DOCSLIB.ORG

The Armenian Genocide

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Armenian Genocide Dissecting the Mountains The Place of Kurdistan in the Policies of the British Empire in the Aftermath of The First World War Tomas Tokle Master Thesis in History Department of Archaeology, Conservation and History UNIVERSITETET I OSLO Autumn 2018 ii Dissecting the Mountains The place of Kurdistan in the policies of the British Empire in the aftermath of The First World War. iii © Tomas Tokle 2018 Dissecting the Mountains Tomas Tokle http://www.duo.uio.no/ Trykk: Reprosentralen, Universitetet i Oslo iv Abstract This thesis deals with the questions of how the British Empire envisioned the place of Kurdistan and the Kurdish population within the Middle East after the First World War. During the war the British colonial interests expanded into the areas populated by the Kurds. But when Kurdistan became important it was only because the region became the frontier where the interests of the colonial superpowers met; it held no significance to any of them on its own. In the Peace Conference in Paris after the war some Kurds approached with pleas for a state of their own and for British assistance in establishing their independence. The British were not forthcoming with such aid and felt that the Kurdish interference with the Conference was annoying. The British were only interested in establishing their own desires for the new order in the Middle East. There were provisions for the establishment of an independent Kurdistan in the final peace treaty with the Ottoman Empire, but due to the long delays in laying down the details of that treaty those provisions were never carried out. v vi Acknowledgements Thank you to my supervisor, Toufoul Abou-Hodeib, for your crucial assistance and helpful input during these five semesters. To Hilde Henriksen Waage and the Middle east seminar group for interesting and constructive discussions. To Mohamed and Leonor for helping me read through the text and for your feedback. To Rasmus, Mr. Grammar Himself, for deleting all my commas, and lastly, to Haji Shastri, Julian and the rest of the guys at TNC, just for being you. vii viii Table of Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................................................. v Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................. vii Notes on names and language ............................................................................................................. xi List of maps ........................................................................................................................................ xiii Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Context and Purpose ............................................................................................................................ 2 Existing Historiography ........................................................................................................................ 6 Sources ................................................................................................................................................. 8 Disposition .......................................................................................................................................... 11 Chapter 1: Defining the Kurdish ...................................................................................................... 13 Kurdistan as a Cultural Region ........................................................................................................... 14 Ottoman Assimilation and Reforms ................................................................................................... 15 Kurdish Societies before the Great War ............................................................................................. 17 The Eastern Question and European Balance of Power ..................................................................... 19 Mission Creep up the Two Rivers ........................................................................................................ 20 The Armenian Genocide ..................................................................................................................... 22 Kurdistan under the Indian Office ...................................................................................................... 24 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................................... 25 Chapter 2: The Many Secrets of the Great War ............................................................................... 26 A Clash of Interests Between Cairo and Simla .................................................................................... 27 The Call for a Holy War ....................................................................................................................... 28 The Arab Question: Muslim Leadership .............................................................................................. 30 Russia Claims Istanbul ........................................................................................................................ 31 The De Bunsen Committee ................................................................................................................. 33 The Arab Question: Territorial Ambitions ........................................................................................... 37 The Sykes‐Picot Agreement ................................................................................................................ 39 The Continuing Arab Question ........................................................................................................... 40 A Change of the Guards ...................................................................................................................... 43 Saint‐Jean‐de‐Maurienne: Tying Loose Ends ...................................................................................... 44 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................................... 45 Chapter 3: How to Win the Peace? ................................................................................................. 47 The Wilsonian Moment ...................................................................................................................... 48 Welcoming the World to Paris ........................................................................................................... 51 India’s Position ................................................................................................................................... 53 Ottoman Delegation ........................................................................................................................... 