DOCSLIB.ORG

Irak : Daech Utilise Des Armes Chimiques Contre Les Pechmergas

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

INSTITUT KURD E DE PARIS Bulletin de liaison et d’information N°373 AVRIL 2016 La publication de ce Bulletin bénéficie de subventions des Ministères français des Affaires étrangères et de la Culture ————— Ce bulletin paraît en français et anglais Prix au numéro : France: 6 € — Etranger : 7,5 € Abonnement annuel (12 numéros) France : 60 € — Etranger : 75 € Périodique mensuel Directeur de la publication : Mohamad HASSAN Maquette et mise en page : Şerefettin ISBN 0761 1285 INSTITUT KURDE, 106, rue La Fayette - 75010 PARIS Tél. : 01- 48 24 64 64 - Fax : 01- 48 24 64 66 www.fikp.org E-mail: [email protected] Bulletin de liaison et d’information de l’Institut kurde de Paris N° 373 avril 2016 • CIZRE : LA TURQUIE ACCUSÉE DE CRIMES CONTRE L’HUMANITÉ • TURQUIE : L’IMPASSE MILITAIRE DE LA « LIGNE ERDOĞAN » • KURDISTAN D’IRAK : DAECH UTILISE DES ARMES CHIMIQUES CONTRE LES PECHMERGAS • IRAK : DES RELATIONS BAGDAD-ERBIL DANS L’IMPASSE • YEZIDIS : 3500 FEMMES ET ENFANTS TOUJOURS ENTRE LES MAINS DE DAECH • ROJAVA : LE FÉDÉRALISME DES KURDES FAIT DÉBAT, AFFRONTEMENTS AVEC LE RÉGIME À QAMISHLO CIZRE : LA TURQUIE ACCUSÉE DE CRIMES CONTRE L’HUMANITÉ e 26 avril, l’Association Ce rapport de 84 pages, acces - pente opposée ont continuelle - turque des Droits de sible en anglais sur le site de ment bombardé au mortier et l’Homme ( İnsan Hakları l’IHD ( http://en.ihd.org.tr/ ), aux grenades tout en tirant à L Derneği , İHD) a fait par - fait état de violations effrayantes balles réelles à l’arme légère. venir au bureau du des Droits de l’homme perpé - Lors de la visite, eau et électricité Haut-Commissaire des Nations trées durant les 79 jours de étaient toujours coupés, les unies aux Droits de l’homme couvre-feu imposés sur Cizre du réseaux (y compris les égouts) (HCDH) un rapport sur les mas - 14 décembre 2015 au 02 mars ayant été détruits. Des témoins sacres de masse commis contre la 2016, et apporte des présomp - ont déclaré avoir dû quitter leurs population kurde dans la ville tions graves de meurtres de habitations, car snipers et mili - turque de Cizre. Le Président de masse de civils. taires déployés autour de l’hôpi - l’Association, Özturk tal public et sur les collines envi - Turkdoğan, a accusé le gouver - Les auteurs qui ont visité la ville ronnantes « faisaient feu sur tout nement de crimes contre l’huma - après la fin du couvre-feu rap - ce qui bougeait ». D’autres ont nité, ajoutant que l’absence d’in - portent la destruction complète fait état d’avertissements lancés dépendance de la justice turque de plusieurs quartiers, comme par haut-parleurs depuis les la rendait incapable d’évaluer pour la rue Yafes que, selon les véhicules blindés disant : « Si correctement les actions de ses témoins interviewés, les mili - vous ne quittez pas votre loge - forces de sécurité. taires ayant pris position sur la ment, nous ferons usage d’armes • 2 • Bulletin de liaison et d’information n° 373 • avril 2016 chimiques ». Les militaires ont lés « pour les besoins de l’enquê - Les forces de sécurité apparais - parfois incendié un immeuble te » par les forces spéciales. sent avoir systématiquement entier (comme rue de Nusaybin) « nettoyé » les traces des crimes simplement parce qu’un slogan y Lors de leur entrée au quartier de commis dans les caves en incen - avait été écrit sur un mur. Cudî, également bombardé à dis - diant et détruisant les lieux et en tance à partir de l’école primaire jetant des restes humains dans le En revenant dans leurs apparte - El Ceziri, les auteurs témoignent Tigre. Malgré cela, des restes ments détruits, les habitants ont d’une forte odeur de corps brûlés, brûlés (morceaux d’os, mains…) fréquemment constaté le pillage en particulier près d’un des trois ont été retrouvés dans certaines de leurs biens, l’électroménager immeubles (à présent effondrés) caves. Une partie d’un bras trop lourd pour être emporté où des civils prisonniers sont humain a également été retrou - ayant été détruit à l’arme à feu morts dans une cave. Des témoins vée (et photographiée) sous un ou brûlé. Des slogans racistes ou ont rapporté avoir vu durant le pont sur la rive du Tigre. Les ten - à connotation sexuelle menaçant couvre-feu devant ces immeubles tatives de dissimulation des explicitement les femmes kurdes des rangées de sacs contenant des exactions se sont poursuivies ont été retrouvés sur les murs. Le corps avant qu’ils ne soient une fois les restes remis aux rapport rappelle que le 11 février emportés par les forces de sécuri - familles : pour éviter une enquê - dernier, deux photos de corps té. Au n° 23 rue Bostanci, 26 sacs, te, les