609 Howard Avenue Masonry Vernacular ca. 1963 Potentially Contributing to 8LE06485 Individually Ineligible, 8LE06569 605 Howard Avenue Masonry Vernacular ca. 1955 Potentially Contributing to 8LE06485 Individually Ineligible, 8LE06570 523 Howard Avenue Ranch ca. 1962 Potentially Contributing to 8LE06485 Individually Ineligible, 8LE06571 520 West Orange Avenue Commercial ca. 1960 Potentially Contributing to 8LE06485 Individually Ineligible, 8LE06572 519 Howard Avenue Minimal Traditional ca. 1954 Potentially Contributing to 8LE06485 Individually Ineligible, 8LE06573 517 Howard Avenue Frame Vernacular ca. 1955 Potentially Contributing to 8LE06485 Individually Ineligible, 8LE06574 513 Howard Avenue Masonry Vernacular ca. 1956 Potentially Contributing to 8LE06485 Individually Ineligible, 8LE06575 509 Howard Avenue Minimal Traditional ca. 1949 Potentially Contributing to 8LE06485 8LE06576 425 West Orange Avenue Ranch ca. 1958 Ineligible 8LE06577 231 West Orange Avenue Masonry Vernacular ca. 1906 Ineligible ca. 1973 8LE06578 2800 Adams Street Industrial Vernacular Ineligible or earlier 8LE06579 Munson Slough No Style ca. 1906 Ineligible ca. 1938 8LE06593 Drainage Canal No Style Ineligible or earlier 8LE06594 Footbridge over Drainage Canal No Style ca. 1959 Ineligible 8LE06595 2750 Lake Bradford Road Masonry Vernacular ca. 1954 Ineligible 8LE06596 2510 Springhill Road Frame Vernacular ca. 1960 Ineligible 8LE06597 2607 Springhill Road Industrial Vernacular ca. 1974 Ineligible 8LE06598 2813 South Adams Street Commercial ca. 1960 Ineligible 8LE06599 242 Orange Avenue Frame Vernacular ca. 1968 Ineligible 8LE06600 300 Orange Avenue Commercial ca. 1965 Ineligible

The newly recorded historic resources include 56 historic buildings, one bridge, two canals, and five resource groups. One of the resource groups, the Liberty Park Subdivision (8LE06542), is recommended as being eligible for listing in the NRHP under Criterion A. Nine resources within the resource group were determined to be contributing resources but were not of sufficient distinction to be individually eligible for listing. Another resource group, the College Terrace Subdivision (8LE06485), was examined by SEARCH for its potential to be eligible for the NRHP. A local informant described the history of the subdivision related to both the Civil Rights Movement and notable staff and faculty from Florida A&M University, detailed in the write-up

Results 50 SEARCH April 2021 CRAS for the Orange Avenue Improvements, Leon County, Florida (FM# 437902-1) Draft Report below. Given the nature of these associations, the location of the project relative to the subdivision, and the potential for significant contributing resources to be located outside the APE, the research needed to confirm the significance of the resource group was determined to be outside the scope of this project. As such, there is insufficient information to evaluate the College Terrace Subdivision (8LE06485). Twelve individually ineligible resources within 8LE06484 are potentially contributing resources to the resource group but cannot be evaluated as such at this time. The remaining 41 resources lack the architectural/engineering distinction, significant historical associations, or integrity necessary to be considered for listing in the NRHP, and all are recommended ineligible.

Three previously recorded structures, 8LE02307, 8LE03272, and 8LE06048, were determined to have been demolished since they were last surveyed. Additionally, two resources, 8LE03191 and 8LE03192, were initially plotted within the APE, but were determined to be located outside of the APE. A letter detailing the demolished and mis-plotted resources is included in Appendix C.

No additional right-of-way will be taken along Orange Avenue in front of the Liberty Park Subdivision (8LE06542); therefore, while the proposed project is within the viewshed of 8LE06542, it will not impact the character-defining features of the resource group or its contributing resources and will not result in an adverse effect to the resource group.

Both the previously recorded and newly recorded individual historic buildings are described and evaluated in Appendix D. Nine resources are discussed below, as the presentation of their attributes in a table was not sufficient: USFS #81-37 (8LE00644), Central Drainage Ditch (8LE05208), Tallahassee-St. Marks Historic Railroad (8LE05497), 2340 Saturday Road Resource Group (8LE06483), Callen Subdivision (8LE06484), College Terrace Subdivision (8LE06485), Orange Park Trailer Park (8LE06486), Liberty Park Subdivision (8LE06542), and Munson Slough (8LE06579).

FMSF forms were completed for the Table 4. Major Architectural Styles within the Orange resources and are provided in Appendix E. Avenue Improvements APE. Number of An FDHR survey log sheet is included in Architectural Style Percentage Appendix B. Examples Masonry Vernacular 22 27.16% Frame Vernacular 16 19.75% Architectural Styles Represented in Commercial 10 12.35% the APE Ranch 7 8.64% Minimal Traditional 5 6.17% The Orange Avenue Improvements APE Industrial Vernacular 5 6.17% contains 10 architectural styles that Split Level 2 2.47% represent the development of architecture Bungalow 1 1.23% in America during the twentieth century. Mixed, None Dominant 1 1.23% Table 4 provides the major architectural Contemporary 1 1.23% styles in the APE, along with the number and No Style 11 13.58% percentages of resources of each style.

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Masonry Vernacular

Twenty-two resources within the APE can be categorized as Masonry Vernacular (Figure 23). Masonry Vernacular buildings were designed on a basis of local need, material availability, and tradition. Materials of this style include brick, cement block, oolitic limestone, Ocala block, hollow clay tile, stucco, and stone, amongst others. Decoration is often sparse. However, examples of Masonry Vernacular may be influenced by a variety of high styles. Characteristics of the Masonry Vernacular style vary widely based on location, need, and experience. Figure 23. Resource 8LE06539, an example of Masonry The style is further characterized by: Vernacular architecture. View facing northeast.

• Masonry construction; • Simple, geometric forms; • Relatively unadorned exterior; • Some variation of stone, concrete, brick, or stucco as the exterior material; and • Design meant to take advantage of the environment and site (McAlester 2013).

Frame Vernacular

Sixteen resources within the APE can be categorized as Frame Vernacular (Figure 24). The Frame Vernacular style represents those “ordinary” wood frame buildings designed on a basis of local need, material availability, and tradition. The local environment and experience of the builder, often not architecturally trained, provide more influence over the end product than that of most other styles (City of Miami 2017; Glassie 1990). Decoration is often sparse; however, examples of Frame Vernacular may be influenced by a variety of high styles. Figure 24. Resource 8LE06550, an example of Frame Characteristics of the Frame Vernacular Vernacular architecture. View facing southwest. style often include, but are not limited to:

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• Balloon frame; • Rectangular plan; • One to two stories; • Wood siding: weatherboard, drop siding, etc.; and • Siding may have been replaced with vinyl, aluminum, asbestos shingle, etc. (City of Miami 2017).

Commercial

Ten commercial buildings are located within the APE. The Commercial style encompasses a wide variety of buildings constructed for commercial use (Figure 25). Often, it is used to describe those buildings, the precursors of modern skyscrapers, constructed in the Chicago school style in the late 1800s and early 1900s. These Commercial style buildings were a product of advancement in construction technology, allowing for taller buildings (Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission [PHMC] 2015). Louis Sullivan, a Chicago architect, is Figure 25. Resource 8LE06560, a Commercial building. particularly well known for his tall View facing north. commercial building designs, which often included terra-cotta ornament along the lowest story and upper cornice (Harris 1998). Another type of Commercial style building is the kind found in smaller downtowns and along main streets. Well-kept commercial buildings signified economic prosperity, and they were often used by towns and small cities to project a more cosmopolitan or big city feel. This often led to a lack of regional differences in commercial districts. Because commercial districts often had abutting resources, the facade facing the main street was often the only facade that contained elaboration other than that needed for utilitarian purpose. Corner buildings often have decoration on two facades. These commercial buildings are often broken down into type, commonly the two-part commercial block, one-part commercial block, enframed window wall, three-part vertical block, temple front, or vault (Longstreth 1986; PHMC 2015). Characteristics of the Commercial style include, but are not limited to:

• Masonry exterior material; • Large storefront windows, three-part windows, or projecting bay windows along the ground floor; • Vertical emphasis; • Ground floor storefront with prominent entrance; • Steel and beam construction; • Decorative cornice; and • Flat roof (PHMC 2015).

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Ranch House

Seven resources within the APE can be categorized as Ranch-style (Figure 26). The evolution of the Ranch style had multiple centers: the Chicago area, inspired by the Prairie Houses of Frank Lloyd Wright; the American southwest, the vestiges of working ranches providing inspiration; and California, where rapid growth in the early part of the twentieth century called for a new vernacular architecture undertaking (Timberg 2005). California in the 1930s saw architects Cliff May, H. Roy Kelley, William Wurster, amongst others, adapting traditional houses of Figure 26. Resource 8LE06534, a Ranch-style house. southwestern ranches, haciendas, and View facing south. Spanish Colonial Revival styles to a suburban plan (NPS 2002:66). The initial popularity of the Ranch style can be attributed to its affordability and its references to the culture of the American West (Hubka 1995). Their ease of construction further contributed to their popularity during the post-World War II period when families left the cities in droves (Salant 2006). The Ranch style was the most prevalent in the United States between 1940 and 1970 (Salant 2006). Exterior material of early ranches focused on natural material and often included adobe, board and batten, and brick (NPS 2002:66). As the twentieth century wore on, concrete block, stucco, and other materials were also used. Characteristics of the Ranch style often include, but are not limited to:

• Single story; • Emphasis on horizontality; • Low-pitched roofs with deep set eaves; • Set parallel to the street; • Rectangular, L-, or U-shaped plan; • Open plans; • Attached garages; • Modest stylistic details; and • Picture windows.

Minimal Traditional

Five resources within the APE can be categorized as Minimal Traditional Figure 27. Resource 8LE06567, an example of Minimal (Figure 27). The Minimal Traditional style Traditional architecture. View facing south.

Results 54 SEARCH April 2021 CRAS for the Orange Avenue Improvements, Leon County, Florida (FM# 437902-1) Draft Report grew out of a need for small, simple, economical homes in the United States in the 1930s during the Great Depression. It was a product of the 1934 National Housing Act and the establishment of the Federal Housing Administration (FHA), which was formed to create jobs and improve housing by stimulating the construction industry. Minimal traditional style houses were often built with the assistance of FHA-insured home loans. These houses later became a staple in housing veterans returning from World War II, due to the ease and speed of their construction. Minimal Traditional style houses were generally one-story high, took on a form based on traditional cottages and bungalows, and lacked ornamentation. Characteristics of the Minimal Traditional style include, but are not limited to:

• One-story height; • Square or rectangle plan; • Small rooms centered around a focal living room; • Low-pitched side gable or hipped roofs; • Closed shallow eaves; and • Simplistic details (McAlester 2013).

Industrial Vernacular

Five resources within the APE can be categorized as Industrial Vernacular (Figure 28). Buildings erected for commercial and industrial use characterize the Industrial Vernacular style. Steel and wood framing members were used in construction. Wood, brick, and steel exterior fabrics sheath the buildings, with steel becoming more prevalent during the twentieth century. There are usually no predominant stylistic details, as the buildings “responded to the functional needs of the operations they housed and seldom were influenced by design Figure 28. Resource 8LE06530, an Industrial Vernacular innovations or stylistic movements” building. View facing south. (Ochsner 2014:353). Industrial Vernacular buildings are typically found in Florida’s citrus, phosphate, and railroad industries. Characteristics of the Industrial Vernacular style often include, but are not limited to:

• Utilitarian aesthetic; • Use of modern materials such as concrete, iron, glass, steel, asbestos, and plastics; • Large, expansive windows; • Flat roofs; and • Mass produced materials (Jevremovic et al. 2012).

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Split-Level

Two resources within the APE can be categorized as Split-Level (Figure 29). The Split-Level is an architectural form that found popularity from the mid-1930s to the 1970s due to its unique approach to the arrangement of living areas. This type of house has three or more levels that are separated by partial staircases. This allows the separation of different spaces, such as integrated garages, noisy living spaces, sleeping quarters, and more formal areas (History Colorado n.d.; McAlester 2013). The Split-Level can be further differentiated by how it achieves this Figure 29. Resource 8LE06532, a Split-Level house. View separation. The Tri-Level Split, which has facing west. three distinct levels separated by partial staircases, and the Bi-Level Split, which has two distinct levels for living quarters and an entry level staggered in between, became two of the most common types of Split-Level homes (McAlester 2013). The staggered arrangement allowed for the maximization of sloped land and was popular in the north for its compact nature. As a form, the Split-Level can take on multiple styles. However, Ranch-style Split-Level homes are among the most common (McAlester 2013). Characteristics of the Split-Level style include, but are not limited to:

• Multi-level, staggered living spaces; • Low-pitched roof with deep set eaves; • Rectangular or L-shaped plan; • Asymmetrical; • Integrated garage; and • Minimal decoration.

Bungalow

One Bungalow-style resource is located within the APE (Figure 30). In American architectural practice, the Bungalow style was established between 1890 and 1930. Derived from the Bengali word bangala, the word “bungalow” was associated with low-lying houses adjusted for the heat of India through the design of galleries or Figure 30. Resource 8LE05711, a Bungalow house. View porches around the periphery (Faragher facing northwest.

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2001). Due to Colonial ties, England saw to the adaptation of the Bungalow style for summer homes before it was popularized in the United States. The rise of the Bungalow in the United States broke from its original associations with India and took on the aesthetic of the Arts and Crafts movement. The simplistic nature of the Bungalow style emphasized integration with the surrounding environment (Lancaster 1958). Due to its particular applicability to a warmer climate, the Bungalow gained its popularity first in California (Faragher 2001). The Bungalow, or California Bungalow as it was sometimes called, was one of the first architectural forms in the United States to find its popularity on the West Coast and transfer west to east (Faragher 2001). This popularity saw its transition from a form thought only suitable to a summer home to that of a year-round residence suited to the suburbs. In this way, the Bungalow became imbued with economic and social meaning (Giberti 1991). Charles Sumner Greene and Henry Mather Greene are particularly known for their Bungalow designs. Both heavily advocated for the craft of the style, disparaging the use of plan books to create cookie cutter Bungalows (Faragher 2001). Characteristics of the Bungalow style include, but are not limited to:

• Spacious porch, across the width of the facade, often wrapping around the structure; • Low profile; • Raised foundation to allow for air circulation; • Wide, low pitched roof; • Substantial eave overhang; • Exposed rafters; • Open interior plan; and • One to one-and-a-half stories, sometimes two (Antique Home 2010; PHMC 2015; Wentworth Studio 2018).

Mixed, None Dominant

There is one resource with mixed or non-dominant styles present (Figure 31). This term is generally applied to structures, objects, districts, cemeteries, or previously recorded resources that do not display one singular style or to which style does not pertain.

Contemporary

One resource within the APE is categorized as Contemporary architecture. Although the Contemporary style can encompass architecture from the Figure 31. Resource 8LE06561, an example of Mixed- present time, its origins extend back to the style architecture. View facing southeast. 1940s, particularly in residential architecture (McAlester 2013). Like Modern architectural styles of the time, the Contemporary

57 Results April 2021 SEARCH Draft Report CRAS for the Orange Avenue Improvements, Leon County, Florida (FM# 437902-1) style rejects the use of ornamentation as a defining aspect of the style. Rather, Contemporary architecture has an emphasis on interior space and its relationship to the outside world, attempting to invoke the globalism of Modern architecture while integrating the structure with the surrounding environment (Highbrow 2018; Hill 2011; McAlester 2013). As technology has expanded, Contemporary architecture has morphed. More recent additions to the Contemporary lexicon utilize curvilinear and asymmetrical designs that rely heavily on the aid of computers. Because of advances in technology and literature, Contemporary architecture is dynamic and eclectic (Bellacor 2017). Characteristics of the Contemporary style include:

• Low pitched gable roof, sometimes flat, with widely overhanging eaves (in residential architecture); • Roof beams commonly exposed (in residential architecture); • Large area of uninterrupted wall surface, whether glass or other material; • Emphasis on space and indoor/outdoor relationship; and • Rooted in Modern, with “today’s” innovative and forward-looking use of material and shape (Highbrow 2018; Hill 2011; McAlester 2013).

No Style

This term is generally applied to structures, objects, districts, cemeteries, or previously recorded resources that do not display one singular style or to which style does not pertain. Eleven resources within the APE are categorized as having No Style.

NRHP EVALUATIONS

Cemeteries

8LE00644, USFS #81-37

The USFS #81-37 Cemetery (8LE00644) is a previously recorded historic cemetery located off the north side of Orange Avenue, west of the intersection with Capital Circle SW (Figure 32). The small, abandoned cemetery is set on the south side of parcel 41-05-20-403-000-0. This irregularly shaped, 74-acre parcel is owned by the City of Tallahassee and has a large portion cleared, though a majority is still wooded. Resource 8LE00644 is located in a section of trees along the south edge of the parcel, abutting an adjacent parcel. The cemetery is roughly 0.22 acres in size and was previously reported to have six burials fenced in by a simple wire fence. Mature trees and moderate underbrush heavily obscure the cemetery, which is no longer maintained. Resource 8LE00644 is sited in Section 5 of Township 1 South, Range 1 West, as shown on the 2018 Tallahassee, Fla. USGS quadrangle map (see Figure 22).

Following the latest burial, the USFS #81-37 Cemetery (8LE00644) was largely forgotten through the middle of the twentieth century. The land had been part of a pilot training facility during

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Figure 32. Resource 8LE00644, facing northwest (top left), grave relocation marker (top right), facing northeast (bottom left), and facing southeast (bottom right).

World War II, before being purchased by a Tallahassee-based contractor (Tallahassee Democrat 1978a). When locals stumbled across the graves and alerted the owners, it became apparent that the existence of the small cemetery was not known to them (Tallahassee Democrat 1978a). At the time, the latest burial noted was that of Allan Scott in 1906, rather than the currently recognized latest burial of Samuel Lewis in 1937, presumably due to the latter’s headstone being obscured, by leaf litter and vegetation. The graves had been dug up and vandalized over the years, and in August 1978 an effort was made by the Youth Conservation Corps to repair the burials and clear some of the underbrush obscuring the cemetery (Tallahassee Democrat 1978b).

Table 5 details the burials as documented in 2009 (SEARCH 2009). Of these burials, the headstone for Samuel Lewis still remains. This concrete headstone has a slightly arched top and features a simple cross motif centered above the inscription. A separate small, concrete marker reads “THE SCOTT FAMILY MOVED TO RHODES CEMETERY IN WOODVILLE 2014.” The only additional marker is a small, cylindrical concrete pile, though it is unclear if this is a burial marker or otherwise.

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Table 5. Burials from USFS #81-37 Cemetery (8LE00644). Headstone Fence Burial ID HS Name Footstone (FS) FS Initials** (HS) (enclosure size) Own (2.7m e-w 1 Yes Martha Mae Scott 1897 - 1898 Yes None* x 1.9m n-s) 2 Yes Allen Scott 1835 - 1906 No No FS 3 Yes Minnie E.T.L. Scott 1874 - 1890 Yes E T L S Fenced 3.5 No Unknown Yes S S Together (3.6m Sarah E. Daughter of A.RM.A.G. e-w x 6.4m n-s) 4 Yes Yes S E S Scott, 1860 - 1860 Own (3.0m e-w 5 Yes Samuel Lewis ? - 1937 No No FS x 1.6m n-s) *Footstone is broken into pieces with the top piece (where the initial would be) missing. **Initials on footstone represent the names on the headstones.

Assessment

To be eligible for the NRHP, a cemetery or burial place must be shown to be significant under one or more of the four basic Criteria for Evaluation (Criteria A, B, C, and D). Additionally, cemeteries and graves must meet certain special conditions, including Criteria Consideration D:

A cemetery is eligible if it derives its primary significance from graves of persons of transcendent importance, from age, from distinctive design features, or from association with historic events (Potter and Boland 1992:14).

The USFS #81-37 Cemetery (8LE00644) is a previously recorded historic cemetery that was determined to be ineligible for listing in the NRHP on July 11, 2016. Based on the available information and field research, the cemetery appears to remain ineligible for the NRHP.

The USFS #81-37 Cemetery (8LE00644) has been substantially altered since it was first established and is now overgrown and abandoned. In 2014, a majority of the interments were removed and relocated to Rhodes Cemetery, as indicated by a concrete marker near the former grave locations. As such, 8LE00644 is not considered significant under Criterion A because it is not indicative of a particular era and is not associated with any significant period or theme. Furthermore, the cemetery is not significant under Criterion B because it lacks association with any person(s) of transcendent importance in history. Likewise, 8LE00644 is not significant under Criterion C due to its lack of distinctive monuments. The cemetery does not present notable or outstanding examples of funerary art or artisanship, such as noteworthy examples of the works of master sculptors or stonemasons. The cemetery lacks a master plan or park-like setting; as such, it does not offer associated artworks, buildings, and/or landscapes associated with burial places that are good representatives of their stylistic type or period, methods of construction, or fabrication. Finally, the cemetery is not significant under Criterion D because it lacks the potential to yield further information about cultural and ethnic groups. Although this site dates back to the Civil War, it has lost a significant amount of integrity through the removal of a majority of its graves.

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Linear Resource Groups

8LE05497, Tallahassee-St. Marks Railroad

The Tallahassee-St. Marks Railroad (8LE05497) is a previously recorded resource in Leon County and is located within the Orange Avenue Improvements APE in Section 11 of Township 1 South, Range 1 West, as shown on the 2018 Tallahassee, Fla. USGS quadrangle map (see Figure 22). The former rail line was completed in 1836 and crosses the Orange Avenue Improvements APE running northwest to southeast. Within the APE, the railroad corridor consists of a lowered berm with an asphalt-paved trail running down the center; however, all other historic elements of the railroad line (i.e., tracks, ties, gravel, etc.) have been removed (Figure 33). Orange Avenue crosses over 8LE05497 via FDOT Bridge No. 550171.

