Towards Inclusive Cities in Asia

Report from a Regional Multi-Stakeholder Symposium in Delhi 23-24 February 2016

2 Towards Inclusive Cities in Asia

Table of Contents

Symposium Background ...... 3 Introduction ...... 4 Emerging Themes ...... 5 Setting the context for inclusive cities – Perspectives from India and the Region ...... 6 Session I: Assigning the Right to the City for the Urban Poor - Facilitating National Urban Policy and City Governance ...... 8 Session II: Planning and Programming Frameworks for Addressing Informality ...... 11 Session III: Inclusive Infrastructure and Alternative Approaches for Upgrading of Low Income Neighborhoods...... 14 Conclusion ...... 17 Annex 1: Agenda of the Regional Symposium ...... 18 Annex 2: Overview of speakers ...... 20

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Symposium Background

The Regional Symposium ‘Towards Inclusive Cities in Asia’ was held in New Delhi on February 23-24, 2016, with representativesSymposium from eight Background countries including governments at the national and subnational levels, public agencies, civil society, community-based organizations, development financing agencies, and academia to discuss case studies on inclusive approaches in Asian cities and metropolitan regions. The event was organized by the Cities Alliance, the Cities Development Initiative for Asia, the GIZ Inclusive Cities Partnership Programme, the GIZ Inclusive Metropolitan Environments for the Urban Poor Project and the GIZ Sector Network Governance Asia. The diverse participants shared their respective approaches and solutions to face the challenges towards developing sustainable and inclusive cities. The workshop specifically focused on the social and economic well-being of the urban poor and on questions of the accessibility in face of accelerated urban growth. The Regional Symposium was designed as a 2-day event with around 40 participants. After a joint inaugural session, Day 1 revealed case studies from practitioners, and Day 2 was run in a workshop mode to consolidate insights of the key questions including group work and plenary discussions. The event deliberate on three thematic areas namely (1) Assigning the Right to the City for the Urban Poor – Facilitating National Urban Policy and City Governance (2) Planning, Programming and Monitoring Framework for Addressing Informality (3) Inclusive Infrastructure and Alternative Approaches for Upgrading of Low Income Neighborhoods

To better approach the concerns of inclusive cities, the symposium looked into (a) stakeholders, both urban and beyond, that act in the city and collectively impact on urban development; (b) the ongoing urbanization, which is simultaneously the spatial and social expression of “the urban” and eventually (c) into the best ways forward to address these issues. In the last session on the second day, participants were organized into working groups which reflected on the learnings from the presentations and discussed in detail the role of various urban stakeholders, the challenges and opportunities of inclusive urbanization, and transformative urban innovations. The working groups came up with a set of recommendations for the New Urban Agenda and Habitat III process leading to the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 11 - Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable.

4 Towards Inclusive Cities in Asia

Introduction

More than 60 percent of the increase in the world's urban population over the next three decades will occur in Asia. OverIntroduction 900 million people in Asia and the Pacific live on less than US$1.25 a day, more than half of them in urban areas. The resultant urban challenges in the region are amplified by fast population growth led by rural-urban migration, and informality in housing and employment. The urban poor have low access to social services and basic infrastructure, weak tenure security and low level of participation in decision making. While urban centers have undergone substantial growth and transformation, the urban legal and institutional reforms have not lagged behind. The rapid growth of cities combined with existing weak management practices have resulted in large intra-city inequality in access to urban housing and infrastructure, social facilities and economic opportunities, which are necessary for sustainable and inclusive urban development. The growth opportunities to reduce poverty offered by urbanization in the region cannot be harnessed to full potential at present and there is in fact growing inequality largely due to combination of factors - overlapping institutional frameworks and weak local institutions; poor city planning and steering (regulatory) mechanisms; nonfunctional land markets and rigid zoning regulations; and deficient urban infrastructure and social facilities. The key challenges to improve living conditions for unserved, poor and marginalized population segments in cities are their participation in city governance, and access to land and secure tenure, infrastructure, community services, and income generation opportunities, among others. The policies to address these challenges would in effect trigger assigning the marginalized population with the right to city. Effective urban management necessarily requires a multi-sectoral approach to planning for urban growth while simultaneously adopting an inclusive approach to transform existing slums into city areas, recognizing the contributions of informal economy and strengthening its linkages with city economy. The challenge for the cities is to address various manifestations of urban poverty by promoting equitable access to habitat, social infrastructure and economic opportunities. In this context, the event brought together representatives from governments at the national and subnational levels, academia, community organizations, development agencies, and financiers.

Local water supply and decentralized wastewater management in Agra, India (Source: Eva Ringhof, February 2016)

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Emerging Themes

Access to land determines the city’s shape and equity

The access to urban land and all its related determinants are forces that shape theEmerging city also in terms Themes of the equity of its citizens. Determinants of access such as land markets and prices, informality, distances and location, the access to services and many others, divide the urban population into markedly different strata, eventually leading to segregation and inequality. Urban regeneration program in Sri Lanka (Source: KA Jayaratne, February 2016)

Urban economic development impacts and vice-versa Access to land determines theUrban city’s development shape and isS sensitiveettingequity to the economic processes that happen in and outside the city. The levels of informality, the state of local economic The access to urban land and all its related determinants are forces that shape development and livelihoodscontext opportunities determinefor a number of social features, the city also in terms of the equity of its citizens. Determinants of access such as land such as the affordability of housing. Local Economic Development can be markets and prices, informality, distances and location, the inclusiveaccess to services cities and many challenged by the macro economy, of which it is however an inseparable part. The others, divide the urban population into markedly different strata, eventually leading to strong connections can be – illustrated Perspectives e. g. by international demand and local segregation and inequality. development: investments from of global India companies, and such as the garments in Bangladesh, in a country have a multiplier impact on the growth of local industries in the developing world. The local industries including the informal units, provide the RegionUrban relatively cheap inputs for theregeneration global companiesprogram in Sri Lanka because of weak enforcement of labour laws and consequently(Source: cheap KA industrial Jayaratne, February workers. 2016)

Local economic development, a woman making handicrafts on the streets of Agra, India (Source: Eva Ringhof, February 2016); Waste pickers in India (Source: GIZ, 2009)

Existing challenges are magnified by the accelerated pace Urban economic development impacts and vice-versa of urbanization, which contributesLocal economic development, to disparities, a woman making handicrafts on the streets of Agra, India (Source: E. Ringhof, February 2016); Waste pickers in India (Source: GIZ) exacerbating shortages of basicUrban services development and is sensitive to the economic processes that happen in accelerating the degradationand outside of the the environment city. The levels of informality, the state of local economic development and livelihoods opportunities determine a number of social features, The city as a wholesuch can assuffer the from affordability segregation, of housing. as different Local Economic Development can be income groups would choosechallenged to live separated by the macrofrom each economy, other, ofoften which as it is however an inseparable part. The result of inefficient land markets.strong Even connections within the can same be neighborhoods, illustrated e. g. by international demand and local fragmentations might occur, development: for example ininvestments areas of the of middle global class, companies, such as the garments in where informal pockets of housingBangladesh, can in be a country found. have The a demand multiplier and impact on the growth of local industries in inefficient use of land also impactsthe developing on the urban world. hinterlands, The local and industries while including the informal units, provide local governments are not relatively ready to cheap respond inputs to for the the challenges global companies of because of weak enforcement of urbanization, the rapid growthlabour results laws and in conseque urban sprawlntly cheap beyond industrial city workers. boundaries, dissolving urban-rural dichotomies, and enhancing the pressure on mobility and spatial justice. It is also required to develop solutions at micro and even nano-level. Inequality and informality is quickly growing due to badly managed urbanization. There is the need to recognize the diverse appearances and implications of informality. For example, the private sector is both formal and informal – and the informal economy does not only comprise petty-commodity production and street vendors, but even important market segments such as real estate and urban services. Urban growth, Solid waste and water logging challenges in Bangladesh (Source: E. Ringhof, February 2016) Existing challenges are magnified by the accelerated pace of urbanization, which contributes to disparities, exacerbating shortagesUrban growth, of Soli basicd waste andservices water logging and challenges in Bangladesh (Source: E. Ringhof, February 2016) accelerating the degradation of the environment The city as a whole can suffer from segregation, as different income groups would choose to live separated from each other, often as 6 Towards Inclusive Cities in Asia