autorités ont imposé l’in - féminins avaient été partagées au n° 6 rue Narin, plus de 60 humation sous 24 h, se donnant sur les réseaux sociaux, et fait sacs… Un employé municipal a le droit en cas de désobéissance état du soupçon d’exactions témoigné que, rue Bostanci, deux de retirer les restes aux familles sexuelles. corps seulement étaient entiers, pour y procéder elles-mêmes ! mais brûlés, les autres sacs ne Des interviewés blessés durant contenant plus que des restes L’İHD a demandé à les opérations chez eux ou dans pesant de 5 à 10 kg. Les avocats l’Organisation des Nations Unies leur jardin (donc n’ayant pas des familles ont indiqué que des et au Comité international de la contrevenu au couvre-feu) ont corps ont été envoyés pour identi - Croix-Rouge l’envoi d’une mis - témoigné avoir dû attendre une fication dans différentes villes : 78 sion de surveillance en Turquie, ambulance des heures. À l’hôpi - à Habur, 13 à Şırnak, 28 à Urfa, 20 son président demandant des tal de Cizre, ils n’ont été enfin à Antep, 17 à Mardin, 6 à Malatya réunions pour en examiner les traités qu’après avoir été harce - et 16 à Cizre même... modalités. TURQUIE : L’IMPASSE MILITAIRE DE LA « LIGNE ERDOĞAN » e président turc Erdoğan kurdes n’ont jamais fait qu’aug - Kiziltepe, dans la province de a opté depuis bientôt un menter le soutien de la population Mardin, faisant un mort civil et 18 an pour une ligne poli - kurde à la guérilla. L’armée turque blessés. Le 3, une autre bombe a L tique de guerre civile semble-t-elle plus proche du but tué 5 soldats et un officier des contre la population cette fois-ci ? En passant en revue forces spéciales à Nusaybin, qui kurde de son pays, avec un objectif les attaques menées par celle-ci se trouvait pourtant sous couvre- qui apparaît comme hautement durant le mois d’avril, il est permis feu depuis la mi-mars. Le 5, à personnel : obtenir le soutien des d’en douter. Silopi, une attaque à la roquette a nationalistes dans son projet d’éta - frappé un véhicule blindé de la blissement d’un pouvoir présiden - Le 31 mars à Diyarbakir, 7 poli - police, tuant un officier et blessant tiel. Même s’il a déclaré que le but ciers turcs ont été tués et 13 bles - 4 policiers – et menant à l’imposi - de son action était l’éradication du sés par une bombe commandée à tion d’un couvre-feu. Le 8, de PKK, l’usage systématique dans les distance au passage d’un bus de nouveau à Nusaybin, 1 officier et villes kurdes du couvre-feu total la police, et qui a également blessé 4 membres des forces de sécurité donne aux opérations militaires la 14 civils. Arrivé dans la ville le ont été tués dans des affronte - forme d’une guerre contre l’en - lendemain 1 er avril, le Premier ments avec des militants kurdes. semble de la population. Quant à ministre Ahmet Davutoğlu n’a pu Le 12, une autre attaque à la l’éradication prochaine du PKK… que suivre la cérémonie funéraire bombe a totalement rasé un caser - Combien de fois a-t-elle été procla - des policiers tués… Durant la nement des forces spéciales à mée depuis les années 80 ? nuit, une autre attaque du PKK Hani (officiellement 2 soldats tués L’Histoire a montré que les vio - contre une installation électrique et plus de 50 personnes blessées, lences exercées contre les civils de l’armée s’est produite à mais le PKK a annoncé 11 morts n° 373 • avril 2016 Bulletin de liaison et d’information • 3• parmi les forces spéciales). La liste Les réactions à l’international se Dans plusieurs pays européens, les se poursuit avec le 16 la mort de 4 font de plus en plus inquiètes à la critiques viennent de la société civi - soldats près de Mardin (bombe perspective du chemin dans lequel le. Ainsi au Royaume Uni, une contre un véhicule), le 23 celle M. Erdoğan entraîne le pays. Le 3, campagne pour la libération d’un officier près de Şırnak, et juste après la première attaque sur d’Abdullah Öcalan a été lancée le d’un soldat à Nusaybin dans des Nusaybin, Fédérica Mogherini, 25 dans l’enceinte du Parlement combats de rue. Enfin le 29 un représentante diplomatique de britannique en présence de plu - attentat suicide a blessé 13 per - l’UE, a appelé la Turquie à relancer sieurs membres des deux sonnes devant une mosquée à le processus de paix, rappelant Chambres par une table ronde Bursa. L’auteur, une femme, a été qu’il avait dans le passé « donné organisée par deux des plus impor - désignée par les autorités comme des résultats positifs et promet - tants syndicats du pays, Unite et une ancienne militante du PKK teurs ». Deux jours plus tard, le GMB, avec le soutien du syndicat ayant aussi combattu en Syrie… Président turc a répondu en écossais Unison .
Recommended publications
  • Syrian Buffer Zone – Turkey-Qatar Pipeline No