The first railroad charter in Florida was issued in 1831 to the Leon Railway, which authorized a railroad from Tallahassee south to St. Marks (Pettengill 1998). The company reorganized in 1834 as the Tallahassee Railroad Company, and construction of a line from Tallahassee to Port Leon was completed in 1836. The line, constructed by slaves and free laborers, consisted of two side- by-side wood rails, approximately 8.0 feet (2.4 meters) in length and set 5.0 feet (1.5 meters) apart. Thick iron straps were nailed across the top of the rails, and the first locomotives were mule-powered. The line was critical to the transportation of cotton, timber, and turpentine from all over central Florida and southeastern Georgia to the shipping yards in St. Marks along the Apalachee Bay.

General Richard Keith Call, a local Tallahassee politician and landowner, became the president of the Tallahassee Railroad Company in 1834 and later sold his shares to the Pensacola and Georgia Railway in 1855. The Tallahassee Railroad changed hands through various mergers until it was finally absorbed into the Seaboard Air Line in 1899 (Turner 2008). In 1931, the Seaboard Air Line petitioned the Interstate Commerce Commission to abandon the historic Tallahassee-St. Marks line, but the line was not officially abandoned until 1983 (Turner 2008). The FDOT acquired the abandoned railway’s right-of-way in 1984, and private citizens formed the Tallahassee-St. Marks

Figure 33. Resource 8LE05497, facing southeast (left) and facing northwest (right).

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Rails-to-Trails Coalition (Turner 2008). The line became Florida’s first rail-trail after the state passed a resolution to convert the line in 1986, and the transformed rail-trail opened to pedestrians, bicyclists, and horseback riders in 1988.

Assessment

The Florida SHPO determined the overall Tallahassee-St. Marks Historic Railroad resource group (8LE05497) was ineligible for listing in the NRHP on April 20, 2009. Florida’s Historic Railroad Resources, the NRHP Multiple Property Nomination Form (Johnston and Mattick 2001), was used as a guide to evaluate 8LE05497. The nomination establishes the historical contexts for Florida’s railroad resources to aid in the evaluation of their eligibility to the NRHP, as well as providing associated property types. According to Florida’s Historic Railroad Resources (Johnston and Mattick 2001:F-67), railroads eligible for listing in the NRHP must have served a historic railroad function, been constructed during one of Florida’s historic railroad periods, be associated with important local historic events, and/or be exceptional examples of a type of architecture or engineering. Railroads must also retain their original appearance to a high degree.

According to the nomination, a rail roadbed is an F3 property type (Rail Structure: Roadbed) and would consist of ballast, cross ties, rails, and tie plates (Johnston and Mattick 2001:F-63); however, these physical elements of the railroad, which would allow the railroad convey its role as a historic railroad corridor, are not present on the portion of the railroad within the APE. The cleared pathway and partially raised berms are the only remaining remnants of the railroad; therefore, it does not possess integrity of materials, feeling, workmanship, or design. The railway section within the Orange Avenue Improvements APE does not retain historical integrity and cannot convey its historical significance as a railroad corridor. It is the opinion of the SEARCH that this portion of the railroad corridor is ineligible for listing in the NRHP or as a contributing element to the overall resource group.

8LE05208, Central Drainage Ditch

The Central Drainage Ditch (8LE05208) is a previously recorded historic canal located in Leon County (Figure 34). The segment of the resource within the APE is situated in Section 11 of Township 1 South, Range 1 West, as shown on the 2018 Tallahassee, Fla. USGS quadrangle map (see Figure 21). Resource 8LE05208 is a drainage canal with dirt embankments, originating in the Florida State University campus and traveling south, crossing the APE before joining the Munson Slough, eventually terminating at Lake Munson. An approximately 0.15-mile (0.25-kilometer) section is located within the APE, passing under Orange Avenue via FDOT Bridge No. 550037 (Figure 35). Within the APE, 8LE05208 follows a gently curving path and has a varying width, at most 50 feet (15.2 meters) across. The earthen embankments are moderately sloped, with a clear, grassy space on the west bank and dense tree cover on the east bank.

Aerial imagery from 1938 shows a channel in the location of the Central Drainage Ditch (USDA 1938a). In this image, the ditch north of Orange Avenue is relatively straight, indicating some degree of effort had been made to channelize the waterway. South of Orange Avenue,

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Figure 34. Resource 8LE05208, facing southeast (left) and facing northeast (right).

8LE05208

8LE05208

Figure 35. Resource 8LE05208 shown on 1938 aerial imagery (USDA 1938a) (top) and shown on 1941 imagery (USDA 1941) (bottom).

63 Results April 2021 SEARCH Draft Report CRAS for the Orange Avenue Improvements, Leon County, Florida (FM# 437902-1) however, the ditch resembles more of a natural stream, suggesting that an existing stream was channelized to create the drainage canal. By 1941, the Central Drainage Ditch had been channelized on the south side of Orange Avenue to Henrietta Lake, where it terminated (USDA 1941). While the southern end of 8LE05208 would change slightly with the development of the Munson Slough, the portion of the Central Drainage Ditch within the APE remained largely unaltered from 1941 to present day.

Assessment

The Central Drainage Ditch (8LE05208) was determined to be ineligible for listing in the NRHP by the SHPO on April 23, 2007. Canals, whether they are used for drainage, irrigation, or transportation, are common features in Florida. People have been constructing canal systems to reclaim swampland and marshland for farming and other development in Florida since the mid‐ 1800s. According to guidance from the FDHR, canals may be potentially eligible if they are:

older canals (nineteenth century), transportation canals, larger regional canals dug as part of the early twentieth century reclamation activities, or canals used in industry (such as logging, cotton) (FMSF 2019).

FDHR guidance also states that, “canals are ubiquitous and most of those built as drainage ditches in the twentieth century will probably not be considered significant” (FMSF 2019).

The Central Drainage Ditch (8LE05208) is an example of such a drainage canal, common throughout Florida. As such, it is the opinion of SEARCH that Resource 8LE05208 is not significant under NRHP Criterion A because it is not indicative of a particular era and is not associated with any significant period, event, or theme. Furthermore, the resource is not significant under Criterion B because it lacks association with any person(s) significant in history. Also, the resource is not significant under Criterion C due to its lack of engineering distinction. Within the APE, the canal is a dug-out dirt channel, common throughout the State of Florida with no outstanding features or innovative designs. Finally, Resource 8LE05208 is not significant under Criterion D because it lacks the potential to yield further information of historical importance. Because of these factors, it is the opinion of SEARCH that 8LE05208 has not gained significance since it was previously evaluated in 2007 and remains ineligible for listing in the NRHP, both individually and as a contributor to a larger system of canals.

8LE06579, Munson Slough

Munson Slough (8LE06579) is a newly recorded historic canal located in Leon County (Figure 36). The segment of the resource within the APE is situated in Section 9 of Township 1 South, Range 1 West, as shown on the 2018 Tallahassee, Fla. USGS quadrangle map (see Figures 21 and 22). Resource 8LE06579 is a drainage canal with dirt embankments that channels water from the west side of Tallahassee south to Munson Lake. An approximately 0.22-mile (0.36-kilometer) section is located within the APE, passing under Orange Avenue via FDOT Bridge No. 550037 (see Figure 17). The canal is 30 to 40 feet (9.0 to 12 meters) across and is heavily obscured by thick

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Figure 36. Resource 8LE06579, facing south (left) and facing west (right). tree cover within the APE. North of Orange Avenue, the canal follows a slightly winding path northward. To the south of Orange Avenue, Munson Slough veers east, exiting the APE, cutting through Black Swamp, wrapping around the east side of Henrietta Lake, then heading south before terminating at Munson Lake.

The initial date of construction for Munson’s Slough is unknown, though a reference to it can be found in a 1906 article in The Weekly True Democrat. However, this reference likely referred to a portion of Munson’s Slough closer to Munson Lake, originally a mill lake, for which it was named. The full, present length of the slough appears to have developed over the years by connecting and channelizing various streams and bodies of water, resulting in a fully realized canal by the 1960s.

Aerial imagery from 1937 shows the area of 8LE06579 within the APE as being undeveloped, though the presence of dense vegetation indicates that a natural stream from the north linked Grassy Lake and Black Swamp (USDA 1937) (Figure 37). The 1940 edition of the Tallahassee, Fla. USGS topographical map confirms this, showing tributaries for the stream originating north of the Municipal Airport, but does not name the waterway. Additionally, to the east, the map shows the Central Drainage Ditch (8LE05208) curving into the east end of Black Swamp before continuing southeast to Henrietta Lake (USGS 1940). This would come into play by 1954 when aerial imagery shows a clearly defined channel from the east end of Grassy Lake through Black Swamp, linking to Henrietta Lake, showing a more dedicated level of effort had been put into developing Munson’s Slough as a drainage system for the city (USDA 1954). While faint traces of the channel across Black Swamp are visible in the 1937 aerial, it appears to have been a minor attempt at linking the waterways and is not shown on the 1940 Tallahassee, Fla. USGS map (USDA 1937; USGS 1940).

In 1959, the City of Tallahassee dedicated $250,000 towards a drainage project that would widen and improve several portions of Munson Slough with the goal of draining land for development and reducing flooding in the area (Tallahassee Democrat 1959). These improvements included doubling the width of the north-south channel between Grassy Lake and Florida State University,

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Figure 37. Aerial imagery from 1937 showing traces of channeling through Black Swamp (USDA 1937) (top) and from 1960, following the drainage development efforts by the City of Tallahassee, showing Munson’s Slough in its fully developed state (USDA 1960) (bottom). then called West Ditch, as well as establishing a concrete canal around the east side of Henrietta Lake (Tallahassee Democrat 1959). With this project, 8LE06579 reached its present state of development, though it is unclear when the different segments were recognized under the singular name “Munson Slough,” which it appears as on the 2018 Tallahassee, Fla. USGS quadrangle map.

Assessment

Canals, whether they are used for drainage, irrigation, or transportation, are common features in Florida. People have been constructing canal systems to reclaim swampland and marshland for farming and other development in Florida since the mid‐1800s. According to guidance from the FDHR, canals may be potentially eligible if they are:

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older canals (nineteenth century), transportation canals, larger regional canals dug as part of the early twentieth century reclamation activities, or canals used in industry (such as logging, cotton) (FMSF 2019).

FDHR guidance also states that, “canals are ubiquitous and most of those built as drainage ditches in the twentieth century will probably not be considered significant” (FMSF 2019).

The Munson Slough (8LE06579) is an example of a simple drainage canal, common throughout Florida. As a whole, Munson Slough was formed through the combination of numerous separate ditches, canals, and streams, with the name of “Munson Slough” assigned to the overall system sometime after 1959. As such, it is the opinion of SEARCH that Resource 8LE06579 is not significant under NRHP Criterion A because it is not indicative of a particular era and is not associated with any significant period, event, or theme. Furthermore, the resource is not significant under Criterion B because it lacks association with any person(s) significant in history. Also, the resource is not significant under Criterion C due to its lack of engineering distinction. Within the APE, the canal is a dug-out dirt channel, common throughout the State of Florida, with no outstanding features or innovative designs. Finally, Resource 8LE06579 is not significant under Criterion D because it lacks the potential to yield further information of historical importance. SEARCH recommends that 8LE06579 is not eligible for listing in the NRHP, either individually or as a contributor to a larger system of canals.

8LE06593, Drainage Canal

Resource 8LE06593 (Drainage Canal) is a newly recorded historic canal located in Leon County (Figure 38). The segment of the resource within the APE is situated in Section 12 of Township 1 South, Range 1 West, as shown on the 2018 Tallahassee, Fla. USGS quadrangle map (see Figures 21 and 22). Resource 8LE06593 is a drainage canal with dirt embankments that channels water from the area south of Tallahassee west to Munson Lake. The canal forks north off Orange Avenue, approaching the road in two locations west of South Adams Street. The canal Figure 38. Resource 8LE06593 facing northwest. ranges between 15 and 40 feet (3.6 to 12.1 meters) across and is heavily obscured by thick tree cover within the APE. North of Orange Avenue, the canal extends east, eventually terminating in a residential area. To the south of Orange Avenue, the canal extends west, eventually terminating at Munson Lake.

The initial date of construction for 8LE06593 is unknown. The canal appears on 1938 aerials when the surrounding area was primarily agricultural fields, with some residential development near

67 Results April 2021 SEARCH Draft Report CRAS for the Orange Avenue Improvements, Leon County, Florida (FM# 437902-1) the intersection of Orange Avenue and South Monroe Street (USDA 1938b). By this time, 8LE06593 is largely in its current state, with a small change in route where it crosses South Adams Street. In 1938, the canal is shown crossing under South Adams Street immediately adjacent to Orange Avenue and continuing past South Monroe Street before curving north and connecting with the eastern route. In 1959, a contract was awarded to C. L. Bennett Construction Company of Tampa to reroute the canal north of Orange Avenue for a total of $112,226, which appears to have been completed in 1960 (The Tampa Tribune 1959; USDA 1960a).

Assessment

Canals, whether they are used for drainage, irrigation, or transportation, are common features in Florida. People have been constructing canal systems to reclaim swampland and marshland for farming and other development in Florida since the mid‐1800s. According to guidance from the FDHR, canals may be potentially eligible if they are:

older canals (nineteenth century), transportation canals, larger regional canals dug as part of the early twentieth century reclamation activities, or canals used in industry (such as logging, cotton) (FMSF 2019).

FDHR guidance also states that, “canals are ubiquitous and most of those built as drainage ditches in the twentieth century will probably not be considered significant” (FMSF 2019).

The Drainage Canal (8LE06593) is an example of a simple drainage canal, common throughout Florida. The canal follows a winding path, eventually terminating at Munson Lake to the southwest, and was not dug as a systematic or designed network. As such, it is the opinion of SEARCH that Resource 8LE06593 is not significant under NRHP Criterion A because it is not indicative of a particular era and is not associated with any significant period, event, or theme. Furthermore, the resource is not significant under Criterion B because it lacks association with any person(s) significant in history. Also, the resource is not significant under Criterion C due to its lack of engineering distinction. Within the APE, the canal is a dug-out dirt channel, common throughout the State of Florida, with no outstanding features or innovative designs. Finally, Resource 8LE06593 is not significant under Criterion D because it lacks the potential to yield further information of historical importance. SEARCH recommends that 8LE06593 is not eligible for listing in the NRHP, either individually or as a contributor to a larger system of canals.

Subdivisions

8LE06484, Callen Subdivision

Callen Subdivision (8LE06484) is a newly recorded, post-World War II/mid-twentieth-century neighborhood located on the north side of Orange Avenue in Sections 10 and 11 of Township 1 South, Range 1 West, as shown on the 2018 edition of the Tallahassee, Fla. USGS quadrangle map (see Figure 21). Only three houses included within the subdivision are located within the APE (8LE06535, 8LE06536, and 8LE06539), with the majority of the neighborhood located north

Results 68 SEARCH April 2021 CRAS for the Orange Avenue Improvements, Leon County, Florida (FM# 437902-1) Draft Report of the APE (Figure 39). Resource Group 8LE06484 comprises three houses, two of which are located along Pottsdamer Street and one located on the north side of Orange Avenue.

As a whole, the Callen Subdivision connected two street grids, one to the southwest and one to the northeast (identified by the Leon County Property Appraiser as Callen Subdivision Unit 2). Resource Group 8LE06484, as bounded by the APE, is located on the southern edge of the southwest “grid,” which is actually a single, rectangular block. This block features widely spaced lots with drainage ditches along the streets. The houses are primarily Ranch-style, with a few Split-Level examples outside the APE. Comparatively, the northeast grid features tighter parcels along a larger street grid. Smaller, Minimal Traditional houses are more prevalent in the northeastern grid, though some Ranch-style influence is still visible.

Pottsdamer Street appears to serve as a main entrance for the neighborhood, with a sign reading “Callen” on the northeast corner of the intersection with Orange Avenue. The three streets that make up the southwest block of Callen Subdivision (Pottsdamer Street, Callen Street, and Gunn Street) are all named after historic prominent members of the Black community in Tallahassee. Edward Pottsdamer was a cigar maker that owned large amounts of land throughout Tallahassee,

Figure 39. Resource 8LE06484, facing northeast (top left), facing west (top right), facing northeast (bottom left), and facing north (bottom right).

69 Results April 2021 SEARCH Draft Report CRAS for the Orange Avenue Improvements, Leon County, Florida (FM# 437902-1) and he was active in local and state politics (Tallahassee Democrat 2015). Dr. William Gunn was the first black physician in Tallahassee and was the uncle of Maude Callen, a nurse who was featured in a photo essay in Life magazine in 1951 (Tallahassee Democrat 2015).

Resources 8LE06535 and 8LE06536 are located along Pottsdamer Street, both representative of the Ranch style. Aside from being clad in brick-veneer and featuring grouped aluminum windows in place of picture windows, the two resources have many differences in form and characteristics. These differences are likely the result of the relatively slow development of the neighborhood. The third structure in this resource group within the APE, 8LE06539, is a Masonry Vernacular house located on West Orange Avenue. The outline of the Callen Subdivision first appears on aerial imagery from 1954, though very few houses had been constructed at that time (USDA 1954). Aerial images from 1960, 1966, and 1973 show a very gradual infill of buildings in random order throughout the subdivision (USDA 1960b, 1966a, 1973). This trend continued through the 1980s, resulting in little consistency between the houses beyond a general adherence to the Ranch style.

Assessment

The Callen Subdivision is a neighborhood of primarily Ranch-style houses that was initially developed ca. 1954. While the resource group 8LE06484, as bounded by the APE, only contains three resources, examination of the Leon County Property Appraiser, as well as historic aerial imagery, shows that the neighborhood as a whole was developed very gradually over the second half of the twentieth century and includes a large amount of non-historic infill. Because of this, the Callen Subdivision (8LE06484) is not indicative of a particular era and is not associated with any significant period, event, or theme, and is not significant under Criterion A.

While the Callen Subdivision (8LE06484) and three of its streets are named after prominent members of the Black community (Maude Callen, William Gunn, and Edward Pottsdamer), it does not appear that those three individuals had any direct involvement with the neighborhood. Frank Stoutamire, a Tallahassee police chief, is the individual credited with the development of the neighborhood (Tallahassee Democrat 2015). As such, it does not appear that Maude Callen, William Gunn, or Edward Pottsdamer were associated with the Callen Subdivision (8LE06484) during their active years or in a meaningful way. Rather, it appears that the roads were named after them in a commemorative manner. As such, it is the opinion of SEARCH that 8LE06484 is not significant under Criterion B.

As discussed previously, the Callen Subdivision features primarily Ranch-style houses with little consistency between them due to very gradual development of the neighborhood. As bounded by the APE, 8LE06484 only contains three resources, but a brief examination of property appraiser records for the neighborhood shows a wide range of construction dates among the houses and a seemingly random pattern of infill around the block. This also has resulted in a substantial amount of non-historic infill throughout the neighborhood. Additionally, the houses themselves are not architecturally distinctive examples of their respective styles. As a result, 8LE06484 is not an outstanding example of a mid-twentieth-century subdivision for its overall

Results 70 SEARCH April 2021 CRAS for the Orange Avenue Improvements, Leon County, Florida (FM# 437902-1) Draft Report design or architecture and is not significant under Criterion C. Finally, 8LE06484 is not significant under Criterion D because it lacks the potential to yield further information of historical importance. For these reasons, it is the opinion of SEARCH that the Callen Subdivision (8LE06484) is not eligible for listing in the NRHP.

8LE06485, College Terrace Subdivision

College Terrace Subdivision (8LE06485) is a newly recorded, mid-twentieth-century neighborhood located to the north of Orange Avenue in Sections 11 and 12 of Township 1 South, Range 1 West, as shown on the 2018 edition of the Tallahassee, Fla. USGS quadrangle map (see Figure 22). The neighborhood comprises four long east-west avenues linked at the ends by two roads that intersect Orange Avenue at the south end and extend north beyond the subdivision. Within the APE, 8LE06485 contains the south side of Howard Avenue, which is the southernmost road in the subdivision. One resource (8LE06571) fronts Orange Avenue, but it is the only historic- aged resource to do so and is more representative of the commercial development along Orange Avenue than of the residential nature of the subdivision. These resources, detailed in Table 6, feature a variety of styles, but are regularly spaced on similar sized parcels.

Table 6. Historic Resources within the College Terrace Subdivision (8LE06485). Eligibility FMSF No. Name/Address Architectural Style Date Recommendation 8LE02846 619 Howard Street Masonry Vernacular ca. 1942 Ineligible 8LE06565 617 Howard Avenue Minimal Traditional ca. 1950 Ineligible 8LE06566 613 Howard Avenue Ranch ca. 1959 Ineligible 8LE06567 611 Howard Avenue Minimal Traditional ca. 1955 Ineligible 8LE06568 609 Howard Avenue Masonry Vernacular ca. 1963 Ineligible 8LE06569 605 Howard Avenue Masonry Vernacular ca. 1955 Ineligible 8LE06570 523 Howard Avenue Ranch ca. 1962 Ineligible 8LE06571 520 West Orange Avenue Commercial ca. 1960 Ineligible 8LE06572 519 Howard Avenue Minimal Traditional ca. 1954 Ineligible 8LE06573 517 Howard Avenue Frame Vernacular ca. 1955 Ineligible 8LE06574 513 Howard Avenue Masonry Vernacular ca. 1956 Ineligible 8LE06575 509 Howard Avenue Minimal Traditional ca. 1949 Ineligible

The houses within 8LE06485 are varied in style (Minimal Traditional, Ranch, Frame Vernacular, and Masonry Vernacular), but some common elements appear throughout, primarily in having a lower, horizontally emphasized form (Figure 40). Many of the houses have L-shaped plans with cross-gable roofs. Brick veneer is the most common siding material among the houses surveyed, though other materials such as stucco and Masonite are present. Several of the houses have been modified through additions, enclosed porches, and material alterations.

Historic aerial photography shows steady growth of the neighborhood through the 1950s and 1960s. In 1954, the neighborhood is visibly plotted out with several houses in place, of which two are located along Howard Avenue (USDA 1954). By 1960, the south side of Howard Avenue had filled in substantially, though the north side of the road was lagging, and the center of the subdivision was showing more development (USDA 1960b). By 1966, the subdivision had almost completely filled in, with the exception of the east end of Howard Avenue (USDA 1966).