55 The Inconvenient Claims of the French ............................................................................................... 55 Could there be a Future for Kurdistan? .............................................................................................. 59 A Greater Armenia? ............................................................................................................................ 66 The Road to Sèvres ............................................................................................................................. 70 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................................... 72 Chapter 4: The Future of a “Very Ancient Race” .............................................................................. 74 Revival of the Kurdish Societies .......................................................................................................... 75 Sureya Bedirxan .................................................................................................................................. 77 Şerîf Pasha .......................................................................................................................................... 78 A Threat of Genocide .......................................................................................................................... 83 Şerîf Elected Head of State ................................................................................................................. 85 The Armenian “Entente Cordiale” ...................................................................................................... 87 Sanremo and the Kurdish Question .................................................................................................... 89 The Kurds on the Road to Sèvres ........................................................................................................ 92 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................................... 94 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................... 95 Bibliography ................................................................................................................................. 101 ix x Notes on names and language Wherever
Load more

Recommended publications
  • THE KURDS ASCENDING This Page Intentionally Left Blank the KURDS ASCENDING
    THE KURDS ASCENDING This page intentionally left blank THE KURDS ASCENDING THE EVOLVING SOLUTION TO THE KURDISH PROBLEM IN IRAQ AND TURKEY MICHAEL M. GUNTER THE KURDS ASCENDING Copyright © Michael M. Gunter, 2008. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2008 978-0-230-60370-7 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles or reviews. First published in 2008 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN™ 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 and Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, England RG21 6XS Companies and representatives throughout the world. PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin’s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN 978-0-230-11287-2 ISBN 978-0-230-33894-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230338944 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Gunter, Michael M. The Kurds ascending : the evolving solution to the Kurdish problem in Iraq and Turkey / Michael M. Gunter. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Kurds—Iraq—Politics and government—21st century. 2. Kurds— Turkey—Politics and government—21st century. I. Title. DS70.8.K8G858 2007 323.1191Ј5970561—dc22 2007015282 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Design by Newgen
    [Show full text]
  • Michael Gunter, the Doyen of Kurdish Political Studies in the United States
    CURRICULUM VITAE Biographical Data NAME: Michael M. Gunter ADDRESS: 140 Mattson St. (home) Cookeville, Tennessee 38501 Phone: (931) 526-1473 Box 5052 (work) Department of Sociology & Political Science Tennessee Technological University Cookeville, Tennessee 38505 Phone: (931) 372-3180 Fax: (931) 372-6142/ Email: [email protected] DATE OF BIRTH: February 22, 1943; MARITAL STATUS: Married, two children Education B.A. Columbia University, 1964; Major: American History M.I.A. School of International Affairs, Columbia University, 1966; Area: Soviet Union Ph.D. Kent State University, 1972; Major: International Relations; Minors: Comparative Politics, American Politics. (Doctoral Dissertation: Ministates and the United Nations System) Teaching Experience Professor, Tennessee Technological University, 1981-present; Associate Professor 1976-1981; Assistant Professor 1972-1976 TTU Research Excellence Position, 2015- Outstanding Faculty Award in Research, 1995-96 Outstanding Faculty Award in Teaching, 1999-2000 American Political Science Association and Pi Sigma Alpha (The National Political Science Honor Society), Certificate for Outstanding Teaching in Political Science, 2000 College of Arts & Sciences Award for Research & Creative Activity, 2005 Ohio Valley Conference Excellence in Teaching Award, 2007 Marquis Who’s Who in America, 65th -72nd eds, (2011-0018); Albert Nelson Marquis Lifetime Achievement Award (2018) Marquis Who’s Who in American Politics 2014, 26th ed. Contemporary Authors, 2012 International Who’s Who, 73rd ed., 2013-2014 Distinguished
    [Show full text]
  • Kurdistan, Kurdish Nationalism and International Society
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by LSE Theses Online The London School of Economics and Political Science Maps into Nations: Kurdistan, Kurdish Nationalism and International Society by Zeynep N. Kaya A thesis submitted to the Department of International Relations of the London School of Economics for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, London, June 2012. Declaration I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the MPhil/PhD degree of the London School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it). The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without my prior written consent. I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. I declare that my thesis consists of 77,786 words. Statement of use of third party for editorial help I can confirm that my thesis was copy edited for conventions of language, spelling and grammar by Matthew Whiting. 2 Anneme, Babama, Kardeşime 3 Abstract This thesis explores how Kurdish nationalists generate sympathy and support for their ethnically-defined claims to territory and self-determination in international society and among would-be nationals. It combines conceptual and theoretical insights from the field of IR and studies on nationalism, and focuses on national identity, sub-state groups and international norms.