    Syrian Buffer Zone – Turkey-Qatar Pipeline No

    ISPSW Strategy Series: Focus on Defense and International Security Issue Syrian Buffer Zone – Turkey-Qatar Pipeline No. 367 Dr Christina Lin Aug 2015 Syrian Buffer Zone – Turkey -Qatar Pipeline Dr Christina Lin August 2015 Abstract Erdogan’s demand for a US-Turkey buffer zone in Syria is likely to prevent Kurdish autonomy and not fight ISIS, and enable the building of the Turkey-Qatar natural gas pipeline proposed back in 2009. With the proposed pipeline traveling through the Aleppo region—the same area for the buffer zone—the Turkey-Saudi-Qatar backed Army of Conquest would be able to establish a sunni salafist statelet in Syria and enable Ankara, Riyad and Doha to share in the future wealth of the pipeline. About the Author of this Issue Dr Christina Lin is a Fellow at the Center for Transatlantic Relations at SAIS-Johns Hopkins University. She is the author of "The New Silk Road: China's Energy Strategy in the Greater Middle East" (The Washington Institute for Near East Policy), and a former director for China policy at the U.S. Department of Defense. Dr Christina Lin About ISPSW The Institute for Strategic, Political, Security and Economic Consultancy (ISPSW) is a private institute for research and consultancy. The ISPSW is objective and task oriented and is above party politics. The increasingly complex international environment of globalized economic processes and worldwide political, ecological, social and cultural change, brings with it major opportunities but also risks: thus, decision-makers in the private sector and in politics depend more than ever before on the advice of highly qualified experts.
  • Global Extremism Monitor