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Figure 40. Resource 8LE06485, facing northwest (top left), facing east (top right), facing west (bottom left), and facing southwest (bottom right).

Assessment

College Terrace Subdivision (8LE06485) is a typical mid-twentieth-century neighborhood, of which there are numerous examples in Tallahassee and throughout Florida. The neighborhood developed during a span of about 10 years and does not appear to be linked to a specific theme. An email from Allen Hill, the president of the College Terrace Neighborhood Association, describes the neighborhood’s history of Civil Rights activists, as well as noteworthy staff and faculty from Florida A&M University that have resided there. In his email, Mr. Hill states that the neighborhood was home to Mr. Speed, a local business owner who ran secret meetings in his home on Gore Avenue, which were attended by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Rev. C. K. Steele (Hill 2021). A police report detailing the minutes of a series of meetings held by the Inter-Civic Council in 1956 relating to the bus boycott of that year confirms Speed’s involvement in Civil Rights activities, though the meetings detailed in the report occurred in various churches, and Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. is not listed as attending (City of Tallahassee 1956). Despite this, the available research does not conclusively disprove that additional meetings were held in College Terrace. Given the scale and location of the proposed project, and the potential for significant contributing resources outside of the APE, it was determined that the extensive background research necessary to confirm the historical associations of 8LE06485 with the Civil Rights

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Movement is outside the scope of this project. Because of this, there is currently insufficient information to evaluate the College Terrace Subdivision (8LE06485) for significance under Criteria A or B.

Resource 8LE06485 features a variety of common post-war house styles, which share similar elements such as relative size and lot placement, but by themselves are not distinctive examples of their individual styles. Additionally, there is very little cohesion in terms of form and materials between the buildings. The neighborhood itself is a simple row of streets, with no distinctive features or indication of a master neighborhood plan. As such, it is the opinion of SEARCH that College Terrace Subdivision (8ELE06485) is not significant under Criterion C. Finally, 8LE06485 is not significant under Criterion D because it lacks the potential to yield further information of historical importance.

Assessment of Effects

The proposed Orange Avenue Improvements project adjacent to College Terrace Subdivision (8LE06485) will involve the acquisition of right-of-way along the southern boundary of the resource group. Given that the changes will take place along the entire southern boundary of the subdivision, SEARCH applied the criteria of adverse effects to determine if this would impact the resource group. These criteria, as described by 36 CFR 800.5 Assessment of Adverse Effects, are:

(1) Criteria of adverse effect. An adverse effect is found when an undertaking may alter, directly or indirectly, any of the characteristics of a historic property that qualify the property for inclusion in the National Register in a manner that would diminish the integrity of the property's location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, or association. Consideration shall be given to all qualifying characteristics of a historic property, including those that may have been identified subsequent to the original evaluation of the property's eligibility for the National Register. Adverse effects may include reasonably foreseeable effects caused by the undertaking that may occur later in time, be farther removed in distance or be cumulative. (2) Examples of adverse effects. Adverse effects on historic properties include, but are not limited to: (i) Physical destruction of or damage to all or part of the property; (ii) Alteration of a property, including restoration, rehabilitation, repair, maintenance, stabilization, hazardous material remediation and provision of handicapped access, that is not consistent with the Secretary’s Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties (36 CFR part 68) and applicable guidelines; (iii) Removal of the property from its historic location; (iv) Change of the character of the property’s use or of physical features within the property's setting that contributes to its historic significance; (v) Introduction of visual, atmospheric or audible elements that diminish the integrity of the property's significant historic features;

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(vi) Neglect of a property which causes its deterioration, except where such neglect and deterioration are recognized qualities of a property of religious and cultural significance to an Indian tribe or Native Hawaiian organization; and (vii) Transfer, lease, or sale of property out of Federal ownership or control without adequate and legally enforceable restrictions or conditions to ensure long-term preservation of the property's historic significance.

While the proposed project would involve the acquisition of approximately 21 feet (6.4 meters) of new right-of-way along the southern boundary of the resource group, the parcels adjacent to Orange Avenue are mostly vacant, with the exception of two non-historic buildings and 8LE06571. No resources potentially contributing to the resource group will be physically altered or removed. The overall layout of the neighborhood will remain unchanged. While the proposed project will occur within the viewshed of the resource group, the houses nearest the project do not face Orange Avenue, but instead front Howard Avenue to the north. None of the proposed work will diminish the character-defining features of 8LE06485 that could potentially make it eligible for listing in the NRHP for the associations with the Civil Rights Movement or potentially significant staff and faculty of Florida A&M University. As such, while the proposed improvements take place within the viewshed of the College Terrace Subdivision (8LE06485), they do not rise to the level of having an adverse effect.

8LE06542, Liberty Park Subdivision

Liberty Park Subdivision (8LE06542) is a newly recorded neighborhood located on the south side of Orange Avenue in Sections 10 and 11 of Township 1 South, Range 1 West, as shown on the 2018 edition of the Tallahassee, Fla. USGS quadrangle map (see Figure 21). As a whole, Liberty Park Subdivision includes five straight roads running north-south, with Liberty Avenue along the south end following a slightly curving path. The parcels are narrow, and the houses are mostly regularly spaced (Figure 41). The houses located in the APE are all positioned at the northern end of the subdivision, and all front Orange Avenue (Table 7).

Table 7. Historic Resources within the Liberty Park Subdivision (8LE06542). FMSF No. Name/Address Architectural Style Date Eligibility Recommendation Contributing to 8LE06542, 8LE06543 1417 West Orange Avenue Frame Vernacular ca. 1972 Individually Ineligible Contributing to 8LE06542, 8LE06544 1415 West Orange Avenue Masonry Vernacular ca. 1972 Individually Ineligible Contributing to 8LE06542, 8LE06545 1413 West Orange Avenue Minimal Traditional ca. 1972 Individually Ineligible Contributing to 8LE06542, 8LE06546 1411 West Orange Avenue Frame Vernacular ca. 1972 Individually Ineligible Contributing to 8LE06542, 8LE06547 1405 West Orange Avenue Masonry Vernacular ca. 1972 Individually Ineligible Contributing to 8LE06542, 8LE06548 1403 West Orange Avenue Frame Vernacular ca. 1972 Individually Ineligible Contributing to 8LE06542, 8LE06549 1401 West Orange Avenue Masonry Vernacular ca. 1969 Individually Ineligible

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Table 7. Historic Resources within the Liberty Park Subdivision (8LE06542). FMSF No. Name/Address Architectural Style Date Eligibility Recommendation 8LE06550 1399 West Orange Avenue Frame Vernacular ca. 1950 Ineligible Contributing to 8LE06542, 8LE06551 1397 West Orange Avenue Masonry Vernacular ca. 1972 Individually Ineligible Contributing to 8LE06542, 8LE06552 1395 West Orange Avenue Masonry Vernacular ca. 1972 Individually Ineligible

The Liberty Park Subdivision appears plotted out in aerial imagery dating to 1954 (USDA 1954). In this image, the parcels closest to Orange Avenue remain vacant, with a majority of the development present along the southern half of the neighborhood. Through 1966, infill occurred at a relatively slow pace, but the northernmost parcels still remained for the most part vacant (USDA 1966a).

Following the 1968 Housing Act (Section 235), the Liberty Park Subdivision underwent rapid development. The houses within 8LE06542 fronting West Orange Avenue (the only exceptions being 8LE06549 and 8LE06550) were built as part of a major construction phase in 1972. Aerial imagery from 1973 shows many of the formerly vacant parcels now occupied, with the most noticeable empty lots consolidated on the west end of the neighborhood (USDA 1973)

Figure 41. Resource 8LE06542, facing southwest (top left), facing south (top right), facing southeast (bottom left), and facing southwest (bottom right).

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(Figure 42). A housing advertisement posted in the Tallahassee Democrat in 1972 reads: “Last Rowell Builders home in Liberty Park. Buy under the 235 program and let the government help with your payments” (Tallahassee Democrat 1972). Section 235 of the 1968 Housing Act was intended to increase home ownership among low-income families through mortgage subsidy payments but had a segregational effect resulting in Black homebuyers being restricted to specific neighborhoods, such as Liberty Park.

The evidence of this fast-paced construction is visible in the repeating forms of the houses recorded within 8LE06542. While minor variations exist between examples, a majority of the houses in 8LE06542 feature a main, rectangular section, usually with a front-gabled roof, and a carport (in almost all examples in the APE, the carports have been enclosed) to the right (west) side. This carport is sheltered either by a cross-gable roof or a shed roof. Over the years, many of the houses have had material replacements, but the forms are still visible.

Assessment

Within the APE, the Liberty Park Subdivision (8LE06542) is a good example of a Black neighborhood developed extensively as a result of the 1968 Housing Act. While the overall neighborhood predates the 1968 Housing Act, it was not until this legislature was passed that a majority of the houses in the neighborhood (and within the APE, as recorded here) were constructed. While materials on the houses have been replaced over time, the repeating forms remain visible as evidence of the rapid phase of repetitive construction in and around 1972. As a result of this, it is the opinion of SEARCH that 8LE06542 is significant under Criterion A in the areas of Black history and community planning & development. The period of significance for this starts in 1968, with the passing of the 1968 Housing Act, and ends in 1975, or 45 years before present.

The Liberty Park Subdivision (8LE06542) has no known associations with historically significant individual(s) and is recommended not significant under Criterion B. While repeating house forms are visible within the resource group, the houses are typical examples of their respective styles, common throughout Florida. Additionally, the neighborhood as a whole does not show evidence of a master plan and does not possess distinct features of neighborhood design. As such, 8LE06542 is recommended as not significant under Criterion C. Finally, 8LE06542 is not significant under Criterion D because it lacks the potential to yield further information of historical importance.

Assessment of Effects

All work for the proposed Orange Avenue Improvements project adjacent to Liberty Park Subdivision (8LE06542) will take place within the existing right-of-way. Given that the changes will take place along the entire northern boundary of the subdivision, SEARCH applied the criteria of adverse effects to determine if this would impact the resource group. These criteria, as described by 36 CFR 800.5 Assessment of Adverse Effects, are:

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Figure 42. Aerial photography from 1954 (top) showing Liberty Park Subdivision plotted out in the early stages of development (USDA 1954). Aerial images from 1966 (middle) show the neighborhood more developed, but with noticeable gaps, particularly on the northern edge of the neighborhood (USDA 1966a). Aerial images from 1973 (bottom) show the rapid development following the passing of the 1968 Housing Act (USDA 1973).

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(1) Criteria of adverse effect. An adverse effect is found when an undertaking may alter, directly or indirectly, any of the characteristics of a historic property that qualify the property for inclusion in the National Register in a manner that would diminish the integrity of the property's location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, or association. Consideration shall be given to all qualifying characteristics of a historic property, including those that may have been identified subsequent to the original evaluation of the property's eligibility for the National Register. Adverse effects may include reasonably foreseeable effects caused by the undertaking that may occur later in time, be farther removed in distance or be cumulative. (2) Examples of adverse effects. Adverse effects on historic properties include, but are not limited to: (i) Physical destruction of or damage to all or part of the property; (ii) Alteration of a property, including restoration, rehabilitation, repair, maintenance, stabilization, hazardous material remediation and provision of handicapped access, that is not consistent with the Secretary’s Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties (36 CFR part 68) and applicable guidelines; (iii) Removal of the property from its historic location; (iv) Change of the character of the property’s use or of physical features within the property's setting that contributes to its historic significance; (v) Introduction of visual, atmospheric or audible elements that diminish the integrity of the property's significant historic features; (vi) Neglect of a property which causes its deterioration, except where such neglect and deterioration are recognized qualities of a property of religious and cultural significance to an Indian tribe or Native Hawaiian organization; and (vii) Transfer, lease, or sale of property out of Federal ownership or control without adequate and legally enforceable restrictions or conditions to ensure long-term preservation of the property's historic significance.

All of the proposed work adjacent to the Liberty Park Subdivision will take place within the existing right-of-way, and no physical alterations of the resource group are planned as part of the project. None of the proposed work will diminish the character-defining features of 8LE06542, which make it eligible for listing in the NRHP for the associations with the development of neighborhood under the 1968 Housing Act and Black history in Tallahassee. As such, while the proposed improvements take place within the viewshed of the Liberty Park Subdivision (8LE06542), they do not rise to the level of having an adverse effect.

Proposed Boundaries

The boundaries of the Liberty Park Subdivision (8LE06542) are marked by the right-of-way of Orange Avenue to the north, the APE limits to the south, and the subdivision boundaries to the east and west, as identified by Leon County Property Appraiser. Given the size of the subdivision,

Results 78 SEARCH April 2021 CRAS for the Orange Avenue Improvements, Leon County, Florida (FM# 437902-1) Draft Report as mapped by Leon County Property Appraiser, future investigation will likely result in an expansion of the boundaries to the south, but those resources and the larger potential district were not considered in this report as they are outside the APE and therefore beyond the scope of work for this project.

Resource Groups

8LE06483, 2340 Saturday Road Resource Group

Resource group 8LE06483 is a newly recorded cluster of structures located at 2340 Saturday Road to the north of Orange Avenue. Three historic-aged buildings (8LE05710-8LE05712) and one historic-aged outbuilding make up the complement that constitutes the resource group that encompasses Leon County Parcel 41-09-20-001-000-0 (Table 8; Figure 43). This irregularly shaped parcel is surrounded by dense tree cover and has a number of mature trees scattered throughout the parcel itself. Resources 8LE05711 and 8LE05712 (the main house and garage respectively) are positioned along the east side of the parcel, which is bounded by Saturday Road. Resource 8LE05710 and a shed outbuilding are located to the southwest of 8LE05711. The 2340 Saturday Road Resource Group (8LE06483) is located in Section 9 of Township 1 South, Range 1 West, as shown on the 2018 edition of the Tallahassee, Fla. USGS quadrangle map (see Figure 20).

Table 8. Historic Resources within the 2340 Saturday Road Resource Group (8LE06483). FMSF No. Name/Address Architectural Style Date Eligibility Recommendation 8LE05710 2340 Saturday Road – Building 1 Frame Vernacular ca. 1947 Ineligible 8LE05711 2340 Saturday Road – Building 2 Bungalow ca. 1947 Ineligible 8LE05712 2340 Saturday Road – Building 3 Frame Vernacular ca. 1947 Ineligible

The 2340 Saturday Road Resource Group (8LE06483) is the remainder of a former farmstead. Aerial imagery from 1941 shows that prior to the extension of Orange Avenue west of South Lake Bradford Road, 8LE06483 was centered on a rectangular parcel roughly 35 acres in size (USDA 1941). This aerial image shows the parcel as being a clear agricultural field with small dirt

Figure 43. Resource 8LE06483, facing northwest (left) and facing south (right).

79 Results April 2021 SEARCH Draft Report CRAS for the Orange Avenue Improvements, Leon County, Florida (FM# 437902-1) roads throughout. A small cluster of buildings was present at the location of 8LE06483, though the buildings do not align with any existing buildings that make up the resource group. Between 1954 and 1960, Orange Avenue was expanded to the west of South Lake Bradford Road, cutting through the farm and coming within 50 feet (15.2 meters) of the resource group (USDA 1954, 1960b). This appears to have marked the end of the agricultural role of 8LE06483, as by 1966, large portions of the property had been sold off, and the surrounding fields were shrinking (USDA 1966b).

Assessment

Resource Group 8LE06483 is a former farmstead that currently serves as a residence and garage/apartment. This resource group no longer serves an agricultural function and has been isolated from the former (now developed or overgrown) fields that once surrounded the property. Additionally, while the property may have once been involved in the agricultural development of Leon County, historic aerial imagery suggests that it was a small operation and was not significant to the greater agricultural context of the county. Based on the historic context, it is the opinion of SEARCH that the resource group is not significant under NRHP Criterion A, because it is not indicative of a particular era and is not associated with any significant period, event, or theme. Furthermore, the resource is not significant under Criterion B because it lacks association with any person(s) significant in history. Also, the resource is not significant under Criterion C because the buildings are modest examples of Bungalow and Frame Vernacular structures that do not possess high artistic or stylistic value. Last, the resource group is not significant under Criterion D because it lacks the potential to yield further information of historical importance. Therefore, 8LE06483 lacks the minimum criteria for listing in the NRHP, either individually or as a contributing resource to a historic district, and it is recommended ineligible for listing in the NRHP.

8LE06486, Orange Park Trailer Park

The newly recorded Orange Park Trailer Park (8LE06486) is located at 3501 Orange Avenue on the south side of the road (Figure 44). The mobile home park resource group occupies a rectangular parcel (41-09-20-218-000-0) within Section 9 of Township 1 South, Range 1 West, as shown on the 2018 Tallahassee, Fla. USGS quadrangle map (see Figure 21). While the overall parcel is 7.71 acres, the 8LE06486 resource group is only 1.94 acres in size, encompassing the historic-aged mobile homes bounded by the APE. Four paved roads lead into the park from Orange Avenue, with mobile homes parked to either side at an angle. Densely wooded lots abut the parcel on the east and south sides, and a tree line on the west side separates it from the adjacent parcel.

The Orange Park Trailer Park Resource Group first appears on aerial imagery from 1960, corresponding to an expansion of Orange Avenue to the west of South Lake Bradford Road (USDA 1960c). At this time, three roads south from Orange Avenue had been established, though likely unpaved. Mobile homes were primarily located along the west end, and a row of homes was arranged along the southern edge of the parcel. The surrounding area was primarily characterized by fields with scattered trees and woodlots. By 1966, the southern row of mobile

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Figure 44. Resource 8LE06486, facing south (left) and facing southwest (right). homes was gone, but the parcel was otherwise unchanged, with parking focused along the western side (USDA 1966b). The arrangement of mobile homes in 8LE06486 varied slightly over the years and appeared to reach its present state by 1987 (FDOT 1987).

The mobile homes in the Orange Park Trailer Park (8LE06486) vary in size and design, but are primarily clad in metal siding and feature a shallow-pitched roof, either gabled or arched. They are raised above grade on foundations obscured by corrugated metal siding. A variety of aluminum-framed windows are present mostly in single-hung-sash or awning arrangements. The vast majority of these windows are individually installed, with a few examples of paired windows present. A few mobile homes feature bay windows on one end. Some mobile homes have replacement doors, siding, or windows. Many of the mobile homes feature either simple, wood steps or unsheltered, wood decks with railings in front of the main entrance.

Assessment

The Orange Park Trailer Park (8LE06486) is a mobile home park that represents a highly prevalent approach to residential design in Florida, as well as the United States in general. Based on the historic context, it is the opinion of SEARCH that this group of pre-manufactured mobile housing is not significant under NRHP Criterion A because it is not indicative of a particular era and is not associated with any significant period, event, or theme. Furthermore, the resource is not significant under Criterion B because it lacks association with any person(s) significant in history. Also, the resource group is not significant under Criterion C due to its lack of architectural distinction. Resource Group 8LE06486’s complement of mobile homes does not collectively possess high artistic value. Finally, the resource group is not significant under Criterion D because it lacks the potential to yield further information of historical importance. It is the opinion of SEARCH that the Orange Park Trailer Park (8LE06486) lacks the minimum criteria for listing in the NRHP, either as an individual building complex or as a collection of contributing resources to a historic district.

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CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This report presents the findings of a Phase I CRAS conducted in support of a PD&E study for proposed improvements to SR 373 (Orange Avenue) from SR 263 (Capital Circle) to SR 61 (S. Monroe Street) in Leon County, Florida. The FDOT, District 3, is proposing to widen 4.5 miles (7.2 kilometers) of Orange Avenue from SR 263 (Capital Circle) to east of SR 61 (S. Monroe Street). The project also includes the construction of new sidewalks and bike lanes. The roadway widening and other improvements will take place within existing and proposed new right-of-way.

The archaeological survey consisted of a combination of pedestrian reconnaissance and subsurface testing. Because of extensive disturbance from utilities sidewalks and other infrastructure, only 22 shovel tests could be excavated within the project’s archaeological APE (project right-of-way). Survey of the remaining 161 planned test locations were limited to visual inspection of exposed surfaces. Research into the FMSF indicated that 13 previously recorded archaeological sites (8LE00155, 8LE00165, 8LE00515, 8LE00642, 8LE01609, 8LE01627, 8LE02400- 8LE02402, and 8LE02404-8LE2407) are recorded within the project’s archaeological APE. Of these, eight (8LE00155, 8LE00165, 8LE00515, 8LE00642, 8LE01609, and 8LE02400-8LE02402) are indicated in the FMSF as having insufficient information for evaluation, and one (8LE01627) has not been evaluated for the NRHP by the SHPO. The remaining four sites (8LE02404-8LE02407) were evaluated as ineligible for the NRHP by the SHPO. No artifacts were recovered, and no archaeological sites or occurrences, including the 13 previously recorded sites, were identified within the APE. No further archaeological survey is recommended in support of the proposed Orange Avenue improvements.

The architectural survey resulted in the identification and evaluation of 81 historic resources within the Orange Avenue Improvements APE in Leon County, including 17 previously recorded historic resources and 64 newly recorded resources. The previously recorded resources include 14 historic buildings, one railroad, one canal, and one historic cemetery. All 17 previously recorded historic resources have been determined ineligible for listing in the NRHP by the SHPO. These resources have not gained significance since their previous ineligible determinations, and it is the opinion of SEARCH that they remain ineligible for listing in the NRHP.

The newly recorded historic resources include 56 historic buildings, one bridge, two canals, and five resource groups. One of the resource groups, the Liberty Park Subdivision (8LE06542) is recommended as being eligible for listing in the NRHP under Criterion A as an example of an African American neighborhood that was substantially developed as a result of the 1968 Housing Act. Nine resources within the resource group were determined to be contributing resources but were not of sufficient distinction to be individually eligible for listing. Another resource group, the College Terrace Subdivision (8LE06485), was examined by SEARCH for its potential to be eligible for the NRHP. A local informant described the history of the subdivision related to both the Civil Rights Movement and notable staff and faculty from Florida A&M University. Given the nature of these associations, the location of the project relative to the subdivision, and the potential for significant contributing resources to be located outside the APE, the research

Conclusion and Recommendations 82 SEARCH April 2021 CRAS for the Orange Avenue Improvements, Leon County, Florida (FM# 437902-1) Draft Report needed to confirm the significance of the resource group was determined to be outside the scope of this project. As such, there is insufficient information to evaluate College Terrace Subdivision (8LE06485). Twelve individually ineligible resources within 8LE06484 are potentially contributing resources to the resource group but cannot be evaluated as such at this time. The remaining 41 resources lack the architectural/engineering distinction, significant historical associations, or integrity necessary to be considered for listing in the NRHP, and all are recommended ineligible.