6 Setting the context for inclusive cities – Perspectives from India and the Region

Setting the context for inclusive cities – Perspectives from India and the Region

Relevance of International Cooperation The German Embassy, on behalf of Susanne Dorasil, Head of Economic Cooperation and Development emphasized that the symposium is very relevant as India in its growth trajectory needs to follow an inclusive path. Multi- and bilateral organizations need to support advocacies for making smart cities but obviously following an inclusive approach. Cross-learning events like the symposium offer a great opportunity to learn from each other – to identify actions that have worked and that didn’t work – and determine which ones are relevant in the specific local context. In conclusion, she stated that the lessons, especially the recommendations from the two day symposium would be relevant in a larger regional context. This signifies the importance of cooperation and communication among countries in the process of building smart inclusive cities.

Cities as Centers for social process Dr. Wolfgang Hannig, Country Director of GIZ India, opined that cities should be an important focus of the government’s policies and programs. In order to make smart cities inclusive, strong and reliable partnerships should be forged. Cities are centers for social processes and have a bigger impact on people and the systems, as compared to the rural areas. This makes failures much more tangible and rapid in cities than in rural areas. It is important for urban planners and municipal administrators to use holistic approaches to address urbanization issues. He emphasized the need “to give voice to those who do not have enough voice” and these are no other than poor, jobless, and other vulnerable groups. He remarked that “urban development is really a complex issue and no one can decide on it alone. Complex issues need the knowledge of many.” Development Agencies’ task within this context is to support in partnering with several countries, learn from each other, and move towards the path of “safe, resilient and equitable growth.”

Transition phase and demand for inclusive growth Rajiv Ranjan Mishra, Joint Secretary of the Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation, underlined the urban challenges and opportunities in India. He stated that urbanization brings numerous opportunities, so it is crucial to know the implications of urbanization and determine the preparedness of cities. Development is a continuous process and there is need to strive for safe, resilient and inclusive solutions. He presented an overview of various Mission-Mode Programmes and initiatives undertaken by Government of India for urban inclusiveness. He further informed about various task forces that have been created to better understand the urban phenomenon. This includes a task force on impacts of migration on urbanization, strengthening public private partnership for delivering affordable housing, encouraging rental housing etc. He apprised the gathering that India is in a transient phase and has to look into rural-urban continuum critically. RURBAN mission has been launched for the development of rural growth clusters which have latent potential for growth and trigger overall

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development in the region. These clusters would be developed by provisioning of economic activities, developing skills and local entrepreneurship and providing infrastructure amenities.At the conclusion of his address, a message from Mr. Venkaiah Naidu, Honourable Minister, Urban Development, Housing & Urban Poverty Alleviation, and Parliamentary Affairs, Government of India was read out. In his message to the speakers and participants of the symposium, he highlighted the challenges of the hour i.e. to ensure equitable, inclusive and sustainable development of cities in India. He requested for inputs from the gathering for the formulation of National Habitat III Report of India.

Setting the Context: The Need for Inclusive and Good Governance Approaches in Asia UNDP India country director Dr. Jaco Cilliers, stressed that 2015 had been a landmark year for global development with establishment of five historic agreements in global community i.e. Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development, Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, Addis Ababa Action Agenda, Paris agreement for climate change and Habitat III. He opined that the world has realized that development cannot be done in silos anymore and the government, academia, business all have to come in as partners. Cilliers pointed out that there is greater social mobility in cities. However, the relative and multidimensional poverty is rising, measuring and targeting poverty has not been sufficient. Poverty needs to be measured and addressed across multiple dimensions which includes a closer cooperation between policy makers and experts as well as a shared understanding of the interconnectedness of the various poverty dimensions. Integrated solutions would be needed to address various issues related to urbanization. With the principle to “leave no one behind” he also stressed upon the need to include urban poor in the planning processes, to change the mind set in dealing with the poor and marginalized and on cooperation mechanisms to reduce poverty and inequalities Policymakers need to understand the multidimensional nature of poverty and the efficient use of resources to target those that need the most. Cilliers highlighted four issues to be addressed in order to shape inclusive cities: Urban poor communities need to be strengthened and poor households need to be targeted by the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) in order to address the multiple dimensions of poverty. There is further a need for a multi-stakeholder approach to give poor people a voice as well as the need for more inclusive local government systems and the recognition of the rural-urban continuum to find out who is left behind.

Dr. Jaco Cilliers during his keynote address for the regional symposium in New Delhi. He is joined by (from left to right) Wolfgang Hannig (GIZ-India Country Director), Susan Dorasil (German Embassy), and Rajiv Ranjan Mishra (Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation-India).

Session I: Assigning the Right to the City for the Urban Poor - Facilitating 8 Towards Inclusive Cities in Asia

Session I: Assigning the Right to the City for the Urban Poor - Facilitating National Urban Policy and City Governance

The key issues discussed in the session were: Session Enabling I: national Assigning urban policies the for Right cities to to provide the the City poor forwith rightthe to Urban the city for Poor national equitable economic growth - Facilitating Legal and institutional National challenges Urban to Policy the poor’s and participation City Governance in urban governance and decisions

impacting city planning, development strategy and investments.  Governance structures at a metropolitan level to foster balanced territorial development, improve delivery of basic services to all and combat regional and social disparities.

Enabling National Urban Policies Urbanization projections for Asia reveal that the region will cross 50 per cent urbanization level by 2020 and will accommodate 55 per cent of the world population. Asia will demonstrate unprecedented scale and speed of urbanization during the next decade. The region, however, has the largest concentration of urban poor and slums across the globe. The emerging urbanization pattern also shows fast growth of peri-urban areas, increasing rural-urban connectivity and spatial concentration of population in metropolitan regions. National urban policies (NUP) need to provide the enabling institutional and legal framework for cities to provide shared prosperity, universal access to services, livable housing, environmentally-sensitive growth and broad-based citizens’ engagement in governance. The policy framework would also need to enable the shift from public provisioning, financing and management of services to various new institutional arrangements with an appropriate regulatory mechanism, engaging multi-stakeholders and emphasis on the urban poor. National urban policies shall be seen as a government-led process of coordinatingSustainable and rallying Development various Principles actors in for NUP a common vision and goal that will promote more transformative, productive, inclusive and resilient urban development for the long term. Guiding principles in establishing a national urban policy shall focus on (i) fostering ownership and leverage on national policies and strategies; (ii) balancing regional development; (iii) serving as a platform to strengthen participation and collaboration; (iv) promoting aspirational goals and key planning principles (compact, socially inclusive, connected, integrated, resilient); (v) being affordable, implementable and measurable. Lessons from countries having a NUP demonstrate that the policy is a political process of mobilization and sustained efforts, and technical process of building institutional capabilities, procedures and financial instruments for urban development. NUP shall also be looking towards devolution of powers and resources to Sustainable Urban Principles in NUP city institutions. (Source: Alain Grimard, February 2016)