    Global Extremism Monitor

    Global Extremism Monitor Violent Islamist Extremism in 2017 WITH A FOREWORD BY TONY BLAIR SEPTEMBER 2018 1 2 Contents Foreword 7 Executive Summary 9 Key Findings About the Global Extremism Monitor The Way Forward Introduction 13 A Unifying Ideology Global Extremism Today The Long War Against Extremism A Plethora of Insurgencies Before 9/11 A Proliferation of Terrorism Since 9/11 The Scale of the Problem The Ten Deadliest Countries 23 Syria Iraq Afghanistan Somalia Nigeria Yemen Egypt Pakistan Libya Mali Civilians as Intended Targets 45 Extremist Groups and the Public Space Prominent Victims Breakdown of Public Targets Suicide Bombings 59 Use of Suicide Attacks by Group Female Suicide Bombers Executions 71 Deadliest Groups Accusations Appendices 83 Methodology Glossary About Us Notes 3 Countries Affected by Violent Islamist Extremism, 2017 4 5 6 Foreword Tony Blair One of the core objectives of the Institute is the promotion of co-existence across the boundaries of religious faith and the combating of extremism based on an abuse of faith. Part of this work is research into the phenomenon of extremism derived particularly from the abuse of Islam. This publication is the most comprehensive analysis of such extremism to date and utilises data on terrorism in a new way to show: 1. Violent extremism connected with the perversion of Islam today is global, affecting over 60 countries. 2. Now more than 120 different groups worldwide are actively engaged in this violence. 3. These groups are united by an ideology that shares certain traits and beliefs. 4. The ideology and the violence associated with it have been growing over a period of decades stretching back to the 1980s or further, closely correlated with the development of the Muslim Brotherhood into a global movement, the Iranian Revolution in 1979 and—in the same year—the storming by extremist insurgents of Islam’s holy city of Mecca.
  • THE KURDS ASCENDING This Page Intentionally Left Blank the KURDS ASCENDING

    THE KURDS ASCENDING This Page Intentionally Left Blank the KURDS ASCENDING

    THE KURDS ASCENDING This page intentionally left blank THE KURDS ASCENDING THE EVOLVING SOLUTION TO THE KURDISH PROBLEM IN IRAQ AND TURKEY MICHAEL M. GUNTER THE KURDS ASCENDING Copyright © Michael M. Gunter, 2008. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2008 978-0-230-60370-7 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles or reviews. First published in 2008 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN™ 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 and Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, England RG21 6XS Companies and representatives throughout the world. PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin’s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN 978-0-230-11287-2 ISBN 978-0-230-33894-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230338944 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Gunter, Michael M. The Kurds ascending : the evolving solution to the Kurdish problem in Iraq and Turkey / Michael M. Gunter. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Kurds—Iraq—Politics and government—21st century. 2. Kurds— Turkey—Politics and government—21st century. I. Title. DS70.8.K8G858 2007 323.1191Ј5970561—dc22 2007015282 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Design by Newgen
  • Jihad in Central Asia and Russia: Foreign Fighters, the ISIS, Chechens, Katibat-I-Imam Bukhari, Al Nusra Front and the Prospect of Nuclear Terrorism

    Jihad in Central Asia and Russia: Foreign Fighters, the ISIS, Chechens, Katibat-I-Imam Bukhari, Al Nusra Front and the Prospect of Nuclear Terrorism