Three previously recorded resources (8LE02307, 8LE03272, and 8LE06048) were determined to have been demolished since they were last surveyed. Additionally, two resources (8LE03191 and 8LE03192) were initially plotted within the APE but were determined to be located outside of the APE.

No additional right-of-way will be taken along Orange Avenue in front of the Liberty Park Subdivision (8LE06542); therefore, while the proposed project is within the viewshed of 8LE06542, it will not impact the character-defining features of the resource group, mainly the repeating house forms that evidence the single, rapid phase of construction following the 1968 Housing Act, and will not result in an adverse effect to the resource group.

While the proposed project would involve the acquisition of approximately 21 feet (6.4 meters) of new right-of-way along the southern boundary of College Terrace Subdivision (8LE06485), no resources potentially contributing to the resource group will be physically altered or removed. None of the proposed work will diminish the character-defining features of 8LE06485 that could potentially make it eligible for listing in the NRHP for the associations with the Civil Rights Movement or potentially significant staff and faculty of Florida A&M University. As such, while the proposed improvements take place within the viewshed of the College Terrace Subdivision (8LE06485), they do not rise to the level of having an adverse effect.

Two historic-aged, post-1945 concrete culverts were identified in the APE. FDOT Bridge No. 550037 was constructed in 1957, and Bridge No. 550103 was constructed in 1975. As such, they fit the description of common bridges within the scope of the 2012 Program Comment Issued for Streamlining Section 106 Review for Actions Affecting Post‐1945 Concrete and Steel Bridges and are excluded from Section 106 consideration (Federal Register 2012:68793). No additional architectural history survey is recommended.

Given the results of the CRAS, it is the opinion of SEARCH that the proposed Orange Avenue Improvements project will have no adverse effect on cultural resources listed or eligible for listing in the NRHP. No further work is recommended.

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REFERENCES CITED

Adovasio, J. M., J. Donahue, and R. Stuckenrath 1990 The Meadowcroft Rockshelter Radiocarbon Chronology 1975–1990. American Antiquity 55:348–355.

Anderson, David G. 1990 A North American Paleoindian Projectile Point Database. Current Research in the Pleistocene 7:67-69.

Anderson, David G., and Christopher Gillam 2000 Paleoindian Colonization of the Americas: Implications from an Examination of Physiography, Demography, and Artifact Distribution. American Antiquity 65(1):43–66.

Anderson, David G., and Kenneth E. Sassaman 2012 Recent Developments in Southeastern Archaeology: From Colonization to Complexity. The SAA Press, Washington, DC.

Andriot, Donna (editor) 1993 Population Abstract of the United States. 1993 Edition. Documents Index, McLean, VA.

Antique Home 2010 Bungalow Architecture of the 20th Century. Electronic document, http://www.antiquehome.org/Architectural-Style/bungalow.htm, accessed January 2018.

Archaeological Consultants, Inc. (ACI) 1997 Tallahassee Neighborhood Survey Phase IV. Florida Master Site File Survey No. 4913. On file, Florida Division of Historical Resources, Tallahassee. 2005a Cultural Resource Assessment: Archaeology 11 Stormwater Management Facilities, Capital Cascades trail, Leon County, Florida. Florida Master Site File Survey No. 11163. On file, Florida Division of Historical Resources, Tallahassee. 2005b Cultural Resource Assessment Survey Capital Circle NW/SW (SR 263) from South of Orange Avenue (SR 371) to Tennessee Street (SR 10, US 90) Leon County, Florida. Florida Master Site File Survey No. 12028. On file, Florida Division of Historical Resources, Tallahassee. 2005c Cultural Resource Assessment Survey Florida State University Aquatics Center, Leon County, Florida. Florida Master Site File Survey No. 12520. On file, Florida Division of Historical Resources, Tallahassee. 2006 Cultural Resource Assessment Survey Capital Cascades Trail, Leon County, Florida. Florida Master Site File Survey No. 13959. On file, Florida Division of Historical Resources, Tallahassee.

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2007 Cultural Resource Assessment Survey Proposed Ponds and Mitigation Areas Technical Memorandum Capital Circle NW/SW from South of Orange Avenue (SR 371) to Tennessee Street (SR 10/US 90) Leon County, Florida. Florida Master Site File Survey No. 16126. On file, Florida Division of Historical Resources, Tallahassee. 2009 Cultural Resource Assessment Survey City of Tallahassee Transmission lines through the Apalachicola National Forest, Leon County, Florida. Florida Master Site File Survey No. 16905. On file, Florida Division of Historical Resources, Tallahassee. 2012 The Historic Highway Bridges of Florida. Florida Master Site File Survey No. 20057. On file, Florida Division of Historical Resources, Tallahassee.

Ashley, Keith, and Nancy Marie White 2012 Late Prehistoric Florida: An Introduction. In Late Prehistoric Florida: Archaeology at the Edge of the Mississippian World, edited by Keith Ashley and Nancy Marie White, pp. 1-28. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.

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Waters, Michael R., Steven L. Forman, Thomas A. Jennings, Lee C. Nordt, Steven G. Driese, Joshua M. Feinberg, Joshua L. Keene, Jessi Halligan, Anna Lindquist, James Pierson, Charles T. Hallmark, Michael B. Collins, and James E. Wienderhold 2011 The Buttermilk Creek Complex and the Origins of Clovis at the Debra L. Friedkin Site, Texas. Science 331:1599–1603.

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Watts, W. A. 1969 A Pollen Diagram from Mud Lake, Marion County, North-Central Florida. Geological Society of America Bulletin 80:631–642. 1971 Postglacial and Interglacial Vegetation History of Southern Georgia and Central Florida. Ecology 52:676–690. 1975 A Late Quaternary Record of Vegetation from Lake Annie, South Central Florida. Geology 3:344–346. 1980 The Late Quaternary Vegetation History of the Southeastern United States. Annual Reviews of Ecology and Systematics 11:387–409.

Watts, William A., Eric C. Grimm, and T. C. Hussey 1996 Mid-Holocene Forest History of Florida and the Coastal Plain of Georgia and South Carolina. In Archaeology of the Mid-Holocene Southeast, edited by Kenneth E. Sassaman and David G. Anderson, pp. 28–38. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.

Watts, W. A., and B. C. S. Hansen 1988 Environments of Florida in the Late Wisconsin and Holocene. In Wet Site Archaeology, edited by Barbara Purdy, pp. 307–323. Telford Press, Caldwell.

Webb, S. D., J. T. Milanich, R. Alexon, and J. S. Dunbar 1984 A Bison Antiquus Kill Site, Wacissa River, Jefferson County, Florida. American Antiquity 49:384–392.

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Wentworth Studio 2018 Historical Styles: American Bungalow Style (1905-1930). Electronic document, https://www.wentworthstudio.com/historic-styles/american-bungalow/, accessed January 2018.

White, Nancy M. 2003 Late Archaic in the Apalachicola/ Lower Chattahoochee Valley of Northwest Florida, Southwest Georgia, Southeast Alabama. The Florida Anthropologist 56(2):69-90.

White, Nancy Marie, Jeffrey P. Du Vernay, and Amber J. Yuellig 2012 Fort Walton Culture in the Apalachicola Valley, Northwest Florida. In Late Prehistoric Florida: Archaeology at the Edge of the Mississippian World, edited by Keith Ashley and Nancy Marie White, pp. 231-274. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.

Wickman, Patricia R. 1999 The Tree That Bends: Discourse, Power and the Survival of the Maskoki People. The University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.

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Willey, Gordon R. 1949 Archeology of the Florida Gulf Coast. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Volume 113. Washington, DC.

Woodward, Eddie 2012 The Campus History Series: Florida State University. Arcadia Publishing, Charleston, SC.

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APPENDIX A.

MARKED FIELD MAPS

APPENDIX B.

FDHR SURVEY LOG SHEET

Page 1

Ent D (FMSF only) ______Survey Log Sheet Survey # (FMSF only) ______Florida Master Site File Version 5.0 /1

Consult Guide to the Survey Log Sheet for detailed instructions.

Manuscript Information

Survey Project (name and project phase)

Report Title (exactly as on title page)

Report Authors (as on title page) 1.______3. ______2.______4. ______Publication Year ______Number of Pages in Report ( ot include site forms) ______Publication Information (Give series, number in series, publisher and city. For article or chapter, cite page numbers. Use the style of American Antiquity.)

Supervisors of Fieldwork (even if same as author) Names ______Affiliation of Fieldworkers: Organization ______Southeastern Archaeological Research City ______Key Words/Phrases (Don’t use county name, or common words like archaeology, structure, survey, architecture, etc.) 1. ______3.______5. ______7.______2. ______4.______6. ______8.______Survey Sponsors (corporation, government unit, organization, or person funding fieldwork) Name. ______Organization.______Florida Dept of Transportation - District 3 Address/Phone/E-mail. ______Recorder of Log Sheet ______Date Log Sheet Completed ______Is this survey or project a continuation of a previous project? q No q Yes: Previous survey #s (FMSF only) ______

Project Area Mapping

Counties (select every county in which field survey was done; attach additional sheet if necessary) 1. ______3. ______5. ______2. ______4. ______6. ______

USGS 1:24,000 Map Names/Year of Latest Revision (attach additional sheet if necessary) 1. Name ______Year_____ 4. Name ______Year_____ 2. Name ______Year_____ 5. Name ______Year_____ 3. Name ______Year_____ 6. Name ______Year_____

Field Dates and Project Area Description

Fieldwork Dates: Start ______End ______Total Area Surveyed (fill in one) ______hectares ______acres Number of Distinct Tracts or Areas Surveyed ______If Corridor (fill in one for each) Width: ______meters ______feet Length: ______kilometers ______miles

HR6E066R0 , effective 05/2016 Florida Master Site File / Div. of Historical Resources / R.A. Gray Bldg / 500 S Bronough St., Tallahassee, Florida 32399-0250 Rule 1A-46.001, F.A.C. Phone 850.245.6440, Fax 850.245.6439, Email: [email protected] Page 2 Survey Log Sheet Survey #______Research and Field Methods Types of Survey (select all that apply): archaeological architectural historical/archival underwater damage assessment monitoring report other(describe):.______Scope/Intensity/Procedures

Preliminary Methods (select as many as apply to the project as a whole) q Florida Archives (Gray Building) q library research- local public q local property or tax records q other historic maps q Florida Photo Archives (Gray Building) q library-special collection q newspaper files q soils maps or data q Site File property search q Public Lands Survey (maps at DEP) q literature search q windshield survey q Site File survey search q local informant(s) q Sanborn Insurance maps q aerial photography q other (describe):. ______

Archaeological Methods (select as many as apply to the project as a whole) q Check here if NO archaeological methods were used. q surface collection, controlled q shovel test-other screen size q block excavation (at least 2x2 m) q surface collection, uncontrolled q water screen q soil resistivity q shovel test-1/4”screen q posthole tests q magnetometer q shovel test-1/8” screen q auger tests q side scan sonar q shovel test 1/16”screen q coring q q shovel test-unscreened q test excavation (at least 1x2 m) q q other (describe):. ______

Historical/Architectural Methods (select as many as apply to the project as a whole) q Check here if NO historical/architectural methods were used. q building permits q demolition permits q neighbor interview q subdivision maps q commercial permits q q occupant interview q tax records q interior documentation q local property records q occupation permits q unknown q other (describe):. ______Survey Results Resource Significance Evaluated? q Yes q No Count of Previously Recorded Resources______Count of Newly Recorded Resources______List Previously Recorded Site ID#s with Site File Forms Completed (attach additional pages if necessary)

List Newly Recorded Site ID#s (attach additional pages if necessary)

Site Forms Used: q Site File Paper Forms q Site File PDF Forms

REQUIRED: Attach Map of Survey or Project Area Boundary

SHPO USE ONLY SHPO USE ONLY SHPO USE ONLY Origin of Report: 872 Public Lands UW 1A32 # Academic Contract Avocational Grant Project # Compliance Review: CRAT # Type of Document: Archaeological Survey Historical/Architectural Survey Marine Survey Cell Tower CRAS Monitoring Report Overview Excavation Report Multi-Site Excavation Report Structure Detailed Report Library, Hist. or Archival Doc MPS MRA TG Other: Document Destination: ______Plotability: ______

HR6E066R0 , effective 05/2016 Florida Master Site File / Div. of Historical Resources / R.A. Gray Bldg / 500 S Bronough St., Tallahassee, Florida 32399-0250 Rule 1A-46.001, F.A.C. Phone 850.245.6440, Fax 850.245.6439, Email: [email protected]

APPENDIX C.

MISPLOTTED/DEMOLISHED RESOURCES LETTER

April 13, 2021

Eman M. Vovsi Historical Data Analyst Florida Master Site File 500 S. Bronough St. Tallahassee, FL 32399-0250

Subject: Cultural Resource Assessment Survey for the State Road 373 (Orange Avenue) Improvements from State Road 263 (Capital Circle) to State Road 61 (S. Monroe Street), Project Development and Environment Study, Leon County, Florida FMSF Identities of Previously Recorded Structures Verified as Demolished or Removed

Dear Dr. Vovsi,

During the field survey for the above-referenced project, SEARCH architectural historians determined that three previously recorded structures (8LE02307, 8LE03272 and 8LE06048) within the project Area of Potential Effects (APE) have been demolished or removed from their original locations.

Additionally, two resources were identified as being misplotted in the Florida Master Site File (FMSF) geographic information system (GIS) data. Resources 8LE03191 and 8LE03192 were initially plotted along South Adams Street, but are actually located to the northeast, on the north side of Polk Street. The actual location of these resources is outside the APE, and they were not recorded as part of this report. Updated GIS data have been provided for both resources.

If you have any questions about these findings, please feel free to contact me.

Sincerely,

Bryan Herling, MA, MDS Principal Investigator, Architectural Historian

www.searchinc.com

APPENDIX D.

HISTORIC RESOURCE DESCRIPTIONS AND EVALUATIONS

Historic Resources within the Project APE Name: USFS #81-37 Built: ca. 1860 8LE00644 Original or Update: Update US Quad Map: TALLAHASSEE (2018) TRS: 01S01W5 Original Use: Present Use: Structural System: Relocated: Style: Plan: Exterior Fabric: Stories: Additions and Alterations: Chimneys: Foundation: Foundation Material: Roof: Roof Material: Main Entry: See ReportPorch(es): for Description and Assessment Windows: Distinguishing Features:

Ancillary Features:

Individually Eligible: NO Evaluation: Resource 8LE00644 was determined to be ineligible for listing in the NRHP in 2016. It is the opinion of SEARCH that 8LE00644 has not gained significance or distinction since that evaluation and remains Contributing Resource: NO ineligible for listing. Name: Betty’s Bargain Barn Built: ca. 1945 8LE02308 Original or Update: Update US Quad Map: TALLAHASSEE (2018) TRS: 01S01W12 Original Use: House of worship Present Use: House of worship Structural System: Concrete block Relocated: NO Style: Masonry Vernacular Plan: Rectangular Exterior Fabric: Concrete block, Stucco Stories: 1 Additions and Alterations: Converted from store to church Chimneys: 0 Foundation: Slab Foundation Material: Concrete, Generic Roof: Gable Roof Material: Sheet metal:corrugated Main Entry: W façade cen., double metal-framed commercial-style doors w/central glass Porch(es): Incised porch W façade cen., shed roof extension supported by turned wood posts over concrete platform, concrete block walls Windows: Casement, metal-framed, paired, 2-light fixed windows atop casement

Distinguishing Features: Exposed rafter tails, concrete windowsills, steeply pitched gable roof, asbestos shingles and vent in gable end Ancillary Features: Asphalt parking lot to W of structure, wood sign and cross to SW of structure, "Major Care Ministries" sign on W façade Individually Eligible: NO Evaluation: Resource 8LE02308 was determined to be ineligible for listing in the NRHP in 1995. It is the opinion of SEARCH that 8LE02308 has not gained significance or distinction since that evaluation and remains Contributing Resource: NO ineligible for listing. Name: 1500 West Orange Avenue Built: ca. 1959 8LE02834 Original or Update: Original US Quad Map: TALLAHASSEE (2018) TRS: 01S01W11 Original Use: Private Residence (House Present Use: Private Residence (House Structural System: Wood frame Relocated: NO Style: Frame Vernacular Plan: Rectangular Exterior Fabric: Other, Vertical plank Stories: 1 Additions and Alterations: UNK date. Wood patio E end; UNK date. Door replaced Chimneys: 0 Foundation: Piers Foundation Material: Concrete Block Roof: Gable Roof Material: Sheet metal:5V crimp Main Entry: S façade E end, single metal 6-paneled door, metal-framed glass storm door, wood door frame Porch(es): Raised open partial-width porch S façade E end, shed roof supported by wood posts over concrete block platform Windows: SHS, aluminum-framed, individual and paired, 2/2

Distinguishing Features: Some Ranch-style influence, concrete block vents at foundation, rolled asphalt siding

Ancillary Features: Wood patio w/concrete slab foundation attached to E façade, concrete driveway to S of structure Individually Eligible: NO Evaluation: 8LE02834 was recorded in 1997 but not evaluated by SHPO. Due to lack of sufficient historic significance and architectural distinction, 8LE02834 is ineligible for listing in the NRHP, either individually or within a Contributing Resource: NO historic district. Historic Resources within the Project APE Name: 619 Howard Street Built: ca. 1942 8LE02846 Original or Update: Update US Quad Map: TALLAHASSEE (2018) TRS: 01S01W12 Original Use: Private Residence (House Present Use: Private Residence (House Structural System: Brick Relocated: NO Style: Masonry Vernacular Plan: Irregular Exterior Fabric: Brick, Vertical plank Stories: 1 Additions and Alterations: Or earlier. L-shaped add. S/E, garage E; UNK date. Brick veneer, vinyl windows Chimneys: 1 Foundation: Unknown Foundation Material: Obscured Roof: Gable Roof Material: Composition shingles Main Entry: N façade E end, single wood paneled door sheltered by wood/screen storm door, wood/window sidelig Porch(es): Raised open porch N façade E end, gable roof supported by brick pillars over concrete platform, brick kneewalls, concrete step approach, vertical plank in gable end Windows: SHS, vinyl-framed, individual, 6/6, vinyl faux shutters

Distinguishing Features: Foundation vents; vents in gable ends; sailor course at roof line; eave returns; rowlock course at windowsills and heads, porch kneewalls Ancillary Features: Concrete driveway to structure N, wood vertical plank fence to structure E, rect. brick pillar mailbox w/planter to structure N; part of RG 8LE06485 Individually Eligible: NO Evaluation: 8LE02846 was recorded in 1996 but not evaluated by SHPO. Resource 8LE02846 is recommended individually ineligible for listing in the NRHP, but is potentially a contributing resource to 8LE06485. Contributing Resource: INSF Name: 1490 Lake Bradford Road Built: ca. 1940 8LE02871 Original or Update: Update US Quad Map: TALLAHASSEE (2018) TRS: 01S01W11 Original Use: Private Residence (House Present Use: Private Residence (House Structural System: Wood frame Relocated: NO Style: Frame Vernacular Plan: T-shaped Exterior Fabric: Wood/Plywood, Board and batten Stories: 1 Additions and Alterations: Or earlier. Enclosed deck W, add. N; UNK date. Windows, door, siding replaced Chimneys: 0 Foundation: Piers Foundation Material: Concrete Block Roof: Clipped gable/Gable Roof Material: Composition shingles Main Entry: S façade W end, single vinyl-paneled door w/fanlight, w/in closed porch Porch(es): Raised closed partial-width porch S façade W end, gable roof, board and batten siding, wood-framed screened openings, concrete foundation, concrete step approach w/wood railing Windows: SHS, vinyl-framed, individual and paired, 6/6

Distinguishing Features: Vents in gable ends, wood window surrounds, raked eaves, rect. closed deck add. w/shed roof to W Ancillary Features: Concrete driveway to S of structure, rect. outbuilding to W of driveway, chain link fence on S parcel boundary, concrete patio to S Individually Eligible: NO Evaluation: 8LE02871 was recorded in 1997 but not evaluated by SHPO. Due to lack of sufficient historic significance and architectural distinction, 8LE02871 is ineligible for listing in the NRHP, either individually or within a Contributing Resource: NO historic district. Name: 314 West Orange Avenue Built: ca. 1939 8LE03230 Original or Update: Update US Quad Map: TALLAHASSEE (2018) TRS: 01S01W12 Original Use: Private Residence (House Present Use: Salon/Barber/Beauty sho Structural System: Wood frame Relocated: NO Style: Frame Vernacular Plan: Rectangular Exterior Fabric: Drop siding Stories: 1 Additions and Alterations: replacement windows, doors Chimneys: 0 Foundation: Piers Foundation Material: Brick Roof: Gable Roof Material: Asphalt shingles Main Entry: S façade; replacement paneled door with divided half light Porch(es): S façade; open porch sheltered by front gable roof w/ square wood posts. Raised concrete slab floor

Windows: SHS, vinyl-framed, individual, 6/6

Distinguishing Features: Covered front porch; exposed rafter tails

Ancillary Features: Located within the Capital View Acres subdivision.