Sustainable Urban Principles in NUP (Source: Alain Grimard, February 2016) Towards Inclusive Cities in Asia 9

Statutory Planning’ vs ‘Informal Planning’ Poverty is gradually gaining an urban character. From the Indian perspective, it is observed that ‘Urban’ does not yet have enough political mandate and this affects the other institutional processes as well. The budget resource allocation is heavily tilted towards rural areas. Therefore, there is an urgent need to look beyond the debate about ‘Statutory Planning’ vs ‘Informal Planning’. The discussion has to move on to define ‘Institutional’ which has certain administrative recognition but may not be necessarily legal. Housing is also a major concern for the urban poor and should be addressed as a sector and as a whole. Addressing the affordable housing sector in isolation has been unable to reach the intended target groups as the market at present is much skewed. Any amount of housing stock provided for this segment gets usurped by the higher income categories. In this context, the GIZ Inclusive Cities Partnership Program mandates to provide housing solutions for the urban poor. Urbanization challenges extend beyond city boundaries and need to be addressed by adopting a regional approach. While previous experiences show us that most slums and urban poor areas are located in and around the city core, they also tell us that they are not connected to city-wide trunk infrastructure. A GIZ study on planned resettlement colonies in Delhi captures the de-link between the housing and laying of infrastructural facilities (water supply, sewerage, drainage etc.). This mismatch has impacted the environment (water bodies) adversely.

Integrated metropolitan solutions to address the emerging need for cooperation beyond Slum locations in Raipur, India (Source: Aparna Das, February 2016) city boundaries Metropolitan regions are increasingly becoming the predominant form of human settlement worldwide. Urbanization challenges, such as urban sprawl, natural resource consumption, growing carbon footprint and Slum locations in Raipur, India (Source: Aparna Das, February 2016) energy use, and widening inequality, poverty concentration and informality, exceed far beyond city boundaries and hence cannot be tackled by government mandates that stop at the border of cities. Integrated metropolitan approaches are needed that promote cross-sectoral strategies, multi-level coordination and collaboration mechanisms and coherent solutions between urban and rural areas. Accordingly, SDG Goal 11, target 11.a emphasizes the need to “support positive economic, social and environmental links between urban, peri-urban and rural areas by strengthening national and regional development planning.” If spatial concentration in the region continues and metropolitan areas become more populated, urban issues can be expected to grow broader in scope and will call for policies and initiatives at the metropolitan level, defined by land use and economic activity, rather than at city level. Metropolitan cooperation can foster a more balanced territorial development, strengthen equitable and inclusive urban growth and take into account the different dimensions of the rural-urban continuum. By saving costs through economies of scale and joint investments, fragmentation can be overcome and the capacities of local governments can be boosted, especially in the delivery of basic services for all. It is thereby crucial to adapt the cooperation structure to the local context and always strike a balance between efficiency gains and issues of accountability and responsiveness to citizens. In order to be sustainable, a clear division of functions is needed, horizontal and vertical cooperation should be ensured and some flexibility in the cooperation setting given. This will, however,

10 Towards Inclusive Cities in Asia

10 require an enabling framework and support of higher tiers of government. Cooperate, don’t compete – that is the key to success in many strategic areas.

The right to the city – the poor as ‘citymakers’ The urban poor face residential vulnerability such as access to land, shelter, basic services like water, electricity, road, sanitation facilities, threat of eviction etc.; Social vulnerability such as deprivations related to factors like gender, age and social stratification, lack of social protection, inadequate voice and participation in governance structures, etc. and Livelihood vulnerability, e.g. precarious livelihoods, dependence on informal sector for employment and earnings, lack of job security, poor working conditions, etc. The policies to address these challenges would in effect trigger assigning the marginalized population with the right to city. The right to the city does not merely entail the right to city spaces but it also pertains to the right to participate in the formation of city values and culture to determine the kind of people we become. It is a collective right to demand a transformed and renewed approach to urban life and its constituents are: Right to housing; which includes housing, land and shelter rights; Right to Livelihood; Right to Identity and dignified life; Access to amenities and basic services: water, electricity, fuel etc., and linkage with health schemes, pension and other social security schemes. The poor and marginalized members of the society need to be viewed as ‘citymakers’ with the capacity to contribute to the development of cities and communities. In order to empower the poor, governments must be able to recognize this fact and work towards the establishment of NUPs that define and recognize everyone’s right to the city. Moreover, they must not only look for national solutions, but also regional, metropolitan, and city-level solutions to the challenges of urbanization.

Residents building their neighborhood street; Community work in Agra, India (Source: Eva Ringhof, February 2016)

Residents building their neighborhood street; Community work in Agra, India (Source: E. Ringhof, February 2016)

Vendors selling their products along the streets of Old Delhi, India (Source: Beverly Lumbera, February 2016) Session II: Planning and Programming

Frameworks for Addressing InformalityVendors selling their products along the streets of Old Delhi, India (Source: B. Lumbera, February 2016)

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Session II: Planning and Programming

Frameworks for Addressing Informality

TheSession key issues II: discussed Planning in the sessionand Programming were: Frameworks Procedures and for planning Addressing issues in formalizing Informality and regulating the land tenure in slums and informal settlements and addressing challenges in planning peri-urban areas  Approaches for inclusive infrastructure design and investment  Addressing livelihood concerns of urban informal economy and managing migration to cities  Addressing informality through inclusive Local Economic Development

Formalizing and regulating land tenure in slums In most cases, informality is negatively associated with growth and productivity and this is supported by the experiences of the people living in such conditions. They have no social safety nets and are exposed to a high risk of abuse and exploitation, and lack of institutional protection, among others. Most South Asian countries’ economies have substantial contributions from the informal sector. This shows the massive capacity that this sector has despite its unsettling conditions. In order to further harness these potentials, appropriate planning and programming must be set in place. Cities have enough land to house everyone, but the market economy is not serving the poor. In India, for example, people in slums face complex problems of land tenure. Despite the existence of programs favoring grant of legal title to slum dwellers, the latter becomes a lost cause if it is not supported by the proper implementation of well-established rules and regulations, and streamlined mechanisms through well-equipped institutions. Current planning practices have little or no impact on housing the poor, thus making the concept of inclusive city elusive.

Planning peri-urbanization for inclusive cities Asia, in its peri-urban areas, is experiencing uncoordinated economic, demographic, social, and environmental processes driven by a whole range of actors, both private and public, who act on personal interests. The lack of supervisory authority in these peri-urban areas further results in messy urbanization. The messy urban growth leads to environmental degradation, ground water depletion, cramped housing prone to disasters, depletion of wet lands and green patches, and non-hierarchy of roads leading to traffic congestions. This inefficient expansion often leaves [blind] plots with little or no market value where the poor move to live. The resultant is a mixed incompatible land use. There is a lack of coordination among urban planners and economic policy makers which results to a sporadic implementation of plans.

12 Towards Inclusive Cities in Asia

12 In order to address these challenges, an authority for expected urban expansions should be set up; arterial roads to guide urban development need to be developed; adequate land supply should be ensured to meet the demand for low income housing; wetlands, sensitive habitats and nature parks need to be protected; and finally, the rights of peri-urban farmers need to be respected.

