Defense and Regional Security in the Arabian Peninsula and Gulf States (1973-2003).” Online Edition from (Posted June 2004)
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Full citation: J.E. Peterson. “Defense and Regional Security in the Arabian Peninsula and Gulf States (1973-2003).” Online edition from www.JEPeterson.net (posted June 2004) Defense and Regional Security in the Arabian Peninsula and Gulf States, 1973-2003 J.E. Peterson Cut-off date: 31 December 2003 ii Defense and Regional Security in the Arabian Peninsula and Gulf States TABLE OF CONTENTS EXPLANATORY NOTES ......................................................v ABBREVIATIONS .......................................................... vii OVERALL VIEWS AND GENERAL DISCUSSION .................................1 OIL SECURITY..............................................................18 THE IRAN-IRAQ WAR (1980-1988).............................................33 Political Aspects of the War and External Involvement . 33 Military Aspects of the War ................................................53 The Tanker War and Other Direct US Involvement . 58 THE IRAQI INVASION OF KUWAIT AND THE KUWAIT WAR (1990-1991) . 66 Background to the Invasion and Developments During the Iraqi Occupation . 66 Political Aspects of the Kuwait War (1991) and General Accounts . 83 Military Aspects of the War ................................................90 Aftermath of the War, Summaries, and the Impact on the Gulf . 99 The Impact of the War Outside the Gulf......................................112 Environmental Damage, and Economic and Humanitarian Aspects . 123 POLICY TOWARD IRAQ AND THE IRAQ WAR (1991-2003) . 128 The International Sanctions Régime Against Iraq . 128 The Debate Over Policy Toward Iraq ........................................135 The Iraq War (2003) and Aftermath .........................................149 INTERNATIONAL ASPECTS OF GULF SECURITY . 160 General, European, Chinese, and Other Involvement . 160 Superpower and Great Power Rivalry in the Gulf . 167 The United States and the Gulf.............................................172 Strategic Interests and Goals .............................................172 The Attacks of 11 September 2001, al-Qa‘idah, and the Gulf . 195 Bilateral Relations with Gulf States........................................200 Dual Containment Policy ..............................................200 Defense and Regional Security in the Arabian Peninsula and Gulf States iii Iran ...............................................................205 Iraq ...............................................................214 Saudi Arabia ........................................................217 GCC, Other Gulf States and the Yemens ..................................226 The Development of US Rapid Deployment Forces for the Gulf . 231 US Military Options and Strategies ........................................240 The Soviet Union/Russia and the Gulf .......................................252 Strategic Interests and Goals .............................................252 Bilateral Relations with Gulf States........................................262 Iran ...............................................................262 Iraq ...............................................................263 The GCC States......................................................264 The Yemens ........................................................265 REGIONAL ASPECTS OF GULF SECURITY ....................................267 Regional Bilateral Relations ...............................................267 Regional Disputes and Conflicts............................................268 General..............................................................268 The Arab-Israeli Conflict and the Gulf .....................................270 The Kuwait-Iraq Crisis (1961)............................................275 The Dhufar Rebellion ..................................................276 Yemen Civil War (1994) ................................................278 Abu Musa and the Tunb Islands Dispute between Iran and the United Arab Emirates ...................................................................279 Boundaries and Other Disputes ...........................................281 Regional Responses to Security Issues .......................................283 General..............................................................283 Foreign Policies of the GCC States and the Yemens . 286 The Impact of British Withdrawal .........................................291 The Gulf Cooperation Council............................................292 INTERNAL ASPECTS OF GULF SECURITY ....................................301 General, Political, and Other Considerations . 301 Resurgent Islam and Islamist Movements ....................................307 Gulf Military Capabilities and Arms Transfers . 312 Iran – The Revolution and the Islamic Republic and Their Impact on Gulf Security . 325 Iraq – Domestic Politics and the Impact on Gulf Security . 339 Gulf States.............................................................346 Saudi Arabia ...........................................................355 Kuwait................................................................379 Bahrain ...............................................................385 Qatar .................................................................389 United Arab Emirates ....................................................390 iv Defense and Regional Security in the Arabian Peninsula and Gulf States Oman.................................................................392 The Yemens ...........................................................395 BIBLIOGRAPHIES ..........................................................404 INDEX OF PERSONAL NAMES AND INSTITUTIONS . 406 Defense and Regional Security in the Arabian Peninsula and Gulf States v EXPLANATORY NOTES This is the second edition of an earlier bibliography on the same subject, published in 1985. This edition includes all of the original entries plus all possible entries from 1985 through the end of 2003. The principal cut-off date is 31 December 2003. No bibliography can ever be as comprehensive as it is intended to be, and that certainly holds true for this one. Thus some caveats are in order. The entries herein are principally in English, with efforts to include other Western languages as appropriate. No attempt has been made to include publications in non-European languages. To do so would have greatly complicated and expanded the scope of the bibliography and its printed size. For similar reasons of maintaining a manageable size, no attempt has been made to include material from general magazines, weekly and daily news organs, or specialized newsletters. The multiplicity of wars in the Gulf, or more specifically in the northern Gulf, has created confusion in terminology, particularly but not only in the West. “The Gulf War” was initially applied to the Iran-Iraq War and then, in an astonishing example of memory loss, transferred to the conflict in Kuwait in 1991. With hostilities in Iraq in 2003, the confusion has only grown with commentators unable to decide whether to call the latest conflagration “Gulf War II” or “Gulf War III.” This terminology does not, of course, address the fact that all three wars have taken place solely in the northern Gulf and that terming them all “Gulf Wars” is rather like calling the American intervention in Grenada a “Caribbean War.” To avoid these problems, this bibliography adheres to the following terminology. The conflict between Iraq and Iran from 1980 to 1988 is termed “the Iran-Iraq War.” The war between Iraq and the coalition of forces involved in the liberation of Kuwait in 1991 is termed “the Kuwait War.” The American attack on Iraq in 2003, with British assistance, is termed “the Iraq War.” The phrase “Gulf states” normally refers to the six monarchies that form the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC): Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), and Oman. The Kuwait War has created a voluminous literature, not all of which is central to this bibliography. There has been no intention to include annotations for most works dealing solely with military aspects of the wars, those focusing on the impact of the war on domestic politics and society outside the Gulf, and works dealing with environmental damage. Shorter works, accounts of military action at the Service or unit level, and more ephemeral citations typically have been excluded. Works on internal developments in Iraq, including the Shi‘ah uprising in the south and Kurdish affairs in the north, have also been excluded except where they can be regarded as having an impact on Iraqi policy or actions towards its Gulf neighbors. Fuller coverage of these topics is contained in Andrew Orgill’s The 1990-91 Gulf War: Crisis, Conflict, Aftermath – An Annotated Bibliography. Similarly, a number of similar works dealing with the Iran-Iraq War have not been provided with annotations. A similar problem occurs with the equally burgeoning literature on al-Qa‘idah and terrorism that appeared after the attacks of 11 September 2001. On the same grounds, this bibliography does not claim to be comprehensive on this frequently peripheral subject but includes material only when it is directly relevant to the volume’s headings. The Iraq War in March-April 2003 obviously vi Defense and Regional Security in the Arabian Peninsula and Gulf States occurred too recently to include most serious publications on the war itself. However, it has been possible to include a number entries from the policy debate before the war. Author’s identifications