Individually Eligible: NO Evaluation: Due to lack of sufficient historic significance and architectural distinction, 8LE03230 is ineligible for listing in the NRHP. The surrounding subdivision has been heavily modified, and no longer represents a Contributing Resource: NO historic residential neighborhood. Historic Resources within the Project APE Name: Central Drainage Ditch Built: ca. 1930 8LE05208 Original or Update: Update US Quad Map: TALLAHASSEE (2018) TRS: 01S01W11 Original Use: Present Use: Structural System: Relocated: Style: Plan: Exterior Fabric: Stories: Additions and Alterations: Chimneys: Foundation: Foundation Material: Roof: Roof Material: Main Entry: See ReportPorch(es): for Description and Assessment Windows: Distinguishing Features:

Ancillary Features:

Individually Eligible: NO Evaluation: Resource 8LE05208 was determined to be ineligible for listing in the NRHP in 2007. It is the opinion of SEARCH that 8LE05208 has not gained significance or distinction since that evaluation and remains Contributing Resource: NO ineligible for listing. Name: Tallahassee-St. Marks Historic Railroad Built: ca. 1836 8LE05497 Original or Update: Update US Quad Map: TALLAHASSEE (2018) TRS: 01S01W11 Original Use: Present Use: Structural System: Relocated: Style: Plan: Exterior Fabric: Stories: Additions and Alterations: Chimneys: Foundation: Foundation Material: Roof: Roof Material: Main Entry: See ReportPorch(es): for Description and Assessment Windows: Distinguishing Features:

Ancillary Features:

Individually Eligible: NO Evaluation: Resource 8LE05497 was determined to be ineligible for listing in the NRHP in 2013 due to lack of integrity. The resource was demolished and converted to a trail in 1988 and remains ineligible for listing. Contributing Resource: NO Name: 2340 Saturday Road – Building 1 Built: ca. 1947 8LE05710 Original or Update: Update US Quad Map: TALLAHASSEE (2018) TRS: 01S01W9 Original Use: Barn Present Use: Barn Structural System: Wood frame Relocated: NO Style: Frame Vernacular Plan: Rectangular Exterior Fabric: Drop siding, Weatherboard Stories: 1.5 Additions and Alterations: Early shed-roof addition to SE; Chimneys: 0 Foundation: Continuous Foundation Material: Concrete, Generic Roof: Gable/Shed Roof Material: Sheet metal:5V crimp Main Entry: NE façade cen., single wood door, wood door frame Porch(es): None

Windows: Casement, wood-framed, individual, 8-light, in gable ends

Distinguishing Features: Exposed rafter tails and beams

Ancillary Features: Non-historic shed adjacent to SE; shares a parcel with and located SW of 8LE05711 and 8LE05712; part of RG 8LE06483 Individually Eligible: NO Evaluation: Resource 8LE05710 was determined to be ineligible for listing in the NRHP in 2015. It is the opinion of SEARCH that 8LE05710 has not gained significance or distinction since that evaluation and remains Contributing Resource: NO ineligible for listing. Historic Resources within the Project APE Name: 2340 Saturday Road – Building 2 Built: ca. 1947 8LE05711 Original or Update: Update US Quad Map: TALLAHASSEE (2018) TRS: 01S01W9 Original Use: Private Residence (House Present Use: Private Residence (House Structural System: Wood frame Relocated: NO Style: Bungalow Plan: Rectangular Exterior Fabric: Shingles-asbestos Stories: 1 Additions and Alterations: UNK date. NW end, closed porch SE; UNK date. Siding replaced Chimneys: 1 Foundation: Piers Foundation Material: Concrete Block Roof: Gable Roof Material: Sheet metal:5V crimp Main Entry: SE façade cen., single wood door, wood door frame, obscured by closed porch Porch(es): Raised full-width closed porch SE façade, gable roof, half-wall and wood-framed screened openings, concrete platform on concrete block piers/skirting, asbestos shingles in gable end, wood/screen storm Windows: DHS, wood-framed, individual, 6/6, some w/wood frame screens

Distinguishing Features: Exposed rafter tails, rolled asphalt faux artstone siding on lower half of façades, asbestos shingles on upper half of façades Ancillary Features: Shares a parcel with and located NW of 8LE05710 and S of 8LE05712; part of resource group 8LE06483; multiple trees adjacent to structure Individually Eligible: NO Evaluation: Resource 8LE05711 was determined to be ineligible for listing in the NRHP in 2015. It is the opinion of SEARCH that 8LE05711 has not gained significance or distinction since that evaluation and remains Contributing Resource: NO ineligible for listing. Name: 2340 Saturday Road – Building 3 Built: ca. 1947 8LE05712 Original or Update: Update US Quad Map: TALLAHASSEE (2018) TRS: 01S01W9 Original Use: Garage apartment Present Use: Garage apartment Structural System: Wood frame Relocated: NO Style: Frame Vernacular Plan: Rectangular Exterior Fabric: Shingles-asbestos, Concrete block Stories: 2 Additions and Alterations: Or earlier. W porch/patio; Chimneys: 0 Foundation: Continuous Foundation Material: Concrete Block Roof: Gable Roof Material: Sheet metal:5V crimp Main Entry: Obscured from ROW, likely located W façade 2nd story, wood staircase approach Porch(es): Full-width patio W façade 2nd story, shed roof supported by wood posts, wood platform and railing 2nd story, wood stair approach Windows: DHS, wood-framed, individual, 1/1 and 1/2

Distinguishing Features: Exposed rafter tails, wood window surrounds, gable end vents, metal vent on roof, 2nd story clad with asbestos shingles Ancillary Features: Shares a parcel with and located N of 8LE05710 and 8LE05711; part of resource group 8LE06483; non-historic carport (ca. 2004) to W of structure Individually Eligible: NO Evaluation: Resource 8LE05712 was determined to be ineligible for listing in the NRHP in 2015. It is the opinion of SEARCH that 8LE05712 has not gained significance or distinction since that evaluation and remains Contributing Resource: NO ineligible for listing. Name: 2900 Orange Avenue Built: ca. 1962 8LE05713 Original or Update: Update US Quad Map: TALLAHASSEE (2018) TRS: 01S01W9 Original Use: Private Residence (House Present Use: Private Residence (House Structural System: Brick Relocated: NO Style: Other Plan: Irregular Exterior Fabric: Brick Stories: 1 Additions and Alterations: UNK date. N addition.; Chimneys: 0 Foundation: Continuous Foundation Material: Brick Roof: Cross-gabled Roof Material: Composition shingles Main Entry: Obscured from ROW Porch(es): Obscured from ROW

Windows: Obscured from ROW

Distinguishing Features: Obscured from ROW

Ancillary Features: Obscured from ROW; pool and rect. outbuilding to N of structure, concrete driveway to S of structure Individually Eligible: NO Evaluation: Resource 8LE05713 was determined to be ineligible for listing in the NRHP in 2010. It is the opinion of SEARCH that 8LE05713 has not gained significance or distinction since that evaluation and remains Contributing Resource: NO ineligible for listing. Historic Resources within the Project APE Name: 3045 Orange Avenue – Building 1 Built: ca. 1954 8LE05716 Original or Update: Update US Quad Map: TALLAHASSEE (2018) TRS: 01S01W9 Original Use: Private Residence (House Present Use: Private Residence (House Structural System: Concrete block Relocated: NO Style: Masonry Vernacular Plan: Rectangular Exterior Fabric: Concrete block Stories: 1 Additions and Alterations: N/E hip extension may be add.; UNK date. Door replaced Chimneys: 0 Foundation: Slab Foundation Material: Concrete, Generic Roof: Gable on hip Roof Material: Composition shingles Main Entry: N façade cen., single vinyl 6-paneled door, wood door frame Porch(es): Open partial-width porch N façade E end, hip extension roof supported by metal lattice columns over concrete platform Windows: Sliding, metal-framed, individual, 2-light; SHS, metal-framed, individual, 1/1; jalousie, metal-framed, individual, multi-light Distinguishing Features: Concrete windowsills, gable end vents, metal roof vent

Ancillary Features: Carport E end of structure, asphalt driveway to N of structure; shares a parcel with and located W of 8LE05717 Individually Eligible: NO Evaluation: Resource 8LE05716 was determined to be ineligible for listing in the NRHP in 2010. It is the opinion of SEARCH that 8LE05716 has not gained significance or distinction since that evaluation and remains Contributing Resource: NO ineligible for listing. Name: 3045 Orange Avenue – Building 2 Built: ca. 1954 8LE05717 Original or Update: Update US Quad Map: TALLAHASSEE (2018) TRS: 01S01W9 Original Use: Private Residence (House Present Use: Vacant Structural System: Concrete block Relocated: NO Style: Masonry Vernacular Plan: Rectangular Exterior Fabric: Concrete block Stories: 1 Additions and Alterations: UNK date. Windows boarded. Chimneys: 0 Foundation: Continuous Foundation Material: Concrete Block Roof: Gable Roof Material: Sheet metal:corrugated Main Entry: W façade N of cen., single wood door, wood door frame Porch(es): None

Windows: Sliding, metal-framed, individual, 2-light, boarded with plywood

Distinguishing Features: Raked eaves

Ancillary Features: Heavily overgrown woods surrounding; shares a parcel with and located E of 8LE05716

Individually Eligible: NO Evaluation: Resource 8LE05717 was determined to be ineligible for listing in the NRHP in 2010. It is the opinion of SEARCH that 8LE05717 has not gained significance or distinction since that evaluation and remains Contributing Resource: NO ineligible for listing. Name: 2745 Lake Bradford Road Built: ca. 1959 8LE05718 Original or Update: Update US Quad Map: TALLAHASSEE (2018) TRS: 01S01W9 Original Use: Private Residence (House Present Use: Private Residence (House Structural System: Concrete block Relocated: NO Style: Masonry Vernacular Plan: Rectangular Exterior Fabric: Concrete block Stories: 1 Additions and Alterations: Chimneys: 0 Foundation: Continuous Foundation Material: Concrete Block Roof: Hip Roof Material: Asphalt shingles Main Entry: West façade; obscured by screened in porch Porch(es): Roughly centered on W façade; screened in porch sheltered by shallow-pitched gable roof.

Windows: SHS, aluminum-framed, individual, 6/6, concrete drip courses

Distinguishing Features: Screened-in front porch

Ancillary Features: Detached carport; chain link fence

Individually Eligible: NO Evaluation: Resource 8LE05718 was previously determined ineligible for the NRHP in 2010. The resource has not gained the significant historical associations or architectural distinctions since that evaluation, and Contributing Resource: NO remains ineligible. Historic Resources within the Project APE Name: 2755 Lake Bradford Road Built: ca. 1959 8LE05719 Original or Update: Update US Quad Map: TALLAHASSEE (2018) TRS: 01S01W9 Original Use: Private Residence (House Present Use: Private Residence (House Structural System: Wood frame Relocated: NO Style: Frame Vernacular Plan: Rectangular Exterior Fabric: Vinyl Stories: 1 Additions and Alterations: Replacement siding, windows, doors Chimneys: 0 Foundation: Unknown Foundation Material: Obscured Roof: Gable Roof Material: Asphalt shingles Main Entry: West façade; replacement, fully-glazed, wood-framed, double doors Porch(es): Open, full-width porch sheltered by hip rood. Square supports have been fully clad in vinyl siding.

Windows: SHS, metal-framed, individual and paired, 6/6; DHS, wood-framed, paired, 6/6

Distinguishing Features: Full-width front porch

Ancillary Features: Chain link fence

Individually Eligible: NO Evaluation: Resource 8LE05719 was determined to be ineligible for the NRHP in 2010. The resource has not gained the significant historical associations or architectural distinction necessary for listing, and remains Contributing Resource: NO ineligible. Name: 901 West Orange Avenue Built: ca. 1958 8LE06049 Original or Update: Update US Quad Map: TALLAHASSEE (2018) TRS: 01S01W11 Original Use: Warehouse Present Use: Warehouse Structural System: Concrete block Relocated: NO Style: Industrial Vernacular Plan: Irregular Exterior Fabric: Concrete block, Stucco Stories: 1 Additions and Alterations: NE shed-roof carport may be add.; Chimneys: 0 Foundation: Slab Foundation Material: Concrete, Generic Roof: Flat/Shed Roof Material: Built-up/Sheet metal:corrugated Main Entry: Obscured, likely NE façade w/in carport; rolldown metal garage door NE façade N end Porch(es): Carport and garage attached to NE of structure

Windows: Fixed, metal-framed, individual, 18-light, some obscured by metal blinds

Distinguishing Features: Multiple metal roof vents

Ancillary Features: Asphalt driveway to NE of structure

Individually Eligible: NO Evaluation: Resource 8LE06049 was determined to be ineligible for listing in the NRHP in 2013. It is the opinion of SEARCH that 8LE06049 has not gained significance or distinction since that evaluation and remains Contributing Resource: NO ineligible for listing. Name: 2340 Saturday Road Resource Group Built: ca. 1947 8LE06483 Original or Update: Original US Quad Map: TALLAHASSEE (2018) TRS: 01S01W9 Original Use: Present Use: Structural System: Relocated: Style: Plan: Exterior Fabric: Stories: Additions and Alterations: Chimneys: Foundation: Foundation Material: Roof: Roof Material: Main Entry: See ReportPorch(es): for Description and Assessment Windows: Distinguishing Features:

Ancillary Features:

Individually Eligible: NO Evaluation: Due to lack of sufficient historic significance, historic associations, and architectural distinction, 8LE06483 is ineligible for listing in the NRHP, either individually or as a contributing resource within a Contributing Resource: NO potential or existing historic district. Historic Resources within the Project APE Name: Callen Subdivision Built: ca. 1954 8LE06484 Original or Update: Original US Quad Map: TALLAHASSEE (2018) TRS: 01S01W10 Original Use: Present Use: Structural System: Relocated: Style: Plan: Exterior Fabric: Stories: Additions and Alterations: Chimneys: Foundation: Foundation Material: Roof: Roof Material: Main Entry: See ReportPorch(es): for Description and Assessment Windows: Distinguishing Features:

Ancillary Features:

Individually Eligible: NO Evaluation: Resource 8LE06484 gradually developed over the second half of the 20th century. As it has no significant associations with a specific era, historic trend, person, or architectural style, 8LE06484 is Contributing Resource: NO ineligible for listing in the NRHP. Name: College Terrace Subdivision Built: ca. 1942 8LE06485 Original or Update: Original US Quad Map: TALLAHASSEE (2018) TRS: 01S01W12 Original Use: Present Use: Structural System: Relocated: Style: Plan: Exterior Fabric: Stories: Additions and Alterations: Chimneys: Foundation: Foundation Material: Roof: Roof Material: Main Entry: See ReportPorch(es): for Description and Assessment Windows: Distinguishing Features:

Ancillary Features:

Individually Eligible: INSF Evaluation: Resource 8LE06485 potentially associated with the Civil Rights Movement as well as notable staff and faculty of Florida A&M University. There is currently insufficient information available to evaluate the Contributing Resource: INSF significance of the resource. Name: Orange Park Trailer Park Built: ca. 1961 8LE06486 Original or Update: Original US Quad Map: TALLAHASSEE (2018) TRS: 01S01W9 Original Use: Present Use: Structural System: Relocated: Style: Plan: Exterior Fabric: Stories: Additions and Alterations: Chimneys: Foundation: Foundation Material: Roof: Roof Material: Main Entry: See ReportPorch(es): for Description and Assessment Windows: Distinguishing Features:

Ancillary Features:

Individually Eligible: NO Evaluation: Resource 8LE06486 is a typical example of a mid-20th century mobile home park, of which there are numerous examples throughout Florida. It is therefore ineligible for listing in the NRHP due to lack of Contributing Resource: NO sufficient historic significance. Historic Resources within the Project APE Name: 2807 Monroe Street Built: ca. 1973 8LE06487 Original or Update: Original US Quad Map: TALLAHASSEE (2018) TRS: 01S01W12 Original Use: Auto repair/Gas station Present Use: Auto repair/Gas station Structural System: Concrete block Relocated: NO Style: Commercial Plan: Rectangular Exterior Fabric: Stucco Stories: 1 Additions and Alterations: Chimneys: 0 Foundation: Slab Foundation Material: Concrete, Generic Roof: Flat Roof Material: Built-up Main Entry: E façade cen. and N façade cen., double metal-framed glass commercial-style doors w/transoms Porch(es): None

Windows: Fixed, metal-framed, paired, 1-light commercial-style; transom, metal-framed, individual, 1-light

Distinguishing Features: Wide overhanging eaves, horizontal stucco course N and E façades beneath half-height, aluminum-framed storefront Ancillary Features: Fuel station to N of structure; concrete sidewalk surrounds structure; asphalt parking lot to N, E of structure Individually Eligible: NO Evaluation: Due to lack of sufficient historic significance and architectural distinction, 8LE06487 is ineligible for listing in the NRHP, either individually or as a contributing resource within a potential or existing historic Contributing Resource: NO district. Name: 3701 West Orange Avenue Built: ca. 1965 8LE06529 Original or Update: Original US Quad Map: TALLAHASSEE (2018) TRS: 01S01W9 Original Use: Commercial Present Use: Commercial Structural System: Concrete block Relocated: NO Style: Masonry Vernacular Plan: Rectangular Exterior Fabric: Concrete block Stories: 1 Additions and Alterations: UNK date. Add. to S; Roof changed from gable to hip Chimneys: 0 Foundation: Continuous Foundation Material: Concrete Block Roof: Hip Roof Material: Composition shingles Main Entry: N façade cen., double metal doors flanked by single metal doors, w/in open porch, wood step approach Porch(es): Raised partial-width open porch N façade cen., gable roof w/triangular ceiling/gable end and eave returns supported by wood posts over concrete platform, wood step approach from E, W sides Windows: Fixed, metal-framed, individual, 1-light

Distinguishing Features: Steeply pitched hip roof, angled triangular porch ceiling/gable end, boxed eaves

Ancillary Features: Gravel parking lot to N of structure, sign to NW of structure reading "Curtis Sales & Service Center Refrigeration, Heating & A/C" Individually Eligible: NO Evaluation: Due to lack of sufficient historic significance and architectural distinction, 8LE06529 is ineligible for listing in the NRHP, either individually or as a contributing resource within a potential or existing historic Contributing Resource: NO district. Name: 3659 West Orange Avenue Built: ca. 1974 8LE06530 Original or Update: Original US Quad Map: TALLAHASSEE (2018) TRS: 01S01W9 Original Use: Auto repair/Gas station Present Use: Auto repair/Gas station Structural System: Metal skeleton Relocated: NO Style: Industrial Vernacular Plan: Rectangular Exterior Fabric: Metal Stories: 1 Additions and Alterations: Chimneys: 0 Foundation: Slab Foundation Material: Concrete, Generic Roof: Gable Roof Material: Sheet metal:corrugated Main Entry: N façade W of cen., single metal door w/interior metal/screen storm door; N façade cen. rolldown met Porch(es): None

Windows: None visible

Distinguishing Features: Shallowly pitched gable roof; metal roof vents; rectangular signs on N façade "Competition Paint & Body Shop", "Free Estimates" Ancillary Features: Asphalt parking lot to N, W of structure; sign to N of structure reading "Competition Paint & Body Shop" Individually Eligible: NO Evaluation: Due to lack of sufficient historic significance and architectural distinction, 8LE06530 is ineligible for listing in the NRHP, either individually or as a contributing resource within a potential or existing historic Contributing Resource: NO district. Historic Resources within the Project APE Name: 3655 West Orange Avenue Built: ca. 1963 8LE06531 Original or Update: Original US Quad Map: TALLAHASSEE (2018) TRS: 01S01W9 Original Use: Auto repair/Gas station Present Use: Auto repair/Gas station Structural System: Metal skeleton Relocated: NO Style: Commercial Plan: Irregular Exterior Fabric: Stucco Stories: 1 Additions and Alterations: Chimneys: 0 Foundation: Slab Foundation Material: Concrete, Generic Roof: Gable Roof Material: Sheet metal:corrugated Main Entry: N façade E of cen. both units, single metal-framed glass commercial-style door Porch(es): None

Windows: Fixed, aluminum-framed, individual and grouped, 1-light; transom, metal-framed, individual, 1-light

Distinguishing Features: Plan composed of main rect. unit w/smaller rect. unit attached to N façade W end; shallowly pitched roof; full-height aluminum bay divisions N façade Ancillary Features: Concrete parking lot to N, E of structure; sign to NE of structure reading "C & W Transmissions" Individually Eligible: NO Evaluation: Due to lack of sufficient historic significance and architectural distinction, 8LE06531 is ineligible for listing in the NRHP, either individually or as a contributing resource within a potential or existing historic Contributing Resource: NO district. Name: 2825 West Orange Avenue Built: ca. 1972 8LE06532 Original or Update: Original US Quad Map: TALLAHASSEE (2018) TRS: 01S01W9 Original Use: Private Residence (House Present Use: Private Residence (House Structural System: Brick Relocated: NO Style: Split Level Plan: L-shaped Exterior Fabric: Brick, Aluminum Stories: 2 Additions and Alterations: Chimneys: 0 Foundation: Unknown Foundation Material: Obscured Roof: Gable Roof Material: Composition shingles Main Entry: N façade cen., double wood 6-paneled doors, wood door frame Porch(es): Raised partial-width shallow incised porch N façade cen., main gable roof supported by brick walls over brick platform, brick step approach Windows: Sliding, metal-framed, individual, 2-light, faux wood shutters; fixed, metal-framed, picture window flanked w/fixed 1-light windows Distinguishing Features: Aluminum siding in gable ends, 2nd story; raked eaves; faux wooden structures

Ancillary Features: Concrete pathway to N main entry; concrete driveway to N, W of structure; carport attached to S of structure; chain link fence to W/E of structure Individually Eligible: NO Evaluation: Due to lack of sufficient historic significance and architectural distinction, 8LE06532 is ineligible for listing in the NRHP, either individually or as a contributing resource within a potential or existing historic Contributing Resource: NO district. Name: 2811 West Orange Avenue Built: ca. 1970 8LE06533 Original or Update: Original US Quad Map: TALLAHASSEE (2018) TRS: 01S01W9 Original Use: Private Residence (House Present Use: Private Residence (House Structural System: Wood frame Relocated: NO Style: Split Level Plan: T-shaped Exterior Fabric: Wood/Plywood, Brick Stories: 2 Additions and Alterations: Siding, windows replaced Chimneys: 0 Foundation: Slab Foundation Material: Concrete, Generic Roof: Gable/Hip Roof Material: Asphalt shingles Main Entry: NE façade N end, single wood door w/fanlight, wood door frame Porch(es): Partial-width raised open porch NE façade N of cen., main gable roof overhang supported by decorated metal post assemblies over brick platform, brick step approach Windows: Sliding, vinyl-framed, individual, 2-light