The unplanned development of the urban periphery (Source: Prof. K.S. Yap, February 2016)

ProgrammingThe unplanned and monitoring development of the of urban pro -peripherypoor and inclusive infrastructure projects After the policies and(Source: development Prof. K.S. Yap, February plans 2016)have been put in place, next steps need to ensure that the project will have positive impacts on the urban poor and disadvantaged groups. The Cities Development Initiative for Asia (CDIA) developed a tool called the Inclusive Checklist which describes certain steps as minimum requirements, and raises awareness among municipal decision-makers and sector specialists to understand that pro-poor infrastructure development will improve the local environment and increase local economic dynamism and competitiveness. Based on case studies from Asian countries, CDIA explained the key factors in programming projects, so that city development plans are translated into action. For instance, Colombo city showed that specific inclusive design features as an affordable service provision or skills training for new employment opportunities are essential to improve the conditions of poor people. There are many innovative ways for inclusive design features. The city of Tangerang installed waste management banks to involve women and the informal sector in formal employment opportunities through recycling and handicrafts. In particular financial considerations like agreements for the compensation of unavoidable resettlement or social safeguard costs need to be included in the total project implementation estimates. CDIA’s inclusive development approach provides many benefits for cities and financiers as it allows an integrated, sustainable, and pro-poor project preparation: Institutional arrangements are addressed at the beginning of a project concept, guiding further impact assessments and considerations in order to reduce resources for a feasibility study and ensure the commitment of stakeholders.

Livelihood opportunities for the urban informal economy and migrant worker Aside from access and tenure of land, the informal urban sector also faces major labor issues. In Bangladesh, about 90 percent of the jobs are informal, employing as many as 48 million people. The informal jobs are more prevalent in rural areas (92 percent) as compared to urban areas (76 percent). Increasingly, informal workers are shifting towards urban centers in search of better livelihoods. But because of limited or absence of facilities, they are forced to live in unplanned and unregistered settlements, making them vulnerable to hazards and natural disasters. To understand the ground realities, Oxfam piloted a project “Exploring the option to systemize the ‘Domestic & Sale Service Workers’. Some of the key project interventions include skills development training on different trades, life skills training, developing linkages for legal and health support, awareness sessions, working in tandem with trade unions and labour organizations, and support for job placements. Scaling up this effort would require inclusive steps such as systemizing the recruitment process, supporting the development of social enterprise, encouraging the involvement of private organizations, introducing Police Registration System, influencing Government to develop implementation plan, raising community awareness and mobilizing media. Climate change has also put the informal sector in very vulnerable situations. Those living in slums, informal and temporary settlements are the worst hit because of disruption to livelihood and access to basic infrastructure

Towards Inclusive Cities in Asia 13

services. Growing social divide also runs the risk of ensuing conflicts and violent politicization of the issue. Again, in Bangladesh for example, focusing on Climate Migrants in cities is crucial because of the insufficient economic absorption capacities in cities, except Dhaka and Chittagong, leading to hyper-concentration of industry and people. Also, a comprehensive strategy and effective national response to climate-induced migration is absent because of availability of limited information on migration patterns, needs and challenges in accessing social protection and basic services and conditions under which migrants would return to place of origin.

The Bangladesh experience also highlights the importance of implementing several projects at various levels: 1) City level (Urban Management of Internal Migration due to Climate Change (UMIMCC)); 2) City and National levels (Resilient and Inclusive Urban Development (RIUD)); and at the National level (Adaptation of Climate change into the National and Local Development Planning). It also notes the importance of partnerships that work for the success of inclusive growth for the poor. The GIZ project UMIMCC for example, provides for basic support and access to social services, short-term income generation and basic infrastructure, and skill development in cooperation with local SMEs.

The nexus between urbanization, informality and economic growth Urbanization and informality are contributors to economic growth, and vice versa. Economic development can actually impact in two ways: It can contribute to sustainability and inclusion, and the downside is, it can also cause problems in the urban fabric. The main issue is to find linkages that would work for sustainable and inclusive urban development. Robust urban planning and strong governance are key factors for ensuring sustainable economic development. Local economic development is more of an ecological system than an economic system, having comparable characteristics like adaptive capacities, diverse elements, more circular than progressive, less dependency on growth, and vulnerability towards changes in the balance. It is necessary to go beyond the constructed dichotomy of “the formal vs. informal” by acknowledging its contribution in the local urban economies. Also, the lack of resources, of capacities and of legal frameworks should not act as hindrances. It is important to assess and recognize local economies for their contribution to social and economic stability, by making use of these three Cs: Communicate, Cooperate, and Capacitate.

Natural filtering of waste water in Agra, India (Source: Eva Ringhof, February 2016)

Session III: Inclusive Infrastructure and Alternative Approaches for Upgrading of Low 14 Towards Inclusive Cities in Asia

Session III: Inclusive Infrastructure and Alternative Approaches for Upgrading of Low Income Neighborhoods

TheSession key issues III: discussed Inclusive in the session Infrastructure were: and Alternative Approaches Options and for approaches Upgrading for inclusive of Low infrastructure Income projects Neighborhoods and the upgrading of low income neighborhoods  The challenges to communities initiating actions for developing small infrastructure facilities in their neighborhoods  The approaches and measures that have to be taken in order to improve public infrastructure provision in an inclusive and equitable way

While there is some similarity in the impact of urbanization among cities and communities, their responses to urbanization vary greatly. The measures and approaches of the communities depend mainly on the specialized context where they operate. This has been amplified by the case studies which include different types of infrastructure projects implemented by communities from different countries – informal public transportation in Indonesia, affordable housing in Mongolia, community-led upgrading in Sri Lanka, and slum upgrading in India. Altogether they showcase the variety of options and alternative approaches by which infrastructures can be made more inclusive for upgrading low income neighborhoods.

Integration of formal and informal transportation modes in Indonesia River transportation plays a major role in the transportation system in Palembang City, Indonesia as many of the city’s activities occur on the riverbanks. However, as urbanization has affected the city’s dynamics through time, its morphology has also changed and these changes have then modified the transportation system. The conditions encouraged the proliferation of informal public transportation (IPT) in various forms. IPT has then produced good positive effects for the people and the government of Palembang City. It provides service to different industries and businesses surrounding the riverbanks as well as livelihood for low-income people. It also serves as a strong platform of urban-rural linkages. Rickshaw driver, informal transport in Indonesia (Source: CDIA, 2011)

Rickshaw driver, informal transport in Indonesia (Source: CDIA, 2011) Towards Inclusive Cities in Asia 15

IPT is flexible for the people and it complements formal transportation. The case of Palembang is a testament to the positive effects of the integration of the formal and the informal. Principles to improve the transportation options available to the urban poor are:  The mobility needs of the urban poor can often be met by harnessing the solutions being created by IPT providers, rather than by introducing new services or technologies.  Opportunities to improve services are usually found where IPT complements existing formal public services.  Initial activities should focus on the small-scale, since this is where IPT operates.  Regulation comes in many forms- IPT providers often regulate themselves given even a minimal level of self-organization and recognizing. Affordable Housing and Urban Redevelopment in Mongolia In Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, rapid urbanization has outpaced urban infrastructure, sped up the mobility of people coming into the city, and overloaded its air and water supply. This has then prompted the increasing demand for affordable housing in Ulaanbaatar, wherein 60% of population live in so called ger areas (traditional tent communities) which are not connected to basic infrastructures and basic services. As a response, the Government has initiated a series of policies and actions to cope those problems, especially in the housing sector. The government enacted Urban Redevelopment Law to redevelop existing ger and built-up areas, and launched Housing Mortgage Program and Rental Housing Program to support affordable housing development. The Municipality of Ulaanbaatar (MUB) is taking an important role for the redevelopment of ger areas and housing development by developing policies including Affordable Housing Strategy and City Housing Program for Ulaanbaatar and taking correspondent actions. Since 2013, the MUB has initiated two large scale redevelopment projects in ger areas, land readjustment and ger area redevelopment projects. The MUB is implementing ger area redevelopment projects in cooperation with private sector and local communities and thus far achievement has been positive. A major positive outcome of ger area development is the increasing economic value of land around the area. Consequently, this improvement created ripples that benefit the rest of the city. Prior to development, land in ger areas was very cheap, but now (i) given the increased land value, ger area residents can either swap their land to apartments; (ii) sell it at market prices (which allows residents to capture the increase in land values , or (iii) develop their plots with standard housing and facilities thus becoming integrated into the formal city and (iv) formulating a new redevelopment approach which would be suitable and applicable in ger areas that mixed international land readjustment experience with local background.