    RIEAS @ Copyright 2 May 2020 (www.rieas.gr) Athens, Greece. Jihad in Central Asia and Russia: Foreign Fighters, the ISIS, Chechens, Katibat-i-Imam Bukhari, Al Nusra Front and the Prospect of Nuclear Terrorism Musa Khan Jalalzai (Writer, journalist and, a research contributor in Research Institute for European and American Studies (RIEAS) Greece, and London. He has been contributing articles and research papers in Global Security Review USA, Journal of European and American Intelligence Studies, Daily Times, The Nation, Telegraph, Times of London, Daily Outlook Afghanistan, The New Nation Bangladesh, New Yorker, and Journal (Fautline) of the Institute for Conflict Management Delhi India since 1994. His intellectual experience is up to 30 years extensive research in political analysis, Pakistan, Afghanistan, terrorism, Taliban, the ISIS, nuclear and biological terrorism, and intelligence analysis. His skills cover counterterrorism, the EU and UK law enforcement analysis, and intelligence and security crisis in Asia and Europe. From 1992-1994, he worked as a research scholar in Pakistan’s Institute of National Affairs (PINA), and authored two book on the war in Persian Gulf in 1993. He has been helping the UK law firms, and courts in demonstrating fear of persecution of asylum seeker by expert opinion reports since 2009. He completed MA in English Literatures, Diploma in Geospatial Intelligence, University of Maryland Washington DC. He can speak, and write English, Pashto, Persian, Urdu, Hindi, Punjabi, Dari, and Saraiki languages. His all books are available at amazon.com, amazon.co.uk, and Google) Copyright: Research Institute for European and American Studies (www.rieas.gr) Publication date: 2 May 2020 This article is exclusive for RIEAS.
  • Manuel R. Torres Soriano - GUERRAS POR DELEGACIÓN EN EL CIBERESPACIO - PROXY WARS in CYBERSPACE

    Manuel R. Torres Soriano - GUERRAS POR DELEGACIÓN EN EL CIBERESPACIO - PROXY WARS in CYBERSPACE

    REVISTA DEL INSTITUTO ESPAÑOL 09 DE ESTUDIOS ESTRATÉGICOS N º 9 JUNIO 2 0 1 7 SUMARIO/SUMMARY Miguel Ángel Ballesteros Martín - PRESENTACIÓN DE LA REVISTA DEL IEEE - PRESENTATION Manuel R. Torres Soriano - GUERRAS POR DELEGACIÓN EN EL CIBERESPACIO - PROXY WARS IN CYBERSPACE Salvador Sánchez Tapia - DEFINICIÓN DE UN PROCEDIMIENTO DE ANÁLISIS DE MODELOS DE RELACIONES CÍVICO-MILITARES - DEFINING A MODEL FOR ANALYSIS OF CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS PATTERNS Manuel García Ruiz - LA VIÑETA, LA NUEVA ARMA DURANTE LA I GUERRA MUNDIAL - THE CARTOON, THE NEW WEAPON OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR Javier Lion Bustillo - EL ESTADO ISLÁMICO Y JABHAT AL-NUSRA, ¿NUEVOS ACTORES EN EL LÍBANO? - THE ISLAMIC STATE AND JABHAT AL-NUSRA; NEW ACTORS IN LEBANON? Antonio Alonso Marcos - CENTROASIÁTICOS LUCHANDO EN SIRIA: EL PELIGRO DE LOS RETORNADOS DEL ESTADO ISLÁMICO PARA ASIA CENTRAL - CENTRAL ASIANS FIGHTING IN SYRIA: THE DANGER OF ISLAMIC STATE RETOURNEES TO CENTRAL ASIA Carlos García-Guiu López - LIDERAZGO ÉTICO Y GESTIÓN RESPONSABLE COMO VECTORES DE MEJORA EN LAS ORGANIZACIONES DE SEGURIDAD, EMERGENCIA Y DEFENSA - ETHICAL LEADERSHIP AND RESPONSIBLE MANAGEMENT AS LEVERS FOR IMPROVEMENT IN SECURITY, EMERGENCY AND DEFENCE ORGANISATIONS MINISTERIO DE DEFENSA CATÁLOGO GENERAL DE PUBLICACIONES OFICIALES http://publicacionesoficiales.boe.es/ ENLACE A LA REVISTA ELECTRÓNICA EN LA WEB DEL IEEE http://revista.Ieee.Es/index.Php/ieee/issue/archive Edita: SECRETARÍA GENERAL TÉCNICA http://publicaciones.defensa.gob.es/ © Autores y editor, 2017 NIPO: 083-15-198-3 (impresión bajo demanda) NIPO: 083-15-199-9 (edición libro-e) Fecha de edición: junio 2017 ISSN-e: 2255-3479 Maquetación: Ministerio de Defensa Las opiniones emitidas en esta publicación son exclusiva responsabilidad de los autores de la misma.
  • Terrorism in Afghanistan: a Joint Threat Assessment