Distinguishing Features: Plywood siding 2nd story, porch; boxed eaves

Ancillary Features: Concrete driveway to NE of structure w/flanking brick pillars

Individually Eligible: NO Evaluation: Due to lack of sufficient historic significance and architectural distinction, 8LE06533 is ineligible for listing in the NRHP, either individually or as a contributing resource within a potential or existing historic Contributing Resource: NO district. Historic Resources within the Project APE Name: 2615 West Orange Avenue Built: ca. 1966 8LE06534 Original or Update: Original US Quad Map: TALLAHASSEE (2018) TRS: 01S01W10 Original Use: Private Residence (House Present Use: Private Residence (House Structural System: Wood frame Relocated: NO Style: Ranch Plan: Rectangular Exterior Fabric: Brick, Vertical plank Stories: 1 Additions and Alterations: Or earlier. Some vinyl windows Chimneys: 0 Foundation: Unknown Foundation Material: Obscured Roof: Gable Roof Material: Composition shingles Main Entry: N façade cen., single wood door sheltered by wood-framed glass storm door, wood door frame, wood-f Porch(es): Raised open partial-width porch N façade, main gable roof over brick platform, brick step approach to main entry Windows: SHS, vinyl-framed, individual and paired, 1/1; fixed, aluminum-framed, groups of 2 and 3, 2-light

Distinguishing Features: Concrete lattice blocks N façade W end, vertical plank in gable ends, eave returns

Ancillary Features: Asphalt driveway to W of structure, carport attached to W of structure, bushes and wood fence to W of structure; bush-lined concrete pathway to N Individually Eligible: NO Evaluation: Due to lack of sufficient historic significance and architectural distinction, 8LE06534 is ineligible for listing in the NRHP, either individually or as a contributing resource within a potential or existing historic Contributing Resource: NO district. Name: 2610 Pottsdamer Street Built: ca. 1973 8LE06535 Original or Update: Original US Quad Map: TALLAHASSEE (2018) TRS: 01S01W10 Original Use: Private Residence (House Present Use: Private Residence (House Structural System: Wood frame Relocated: NO Style: Ranch Plan: Rectangular Exterior Fabric: Brick, Wood/Plywood Stories: 1 Additions and Alterations: Chimneys: 0 Foundation: Slab Foundation Material: Concrete, Generic Roof: Cross-gabled Roof Material: Composition shingles Main Entry: E façade S of cen., double wood doors w/rect. lights, wood door frame, wood-framed sidelight to N Porch(es): Open partial-width porch E façade S of cen., gable roof supported by wood posts over brick platform

Windows: Fixed, aluminum-framed, groups of 2 and 3, 1-light

Distinguishing Features: Wood siding and vents in gable ends, rowlock course windowsills, raked eaves

Ancillary Features: Concrete driveway to N of structure, shrub line/planters to E of structure, vinyl fence to W of structure; part of resource group 8LE06484 Individually Eligible: NO Evaluation: Due to lack of sufficient historic significance and architectural distinction, 8LE06535 is ineligible for listing in the NRHP, either individually or as a contributing resource within a potential or existing historic Contributing Resource: NO district. Name: 2611 Pottsdamer Street Built: ca. 1958 8LE06536 Original or Update: Original US Quad Map: TALLAHASSEE (2018) TRS: 01S01W10 Original Use: Private Residence (House Present Use: Private Residence (House Structural System: Wood frame Relocated: NO Style: Ranch Plan: Rectangular Exterior Fabric: Brick, Aluminum Stories: 1 Additions and Alterations: Chimneys: 1 Foundation: Unknown Foundation Material: Obscured Roof: Gable Roof Material: Composition shingles Main Entry: S façade cen., single wood door w/fanlight, wood door frame, raised w/brick step and wood railing app Porch(es): None

Windows: Awning, metal-framed, individual, 2-light; SHS, metal-framed, paired, 1/1; jalousie, metal-framed, group of 4, multi-light Distinguishing Features: Shallowly pitched gable roof, rowlock course windowsills and window heads, sailor course at lower quarter of façades, aluminum siding in gable ends Ancillary Features: Carport attached to E of structure, concrete pathway to main entry, concrete driveway S of structure; part of resource group 8LE06484 Individually Eligible: NO Evaluation: Due to lack of sufficient historic significance and architectural distinction, 8LE06536 is ineligible for listing in the NRHP, either individually or as a contributing resource within a potential or existing historic Contributing Resource: NO district. Historic Resources within the Project APE Name: 2710 Catherine Ross Lane Built: ca. 1944 8LE06537 Original or Update: Original US Quad Map: TALLAHASSEE (2018) TRS: 01S01W10 Original Use: Private Residence (House Present Use: Private Residence (House Structural System: Wood frame Relocated: NO Style: Frame Vernacular Plan: Rectangular Exterior Fabric: Horizontal plank, Drop siding Stories: 1 Additions and Alterations: UNK date. N porch enclosed; UNK date. Door, some windows replaced Chimneys: 1 Foundation: Piers Foundation Material: Concrete Block Roof: Gable Roof Material: Asphalt shingles Main Entry: E façade N end, single wood 6-paneled door sheltered by wood/screen storm door Porch(es): Raised closed partial-width porch N façade W end, gable roof supported by wood frame walls w/horizontal plank siding set on brick platform/foundation Windows: Awning, metal-framed, individual, 4-light; jalousie, metal-framed, group of 5, multi-light; DHS, wood- framed, individual and paired, 4/4 Distinguishing Features: Metal security bars on some windows, exposed rafter tails, gable end vents, extended eaves Ancillary Features: Chain link gate to E of structure, abandoned concrete block garage w/corrugated sheet metal roof to S of structure Individually Eligible: NO Evaluation: Due to lack of sufficient historic significance and architectural distinction, 8LE06537 is ineligible for listing in the NRHP, either individually or as a contributing resource within a potential or existing historic Contributing Resource: NO district. Name: 1607 West Orange Avenue Built: ca. 1972 8LE06538 Original or Update: Original US Quad Map: TALLAHASSEE (2018) TRS: 01S01W10 Original Use: Private Residence (House Present Use: Private Residence (House Structural System: Concrete block Relocated: NO Style: Masonry Vernacular Plan: Rectangular Exterior Fabric: Brick, Aluminum Stories: 1 Additions and Alterations: Metal wheelchair ramp; Vinyl door, shutters, windows Chimneys: 0 Foundation: Continuous Foundation Material: Concrete Block Roof: Gable Roof Material: Composition shingles Main Entry: N façade cen., single vinyl 6-paneled door, wood door frame, faux vinyl shutters, raised on brick platfor Porch(es): None

Windows: SHS, metal-framed, group of 3, 9/6; SHS, vinyl-framed, individual and paired, 8/8

Distinguishing Features: Aluminum siding at roof line and windowsill line N façade and E, W façades; faux vinyl window shutters; raked wood eaves Ancillary Features: Metal wheelchair ramp N of structure, concrete driveway to N of structure

Individually Eligible: NO Evaluation: Due to lack of sufficient historic significance and architectural distinction, 8LE06538 is ineligible for listing in the NRHP, either individually or as a contributing resource within a potential or existing historic Contributing Resource: NO district. Name: 1606 West Orange Avenue Built: ca. 1958 8LE06539 Original or Update: Original US Quad Map: TALLAHASSEE (2018) TRS: 01S01W10 Original Use: Private Residence (House Present Use: Private Residence (House Structural System: Concrete block Relocated: NO Style: Masonry Vernacular Plan: T-shaped Exterior Fabric: Concrete block, Artbrick, artstone Stories: 1 Additions and Alterations: Or earlier. Vinyl windows Chimneys: 1 Foundation: Continuous Foundation Material: Concrete Block Roof: Gable/Flat Roof Material: Composition shingles/Composition roll Main Entry: S façade E of cen., single wood-paneled door sheltered by metal/screen storm door Porch(es): Raised open partial-width porch S façade E of cen., gable roof supported by turned metal columns over concrete platform Windows: SHS, vinyl-framed, individual, paired, and groups of 3, 1/1

Distinguishing Features: Artstone banding S façade, gable end vent, T1-11 siding in gable ends, raked eaves, concrete windowsills Ancillary Features: Carport attached to W façade, concrete block planter S façade, rect. outbuilding to NW of structure, gravel driveway to SW; part of RG 8LE06484 Individually Eligible: NO Evaluation: Due to lack of sufficient historic significance and architectural distinction, 8LE06539 is ineligible for listing in the NRHP, either individually or as a contributing resource within a potential or existing historic Contributing Resource: NO district. Historic Resources within the Project APE Name: 1605 West Orange Avenue Built: ca. 1972 8LE06540 Original or Update: Original US Quad Map: TALLAHASSEE (2018) TRS: 01S01W10 Original Use: Private Residence (House Present Use: Private Residence (House Structural System: Concrete block Relocated: NO Style: Masonry Vernacular Plan: Rectangular Exterior Fabric: Stucco, Concrete block Stories: 1 Additions and Alterations: Or earlier. Vinyl door, windows Chimneys: 0 Foundation: Continuous Foundation Material: Concrete Block Roof: Cross-gabled Roof Material: Composition shingles Main Entry: S façade cen., single vinyl door w/9-light rect. window, wood ramp approach, beneath gable extension Porch(es): None

Windows: SHS, vinyl-framed, individual and paired, 6/6 and 9/6; paired 9/6 windows in place of picture window

Distinguishing Features: Some Ranch-style characteristics, stucco faux quoins N façade corners, red stucco window and door surrounds, concrete kneewall N façade E end Ancillary Features: Concrete driveway to N of structure, wood ramp attached to N façade

Individually Eligible: NO Evaluation: Due to lack of sufficient historic significance and architectural distinction, 8LE06540 is ineligible for listing in the NRHP, either individually or as a contributing resource within a potential or existing historic Contributing Resource: NO district. Name: 1519 West Orange Avenue Built: ca. 1960 8LE06541 Original or Update: Original US Quad Map: TALLAHASSEE (2018) TRS: 01S01W11 Original Use: Private Residence (House Present Use: House of worship Structural System: Concrete block Relocated: NO Style: Masonry Vernacular Plan: Rectangular Exterior Fabric: Brick, Concrete block Stories: 1 Additions and Alterations: Or earlier. Vinyl windows, door replaced Chimneys: 0 Foundation: Continuous Foundation Material: Concrete Block Roof: Cross-gabled Roof Material: Asphalt shingles Main Entry: N façade cen., metal-framed glass commercial-style door Porch(es): None

Windows: Sliding, vinyl-framed, individual, 2-light w/faux vinyl 6-light division; SHS, vinyl-framed, individual, 1/1

Distinguishing Features: Vents and T-11 siding in gable ends, brick veneer N façade, wood window surrounds, raked eaves, rowlock course windowsills and roof line Ancillary Features: Rect. outbuilding to SE of structure, chain link fence abutting E façade, concrete ramp w/metal railing attached to W façade, concrete parking lot N Individually Eligible: NO Evaluation: Due to lack of sufficient historic significance and architectural distinction, 8LE06541 is ineligible for listing in the NRHP, either individually or as a contributing resource within a potential or existing historic Contributing Resource: NO district. Name: Liberty Park Subdivision Built: ca. 1960 8LE06542 Original or Update: Original US Quad Map: TALLAHASSEE (2018) TRS: 01S01W11 Original Use: Present Use: Structural System: Relocated: Style: Plan: Exterior Fabric: Stories: Additions and Alterations: Chimneys: Foundation: Foundation Material: Roof: Roof Material: Main Entry: See ReportPorch(es): for Description and Assessment Windows: Distinguishing Features:

Ancillary Features:

Individually Eligible: YES Evaluation: Liberty Park Subdivision (8LE06542) is significant under Criterion A as a good, intact example of a Black neighborhood that was heavily developed following the 1968 Housing Act, and is recommended eligible Contributing Resource: NO for listing in the NRHP. Historic Resources within the Project APE Name: 1417 West Orange Avenue Built: ca. 1972 8LE06543 Original or Update: Original US Quad Map: TALLAHASSEE (2018) TRS: 01S01W11 Original Use: Private Residence (House Present Use: Private Residence (House Structural System: Wood frame Relocated: NO Style: Frame Vernacular Plan: Rectangular Exterior Fabric: Brick, Aluminum Stories: 1 Additions and Alterations: N end brick-enclosed carport; Vinyl door, windows Chimneys: 0 Foundation: Slab Foundation Material: Concrete, Generic Roof: Gable Roof Material: Asphalt shingles Main Entry: W façade cen., single vinyl door w/fanlight Porch(es): Open partial-width porch W façade cen., main gable roof overhang supported by wood post over concrete platform Windows: SHS, vinyl-framed, individual, 1/1

Distinguishing Features: Eave returns, raked eaves, N end brick veneer

Ancillary Features: Chain link fence to W of structure, vertical plank wood fence abutting N façade; part of resource group 8LE06542 Individually Eligible: NO Evaluation: Resource 8LE06543 is eligible for listing in the NRHP as a contributing resource to 8LE06542 for significance under Criterion A for African American history and community planning and development. Contributing Resource: YES Name: 1415 West Orange Avenue Built: ca. 1972 8LE06544 Original or Update: Original US Quad Map: TALLAHASSEE (2018) TRS: 01S01W11 Original Use: Private Residence (House Present Use: Private Residence (House Structural System: Wood frame Relocated: NO Style: Masonry Vernacular Plan: Rectangular Exterior Fabric: Wood/Plywood, Vertical plank Stories: 1 Additions and Alterations: Enclosed carport; Or earlier. Some windows replaced Chimneys: 0 Foundation: Continuous Foundation Material: Concrete Block Roof: Gable/Flat Roof Material: Asphalt shingles/Composition roll Main Entry: N façade E of cen., single vinyl-paneled door w/metal-framed glass storm door Porch(es): Open partial-width porch S façade cen./W end, flat roof supported by wood posts over concrete decking

Windows: SHS, vinyl-framed, individual, 1/1

Distinguishing Features: Eave returns, boxed and raked eaves, brick veneer N façade, rowlock course windowsills, vents in gable ends Ancillary Features: Brick planters to N of structure; part of resource group 8LE06542

Individually Eligible: NO Evaluation: Resource 8LE06544 is eligible for listing in the NRHP as a contributing resource to 8LE06542 for significance under Criterion A for African American history and community planning and development. Contributing Resource: YES Name: 1413 West Orange Avenue Built: ca. 1972 8LE06545 Original or Update: Original US Quad Map: TALLAHASSEE (2018) TRS: 01S01W11 Original Use: Private Residence (House Present Use: Private Residence (House Structural System: Wood frame Relocated: NO Style: Minimal Traditional Plan: L-shaped Exterior Fabric: Wood/Plywood, Brick Stories: 1 Additions and Alterations: Enclosed carport; Chimneys: 0 Foundation: Continuous Foundation Material: Concrete Block Roof: Cross-gabled Roof Material: Composition shingles Main Entry: N façade cen., single wood 6-paneled door w/metal-framed glass storm door Porch(es): Open partial-width porch N façade, gable roof supported by wood posts over concrete platform

Windows: SHS, metal-framed, individual, 6/6 and 8/8

Distinguishing Features: Brick veneer N façade, eave returns, gable end vents, rowlock course windowsills

Ancillary Features: Concrete driveway to N façade, rect. shed to SW of structure; part of resource group 8LE06542 Individually Eligible: NO Evaluation: Resource 8LE06545 is eligible for listing in the NRHP as a contributing resource to 8LE06542 for significance under Criterion A for African American history and community planning and development. Contributing Resource: YES Historic Resources within the Project APE Name: 1411 West Orange Avenue Built: ca. 1972 8LE06546 Original or Update: Original US Quad Map: TALLAHASSEE (2018) TRS: 01S01W11 Original Use: Private Residence (House Present Use: Private Residence (House Structural System: Wood frame Relocated: NO Style: Frame Vernacular Plan: Rectangular Exterior Fabric: Aluminum, Brick Stories: 1 Additions and Alterations: UNK date. Carport N façade; Chimneys: 0 Foundation: Slab Foundation Material: Concrete, Generic Roof: Gable Roof Material: Composition shingles Main Entry: N façade cen., single door obscured by metal-framed glass storm door Porch(es): Open carport N façade cen. and W end, gable roof supported by wood posts over concrete platform, shelters main entry Windows: SHS, metal-framed, individual, 8/8

Distinguishing Features: Wood window surrounds, boxed and raked eaves, eave returns, brick veneer N façade lower quarter w/rowlock course, gable end vents Ancillary Features: Chain link fence abutting E, W façades; concrete driveway to N/E of structure; part of resource group 8LE06542 Individually Eligible: NO Evaluation: Resource 8LE06546 is eligible for listing in the NRHP as a contributing resource to 8LE06542 for significance under Criterion A for African American history and community planning and development. Contributing Resource: YES Name: 1405 West Orange Avenue Built: ca. 1972 8LE06547 Original or Update: Original US Quad Map: TALLAHASSEE (2018) TRS: 01S01W11 Original Use: Private Residence (House Present Use: Private Residence (House Structural System: Wood frame Relocated: NO Style: Masonry Vernacular Plan: Rectangular Exterior Fabric: Wood/Plywood, Brick Stories: 1 Additions and Alterations: Enclosed carport; Chimneys: 0 Foundation: Continuous Foundation Material: Concrete Block Roof: Gable/Shed Roof Material: Sheet metal:corrugated Main Entry: N façade cen., single door obscured by metal-framed glass storm door Porch(es): Open partial-width porch N façade cen., shed roof supported by wood posts over concrete platform

Windows: SHS, metal-framed, paired, 6/6; SHS, metal-framed, individual, 1/2

Distinguishing Features: Soldier course above door, rowlock course at windowsill at foundation line, eave returns, raked eaves Ancillary Features: Concrete driveway to N of structure; part of resource group 8LE06542

Individually Eligible: NO Evaluation: Resource 8LE06547 is eligible for listing in the NRHP as a contributing resource to 8LE06542 for significance under Criterion A for African American history and community planning and development. Contributing Resource: YES Name: 1403 West Orange Avenue Built: ca. 1972 8LE06548 Original or Update: Original US Quad Map: TALLAHASSEE (2018) TRS: 01S01W11 Original Use: Private Residence (House Present Use: Private Residence (House Structural System: Wood frame Relocated: NO Style: Frame Vernacular Plan: Rectangular Exterior Fabric: Aluminum, Brick Stories: 1 Additions and Alterations: Enclosed carport; Chimneys: 0 Foundation: Continuous Foundation Material: Concrete Block Roof: Gable/Flat Roof Material: Composition shingles/Composition roll Main Entry: N façade E of cen., single door obscured by metal-framed glass storm door Porch(es): Open partial-width porch N façade cen./W, flat roof supported by wood post over concrete platform

Windows: SHS, metal-framed, paired, 2/2 and 6/6, w/metal security bars

Distinguishing Features: Brick veneer and stucco lower half and aluminum siding upper half N façade, eave returns, raked and boxed eaves, large satellite on roof Ancillary Features: Concrete driveway N of structure, chain link fence on E parcel boundary; part of resource group 8LE06542 Individually Eligible: NO Evaluation: Resource 8LE06548 is eligible for listing in the NRHP as a contributing resource to 8LE06542 for significance under Criterion A for African American history and community planning and development. Contributing Resource: YES Historic Resources within the Project APE Name: 1401 West Orange Avenue Built: ca. 1969 8LE06549 Original or Update: Original US Quad Map: TALLAHASSEE (2018) TRS: 01S01W11 Original Use: Private Residence (House Present Use: Vacant Structural System: Concrete block Relocated: NO Style: Masonry Vernacular Plan: Rectangular Exterior Fabric: Stucco, Drop siding Stories: 1 Additions and Alterations: Chimneys: 0 Foundation: Slab Foundation Material: Concrete, Generic Roof: Gable Roof Material: Asphalt shingles Main Entry: N façade W end, single wood 6-paneled door w/wood-framed screen storm door Porch(es): Open partial-width porch N façade W end, shed roof supported by wood posts and eave brackets over concrete decking Windows: SHS, metal-framed, individual, 1/1

Distinguishing Features: Concrete windowsills, drop siding and vents in gable ends, raked eaves

Ancillary Features: Chain link fence on W parcel boundary; part of resource group 8LE06542

Individually Eligible: NO Evaluation: Resource 8LE06549 is eligible for listing in the NRHP as a contributing resource to 8LE06542 for significance under Criterion A for African American history and community planning and development. Contributing Resource: YES Name: 1399 West Orange Avenue Built: ca. 1950 8LE06550 Original or Update: Original US Quad Map: TALLAHASSEE (2018) TRS: 01S01W11 Original Use: Private Residence (House Present Use: Vacant Structural System: Wood frame Relocated: NO Style: Frame Vernacular Plan: Rectangular Exterior Fabric: Shingles-asbestos Stories: 1 Additions and Alterations: Chimneys: 0 Foundation: Piers Foundation Material: Concrete Block Roof: Gable Roof Material: Asphalt shingles Main Entry: N façade cen., single wood 4-paneled door w/4-light rect. window, wood-framed screen storm door Porch(es): Raised open partial-width porch N façade cen., shed extension roof supported by wood posts over wood platform, wood step approach Windows: SHS, wood-framed, individual and paired, 6/6

Distinguishing Features: Wood lattice skirting around foundation, raked eaves

Ancillary Features: Gravel driveway to N, W of structure; wood stairs attached to W façade; part of resource group 8LE06542 Individually Eligible: NO Evaluation: Resource 8LE06550 is eligible for listing in the NRHP as a contributing resource to 8LE06542 for significance under Criterion A for African American history and community planning and development. Contributing Resource: YES Name: 1397 West Orange Avenue Built: ca. 1972 8LE06551 Original or Update: Original US Quad Map: TALLAHASSEE (2018) TRS: 01S01W11 Original Use: Private Residence (House Present Use: Private Residence (House Structural System: Wood frame Relocated: NO Style: Masonry Vernacular Plan: Rectangular Exterior Fabric: Wood/Plywood, Brick Stories: 1 Additions and Alterations: UNK date. Bars, vinyl windows/door Chimneys: 0 Foundation: Continuous Foundation Material: Concrete Block Roof: Gable/Flat Roof Material: Asphalt shingles/Composition roll Main Entry: N façade E of cen., single vinyl-paneled door w/oval light, wood door frame Porch(es): Open partial-width porch N façade cen./W end, flat roof supported by wood posts over concrete platform Windows: SHS, vinyl-framed, paired, 6/6; SHS, metal-framed, individual, 2/2