Low income settlements, “Ger areas” in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia (Source: Sarnai Battulga, 2015)

Low income settlements, “Ger areas” in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia (Source: Sarnai Battulga, 2015) 16 Towards Inclusive Cities in Asia

16 Re-imagination of slum redevelopment in India Every member of the city needs to be included but how can this be achieved when a bulk of the people live in slums? This question triggered the re-imagination of slum redevelopment in India. Lessons from the slum upgrading narrate the importance of establishing more flexible mechanisms of planning, enhancing community participation, simplifying conventional methods of project implementation, and providing more innovative solutions and proposals to community issues. A comprehensive approach to the process and development of the informal sector must also be in place, thus, planning and implementation should not only be done on a macro scale, but they should also focus on the micro solutions. In order to achieve this, a great partnership between and among the stakeholders must be established. The government in particular must listen and understand the context of the people who should be empowered to also seek their own solutions to their issues. It also needs to look at diversity not just across slums but within slums in order to recognize the different ways of dealing with the same problems.

Community work supported by CURE in Agra, India (Source: Eva Ringhof, February 2016)

Community led upgrading and infrastructure provision in Asia While pro-poor urban and housing policies at the national level are important initiatives, this must be enhanced Community work supported by CURE in Agra, India by community led, city-level measures as well. There is a need(Source: to E. Ringhof,empower February the 2016) cities in directing these policies into their communities since they are the ones who have a direct impact on them. It is also important to strengthen partnerships among the public sector, the private sector, and the communities as each one has a role to play and a contribution to give in order to help in the improvement of infrastructures for the cities. The Sevanatha Urban Resource Center in Sri Lanka has successfully aided the people in building their own communities through a variety of programs that cater to different situations. They have helped several countries in Asia to innovate effective community led structures, methods and approaches to address serious deficiencies in urban infrastructure and livelihoods programs. CDF (Community Development Funds) being implemented in Thailand, Sri Lanka and Cambodia help cities to improve city infrastructures. Another good example is CLIFF (Community Led Infrastructure Finance Facility) supported by REALL that has helped to mobilize community finance to support urban infrastructure upgrading and housing. Across all case studies, it is evident that forging partnerships among all stakeholders is essential. The public sector, the private sector and the communities can all play major roles in making inclusive infrastructures and improving the lives of low-income people. Inclusive and pro-poor policies are crucial in order to initiate the planning and implementation of urban development projects. It is also important to emphasize that the integration, as opposed to the isolation of the formal and the informal is the most appropriate way of including the urban poor. Lastly, it must be realized that the times call for a variety of innovative measures and approaches and these can only become successful if they are contextualized and applied while taking into consideration the immense capacities of communities.

Neighborhood improvement supported by Sevanatha Urban Resource Center in Sri Lanka (Source: KA Jayaratne, March 2014)

Conclusion Neighborhood improvement supported by Sevanatha Urban Resource Center in Sri Lanka (Source: KA Jayaratne, March 2014) Towards Inclusive Cities in Asia 17

Conclusion

In Asia, inclusiveness and urban poor must be the key words dominating the thinking process of urbanization. One of the major issues to be settled is how we define these terms, together with related terms such as urbanization and formality or informality. Urban areas are conceived as high density areas replete with economic activities, interactions, and ideas. Cities, in particular, are spaces that offer higher access to opportunities, be it economic and cultural. In this context, it is important to realize that the impact of a multitude of activities trickles down to every member of society – with the urban poor absorbing an immense degree of it, and further transcends beyond the city sphere. It is likewise crucial to identify key challenges to focus on, as well as define the measures and approaches to be taken. When there is a lack of appropriate planning and design, the concomitant processes and institutions would all fail to serve their purposes. We should then change our perception and ameliorate the process through integrated planning, administration of institutions, and implementation of policies aimed to include the cities and the urban poor. These could be supported by establishing a National Urban Policy, which most countries worldwide do not possess. All urban stakeholders including the private sector and the informal sector will be intricately linked with the development of cities. It is also imperative that these sophisticated institutions are backed by a strong political voice to manage the aspirations of citizens. These political institutions must have a higher level of capacity, a keen appreciation of diversity as well as a high capacity to manage the complex density of movements, jobs, people and communities. If the planning process actually becomes more participative and provides power to communities, it is possible to realize inclusive cities.

Left photo: Members of the panel (from left to right) Alexander Jachnow (IHS, The Netherlands), Jagan Shah (National Institute of Urban Affairs, India), Alain Grimard, UN Habitat India), and Barjor Mehta (World Bank India) giving their concluding remarks for the regional symposium; Right photo: Participants having a discussion during the group workshops

18 Annex 1: Agenda of the Regional Symposium

Tuesday, 23 February 2016

08:00-09:00 Registration

09:00-09:10 Opening and Introduction (Moderator)

09:10-09:20 Welcome Remarks, Susanne Dorasil, Head of Economic Cooperation & Development, German Embassy 09:20-09:30 Welcome Remarks, Wolfgang Hannig, Country Director, GIZ 09:30-09:45 Inaugural Address by Rajiv Ranjan Mishra, Joint Secretary (Housing), Ministry of Urban Development, Housing & Urban Poverty Alleviation, Government of India

09:50-10:05 Setting the Context: The Need for Inclusive and Good Governance Approaches in Asia, Dr. Alexander Jachnow, Institute for Housing and Urban Development Studies

10:05-10:25 Key Note: Urban informality, infrastructure, and the urban poor in Asia, Jaco Cilliers, UNDP India Country Director 10:25-10:30 Vote of Thanks: Farhad Vania, GIZ

10:30-11:00 Group Photo and Coffee Break

11:00-12:30 Session 1: Assigning the Right to the City for the Urban Poor – Facilitating National Urban Policy and City Governance Chair: Rajiv Ranjan Mishra, Joint Secretary (Housing), Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation Setting the Context by Prof. Om Prakash Mathur, Institute of Social Sciences, India Presentations/Case Studies  National Urban Policy: Key Tool for Asian Transformation Alain Grimard, UN Habitat India

 Contributing in the Formulation of National Urban Housing and Habitat Policy, 2017

Aparna Das, GIZ Inclusive Cities Partnership Programme, India

 Enhancing Efforts for Inclusive Urban Development through Metropolitan Cooperation Verena Maier, GIZ Sector Programme Sustainable Development of Metropolitan Regions, Germany  Asian Perspectives of the Global Platform for the Right to the City (GPR2C) Indu Prakash Singh, Action Aid India

Chandana Das, Youth for Unity and Voluntary Action 12:30-13:00 Comments from the Floor and Panel Discussion 13:00-14:30 Lunch

14:30-16:00 Session 2: Planning and Programming Framework for Addressing Informality Chair: Aparna Das, GIZ India Presentations/Case Studies  Bridging the Gap between Informality and Urban Planning Bijal Bhatt, Mahila Housing Trust, India  Planning Peri-Urbanization for Inclusive Cities Prof. Kioe Sheng Yap, Independent researcher and consultant, Thailand  Programming and Monitoring Inclusive Urban Infrastructure Investments Eva Ringhof, Cities Development Initiative for Asia, Philippines  Urban Informal Economy: Domestic Workers' Experience in Bangladesh Simon Rahman, Oxfam, Bangladesh  Management of Internal Migration to Cities in Bangladesh Ulf Neupert, GIZ, Bangladesh  The Role of Inclusive Local Economic Development for Sustainable Urban Development –