    [Show full text]
  • The Nature of PKK Terrorism in Turkey
    Sludies in Con/lkl and Terrorism. \o\umc]i, pp. 17-37 I057-6I0X/95 JIO.OO + .00 Printed in the UK. All rights reserved. Copyright © 1995 Taylor & Franeis The Nature of PKK Terrorism in Turkey NUR BILGE CRISS Department of International Relations Bilkent University Ankara, Turkey This study is undertaken to evaluate the profile of the PKK (Kurdish Workers Party) and Kurdish political behavior separately in an attempt to distinguish the Kurdish issue from terrorism. PKK's profile has changed between 1978, when it was founded and now, depending on Turkey's internal politics as well as the changing international environment. Basically, it started out as a Marxist-Leninist separatist organization, but by 1990 switched to demanding a federation of Kurds and Turks, and simultaneously bidding for a role in an independent Kurdestan comprising southeastern Turkey and northern Iraq. PKK's only consistent policy is to have remained a Marxist-Leninist organi- zation so far. The first part of this article addresses the roots, objectives, and methods of the PKK The second part assesses the problem within Turkey's domestic environment, with a focus on whether PKK truly represents Turkey's Kurds. The third section tries to answer the question of who provides the logistical and financial support for PKK, thereby exploring the issue's inter- national dimensions. The last section evaluates prospects regarding a "po- litical solution" to the problems of the southeast, which is now being voiced in both Turkey and Western capitals. Current history is characterized by dichotomous forces of integration and disinte- gration/anarchy. Turkey has not remained outside these trends.
    [Show full text]
  • Iraqi Kurds. Their History and Culture. CAL Refugee Fact Sheet Series No
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 404 433 UD 031 555 AUTHOR Robson, Barbara TITLE Iraqi Kurds. Their History and Culture. CAL Refugee Fact Sheet Series No. 13. INSTITUTION Center for Applied Linguistics, Washington, DC. Refugee Service Center. SPONS AGENCY Department of State, Washington, DC. Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration. PUB DATE 96 NOTE 46p. PUB TYPE Reports Descriptive (141) EDRS PRICE MF01/PCO2 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Acculturation; Cultural Awareness; Cultural Background; Cultural Differences; Ethnic Groups; Foreign Countries; *Immigrants; Middle Eastern Studies; *Political Attitudes; *Refugees; *Relocation IDENTIFIERS *Iraq; *Kurds ABSTRACT The Kurds are a distinct group of people who have inhabited the Middle East for as long as there have been written records. The Kurds are the second largest ethnic group in Iraq and Turkey and the third largest group in Iran. In 1975 and 1976, Kurdish refugees from Iraq were admitted to the United States after the failure of their attempt to achieve autonomy from the Iraqi government. Just after the Persian Gulf War in 1991, Iraqi Kurds again rebelled against the Saddam Hussein government of Iraq. The persecution they experienced led to the establishment of Operation Provide Comfort and the protective no-fly zone. Thousands of Kurds fled their home land to Turkey and were eventually resettled in the United States. This fact sheet provides background information about the Iraqi Kurds and discusses the ways their culture and history might affect their resettlement in the United States. The Kurds are overwhelmingly Muslim, and many aspects of their daily life are determined by Muslim customs and requirements. Concrete suggestions are offered to help Kurdish refugees adapt to life in the United States.