Distinguishing Features: N façade brick veneer, metal security bars on windows, plywood in gable end

Ancillary Features: Chain link fence to W of structure, concrete driveway to N/W of structure; part of resource group 8LE06542 Individually Eligible: NO Evaluation: Resource 8LE06551 is eligible for listing in the NRHP as a contributing resource to 8LE06542 for significance under Criterion A for African American history and community planning and development. Contributing Resource: YES Historic Resources within the Project APE Name: 1395 West Orange Avenue Built: ca. 1972 8LE06552 Original or Update: Original US Quad Map: TALLAHASSEE (2018) TRS: 01S01W11 Original Use: Private Residence (House Present Use: Private Residence (House Structural System: Wood frame Relocated: NO Style: Masonry Vernacular Plan: Rectangular Exterior Fabric: Brick, Board and batten Stories: 1 Additions and Alterations: Carport enclosed; Roof form modified Chimneys: 0 Foundation: Continuous Foundation Material: Concrete Block Roof: Gable/Shed Roof Material: Composition shingles/Sheet metal:corrugated Main Entry: N façade E of cen., single wood-paneled door w/metal lattice/screen storm door Porch(es): Open partial-width porch N façade cen./W end, shed roof supported by wood posts over concrete platform Windows: SHS, aluminum-framed, paired, 6/6

Distinguishing Features: Horizontal plank and porthole vent in gable ends, brick veneer N façade, rowlock course at windowsill, boxed eaves Ancillary Features: Concrete driveway to N of structure, woods on E parcel boundary; part of resource group 8LE06542 Individually Eligible: NO Evaluation: Resource 8LE06552 is eligible for listing in the NRHP as a contributing resource to 8LE06542 for significance under Criterion A for African American history and community planning and development. Contributing Resource: YES Name: 1142 West Orange Avenue Built: ca. 1963 8LE06553 Original or Update: Original US Quad Map: TALLAHASSEE (2018) TRS: 01S01W11 Original Use: Commercial Present Use: Commercial Structural System: Wood frame Relocated: NO Style: Commercial Plan: Rectangular Exterior Fabric: Vertical plank, Wood/Plywood Stories: 1 Additions and Alterations: Or earlier. Rect. gable-roofed add. SE; Chimneys: 0 Foundation: Slab Foundation Material: Concrete, Generic Roof: Flat/Gable Roof Material: Composition roll/Sheet metal:corrugated Main Entry: SW façade W of cen., single metal-framed glass commercial-style door, wood door frame Porch(es): None

Windows: Fixed, wood-framed, individual and paired, 1-light; fixed, wood-framed, group of 3 in bay, 1-light; some windows boarded and/or have security bars Distinguishing Features: Wide overhanging eave SW, NW façades; vertical plank on eaves, SW, NW façades; SW façade cen. bay w/one window boarded Ancillary Features: Concrete parking lot to SW, SE, NW of structure; ca. 2007 aluminum carport attached to SW façade S end Individually Eligible: NO Evaluation: Due to lack of sufficient historic significance and architectural distinction, 8LE06553 is ineligible for listing in the NRHP, either individually or as a contributing resource within a potential or existing historic Contributing Resource: NO district. Name: 1133 West Orange Avenue Built: ca. 1969 8LE06554 Original or Update: Original US Quad Map: TALLAHASSEE (2018) TRS: 01S01W11 Original Use: Commercial Present Use: House of worship Structural System: Metal skeleton Relocated: NO Style: Masonry Vernacular Plan: Rectangular Exterior Fabric: Molded concrete block, Metal Stories: 1 Additions and Alterations: Rect. N end may be an addition; Crosses, signage added to N façade Chimneys: 0 Foundation: Slab Foundation Material: Concrete, Generic Roof: Gable Roof Material: Sheet metal:corrugated Main Entry: W façade N end, single wood door w/1-light rect. window, wood door frame Porch(es): Open partial-width porch W façade N end, cloth awning over concrete decking, shelters main entry

Windows: SHS, metal-framed, individual, 1/1 and 2/2

Distinguishing Features: Shallowly pitched gable roof; masonry N end w/stained glass crosses, crown sculpture, signage; corrugated metal siding S end E/W/S ends Ancillary Features: Concrete parking lot to W of structure, chain link fence attached to W façade N end

Individually Eligible: NO Evaluation: Due to lack of sufficient historic significance and architectural distinction, 8LE06554 is ineligible for listing in the NRHP, either individually or as a contributing resource within a potential or existing historic Contributing Resource: NO district. Historic Resources within the Project APE Name: 1122 West Orange Avenue Built: ca. 1957 8LE06555 Original or Update: Original US Quad Map: TALLAHASSEE (2018) TRS: 01S01W11 Original Use: Private Residence (House Present Use: Educational-related Structural System: Wood frame Relocated: NO Style: Ranch Plan: Rectangular Exterior Fabric: Brick Stories: 1 Additions and Alterations: Vinyl door Chimneys: 1 Foundation: Unknown Foundation Material: Obscured Roof: Hip Roof Material: Asphalt shingles Main Entry: S façade E of cen., single vinyl-paneled door w/rect. multi-light window Porch(es): Open raised partial-width porch S façade E of cen., gable extension roof supported by decorative metal post assemblies over brick platform Windows: SHS, metal-framed, individual and paired, 6/6; picture, metal-framed, fixed picture window flanked by 3- light awning windows Distinguishing Features: Steeply pitched hip roof, boxed eaves, rowlock course windowsills, rect. foundation vents, brick chimney on W façade N end Ancillary Features: Concrete circular driveway, "Horizons Unlimited Preschool" sign to S of structure, rect. shed to NE of structure, chain link fence abutting E façade Individually Eligible: NO Evaluation: Due to lack of sufficient historic significance and architectural distinction, 8LE06555 is ineligible for listing in the NRHP, either individually or as a contributing resource within a potential or existing historic Contributing Resource: NO district. Name: 1115 West Orange Avenue Built: ca. 1967 8LE06556 Original or Update: Original US Quad Map: TALLAHASSEE (2018) TRS: 01S01W11 Original Use: Warehouse Present Use: Warehouse Structural System: Metal skeleton Relocated: NO Style: Industrial Vernacular Plan: Rectangular Exterior Fabric: Aluminum Stories: 1 Additions and Alterations: Chimneys: 0 Foundation: Unknown Foundation Material: Obscured Roof: Gable/Shed Roof Material: Sheet metal:corrugated Main Entry: N façade cen., single metal door, metal door frame Porch(es): None

Windows: SHS, metal-framed, individual and paired, 1/1 and 6/6

Distinguishing Features: Steeply pitched gable roof, rect. shed roof section on S end

Ancillary Features: Concrete-paved storage lot to N of structure surrounded by chain link fence, commercial sign "Quick Appliance Inc." to NW of structure Individually Eligible: NO Evaluation: Due to lack of sufficient historic significance and architectural distinction, 8LE06556 is ineligible for listing in the NRHP, either individually or as a contributing resource within a potential or existing historic Contributing Resource: NO district. Name: 1116A West Orange Avenue Built: ca. 1954 8LE06557 Original or Update: Original US Quad Map: TALLAHASSEE (2018) TRS: 01S01W11 Original Use: Private Residence (House Present Use: Private Residence (House Structural System: Concrete block Relocated: NO Style: Masonry Vernacular Plan: Rectangular Exterior Fabric: Concrete block Stories: 1 Additions and Alterations: UNK date. Shed addition to W; UNK date. Some windows, doors boarded Chimneys: 0 Foundation: Slab Foundation Material: Concrete, Generic Roof: Gable/Shed Roof Material: Asphalt shingles Main Entry: W façade N end, single wood door, wood door frame Porch(es): Open full-width porch W façade, shed roof extension supported by wood posts over concrete decking

Windows: SHS, metal-framed, individual, 8/8 and 12/12

Distinguishing Features: T1-11 siding in gable ends, raked eaves, some windows and doors boarded

Ancillary Features: Gravel driveway to W of structure, shed w/flat roof to N of structure; shares a parcel with and located E of 8LE06558 Individually Eligible: NO Evaluation: Due to lack of sufficient historic significance and architectural distinction, 8LE06557 is ineligible for listing in the NRHP, either individually or as a contributing resource within a potential or existing historic Contributing Resource: NO district. Historic Resources within the Project APE Name: 1116B West Orange Avenue Built: ca. 1954 8LE06558 Original or Update: Original US Quad Map: TALLAHASSEE (2018) TRS: 01S01W11 Original Use: Private Residence (House Present Use: Private Residence (House Structural System: Wood frame Relocated: NO Style: Frame Vernacular Plan: Rectangular Exterior Fabric: Vertical plank, Drop siding Stories: 1 Additions and Alterations: UNK date. Siding replaced,porch enclosed Chimneys: 0 Foundation: Piers Foundation Material: Obscured Roof: Gable Roof Material: Asphalt shingles Main Entry: Obscured by closed porch, likely S façade w/in porch Porch(es): Raised closed partial-width porch S façade E end, hip extension roof, vertical plank walls w/SHS metal- framed 2/2 windows, concrete block platform, wood step approach Windows: SHS, metal-framed, individual and paired, 2/2; SHS, metal-framed, individual, 1/1, sliding, metal-framed, individual, 2-light Distinguishing Features: Drop siding in gable end, foundation obscured by plywood skirting, steeply pitched gable roof, raked eaves Ancillary Features: Chain link fence on S parcel boundary, shares a parcel with and located W of 8LE06557

Individually Eligible: NO Evaluation: Due to lack of sufficient historic significance and architectural distinction, 8LE06558 is ineligible for listing in the NRHP, either individually or as a contributing resource within a potential or existing historic Contributing Resource: NO district. Name: 1113 West Orange Avenue Built: ca. 1940 8LE06559 Original or Update: Original US Quad Map: TALLAHASSEE (2018) TRS: 01S01W11 Original Use: Agricultural Present Use: Commercial Structural System: Wood frame Relocated: NO Style: Frame Vernacular Plan: Rectangular Exterior Fabric: Drop siding Stories: 2 Additions and Alterations: UNK date. Some windows replaced Chimneys: 0 Foundation: Unknown Foundation Material: Obscured Roof: Gable Roof Material: Sheet metal:corrugated Main Entry: SW façade cen., single wood door, wood door frame, wood patio and step approach Porch(es): None

Windows: Awning, metal-framed, individual, 3-light; SHS, metal-framed, individual, 4/1

Distinguishing Features: Exposed rafter tails; rect. "US Main Custom Fabrication" sign on NW façade; wood patio attached to SW façade Ancillary Features: Chain link fence w/canvas screen around parcel boundary

Individually Eligible: NO Evaluation: Due to lack of sufficient historic significance and architectural distinction, 8LE06559 is ineligible for listing in the NRHP, either individually or as a contributing resource within a potential or existing historic Contributing Resource: NO district. Name: 802 West Orange Avenue Built: ca. 1972 8LE06560 Original or Update: Original US Quad Map: TALLAHASSEE (2018) TRS: 01S01W11 Original Use: Commercial Present Use: Commercial Structural System: Concrete block Relocated: NO Style: Commercial Plan: Rectangular Exterior Fabric: Concrete block Stories: 1 Additions and Alterations: Security bars added Chimneys: 0 Foundation: Slab Foundation Material: Concrete, Generic Roof: Flat Roof Material: Composition roll Main Entry: S façade E of cen., paired single metal-framed glass commercial-style doors, metal door frames Porch(es): None

Windows: Fixed, metal-framed, paired, 1-light commercial-style; fixed, metal-framed, central 1/1 window flanked by 1-light windows Distinguishing Features: Wide overhanging slanted eaves; lettering on S façade W end "OCEAN SEAFOOD MARKET"; security bars on windows, doors; aluminum-framed storefront Ancillary Features: Asphalt-paved parking lot N/W/S of structure; concrete step approach

Individually Eligible: NO Evaluation: Due to lack of sufficient historic significance and architectural distinction, 8LE06560 is ineligible for listing in the NRHP, either individually or as a contributing resource within a potential or existing historic Contributing Resource: NO district. Historic Resources within the Project APE Name: Nims Middle School Built: ca. 1960 8LE06561 Original or Update: Original US Quad Map: TALLAHASSEE (2018) TRS: 01S01W11 Original Use: School Present Use: School Structural System: Concrete block Relocated: NO Style: Mixed, none dominant Plan: Irregular Exterior Fabric: Stucco, Concrete block Stories: 2 Additions and Alterations: Or earlier. Rect. additions to NW, SW; Windows, doors, roof replaced Chimneys: 0 Foundation: Slab Foundation Material: Concrete, Generic Roof: Gable/Pyramid Roof Material: Sheet metal:standing seam Main Entry: N façade cen., double metal-framed glass commercial-style doors, metal door frame, 2-light sidelights a Porch(es): Open partial-width porch N façade cen., pyramid roof supported by concrete block pillars over concrete decking Windows: Fixed, metal-framed, groups of 3, 4, and 6, 1-light

Distinguishing Features: Circular vents in gable ends, N façade gable extensions w/full-height projecting bays, standing seam sheet metal in gable ends Ancillary Features: Asphalt-paved parking lot to structure N, metal fence w/concrete pillars N parcel boundary, metal flat-roofed covered walkway btwn porch/NW building Individually Eligible: NO Evaluation: Due to lack of sufficient historic significance and architectural distinction, 8LE06561 is ineligible for listing in the NRHP, either individually or as a contributing resource within a potential or existing historic Contributing Resource: NO district. Name: 720 West Orange Avenue Built: ca. 1968 8LE06562 Original or Update: Original US Quad Map: TALLAHASSEE (2018) TRS: 01S01W11 Original Use: Store Present Use: Store Structural System: Concrete block Relocated: NO Style: Commercial Plan: Rectangular Exterior Fabric: Stucco Stories: 1 Additions and Alterations: Or earlier. Security bars added Chimneys: 0 Foundation: Slab Foundation Material: Concrete, Generic Roof: Flat Roof Material: Built-up Main Entry: S façade E of cen. and E end, single metal-framed glass commercial-style doors, metal door frames Porch(es): None

Windows: Fixed, metal-framed, multiple groupings, 1-light; transom, metal-framed, individual, 1-light

Distinguishing Features: Overhanging flat eave w/"Don's Grocery" plastic sign attached; metal security bars on windows, doors Ancillary Features: Concrete-paved parking lot to W, S of structure

Individually Eligible: NO Evaluation: Due to lack of sufficient historic significance and architectural distinction, 8LE06562 is ineligible for listing in the NRHP, either individually or as a contributing resource within a potential or existing historic Contributing Resource: NO district. Name: 716 West Orange Avenue Built: ca. 1972 8LE06563 Original or Update: Original US Quad Map: TALLAHASSEE (2018) TRS: 01S01W Original Use: Commercial Present Use: Auto repair/Gas station Structural System: Concrete block Relocated: NO Style: Commercial Plan: Rectangular Exterior Fabric: Brick, Stucco Stories: 1 Additions and Alterations: Chimneys: 0 Foundation: Slab Foundation Material: Concrete, Generic Roof: Gable Roof Material: Composition shingles Main Entry: S façade cen., single metal-framed glass door Porch(es): None

Windows: Fixed, metal-framed, paired, 1-light commercial-style

Distinguishing Features: Brick veneer W, S, E façades; rowlock course at windowsill level S façade; gable end vents; "King of Diamond Auto Spa & Detail Shop" vinyl door sign Ancillary Features: Asphalt-paved lot to W, S of structure; aluminum carports to NW, S of structure; sidewalk adjacent to W, S, E façades Individually Eligible: NO Evaluation: Due to lack of sufficient historic significance and architectural distinction, 8LE06563 is ineligible for listing in the NRHP, either individually or as a contributing resource within a potential or existing historic Contributing Resource: NO district. Historic Resources within the Project APE Name: 702 West Orange Avenue Built: ca. 1974 8LE06564 Original or Update: Original US Quad Map: TALLAHASSEE (2018) TRS: 01S01W11 Original Use: Commercial Present Use: Commercial Structural System: Concrete block Relocated: NO Style: Commercial Plan: Rectangular Exterior Fabric: Stucco Stories: 1 Additions and Alterations: Chimneys: 0 Foundation: Slab Foundation Material: Concrete, Generic Roof: Flat Roof Material: Built-up Main Entry: S façade, single and double metal-framed glass commercial-style door entries to each unit Porch(es): Open full-width porch S façade, projecting flat roof extension supported by wood posts over concrete slab walkway Windows: Fixed, metal-framed, paired and groups of 3, 1-light; transom, metal-framed, individual, 1-light; SHS, metal-framed, individual, 2/2 Distinguishing Features: Molded cornice S façade; projecting flat extension porch roof S façade w/molded cornices; stucco outline S façade E end; multiple aluminum storefronts Ancillary Features: Asphalt-paved parking lot to S of structure

Individually Eligible: NO Evaluation: Due to lack of sufficient historic significance and architectural distinction, 8LE06564 is ineligible for listing in the NRHP, either individually or as a contributing resource within a potential or existing historic Contributing Resource: NO district. Name: 617 Howard Avenue Built: ca. 1950 8LE06565 Original or Update: Original US Quad Map: TALLAHASSEE (2018) TRS: 01S01W12 Original Use: Private Residence (House Present Use: Private Residence (House Structural System: Wood frame Relocated: NO Style: Minimal Traditional Plan: Rectangular Exterior Fabric: Brick, Wood/Plywood Stories: 1 Additions and Alterations: Wheelchair ramp added N façade; Chimneys: 0 Foundation: Unknown Foundation Material: Obscured Roof: Gable Roof Material: Composition shingles Main Entry: N façade cen., single wood-paneled door w/metal bar storm door Porch(es): Open partial-width porch N façade cen., gable extension roof supported by turned metal columns over brick platform, wood ramp approach Windows: SHS, metal-framed, paired and groups of 3, 2/2

Distinguishing Features: Plywood in gable ends, faux wood shutters, rowlock windowsills, shaped plywood fascia on N porch gable end Ancillary Features: Brick pillar mailbox on N parcel boundary, concrete driveway to N of structure, carport attached to W façade; part of RG 8LE06485 Individually Eligible: NO Evaluation: Resource 8LE06565 is recommended individually ineligible for listing in the NRHP, but is potentially a contributing resource to 8LE06485. Contributing Resource: INSF Name: 613 Howard Avenue Built: ca. 1959 8LE06566 Original or Update: Original US Quad Map: TALLAHASSEE (2018) TRS: 01S01W12 Original Use: Private Residence (House Present Use: Private Residence (House Structural System: Wood frame Relocated: NO Style: Ranch Plan: Irregular Exterior Fabric: Brick Stories: 1 Additions and Alterations: Chimneys: 1 Foundation: Unknown Foundation Material: Obscured Roof: Gable on hip Roof Material: Asphalt shingles Main Entry: N façade cen., single door entry obscured by metal lattice storm door Porch(es): Open partial-width raised porch N façade, main hip/gable roof overhang supported by decorated metal post assemblies over concrete/brick platform, brick step approach w/metal railing Windows: SHS, aluminum, paired and groups of 2, 1/1; awning, aluminum, individual, 2-light; fixed, aluminum, picture window flanked by 1-light windows Distinguishing Features: Gable end vents; rowlock course windowsills; sailor course at window headers; boxed eaves Ancillary Features: Bush-lined concrete pathway structure N; carport attached to structure W w/S brick outbuilding; concrete driveway to structure N; part of RG 8LE06485 Individually Eligible: NO Evaluation: Resource 8LE06566 is recommended individually ineligible for listing in the NRHP, but is potentially a contributing resource to 8LE06485. Contributing Resource: INSF Historic Resources within the Project APE Name: 611 Howard Avenue Built: ca. 1955 8LE06567 Original or Update: Original US Quad Map: TALLAHASSEE (2018) TRS: 01S01W12 Original Use: Private Residence (House Present Use: Private Residence (House Structural System: Wood frame Relocated: NO Style: Minimal Traditional Plan: L-shaped Exterior Fabric: Brick, Wood/Plywood Stories: 1 Additions and Alterations: Vinyl doors Chimneys: 1 Foundation: Unknown Foundation Material: Obscured Roof: Gable Roof Material: Asphalt shingles Main Entry: N façade E of cen., single vinyl door w/oval light, sheltered by closed porch Porch(es): Raised closed partial-width porch N façade E end, gable roof over metal-framed screened openings and textured plywood siding and brick walls, concrete platform, metal-framed screen storm door entry, Windows: SHS, metal-framed, individual and paired, 1/1, w/stucco window surrounds

Distinguishing Features: Gable end vents; raked eaves, eave returns; upper 1/2 of façades T1-11 siding, lower 1/2 of façades brick w/rowlock course btwn; foundation vents Ancillary Features: Metal shed roofed- carport attached to E façade; concrete driveway to E of structure; concrete pathway to N of structure; part of RG 8LE06485 Individually Eligible: NO Evaluation: Resource 8LE06567 is recommended individually ineligible for listing in the NRHP, but is potentially a contributing resource to 8LE06485. Contributing Resource: INSF Name: 609 Howard Avenue Built: ca. 1963 8LE06568 Original or Update: Original US Quad Map: TALLAHASSEE (2018) TRS: 01S01W12 Original Use: Private Residence (House Present Use: Private Residence (House Structural System: Wood frame Relocated: NO Style: Masonry Vernacular Plan: L-shaped Exterior Fabric: Brick, Wood/Plywood Stories: 1 Additions and Alterations: UNK date. Screened porch E façade; UNK date. Security bars Chimneys: 0 Foundation: Unknown Foundation Material: Obscured Roof: Hip Roof Material: Composition shingles Main Entry: N façade cen., single wood-paneled door sheltered by metal bar storm door, wood door frame Porch(es): Raised open full-width porch N façade, hip extension porch roof supported by concrete Doric columns over brick platform Windows: SHS, metal-framed, individual, 12/12