Towards Inclusive Cities in Asia 19

Findings from 8 Asian Cities Dr. Alexander Jachnow, Institute for Housing and Urban Development Studies, 16:00-17:00 Netherlands

Comments from the Floor and Panel Discussion

18:00-20:00 Reception Dinner, Vice Regal Hall, Claridges Hotel

Wednesday, 24 February 2016

09:00-10:30 Session 3: Inclusive Infrastructure and Alternative Approaches for Upgrading of Low Income Neighborhoods Chair: Eva Ringhof, Cities Development Initiative for Asia Presentations/Case Studies  Informal Public Transportation in Palembang Dr. Korlena Alkat, Palembang City, Indonesia

 Ger Area and Affordable Housing Development in Ulaanbaatar

Sarnai Battulga, Capital City Housing Corporation, Mongolia  Unthinking Inclusive Urban-Economic Development Dr. Renu Khosla, Centre for Urban and Regional Excellence, India  Financing Community led Upgrading K A Jayaratne, Sevanatha Urban Resource Center, Sri Lanka

10:30-11:00 Comments from the Floor and Panel Discussion

11:00-11:30 Coffee Break

11:30-12:00 Group Work to Consolidate Insights on Key Questions and Recommendations for Habitat III and the New Urban Agenda

12:00-14:00 Working Lunch

14:00-15:00 Group Work to Consolidate Insights on Key Questions and Recommendations for Habitat III and the New Urban Agenda

15:00-15:45 Presentation of Workshop Results

15:45-16:45 Concluding Session  Barjor Mehta, Lead Urban Specialist, World Bank, India  Prof. Jagan Shah, Director, National Institute of Urban Affairs, India  Alain Grimard, UN Habitat, India

16:45-17:00 Closing Remarks

20 Towards Inclusive Cities in Asia

20 Annex 2: Overview of speakers

Susan Dorasil, Head of Economic Cooperation and Development, German Embassy

Susanne Dorasil is the Head of the Economic Policy, Financial Sector Division at the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development ( BMZ), in charge of sustainable economic development (Economic policy, financial and private sector development), corporate social responsibility and innovative business models for development as well as ICT for development. She is currently serving as German co-facilitator of the G20 development pillar on Private Investment and Job Creation and as the German co-chair in the Sub–group on SME Finance of the Global Partnership for Financial Inclusion. She was formerly the Deputy Head of the Central Africa, West Africa II, Madagascar Division; Senior Advisor to the German Executive Director at the World Bank Group; Private Secretary to the Permanent State Secretary of the BMZ; and Deputy Head of the Legal Division. She studied law at the Free University of Berlin and holds a Master of Laws degree from King’s College London. She passed her bar examination in Berlin.

Wolfgang Hannig, Country Director, GIZ

Dr. Wolfgang Hannig took over the office of the Country Director of GIZ India in January, 2015. His expertise encompasses sustainable economic development, organizational development, cross-sectoral policy fields and development policy in general. As Country Director of GIZ, he is responsible for coordination with the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), German implementing agencies, various international stakeholders as well as partner agencies at high levels. In a fascinating career spanning over 36 years, he has worked as the Country Director of GIZ in Ethiopia, Head of Programme Sustainable Economic Development in Indonesia and also led various projects in Germany, Thailand, Indonesia, Malawi and Madagascar. Dr. Hannig holds a doctorate degree in Development Sociology. He has contributed to various publications, especially in areas pertaining to sustainable economic development and employment, and development policy in general.

Jaco Cilliers, UNDP India Country Director

Jaco Cilliers is the Country Director of UNDP in India. Prior to that, he was the Deputy Resident Representative for UNDP in Uzbekistan, where he was responsible for the management and coordination of Programme and Operations. He also worked with UNDP Cyprus as Senior Programme Manager and Head of Office. Before joining the United Nations, Mr. Cilliers worked as Deputy Regional Director for Southern and Central Africa for an international NGO and in senior advisory and management positions for development organizations in various parts of the world. He has significant experience of working in development and conflict areas. Jaco Cilliers completed his Ph.D. and Master’s degrees from George Mason University in the United States, and his Bachelor of Arts and BA Honours degrees from Nelson Mandela Metropolis University in South Africa. He specialized in sustainable development, social and political interventions, as well as reconstruction and transformation processes.

Rajiv Ranjan Mishra, Joint Secretary (Housing), Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation

Rajiv Ranjan Mishra is a bureaucrat belonging to the Indian Administrative Services with over 28 years of experience. He is currently the Joint Secretary (Housing) in the Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation, Government of India. He is a Mechanical Engineer by training from IIT, Kanpur (India). He also has Certificates in Advanced Studies in Public Administration from Maxwell School, Syracuse University, USA; Public Budgeting from Georgia State University, Atlanta, USA and Project Management from University of California, Berkeley. As Secretary/ Principal Secretary at the state level, he headed various departments such as Irrigation, Municipal Administration and Urban Development, Infrastructure and

Towards Inclusive Cities in Asia 21

Investments. He worked in the areas of Export Promotion of Handicraft and Textile, Training of Civil Servants at National Academy of Administration. He also set up a Centre for Disaster Management during his tenure with Government of India. He has been a National level resource person on Incident Response System (IRS)/Incident Command System (ICS) & participated in many national/ international training –cum- orientation programmes. His last assignment as the Joint Secretary and Mission Director of the National Mission for Clean Ganga, an ambitious programme for rejuvenating the mighty River, involved activities such as basin management planning, pollution abatement, river-front development, institutional development and research. In his current position as Joint Secretary (Housing), he is responsible for the formulation of policies and regulations for the National Urban Housing and Habitat Policy, Real Estate industry, Model Real Estate Developer Regulation Bill, Rental Housing Strategy and Model Rental Law, Housing Finance and Housing Micro Finance and matters relating to Bilateral and Multilateral Cooperation.

Prof. Om Prakash Mathur

Prof. Om Prakash Mathur is Senior Fellow and Head Urban Studies at the Institute of Social Sciences, New Delhi. He has served as a Distinguished Professor of Urban Economics, National Institute of Urban Affairs (NIUA), and held the IDFC Chair in Urban Economics and Finance at the National Institute of Public Finance and Policy for over 15 years. Om Prakash Mathur was Director of the NIUA, New Delhi from 1984-1992. His earlier assignments include the manager positions at the United Nations Centre for Regional Development in Japan and the UNDP Decentralization Project Imperial Government of Iran. Om Prakash Mathur has served as a member of the Prime Minister's National Review Committee on JnNURM (2005-2014), a member of the High Powered Expert Group on Urban Infrastructure Investment Requirements, and a member of the Academic Panel of the McKinsey Global Institute for its India Urban Sector Study. He is a member of the CDIA Advisory Panel, Global City Indicators Programme in Toronto, and the Editorial Board of the journal Review of Urban and Regional Studies in Tokyo. He holds a Master’s degree in Economics from the Delhi School of Economics, and has done graduate studies at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge.