    Terrorism in Afghanistan: a Joint Threat Assessment

    Terrorism in Afghanistan: A Joint Threat Assessment Terrorism in Afghanistan: A Joint Threat Assessment Introduction 7 Chapter I: Afghanistan’s Security Situation and Peace Process: Comparing U.S. and Russian Perspectives (Barnett R. Rubin) 9 Chapter II: Militant Terrorist Groups in, and Connected to, Afghanistan (Ekaterina Stepanova and Javid Ahmad) 24 Chapter III: Afghanistan in the Regional Security Interplay Context (Andrey Kazantsev and Thomas F. Lynch III) 41 Major Findings and Conclusions 67 Appendix A: Protecting Afghanistan’s Borders: U.S. and Russia to Lead in a Regional Counterterrorism Effort (George Gavrilis) 72 Appendix B: Arms Supplies for Afghan Militants and Terrorists (Vadim Kozyulin) 75 Appendix C: Terrorism Financing: Understanding Afghanistan’s Specifics (Konstantin Sorokin and Vladimir Ivanov) 79 Acronyms 83 Terrorism in Afghanistan Joint U.S.-Russia Working Group on Counterterrorism in Afghanistan Working Group Experts: Javid Ahmad1 Senior Fellow, Atlantic Council Sher Jan Ahmadzai Director, Center for Afghanistan Studies, University of Nebraska at Omaha Robert Finn Former Ambassador of the United States to Afghanistan George Gavrilis Fellow, Center for Democracy, Toleration, and Religion, University of California, Berkeley Andrey Kazantsev Director, Center for Central Asian and Afghan Studies, Moscow State Institute of International Relations (MGIMO University) Kirill Koktysh Associate Professor, Moscow State Institute of International Relations (MGIMO University) Member, Expert Council, State Duma Committee of Nationalities Mikhail Konarovsky Former Ambassador of the Russian Federation to Afghanistan Col. (Ret.) Oleg V. Kulakov* Professor of Area Studies, Military University, Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation Vadim Kozyulin Member, PIR Center Executive Board Researcher, Diplomatic Academy, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation Thomas F.
  • Michael Gunter, the Doyen of Kurdish Political Studies in the United States

    Michael Gunter, the Doyen of Kurdish Political Studies in the United States

    CURRICULUM VITAE Biographical Data NAME: Michael M. Gunter ADDRESS: 140 Mattson St. (home) Cookeville, Tennessee 38501 Phone: (931) 526-1473 Box 5052 (work) Department of Sociology & Political Science Tennessee Technological University Cookeville, Tennessee 38505 Phone: (931) 372-3180 Fax: (931) 372-6142/ Email: [email protected] DATE OF BIRTH: February 22, 1943; MARITAL STATUS: Married, two children Education B.A. Columbia University, 1964; Major: American History M.I.A. School of International Affairs, Columbia University, 1966; Area: Soviet Union Ph.D. Kent State University, 1972; Major: International Relations; Minors: Comparative Politics, American Politics. (Doctoral Dissertation: Ministates and the United Nations System) Teaching Experience Professor, Tennessee Technological University, 1981-present; Associate Professor 1976-1981; Assistant Professor 1972-1976 TTU Research Excellence Position, 2015- Outstanding Faculty Award in Research, 1995-96 Outstanding Faculty Award in Teaching, 1999-2000 American Political Science Association and Pi Sigma Alpha (The National Political Science Honor Society), Certificate for Outstanding Teaching in Political Science, 2000 College of Arts & Sciences Award for Research & Creative Activity, 2005 Ohio Valley Conference Excellence in Teaching Award, 2007 Marquis Who’s Who in America, 65th -72nd eds, (2011-0018); Albert Nelson Marquis Lifetime Achievement Award (2018) Marquis Who’s Who in American Politics 2014, 26th ed. Contemporary Authors, 2012 International Who’s Who, 73rd ed., 2013-2014 Distinguished
  • Kurdistan, Kurdish Nationalism and International Society