    [Show full text]
  • The United States and the Kurds: Case Studies in United States Engagment
    N PS ARCHIVE 1997.12 LAMBERT, P. NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL Monterey, California THESIS THE UNITED STATES AND THE KURDS: CASE STUDIES IN UNITED STATES ENGAGMENT by Peter J. Lambert December, 1997 Thesis Advisor: Ralph Magnus Second Reader: Terry Johnson Thesis L25165 Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. DUDLEY KNOX LIBRARY NAVAL POSTGRAD! 5 *TE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA 93943-5101 REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188) Washington DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED December 1997 Master's Thesis 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS THE U.S. AND THE KURDS: CASE STUDIES IN U.S. ENGAGEMENT 6. AUTHOR(S) Lambert, Peter J. 8. PERFORMING 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) ORGANIZATION REPORT Naval Postgraduate School NUMBER Monterey, CA 93943-5000 9. SPONSORING / MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSORING/ MONITORING AGENCY REPORT NUMBER 11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES The views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense or the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • History of the Kurds from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
    History of the Kurds From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Gelê Kurd), are a ,ﮔﻟﯽ ﮐﻮرد :Kurd), also the Kurdish people (Kurdish ,ﮐﻮرد :The Kurds (Kurdish Northwestern Iranic ethnic group in the Middle East. They have historically inhabited the mountainous areas to the South of Lake Van and Lake Urmia, a geographical area collectively referred to as Kurdistan. Most Kurds speak Northern Kurdish (Kurmanji) or Sorani, which both belong to the Kurdish languages. There are various hypotheses as to predecessor populations of the Kurds, such as the Carduchoi of Classical Antiquity. The earliest known Kurdish dynasties under Islamic rule (10th to 12th centuries) are the Hasanwayhids, the Marwanids, the Rawadids, the Shaddadids, followed by the Ayyubid dynasty founded by Saladin. The Battle of Chaldiran of 1514 is an important turning point in Kurdish history, marking the alliance of Kurds with the Ottomans. The Sharafnameh of 1597 is the first account of Kurdish history. Kurdish history in the 20th century is marked by a rising sense of Kurdish nationhood focused on the goal of an independent Kurdistan as scheduled by the Treaty of Sèvres in 1920. Partial autonomy was reached by Kurdistan Uyezd (1923–1926) and by Iraqi Kurdistan (since 1991), while notably in Turkish Kurdistan, an armed conflict between the Kurdish insurgent groups and Turkish Armed Forces was ongoing from 1984 to 1999, and the region continues to be unstable with renewed violence flaring up in the 2000s. Contents 1 Name 2 Early history 2.1 Muslim conquests 2.2 Early Kurdish principalities
    [Show full text]
  • A Legal Analysis of Kurdish Revolts
    Faculty of Law Academic year 2011-2012 International Law and Non-State Armed Groups: A legal Analysis of Kurdish Revolts PhD dissertation presented to the Faculty of Law of Ghent University in order to obtain the degree Doctor of Law Joseph Zand Promoter: Prof. Dr. Frank Maes Doctoral Guidance Committee: Prof. Dr. Dirk Heirbaut and Prof. Dr. Gert Vermeulen 1 “… there are no authentic nations: nationhood is a consequence of political and ideological struggle”.1 1 M. Koskenniemi, ‘National Self-Determination Today: Problems of Legal Theory and Practice’ (1994) 43 ICLQ, p. 241. 2 Acknowledgements Completing a PhD thesis is the most arduous but rewarding task I have ever undertaken in my life. Writing a thesis can be a lonely experience. It has to be said that spending hours on end researching in different libraries is hardly conducive to a healthy social and family life. However, I have been extremely fortunate to be the recipient of so much assistance and encouragement in this process. Above all, I would like express my gratitude to my promoter Professor Dr. Frank Maes, without whose support this task would have been practically impossible. He has supported me through some of my darkest hours and now I hope he enjoys the fresh new dawn with me. I would like to thank sincerely my co-promoter Professor Dr. Dirk Heirbaut and Professor Dr. Gert Vermeulen for their valued guidance. Professor Dr. Eduard Sommers and Professor Dr. Kemal Baslar from the National Police Academy, Turkey deserve a special mention for their kindness and unrelenting support. I would like to thank my family and friends for giving me their undying love and belief in me.
    [Show full text]
  • Willing to Face Death: a History of Kurdish Military Forces — the Peshmerga — from the Ottoman Empire to Present-Day Iraq Michael G
    Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2005 Willing to Face Death: A History of Kurdish Military Forces — the Peshmerga — from the Ottoman Empire to Present-Day Iraq Michael G. Lortz Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES Willing to Face Death: A History of Kurdish Military Forces – the Peshmerga – from the Ottoman Empire to Present-Day Iraq By Michael G. Lortz A thesis submitted to the Department of International Affairs in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Degree Awarded: Fall Semester, 2005 Copyright © 2005 Michael G. Lortz All Rights Reserved The members of the Committee approve the thesis of Michael G. Lortz defended on 28 October 2005. __________________________ Peter Garretson Professor Directing Thesis __________________________ Burton Atkins Committee Member __________________________ Jonathan Grant Committee Member The Office of Graduate Studies has verified and approved the above named committee members. ii On a personal note, I would like to dedicate this thesis to my parents, George and Marianne Lortz. Thank you for your support. You have shown a lot of patience in watching me decide what I finally want to do with myself. I know it sounds cliché, but thank you and I love you both. To my brother, my grandparents, and all my other family and friends, thank you for your support and love as well. To Dr. Peter Garretson, thank you for the academic support and leading me in the right direction.