Alain Grimard, UN Habitat India

Alain Grimard has held the position of representative of UN-Habitat in India since April 2015. He was previously based in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil at the Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean (ROLAC), where he subsequently was appointed as the Officer in Charge of ROLAC and a Senior Officer dealing with countries such as Brazil, Argentina and Haiti. He previously served as a Senior Human Settlements Officer at the agency's headquarters in Nairobi, from 2006 to 2010, where he managed portfolio covering countries in the Middle East and Sub-Saharan Africa. Prior to joining UN- Habitat, Mr. Grimard served for more than 20 years in the Caribbean and Africa with other UN Agencies (UNDP, UNCDF, UNOPS), as well as a number of Canadian NGOs. A Canadian national from Québec, he holds a masters degree in Economics from University Laval, Québec.

Aparna Das, Inclusive Cities Partnership Programme, India

Aparna Das graduated as an architect from Vallabh Vidya Nagar, Gujarat. She went further to Development Planning Unit, University College London to pursue her Masters in Urban Development Planning. At present, she works as a Senior Advisor as part of the Inclusive Cities Partnership programme (ICPP) at the German International Cooperation (GIZ), New Delhi. As part of this assignment she is working with the Central, state and City level to implement activities under ICPP. At GIZ, she is part of the Gender Core team which supports the GIZ to mainstream gender concerns. Spanning almost twenty years of experience with different sector partners; National and International NGOs and other multi and bilateral agencies such as UNICEF, UNDP, DFID India, she got the opportunity to work with various city and state governments. Her assignments gave her an opportunity to work in Cairo, Egypt and Bangladesh. Her key sectors of experience are Municipal Governance, urban basic services, urban planning and issues pertaining to land and land tenure in urban areas. In the recent years, she is focusing on the contestations over land in urban areas and equity concerns in cities.

22 Towards Inclusive Cities in Asia

Verena Maier, GIZ Sector Programme Sustainable Development of Metropolitan Regions, Germany

Verena Maier is working for the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) advising the German Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) on the topic of sustainable development of metropolitan regions. Her focus is on urban and metropolitan governance in the field of development cooperation. Within her work she deals with key questions of institutional arrangements, inter-municipal cooperation and managing rural-urban linkages in order to create inclusive, livable and sustainable urban areas. She is based in GIZ headquarters in Eschborn, Germany. Within her previous engagements Verena has been involved in projects from the European Parliament in Brussels and worked for the German Federal Foreign Office in the Latin America department. She studied Governance and Public Policy in Passau, Germany, and Santiago del Estero, Argentina. Verena holds a Masters’ degree in Peace and Conflict Studies from Malmö University, Sweden.

Chandana Das, Youth for Unity and Voluntary Action

Chandana Das is currently associated with Youth for Unity and Voluntary Action (YUVA), an NGO accredited with UN-ECOSOC that works on the issues of urban working poor and governance for the last 30 years. She is heading the organization’s national works on Social Security for Informal Workers, Housing Rights for Urban Poor, Improvement of Living and Working Conditions of Migrant Workers and People’s Participation in Planning. Apart from this, she is co-steering Secretariat of the Right to the City Campaign-India. Ms. Das has also published articles at national and international spaces on the issues of subalterns in India.

Indu Prakash Singh, ActionAid India

Indu Prakash Singh is a human rights defender, poet, author, a feminist and a PRA / PLA (Participatory Reflection & Action / Participatory Learning & Action / Participatory Rural Appraisal) practitioner / facilitator. He is also currently the Leader of the Urban Knowledge Activist Hub (Citizens' Rights Collective - CiRiC) of ActionAid India. He also serves as an Executive Committee Member of Shahri Adhikar Manch: Begharon Ke Saath (SAM: BKS or Urban Rights Forum: With the Homeless, in English), a network of over 20 organisations in Delhi. He is also the Convenor for the National Forum for Housing Rights (NFHR). Indu was bestowed with the CNN- IBN (IBN 18 & Network 18) “Citizen Journalist Award” in 2010 and the “Person of the Year, 2003” award by the First City magazine of Delhi. He is an author of four books on Women’s issues: Women’s Oppression, Men Responsible; Women, Law and Social Change in India (London, New Delhi & Bangalore); Indian Women: The Captured Beings; Indian Women: The Power Trapped. He is the co-author of Delhi: A Tale of Two Cities. He has written numerous articles in journals, magazines, newspapers etc. He also has edited over 50 publications (including training manuals) and been Editor of Health for the Millions magazine (1994-96), Co-traveller, Yaadein… Indu's fifth book on "CityMakers: A Saga of Heroic Struggle of Homeless Residents of India", will soon be out. It captures over 16 years of work with the CityMakers (homeless residents). Indu holds a bachelors from the University of Delhi. He also has a master in Philosophy (DU) and Sociology (Jamia), and a masters of Philosophy (M. Phil) in Sociology (JNU). In 2014, he was honoured with a DOCTORATE in Social Work from Vishwakarama Open University for Self Employment, India.

Towards Inclusive Cities in Asia 23

Bijal Brahmbhatt, Mahila Housing Sewa Trust, India

Ms. Bijal Brahmbhatt is the director of Mahila Housing Sewa Trust (MHT), a NGO with the vision to realise the right to shelter and dignity for all. She is a civil engineer by training and is a recognized expert in habitat improvement, community development and housing finance. She oversees MHT’s operations at the national level. She has proven experience in conceptualising planning, managing and providing support for slum up gradation programmes across India. She has worked on renewable and efficient energy issues for the poor with various stakeholders including the Government of India and the private sector. Her professional experience has focused on a range of poverty alleviation issues, particularly with women, entrepreneurship, slum upgradation, water and sanitation, income and urban planning, housing finance, housing technology, etc. She has represented MHT on several Government advisory committees including expert committee on Rajiv Awas Yojana, Affordable Housing Task Force by the Prime Minister’s office in 2008 and Steering Committee of the Planning Commission for the 12th Five Year Plan. She is a board member of SEWA GRIH RINN, a housing finance company for the poor women and is also as an advisor to poor women credit cooperatives.

Prof. Kioe Sheng Yap, Independent researcher and consultant, Thailand

Prof. Yap Kioe Sheng is an anthropologist with a doctorate from the Amsterdam Free University. He is an honorary professor of housing and urban development at Cardiff University’s School of Planning and Geography. In 2009, he retired from United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) where he was Chief of the Poverty Reduction Section and the Human Settlements Section. He joined ESCAP in 2000 after 13 years as Associate Professor, later Professor of Housing and Urban Development at the Asian Institute of Technology in Bangkok. During 1982-1987, he was employed by the United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (Habitat) in Nairobi. He has worked extensively in Asia (Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Cambodia, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Vietnam, Indonesia, China and Myanmar) and Africa (Tunisia, Botswana, Zambia, Zimbabwe) and has written numerous articles and books on urban poverty, low- income housing and urban development issues.

Eva Ringhof, Cities Development Initiative for Asia, Philippines

Ms. Eva Ringhof is Social Development Specialist at the Cities Development Initiative for Asia (CDIA) in Manila, and speaker of the urban development working group ‘TUrbOCliC’ of the GIZ Sector Network Governance Asia (SNGA). Since joining CDIA in 2013, Ms. Ringhof has been working on governance aspects and inclusive development of CDIA’s city interventions in Asia. As a country manager, she is responsible for on-going activities in Sri Lanka, Bangladesh and Nepal. She has 7 years of experience working in environmental consulting, social and environmental standards, and impact assessments among others in Colombia, Peru, South Korea and Singapore. Ms. Ringhof holds a Master in Spatial and Environmental Planning, as well as a post grade in International Cooperation, focusing on Urban Sociology.