    Kurdistan, Kurdish Nationalism and International Society

    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by LSE Theses Online The London School of Economics and Political Science Maps into Nations: Kurdistan, Kurdish Nationalism and International Society by Zeynep N. Kaya A thesis submitted to the Department of International Relations of the London School of Economics for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, London, June 2012. Declaration I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the MPhil/PhD degree of the London School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it). The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without my prior written consent. I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. I declare that my thesis consists of 77,786 words. Statement of use of third party for editorial help I can confirm that my thesis was copy edited for conventions of language, spelling and grammar by Matthew Whiting. 2 Anneme, Babama, Kardeşime 3 Abstract This thesis explores how Kurdish nationalists generate sympathy and support for their ethnically-defined claims to territory and self-determination in international society and among would-be nationals. It combines conceptual and theoretical insights from the field of IR and studies on nationalism, and focuses on national identity, sub-state groups and international norms.
  • Are Central Asian Muslims? a Historical and Comparative Enquiry

    Are Central Asian Muslims? a Historical and Comparative Enquiry

    How “Muslim” are Central Asian Muslims? A Historical and Comparative Enquiry Accepted version of an article published in Central Asian Affairs: Yemelianova, Galina M. “How “Muslim” are Central Asian Muslims? A Historical and Comparative Enquiry”, Central Asian Affairs 4, 3 (2017): 243-269. Galina M. Yemelianova Centre for Russian, European and Eurasian Studies, Birmingham University, UK [email protected] Abstract The article analyzes the social, political, and symbolic functions of Islam in contemporary Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, and Tajikistan. Over many centuries, Central Asians developed a particular form of Islam based on a productive and fluid synergy among Islam per se, their tribal legal and customary norms, and Tengrian and Zoroastrian beliefs and practices. It is characterized by a high level of doctrinal and functional adaptability to shifting political and cultural environments, the prevalence of mystical Islam (Sufism) and oral, rather than book-based, Islamic tradition. These qualities have defined distinctive Islamic trajectories in post-Soviet Central Asia, which differ significantly from those in other Muslim-majority countries and in Muslim communities in the West. At the same time, the common Eurasian space and lengthy shared political history of Central Asians and other peoples of Muslim Eurasia are also reflected in the considerable similarities in their Islamic trajectories. Keywords Central Asia – Eurasia – Russia – Silk Road – Nomadism – Islam – Sufism – Jihadism Central Asia1—defined here as the post-Soviet republics of Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Turkmenistan—remains rather poorly 1 Here the term “Central Asia” is used in the narrow sense, referring to the five post-Soviet states of Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, and Tajikistan.
  • The Nature of PKK Terrorism in Turkey