Distinguishing Features: Metal security bars on windows, doors; faux wood window shutters; boxed eaves; Doric columns supporting porch, carport; plywood siding E end of struc. Ancillary Features: Concrete driveway to E of structure; carport to E of structure; concrete pathway and bushes to N of structure; part of RG 8LE06485 Individually Eligible: NO Evaluation: Resource 8LE06568 is recommended individually ineligible for listing in the NRHP, but is potentially a contributing resource to 8LE06485. Contributing Resource: INSF Name: 605 Howard Avenue Built: ca. 1955 8LE06569 Original or Update: Original US Quad Map: TALLAHASSEE (2018) TRS: 01S01W12 Original Use: Private Residence (House Present Use: Private Residence (House Structural System: Wood frame Relocated: NO Style: Masonry Vernacular Plan: Square Exterior Fabric: Brick Stories: 1 Additions and Alterations: Chimneys: 1 Foundation: Unknown Foundation Material: Obscured Roof: Gable on hip/Shed Roof Material: Sheet metal:standing seam Main Entry: N façade E of cen., single wood 8-paneled door w/metal-framed glass & security bar storm door, brick s Porch(es): None

Windows: SHS, aluminum-framed, individual and groups of 3, 2/2 and 4/4

Distinguishing Features: Small gable w/end vents on hip roof; rowlock course and concrete windowsills; soldier course above door; boxed eaves Ancillary Features: Concrete walkway, bushes to structure N; shed-roofed carport attached to W façade w/wood lattice wall; chain link fence W parcel; part of RG 8LE06485 Individually Eligible: NO Evaluation: Resource 8LE06569 is recommended individually ineligible for listing in the NRHP, but is potentially a contributing resource to 8LE06485. Contributing Resource: INSF Historic Resources within the Project APE Name: 523 Howard Avenue Built: ca. 1962 8LE06570 Original or Update: Original US Quad Map: TALLAHASSEE (2018) TRS: 01S01W12 Original Use: Private Residence (House Present Use: Private Residence (House Structural System: Wood frame Relocated: NO Style: Ranch Plan: L-shaped Exterior Fabric: Brick, Stucco Stories: 1 Additions and Alterations: Or later. Garage addition; Or earlier.Vinyl windows/door,porch encl Chimneys: 0 Foundation: Unknown Foundation Material: Obscured Roof: Gable Roof Material: Composition shingles Main Entry: W façade of incised porch, single vinyl door w/window, metal security bar storm door Porch(es): Incised porch N façade cen., main gable roof and gable extension supported by fluted concrete Doric columns and brick walls over brick platform, brick step approach, metal railing Windows: SHS, vinyl-framed, individual, 1/1; bay window, vinyl-framed, group of 3 SHS 1/1

Distinguishing Features: Raked eaves, circular gable end vents, vinyl faux window shutters, plywood siding N façade cen. Ancillary Features: Concrete pathway to N of structure, concrete driveway to W of structure; part of RG 8LE06485

Individually Eligible: NO Evaluation: Resource 8LE06570 is recommended individually ineligible for listing in the NRHP, but is potentially a contributing resource to 8LE06485. Contributing Resource: INSF Name: 520 West Orange Avenue Built: ca. 1960 8LE06571 Original or Update: Original US Quad Map: TALLAHASSEE (2018) TRS: 01S01W12 Original Use: Commercial Present Use: Commercial Structural System: Concrete block Relocated: NO Style: Commercial Plan: Rectangular Exterior Fabric: Concrete block, Artbrick, artstone Stories: 1 Additions and Alterations: Or later. W store unit; Or earlier. Windows altered,T1-11 siding Chimneys: 0 Foundation: Slab Foundation Material: Concrete, Generic Roof: Flat Roof Material: Built-up Main Entry: S façade E end, single metal-framed glass commercial-style door; S façade W end, single wood-framed Porch(es): Open full-width porch S façade, cloth awning over concrete walkway

Windows: Fixed, wood-framed, individual, 1-light commercial-style; SHS, aluminum-framed, individual, 4/2; sliding, aluminum-framed, individual, 2-light Distinguishing Features: Brick veneer S façade w/distinct brick between units; T1-11 siding S façade E end filling former window space Ancillary Features: Concrete-paved parking lot to N, E of structure; trees on N, W parcel boundaries; part of RG 8LE06485 Individually Eligible: NO Evaluation: Resource 8LE06571 is recommended individually ineligible for listing in the NRHP, but is potentially a contributing resource to 8LE06485. Contributing Resource: INSF Name: 519 Howard Avenue Built: ca. 1954 8LE06572 Original or Update: Original US Quad Map: TALLAHASSEE (2018) TRS: 01S01W12 Original Use: Private Residence (House Present Use: Private Residence (House Structural System: Wood frame Relocated: NO Style: Minimal Traditional Plan: Irregular Exterior Fabric: Vinyl Stories: 1 Additions and Alterations: Or later. Vinyl siding/windows, bay win. Chimneys: 0 Foundation: Unknown Foundation Material: Obscured Roof: Cross-gabled Roof Material: Asphalt shingles Main Entry: N façade cen., single wood door w/3 rect. lights, wood-framed screen storm door, wood-framed 3-light Porch(es): Open shallow partial-width porch N façade cen., main gable roof overhang over brick platform, brick step approach; closed screened porch W façade connected to carport, gable roof supported by metal-framed Windows: Sliding, vinyl-framed, individual, 2-light w/faux 8-light division; SHS, vinyl-framed, individual, 1/1; bay, vinyl-framed, group of 3 SHS 6/6 windows Distinguishing Features: Gable end vents; bay window N façade W of cen.; raked eaves and eave returns

Ancillary Features: Brick planters on N façade; flat extension carport attached to W façade, concrete driveway to W of structure; part of RG 8LE06485 Individually Eligible: NO Evaluation: Resource 8LE06572 is recommended individually ineligible for listing in the NRHP, but is potentially a contributing resource to 8LE06485. Contributing Resource: INSF Historic Resources within the Project APE Name: 517 Howard Avenue Built: ca. 1955 8LE06573 Original or Update: Original US Quad Map: TALLAHASSEE (2018) TRS: 01S01W12 Original Use: Private Residence (House Present Use: Private Residence (House Structural System: Wood frame Relocated: NO Style: Frame Vernacular Plan: L-shaped Exterior Fabric: Mineral fiber cement, Wood/Plyw Stories: 1 Additions and Alterations: UNK date. Porch enclosed Chimneys: 0 Foundation: Continuous Foundation Material: Concrete Block Roof: Gable Roof Material: Asphalt shingles Main Entry: E façade cen., single wood door, wood door frame Porch(es): Open raised partial-width shallow porch E façade cen. sheltering main entry, main gable roof over concrete platform concrete step approach, wood railing Windows: SHS, metal, individual, 2/2; picture, metal, 2-light fixed window flanked by awning over 1-light fixed window on each side; awning, metal, 2 & 3 light Distinguishing Features: Fixed/awning window arrangement in place of picture windows; gable end vents; faux wood shutters; boxed eaves Ancillary Features: Flat roof carport supported by metal posts attached to W façade; concrete driveway to W of structure; part of RG 8LE06485 Individually Eligible: NO Evaluation: Resource 8LE06573 is recommended individually ineligible for listing in the NRHP, but is potentially a contributing resource to 8LE06485. Contributing Resource: INSF Name: 513 Howard Avenue Built: ca. 1956 8LE06574 Original or Update: Original US Quad Map: TALLAHASSEE (2018) TRS: 01S01W12 Original Use: Private Residence (House Present Use: Private Residence (House Structural System: Concrete block Relocated: NO Style: Masonry Vernacular Plan: T-shaped Exterior Fabric: Concrete block, Vertical plank Stories: 1 Additions and Alterations: Or earlier. Door replaced Chimneys: 0 Foundation: Continuous Foundation Material: Concrete Block Roof: Gable Roof Material: Composition shingles Main Entry: N façade E of cen., single vinyl-paneled door w/central oval light Porch(es): Open raised partial-width porch N façade E end, gable extension roof supported by concrete block walls and turned metal columns over concrete block platform Windows: SHS, metal-framed, paired, 2/2; picture, metal-framed, central fixed window flanked by SHS 2/2 windows

Distinguishing Features: Asymmetrical gable roof and gable roof extension; faux wood shutters; vertical plank in gable ends and cladding porch walls Ancillary Features: Concrete driveway to N of structure; bushes adjacent to N façade; part of RG 8LE06485

Individually Eligible: NO Evaluation: Resource 8LE06574 is recommended individually ineligible for listing in the NRHP, but is potentially a contributing resource to 8LE06485. Contributing Resource: INSF Name: 509 Howard Avenue Built: ca. 1949 8LE06575 Original or Update: Original US Quad Map: TALLAHASSEE (2018) TRS: 01S01W12 Original Use: Private Residence (House Present Use: Private Residence (House Structural System: Wood frame Relocated: NO Style: Minimal Traditional Plan: L-shaped Exterior Fabric: Brick Stories: 1 Additions and Alterations: UNK date. Security bars Chimneys: 1 Foundation: Unknown Foundation Material: Obscured Roof: Gable Roof Material: Composition shingles Main Entry: E façade N end, single wood 4-paneled door w/fanlight Porch(es): None

Windows: Fixed, wood-framed, group of 3, 1-light; SHS, metal-framed, individual and paired, 2/2

Distinguishing Features: Eave returns, boxed eaves; rowlock windowsills; gable extension projection E façade S end; security bars on some windows Ancillary Features: Concrete driveway to W of structure; concrete pathway to main entry E of structure; part of RG 8LE06485 Individually Eligible: NO Evaluation: Resource 8LE06575 is recommended individually ineligible for listing in the NRHP, but is potentially a contributing resource to 8LE06485. Contributing Resource: INSF Historic Resources within the Project APE Name: 425 West Orange Avenue Built: ca. 1958 8LE06576 Original or Update: Original US Quad Map: TALLAHASSEE (2018) TRS: 01S01W12 Original Use: Private Residence (House Present Use: Private Residence (House Structural System: Wood frame Relocated: NO Style: Ranch Plan: T-shaped Exterior Fabric: Brick, Stucco Stories: 1 Additions and Alterations: Or later. Vinyl windows and doors Chimneys: 1 Foundation: Unknown Foundation Material: Obscured Roof: Gable Roof Material: Asphalt shingles Main Entry: N façade W of cen., single vinyl 6-paneled door Porch(es): Incised porch N façade W of cen., main gable roof over concrete platform, concrete step approach

Windows: SHS, vinyl-framed, individual and groups of 3, 1/1

Distinguishing Features: Rowlock course windowsills and sailor course window heads and foundation; foundation vents; gable end and dormer vents, vertical plank Ancillary Features: Garage attached to E of structure; concrete driveway to N of structure

Individually Eligible: NO Evaluation: Due to lack of sufficient historic significance and architectural distinction, 8LE06576 is ineligible for listing in the NRHP, either individually or as a contributing resource within a potential or existing historic Contributing Resource: NO district. Name: 231 West Orange Avenue Built: ca. 1906 8LE06577 Original or Update: Original US Quad Map: TALLAHASSEE (2018) TRS: 01S01W12 Original Use: Private Residence (House Present Use: Private Residence (House Structural System: Concrete block Relocated: NO Style: Masonry Vernacular Plan: Rectangular Exterior Fabric: Concrete block, Drop siding Stories: 1 Additions and Alterations: UNK date. Windows replaced Chimneys: 0 Foundation: Continuous Foundation Material: Concrete Block Roof: Gable Roof Material: Composition shingles Main Entry: N façade cen., single wood-paneled door w/metal-framed screen storm door, wood door frame Porch(es): Open raised partial-width porch N façade, flat extension roof supported by wood posts over concrete block platform and vinyl railing, concrete block step approach w/wood railing Windows: SHS, vinyl-framed, individual and paired, 6/6

Distinguishing Features: Horizontal plank and vents in gable ends; exposed rafter tails; steeply pitched gable roof; former concrete block chimney attached to W façade Ancillary Features: Bushes on N parcel boundary; dirt parking area to E of structure

Individually Eligible: NO Evaluation: Due to lack of sufficient historic significance and architectural distinction, 8LE06577 is ineligible for listing in the NRHP, either individually or as a contributing resource within a potential or existing historic Contributing Resource: NO district. Name: 2800 Adams Street Built: ca. 1973 8LE06578 Original or Update: Original US Quad Map: TALLAHASSEE (2018) TRS: 01S01W12 Original Use: Post office Present Use: Post office Structural System: Concrete block Relocated: NO Style: Industrial Vernacular Plan: Irregular Exterior Fabric: Concrete Stories: 1 Additions and Alterations: Or later. N addition; Chimneys: 0 Foundation: Slab Foundation Material: Concrete, Generic Roof: Flat Roof Material: Built-up Main Entry: E façade, multiple single metal-framed glass commercial-style doors Porch(es): Open full-width porch E façade, flat roof overhang supported by concrete pillars over concrete decking

Windows: Fixed, metal-framed, continuous, 1-light

Distinguishing Features: Modern styled main entrance w/ angular rect. columns and frieze; metal roof vents; "U.S. Post Office" sign on E façade Ancillary Features: Asphalt-paved parking lot to E of structure, truck and employee lots to W and S of structure; concrete walkways to E of structure Individually Eligible: NO Evaluation: Due to lack of sufficient historic significance and architectural distinction, 8LE06578 is ineligible for listing in the NRHP, either individually or as a contributing resource within a potential or existing historic Contributing Resource: NO district. Historic Resources within the Project APE Name: Munson Slough Built: ca. 1960 8LE06579 Original or Update: Original US Quad Map: TALLAHASSEE (2018) TRS: 01S01W9 Original Use: Present Use: Structural System: Relocated: Style: Plan: Exterior Fabric: Stories: Additions and Alterations: Chimneys: Foundation: Foundation Material: Roof: Roof Material: Main Entry: See ReportPorch(es): for Description and Assessment Windows: Distinguishing Features:

Ancillary Features:

Individually Eligible: NO Evaluation: As a common example of a simple drainage canal with no significant associations or engineering distinction, 8LE06579 is ineligible for listing in the NRHP, either individually or as a contributing resource Contributing Resource: NO within a potential or existing historic district. Name: Drainage Canal Built: ca. 1938 8LE06593 Original or Update: Original US Quad Map: TALLAHASSEE (2018) TRS: 01S01W12 Original Use: Present Use: Structural System: Relocated: Style: Plan: Exterior Fabric: Stories: Additions and Alterations: Chimneys: Foundation: Foundation Material: Roof: Roof Material: Main Entry: See ReportPorch(es): for Description and Assessment Windows: Distinguishing Features:

Ancillary Features:

Individually Eligible: NO Evaluation: Resource 8LE06593 is a simple drainage canal, common throughout Tallahassee and Florida. The canal lacks the significant historical associations or engineering distinction necessary for listing in the NRHP, Contributing Resource: NO and is ineligible. Name: Footbridge over Drainage Canal Built: ca. 1938 8LE06594 Original or Update: Original US Quad Map: TALLAHASSEE (2018) TRS: 01S01W12 Original Use: Present Use: Structural System: Relocated: Style: Plan: Exterior Fabric: Stories: Additions and Alterations: Chimneys: Foundation: Foundation Material: Roof: Roof Material: Main Entry: See ReportPorch(es): for Description and Assessment Windows: Distinguishing Features:

Ancillary Features:

Individually Eligible: NO Evaluation: Resource 8LE06594 is a simple footbridge in heavily deteriorated condition that appears to no longer be in use. The resource lacks historical significance or engineering distinction, and is ineligible for the NRHP. Contributing Resource: NO Historic Resources within the Project APE Name: 2750 Lake Bradford Road Built: ca. 1954 8LE06595 Original or Update: Original US Quad Map: TALLAHASSEE (2018) TRS: 01S01W9 Original Use: Private Residence (House Present Use: Private Residence (House Structural System: Concrete block Relocated: NO Style: Masonry Vernacular Plan: Rectangular Exterior Fabric: Stucco, Wood/Plywood Stories: 1 Additions and Alterations: Replacement door, windows Chimneys: 0 Foundation: Slab Foundation Material: Concrete, Generic Roof: Gable Roof Material: Asphalt shingles Main Entry: E façade; Porch(es): N/A

Windows: Vinyl-framed, replacement windows, non-operational, louvered shutters; large window assembly in place of picture window Distinguishing Features: Picture window assembly, vertical plank siding in gable ends; triangular gable vents, knee brace bracketing on gable ends. Ancillary Features: Detached garage/workshop to west

Individually Eligible: NO Evaluation: Due to lack of sufficient historic significance and architectural distinction, 8LE06595 is ineligible for listing in the NRHP, either individually or as a contributing resource within a potential or existing historic Contributing Resource: NO district. Name: 2510 Springhill Road Built: ca. 1960 8LE06596 Original or Update: Original US Quad Map: TALLAHASSEE (2018) TRS: 01S01W11 Original Use: Office Present Use: Office Structural System: Wood frame Relocated: NO Style: Frame Vernacular Plan: Rectangular Exterior Fabric: Vinyl, Brick Stories: 1 Additions and Alterations: Replacement siding, door Chimneys: 0 Foundation: Slab Foundation Material: Concrete, Generic Roof: Cross-gabled Roof Material: Asphalt shingles Main Entry: E façade; paneled replacement door w/ half light Porch(es): Open porch w/ concrete slab floor sheltered by cross gable roof with square wood posts and knee- bracing. Windows: Fixed, wood-framed, individual, single light; DHS, metal-framed, individual, 4/4

Distinguishing Features: Wide, open front porch; small display windows near door

Ancillary Features: Garage/shop building to northwest

Individually Eligible: NO Evaluation: Due to lack of sufficient historic significance and architectural distinction, 8LE06596 is ineligible for listing in the NRHP, either individually or as a contributing resource within a potential or existing historic Contributing Resource: NO district. Name: 2607 Springhill Road Built: ca. 1974 8LE06597 Original or Update: Original US Quad Map: TALLAHASSEE (2018) TRS: 01S01W11 Original Use: Auto repair/Gas station Present Use: Auto repair/Gas station Structural System: Steel skeleton Relocated: NO Style: Industrial Vernacular Plan: Rectangular Exterior Fabric: Metal Stories: 1 Additions and Alterations: Chimneys: 0 Foundation: Slab Foundation Material: Concrete, Generic Roof: Gable Roof Material: Unspecified Main Entry: W façade; fully-glazed, metal-framed, commercial door Porch(es): Concrete slab with metal railing in front of main entrance

Windows: N/A

Distinguishing Features: Three large garage doors on N façade

Ancillary Features: Shares a parcel with numerous shop and auto buildings

Individually Eligible: NO Evaluation: Due to lack of sufficient historic significance and architectural distinction, 8LE06597 is ineligible for listing in the NRHP, either individually or as a contributing resource within a potential or existing historic Contributing Resource: NO district. Historic Resources within the Project APE Name: 2813 South Adams Street Built: ca. 1960 8LE06598 Original or Update: Original US Quad Map: TALLAHASSEE (2018) TRS: 01S01W12 Original Use: Commercial Present Use: Commercial Structural System: Concrete block Relocated: NO Style: Commercial Plan: Rectangular Exterior Fabric: Concrete block, Metal Stories: 2 Additions and Alterations: Large metal rear addition; Chimneys: 0 Foundation: Slab Foundation Material: Concrete, Generic Roof: Flat/Gable Roof Material: Built-up/Sheet metal:5V crimp Main Entry: Centered on W façade; fully-glazed, metal framed, commercial door. Porch(es): N/A

Windows: Fixed, wood-framed, individual, single light display windows; fixed, glass-block, individual; awning, metal- framed, individual, three-light Distinguishing Features: Symmetrical main façade; centered storefront w/ display windows; garage bays on N façade; warehouse addition Ancillary Features: Shares parcel w/ non-historic building to N

Individually Eligible: NO Evaluation: Due to lack of sufficient historic significance and architectural distinction, 8LE06598 is ineligible for listing in the NRHP, either individually or as a contributing resource within a potential or existing historic Contributing Resource: NO district. Name: 242 Orange Avenue Built: ca. 1968 8LE06599 Original or Update: Original US Quad Map: TALLAHASSEE (2018) TRS: 01S01W12 Original Use: Store Present Use: Bar Structural System: Wood frame Relocated: NO Style: Frame Vernacular Plan: Rectangular Exterior Fabric: Brick, Vinyl Stories: 1 Additions and Alterations: Extension to W; Replacement siding, doors Chimneys: 0 Foundation: Slab Foundation Material: Concrete, Generic Roof: Gable Roof Material: Asphalt shingles Main Entry: S façade; flush, metal double doors Porch(es): Concrete slab walkway in front of main façade, sheltered by pent roof

Windows: Fixed, aluminum-framed display windows

Distinguishing Features: Display windows; brick veneer and textured plywood siding on main façade;

Ancillary Features: Paved and gravel parking area to south and west of building

Individually Eligible: NO Evaluation: Due to lack of sufficient historic significance and architectural distinction, 8LE06599 is ineligible for listing in the NRHP, either individually or as a contributing resource within a potential or existing historic Contributing Resource: NO district. Name: 300 Orange Avenue Built: ca. 1965 8LE06600 Original or Update: Original US Quad Map: TALLAHASSEE (2018) TRS: 01S01W12 Original Use: Store Present Use: Store Structural System: Concrete block Relocated: NO Style: Commercial Plan: Rectangular Exterior Fabric: Concrete block Stories: 1 Additions and Alterations: Chimneys: 0 Foundation: Slab Foundation Material: Concrete, Generic Roof: Flat Roof Material: Built-up Main Entry: S façade; metal-framed, fully-glazed, commercial doors at either end of storefront Porch(es): Concrete slab in front of building, sheltered by projecting awning

Windows: Fixed, metal-framed, storefront display windows

Distinguishing Features: Large storefront with entries at either end; projecting awning; built-on sign holder

Ancillary Features: Paved parking lot in front of building

Individually Eligible: NO Evaluation: Due to lack of sufficient historic significance and architectural distinction, 8LE06600 is ineligible for listing in the NRHP, either individually or as a contributing resource within a potential or existing historic Contributing Resource: NO district.

APPENDIX E.

FMSF RESOURCE FORMS (ON ATTACHED CD)