Mohammad Simon Rahman, Oxfam, Bangladesh

Mohammad Simon Rahman is working as a Senior Program Officer at Oxfam in Bangladesh. He is a development practitioner with experience of around 10 years in the development sector in the country. He specialises in the areas of community based disaster risk reduction approach, disaster management, risk inclusive development, mainstreaming DRR into development, urban WASH (Water, Sanitation and Hygiene), climate change adaptation, urban livelihood etc. He has worked with different INGOs like Islamic Relief Bangladesh and Oxfam in Bangladesh over the last 7.5 years. During this period, he has worked in close contact

24 Towards Inclusive Cities in Asia

24 with rural and urban communities for promoting and capacity building of community based inclusive risk reduction approach. Currently, he is working on the urban resilience program at Oxfam in Bangladesh under which he is managing partners to ensure awareness and capacity building of urban communities to find urban solutions for inclusive cities.

Ulf Neupert, GIZ Bangladesh

Ulf Neupert has over 20 years of working experience in Germany, Angola, Kosovo, Mozambique, and Uganda in Community and Urban Development improving the living conditions of marginalized urban groups. Since 2010, he has been working on the effects climate change has on the poor urban population and measure to minimize the negative impacts. Since 2015, he has been working in Bangladesh on the issue to integrate climate migrants into the host communities and to reduce their vulnerability. His areas of expertise include decentralization, community development, urban and regional development, climate change adaptation, participation, local government, etc.

Dr. Alexander Jachnow, Institute for Housing and Urban Development Studies, The Netherlands

Alexander Jachnow (PhD) is a senior urban planning expert at IHS, with main interest and focus on the challenges and opportunities of the urbanization in the Global South. He has dedicated the last 17 years of his professional life to urban development, specializing in capacity building, urban governance and management. He was engaged in South Asia in DC programs for urban development and governance for a total of six years in Projects supported by GIZ, KfW, ADB and WB; as team leader of the Municipal Support Team in Nepal and previously the Urban Good Governance Project in Bangladesh. He coordinated the focal area “Governance” for the German Ministry, chaired the Urban Sector for the Donor Harmonization Group, with UNDP, World Bank, ADB, DFID, SIDA and JICA as permanent members. The main focus of his work is on enhancing institutions and human resources in two aspects: through governance reforms and capacity development and through improvements in urban management. Other practical work experience include slum upgrading in Brazil, housing design and construction in Mexico and field research and program reviews on urban projects in diverse countries including Argentina, Armenia, Brazil, China, Egypt, El Salvador, Ghana, Mexico, Mozambique, Nepal, India, South Africa, Syria and Uzbekistan.

Korlena Alkat, Palembang City, Indonesia

Dr. Korlena Alkat is a planner and government employee for the Development Planning Board of Palembang City Indonesia for 16 years. She is responsible for the implementation of official technical activities such as the smart city Palembang project and spatial planning project. Her expertise encompasses urban planning, land zoning regulation and urban environ mental impact assessments. Ms. Alkat holds a master degree in Urban Planning and a PhD in Urban Land Use Control especially study about Zoning Regulation Model in Indonesia.

Sarnai Battulga, Capital City Housing Corporation, Mongolia

Ms. Sarnai Battulga is architect and urban planner in Mongolia. She has 12 years working experience and used to work at the Ministry of Construction and Urban Development and Capital City Governor’s Office as an officer in charge of strategic planning and policy of urban development and housing of Ulaanbaatar. Ms. Battulga was in charge of developing affordable housing policies in UB and establishment of City Housing Corporation. She holds master degrees in urban planning and in Infrastructure management.

Towards Inclusive Cities in Asia 25

K.A. Jayaratne, Sevanatha Urban Resource Centre, Sri Lanka

Mr. K. A. Jayaratne is an Urban Planner by profession and the founder member of the Sevanatha Urban Resource Center in Sri Lanka. He has worked as Planner in the Government Sector and pioneered in developing Community Action Planning methodology and Community Contracting system under the Million Houses program in Sri Lanka. He has worked as UN Habitat Advisor on urban housing, planning and secure tenure in Myanmar, Cambodia and Bangladesh. Currently he works on developing guidelines for financing community led urban infrastructure and housing in Colombo city. He holds a Master degree in Human Settlement Planning from Asia Institute of Technology.

Renu Khosla, Centre for Urban And Reginal Excellence, India

Dr. Renu Khosla is the Director of the Centre for Urban and Regional Excellence (CURE). She works with slum communities in a number of Indian cities with the purpose of unthinking and reimagining slum development; nudging change in the city narrative - from top down to bottom-up and people-led development. Her field of work covers strengthening capacity of local and state government agencies for participative planning and development, visualizing community information using mobile media and spatial technologies, localizing implementation strategies and de-engineering solutions for greater equity, simplifying institutions and influencing policy for inclusive development.

Barjor Mehta, Lead Urban Specialist, World Bank, India

Barjor Mehta is the Lead Urban Specialist in the South Asia Urban team and a Co-Global Lead of the City Management, Governance and Finance Global Solutions Group in the World Bank. Since June 2012, he has been based in the Bank's India Country Office in New Delhi, India. Between 2008 and 2012, he worked in the Bank's Tanzania Country Office in Dar es Salaam, involved in urban development projects in Tanzania, Uganda and Kenya. Before moving to East Africa, he worked in several countries from the Middle East, North Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asian regions. Prior to joining the Bank in 2000, Barjor was the Director of the School of Planning, CEPT University in Ahmedabad, India; Senior Planner in Bhutan; Program Manager of a consulting firm working on World Bank supported urban projects in Mumbai; Research Associate at the Human Settlements Department of the Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok. He started his career in 1981 working on UN- HABITAT’s urban planning initiative in Sri Lanka.

Prof. Jagan Shah, Director, National Institute of Urban Affairs, India

Prof. Jagan Shah is the Director of the National Institute of Urban Affairs, an autonomous body under the Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India. He directs the innovation activities at NIUA, including the Smart City Lab for CIDCO, Maharashtra, the South-Asia Urban Knowledge Hub for ADB and the Child-Friendly Smart Cities Hub supported by the Bernard van Leer Foundation. He is leading NIUA’s efforts in establishing a capacity building and innovation hub to support the Swachh Bharat Mission. Prof. Shah is an architect, architectural historian and theorist, trained at the School of Planning & Architecture, New Delhi, the University of Cincinnati and Columbia University, New York. He has served as the Director of the Sushant School of Architecture in Gurgaon. He also teaches an executive education course in Urban Planning & Governance at the Indian School of Business. He is also an author and editor, who has penned numerous books and articles. He is an independent consultant to the Jaipur Virasat Foundation, India Foundation for the Arts and Sir Ratan Tata Trust. He is a founding member of the Modern Asian Architecture Network.

26 Towards Inclusive Cities in Asia

Published by Cities Alliance Cities Development Initiative for Asia (CDIA) Inclusive Cities Partnership Programme, GIZ Inclusive Metropolitan Environments for the Urban Poor, GIZ

Project contact Aparna Das [email protected] Christine Mayr [email protected] Eva Ringhof [email protected]

Editorial team Aparna Das (GIZ), Dr. Alexander Jachnow (IHS), Beverly Lumbera (GIZ), Christine Mayr (GIZ), Naveen Potti (GIZ), Eva Ringhof (CDIA), Ajay Suri (Cities Alliance),

Design and Layout Beverly Lumbera, Arpan Mazumder

April 2016

Commissioned by German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ)

Addresses of the BMZ offices Bonn Office Berlin Office Dahlmannstraße 4 Stresemannstraße 94 53113 Bonn 10963 Berlin Germany Germany Tel. +49 (0) 228 99 535-0 Tel. +49 (0) 30 18 535-0 Fax +49 (0) 228 99 535-3500 Fax +49 (0) 30 18 535-2501 [email protected] www.bmz.de