    The Nature of PKK Terrorism in Turkey

    Sludies in Con/lkl and Terrorism. \o\umc]i, pp. 17-37 I057-6I0X/95 JIO.OO + .00 Printed in the UK. All rights reserved. Copyright © 1995 Taylor & Franeis The Nature of PKK Terrorism in Turkey NUR BILGE CRISS Department of International Relations Bilkent University Ankara, Turkey This study is undertaken to evaluate the profile of the PKK (Kurdish Workers Party) and Kurdish political behavior separately in an attempt to distinguish the Kurdish issue from terrorism. PKK's profile has changed between 1978, when it was founded and now, depending on Turkey's internal politics as well as the changing international environment. Basically, it started out as a Marxist-Leninist separatist organization, but by 1990 switched to demanding a federation of Kurds and Turks, and simultaneously bidding for a role in an independent Kurdestan comprising southeastern Turkey and northern Iraq. PKK's only consistent policy is to have remained a Marxist-Leninist organi- zation so far. The first part of this article addresses the roots, objectives, and methods of the PKK The second part assesses the problem within Turkey's domestic environment, with a focus on whether PKK truly represents Turkey's Kurds. The third section tries to answer the question of who provides the logistical and financial support for PKK, thereby exploring the issue's inter- national dimensions. The last section evaluates prospects regarding a "po- litical solution" to the problems of the southeast, which is now being voiced in both Turkey and Western capitals. Current history is characterized by dichotomous forces of integration and disinte- gration/anarchy. Turkey has not remained outside these trends.
  • Iraqi Kurds. Their History and Culture. CAL Refugee Fact Sheet Series No

    Iraqi Kurds. Their History and Culture. CAL Refugee Fact Sheet Series No

    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 404 433 UD 031 555 AUTHOR Robson, Barbara TITLE Iraqi Kurds. Their History and Culture. CAL Refugee Fact Sheet Series No. 13. INSTITUTION Center for Applied Linguistics, Washington, DC. Refugee Service Center. SPONS AGENCY Department of State, Washington, DC. Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration. PUB DATE 96 NOTE 46p. PUB TYPE Reports Descriptive (141) EDRS PRICE MF01/PCO2 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Acculturation; Cultural Awareness; Cultural Background; Cultural Differences; Ethnic Groups; Foreign Countries; *Immigrants; Middle Eastern Studies; *Political Attitudes; *Refugees; *Relocation IDENTIFIERS *Iraq; *Kurds ABSTRACT The Kurds are a distinct group of people who have inhabited the Middle East for as long as there have been written records. The Kurds are the second largest ethnic group in Iraq and Turkey and the third largest group in Iran. In 1975 and 1976, Kurdish refugees from Iraq were admitted to the United States after the failure of their attempt to achieve autonomy from the Iraqi government. Just after the Persian Gulf War in 1991, Iraqi Kurds again rebelled against the Saddam Hussein government of Iraq. The persecution they experienced led to the establishment of Operation Provide Comfort and the protective no-fly zone. Thousands of Kurds fled their home land to Turkey and were eventually resettled in the United States. This fact sheet provides background information about the Iraqi Kurds and discusses the ways their culture and history might affect their resettlement in the United States. The Kurds are overwhelmingly Muslim, and many aspects of their daily life are determined by Muslim customs and requirements. Concrete suggestions are offered to help Kurdish refugees adapt to life in the United States.
  • Extremism and Terrorism

    Extremism and Terrorism

    Russia: Extremism and Terrorism On July 27, 2020, Russia’s Federal Security Service (FSB) claimed that its officers foiled an alleged terrorist plot in Moscow. According to the FSB, an unidentified man—who was carrying a bag filled with grenades—was immediately shot dead when he opened fire on officers trying to arrest him in the outskirts of the capital. Additionally, it was reported the man was from a Central Asian country and reportedly had links to a terrorist group in Syria. Security officials have claimed that thousands of people from former Soviet republics in Central Asia or from Russia’s Muslim-majority North Caucasus region have been plotting domestic terror attacks or have been fighting alongside militants in Iraq or Syria. (Source: Deutsche Welle) In April 2020, the U.S. government announced its intention to designate the Russian Imperial Movement (RIM) as a terrorist organization, making it the first white supremacist group to receive the designation. The government reportedly intended to designate three of RIM’s leaders. RIM seeks to create a “mono-ethnic state” led by a “Russian autocratic monarchy,” preferably descended from the Romanov dynasty that led Russia before the 1917 revolution. RIM has provided training and resources to other white national groups around the world. (Sources: New York Times, BuzzFeed News) On December 31, 2019, two armed men struck a police officer with their car in Magas, the capital of the republic of Ingushetia. The assailants then attacked three other officers with knives, altogether wounding four before one of the attackers was shot dead and the other was wounded.