    [Show full text]
  • Neither (Fully) Here Nor There: Negotiation Narratives of Nashville's Kurdish Youth Stephen Ross Goddard Western Kentucky University, [email protected]
    Western Kentucky University TopSCHOLAR® Masters Theses & Specialist Projects Graduate School 5-2014 Neither (Fully) Here Nor There: Negotiation Narratives of Nashville's Kurdish Youth Stephen Ross Goddard Western Kentucky University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses Part of the Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Goddard, Stephen Ross, "Neither (Fully) Here Nor There: Negotiation Narratives of Nashville's Kurdish Youth" (2014). Masters Theses & Specialist Projects. Paper 1357. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1357 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by TopSCHOLAR®. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses & Specialist Projects by an authorized administrator of TopSCHOLAR®. For more information, please contact [email protected]. NEITHER (FULLY) HERE NOR THERE: NEGOTIATION NARRATIVES OF NASHVILLE’S KURDISH YOUTH A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Department of Folk Studies and Anthropology Western Kentucky University Bowling Green, Kentucky In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts By Stephen Ross Goddard May 2014 ! ! ! This thesis is dedicated to the many thousands of young expatriate Kurds who need a place to call home and to my colleagues around the world who have sacrificed to help them find it. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ! It is blatantly obvious that a work of this magnitude requires help, of every stripe and size. It also demands gratitude. So I thank, first of all, my interviewees (Kian, Dashneh, Majeed, Dilman, Klavish, Youza, Dilan, Kajin, Shermin, Kavar, Lava and S.K.) for carving space for me out of their busy schedules.
    [Show full text]
  • International Law and Non-State Armed Groups: a Legal Analysis of Kurdish Revolts
    Faculty of Law Academic year 2011-2012 International Law and Non-State Armed Groups: A legal Analysis of Kurdish Revolts PhD dissertation presented to the Faculty of Law of Ghent University in order to obtain the degree Doctor of Law Joseph Zand Promoter: Prof. Dr. Frank Maes Doctoral Guidance Committee: Prof. Dr. Dirk Heirbaut and Prof. Dr. Gert Vermeulen 1 “… there are no authentic nations: nationhood is a consequence of political and ideological struggle”.1 1 M. Koskenniemi, ‘National Self-Determination Today: Problems of Legal Theory and Practice’ (1994) 43 ICLQ, p. 241. 2 Acknowledgements Completing a PhD thesis is the most arduous but rewarding task I have ever undertaken in my life. Writing a thesis can be a lonely experience. It has to be said that spending hours on end researching in different libraries is hardly conducive to a healthy social and family life. However, I have been extremely fortunate to be the recipient of so much assistance and encouragement in this process. Above all, I would like express my gratitude to my promoter Professor Dr. Frank Maes, without whose support this task would have been practically impossible. He has supported me through some of my darkest hours and now I hope he enjoys the fresh new dawn with me. I would like to thank sincerely my co-promoter Professor Dr. Dirk Heirbaut and Professor Dr. Gert Vermeulen for their valued guidance. Professor Dr. Eduard Sommers and Professor Dr. Kemal Baslar from the National Police Academy, Turkey deserve a special mention for their kindness and unrelenting support. I would like to thank my family and friends for giving me their undying love and belief in me.
    [Show full text]
  • Kurds: a Concise Handbook
    T h e Ku r d s This page intentionally left blank THE KURDS: A CONCISE HANDBOOK Mehrdad R. Izady Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations Harvard University ~~ ~~o~;~~n~~~up LONDON AND NEW YORK First published 1992 by Taylor &Francis Published 2015 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY, 10017, USA Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business THE KURDS: A Concise Handbook Copyright © 1992 Taylor & Francis. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Interior design by Designers Workshop. Cover design by Michelle Fleitz. A CIP catalog record for this book is available from the British Library. Ubrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data lzady, Mehrdad The Kurds : a concise handbook I Mehrdad Izady Includes bibliographical references. 1. Kurds-Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Middle East-Ethnic relations. I. Title. DS59.K86193 1992 956'.0049159-dc20 92-8174 CIP ISBN 13: 978-0-844-81729-3 (hbk) ISBN 13: 978-0-844-81727-9 (pbk) Publisher's Note The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but points out that some imperfections in the original may be apparent. CONTENTS List of Maps....................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]